Post on 27-Feb-2018
7/25/2019 2086985bossard El Rol Del Fantasma
1/11
Sage Publications, Inc. and American Sociological Association are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extendaccess to American Sociological Review.
http://www.jstor.org
The Role of the Guest: A Study in Child DevelopmentAuthor(s): James H. S. Bossard and Eleanor S. Boll
Source: American Sociological Review, Vol. 12, No. 2, The American Family and Its Housing (Apr., 1947), pp. 192-201
Published by: American Sociological AssociationStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2086985Accessed: 14-01-2016 20:19 UTC
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content
in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.
This content downloaded from 164.73.224.2 on Thu, 14 Jan 2016 20:19:02 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/http://www.jstor.org/publisher/asahttp://www.jstor.org/stable/2086985http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/stable/2086985http://www.jstor.org/publisher/asahttp://www.jstor.org/7/25/2019 2086985bossard El Rol Del Fantasma
2/11
THE
ROLE
OF THE
GUEST:
A
STUDY
IN
CHILD
DEVELOPMENT*
JAMES H. S.
BOSSARD AND
ELEANOR S.
BOLL
Universityf Pennsylvania
T
-IE
IMPORTANCE
of family nd
home
experience
n the
child's
development
is
recognized y
all the
sciences eal-
ingwith
human
behavior;
much ess atten-
tion
has
been given
to the factors
and
processes
nvolved.
Particularly
triking s
the
failure o
study uch an
important
ac-
tor
as therole of
the
guest.What s
the role
of
the guest
n
familyife,with
particular
referenceo the child'sdevelopment?his
article s a report
n
one phase of a
larger
study n
the roleof the
guest. t is
based on
an
analysis f 200
published
utobiographies,
to
ascertain o
what xtent he
uthorsmade
any
referenceo guests
n their arly
home
life
orpersonal
evelopment.he only
basis
of
selectionwas
that the
authorsmusthave
written
o
someextent f
their arly ife.
This
particularuse
of
autobiographical
material n the studyof behaviorcan be
related o
thediscussions
f
Allport, rueger,
Burr,
Murchison
nd
others.1ts use in
the
present
tudy as
a specific
urpose,naddi-
tion
to
any
other alues
nherentn
it.
This
purpose s
to show to
what
extent
nd
in
what
ways
persons,hiefly
f distinctionnd
intelligence,ho urvey
n
maturer
ears
he
"scenes f
their
hildhood,"
mphasize,
ith-
out the
promptings
r
suggestions
f
a re-
search
project,
he role of the
guest
n
their
earlyfamilyifeand personaldevelopment.
In
otherwords,
ow do
persons o
whom he
importance
f a
guest
has
notbeen
suggested
by
questionersnd
questionnaires
riteof
family uests
n their
arly
ife
development?
It is believed hatthe answer
o
these
ues-
tions
s
ofvalue:
first,
s
an
indication
fthe
importance
hich uthors
f
autobiographies
attach
to
the roleof the
guest;second,
s
a
revelation
f the
ways n which
heguest s
considered o be
important;
nd third,
or
the eads
which t suggests
orthe
personal
interviews
which
constitute
subsequent
part
of a larger
tudy.
CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE
AUTHORS OF
THE
AUTOBIOGRAPHI ES
In the
argemajority
f cases,
the uthor's
success
n
someoccupation
r
profession
n-
spired
hewriting
f
his
life-story.
ut
lack
of
success
was also
an
instigator
f
self-
revelation,
s
was the
ccident
f
royal
irth,
or
ust
a rich r
extraordinary
ife.Below
s
a
list
of
the adult
status
of
the
people
whose
guest
experiences
e are
studying:
4 editors
I
publisher
5I
writers
25
novelists
5
poets
3 playwrights
4
newspaper
cor-
respondentsnd
journalists
4
biographers
2
historians
8 others
4 diplomats
congressman
I
member
of House
of
Commons
i governor
I President
f
U.S.A.
I naval
intelligence
f-
ficer
I fleet aptain
I soldier
I business xecutive
I building ommissioner
I physically
fflicted
person
3 members f racial
minority
roup
2
members
f
royalty
5 doctors
2 artists
photographer
i cartoonist
5 actors
opera
singer
i musician
6 teachers and
pro-
fessors
I physicist
psychologist
i
botanist
I
philologist
i engineer
i lawyer
I inventor
i
clergyman
I
Jesuit
I
explorer
i
rancher
4 travellers
I cook
I
welfare fficer
I
social worker
I social reformer
I
relief ase
The sex
and nationality
f theauthors
s
found
n the following
hart:
*
Paper read before
the annual meeting
of the
American
Sociological Society,
Chicago, Illinois,
December
7-30,
I946.
1
Cf. Allport, Gordon
W.,
The
Use of
Personal
Documents
n Psychological
cience,Social
Science
Research Council,
New
York,
1942. The report
contains
an
extended
bibliography.
192
This content downloaded from 164.73.224.2 on Thu, 14 Jan 2016 20:19:02 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp7/25/2019 2086985bossard El Rol Del Fantasma
3/11
THE ROLE OF THE GUEST
I93
Male Female
Total
American
39 25
64
British
nd European
32
I4
46
Russian
2
3
5
Japanese
I I
Latin
American
I I
Total
53 44
II7
Most of
the authors
ecalled nd
reported
on
the guests
who visited
hemwhen they
were
children ot
yet in their
eens.Only
32 visits
made during he
adolescence f
the
authorwere
recorded, s
overagainst
52
madewhile
he author
was a young
hild.
INCIDENCE
OF GUEST
NARRATIVES IN
AUTOBIOGRAPHIES
The first utstanding
act is that in
a
group
of
200
autobiographies,
elected
at
random,
but including
he period of
the
author's childhood,
I7 contained
direct
references
o guests
entertained
t home.
Eighty-three
ade
no mention
f anyvisi-
tors.
Those authors
who did write
of guests
varied considerablyn the extent o which
they
ncluded uest xperiences
s important
parts of
their
history.These
variations
ranged
rom
two- r three-line
uest
refer-
ence
to whole chapters
devoted
to
visitors
and the
entertainment
f
them. n but
two
cases,
though,
id
the authormention
uests
in such an
incidentalway
as
to
make
the
readerassume
thatneither
he fact of
the
entertaining
or
the
guest
himself ad
made
uponthe childan important,onsciousm-
pression
which lasted
into adulthood.
All
of
the
other
5
authors
elated heir
uest
experiences
s
vivid,
lasting impressions,
worthy
f
record
s
part
of
a
family
r of
a personal
history.
AMOUNT
OF ENTERTAINING
The amount
f
entertaining
f guestsby
the
authors'
families
lso varied
a
great
deal.
Half
of the writers
ave
their
readers
no clue
to the
frequency
f
visiting
n their
homes.
The
other
half
were
quite
specific.
Forty-five
entioned
hat
their
arents
ad
guests
frequently,
r
almost all
the
time.
Eight
wrote
hat here
were
very
fewvisitors
to
their
omes,
ndthree
mentioned
imes
n
their
ives
when
their
entertaining
abits
changed
radically,
rom ften
o seldom,
r
the
reverse.
The amount fentertainingonehad no
marked
correlation
with the
importance
given
o
guests
n the
ife-story.
ne
of the
merely
ncidental
eferences
as
made
to
let
thereader
now
hat
he
author's
ather
ad
many
isitors;
while
ome
fthe
uthors
who
stated
that they
had
few guests
devoted
pages
tothe
description
fthose
ew.
In the
II7
life
stories,
here
were
232
separate
allusions
to
guests
visiting
the
home.Thesehavebeenstudied ndividually
in the
analysis
f
guest
xperiences
hich
s
to follow.
They
were
of two kinds.
First,
there
was the
allusion
to
guests
n
general
and
to the
ntertaining
f
them.
heseserved
to show
he
kinds
f
guests
hat
ame
to
the
home,
nd
thekinds
fentertainment
ffered
them;
howparents
eacted
generally
n
the
presence
f
guests;
and
how
children
cted,
or
were
supposed
to
act.
There were
36
such
references.
econd,
herewas
the
men-
tion ofa specific uestornumber fguests
at a specific
ime.
There
were
66 such
allu-
sions.
ANALYSIS
OF
GUEST
NARRATIVES
Some
of the observations
made
in
the
autobiographies
bout
the
role of
the
guest
in
the
family
were choed
lmost
dentically
by
author
fter
uthor.
These
are
assumed
to
be
common
features
f
the entrance
f
visitorsntoa family ircle, t leastfor his
group
of
writers.
hey
are
classified
elow,
and described
y
selected
xamples
rom
he
guest-narratives.
i. The
guest
s
a standard or
measuring
parents.
A
frequent
ommon
memory
f
guests
mentioned
y
autobiographers
as
that
of
a
comparison
f the
guest
with
a
parent.
The
newness
f
the
behavior
of
a
guest,
s
contrasted
iththe familiarity
f
the
parent's
personality,
ometimes
made
children ery ensitive o traitswhich hey
had either
aken
for
granted
r
hadnot
been
aware
of
before.
Here
are
some
examples:
One
of
his
father's
Sunday
Evenings"
was a long-remembered
ye-opener
o
one
This content downloaded from 164.73.224.2 on Thu, 14 Jan 2016 20:19:02 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp7/25/2019 2086985bossard El Rol Del Fantasma
4/11
I
94 AMERICAN
SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW
of
the
writers.
he
father
had the
utmost
contempt
or
anyone
who could
not do
a
stuntto
add
to
the entertainment.
t
was
his
only
condemnation
f anyone.
Joe,
a
guest, ouldnotdo stunts.He was a quiet,
reticent
man,
ndwas figuratively
ast
aside
by
his host
as having
no
"gumption."
ne
night
a bathroom
pipe
burst,
releasing
torrent
f
waterthrough
he
ceiling.
ather
was
helpless;
but
Joe
very
quietly
set
about
repairing
he eak.
The
childthought:
this s
no time
for
nit-wit
ntertainer.
nd
his
mother
mentioned
hat
his father
ould
nothave
fixed hat
thing
n
a million
ears.2
An authorreports hatas a boy he was
thrilled
y a guest
who
romped
with
him
and never
eemed
o
grow ired.
His
father,
he realized,
id
not
knowhowto
play
with
youngsters,
nd
ifhe
tried,
he
play always
ended
n cross
words
nd
tears.'
The
behavior
f
a mother
ho
was always
cold
and
harsh toward
her daughter
was
highlighted
orstill
another
writer
n
the
occasion
whena
young
ady
guest
ook
her
upon
her
lap
and
fondled
er.
The
mother
suddenly oseand knocked erchildto the
floor.
The
guest
departed
nd never
came
back,
but the
girl
always
remembered
he
sharp
contrast
etween
he guest's
behavior
and her
mother's.4
VivianHughes
used
to
isten o
hermother
entertaining.
he
was
pleased
and
amused
by
her
mother's
ntelligence
nd
sense
of
humor
s
compared
with
the
stupidity
f
the
usual
female
isitors"
who
njoyed
nly
worries nd grievances. he used to count
thetimes
hese
females
aid
"Yes"
in
answer
to
her mother's
actful
ttempts
o
divert
them
with
ome
new
topic;
and
once,
during
an uneasy ilence
she
told
her
mother
hat
she
knew
what hewas
thinking:
What
could
she
possibly
ay
next?5
In
some
cases,
t was
not
so
much
direct
comparison
f
personalities
s
it
was
the
guests'
stimates
f parents
whichgave
new
insight
o
the
children.
dgar
Lee
Masters
was
very
much gratified
y
the
frequent
visitsof his schoolteacherto his mother,
who
hadhad
no great mount
f
formal
du-
cation,
but
who
had
read
widely,
nd
had
such
a
lively
wit
and
sense
of
narrative
hat
she
wasquite
match
or
he
chool
mistress,
and
kept
her
roaring
withlaughter.6
nd
William
Gerhardi
sed
to watch
his
mother
dancing
t the
balls
given
for
his
sister.
he
mother
was
much
ought
fter
s
a partner,
and
theboy
felt
hat
some
of
themen
who
came to thehouseweremore attracted o
herthan
to
his sister.
He saw
her,on
those
occasions,
s
beautiful
nd youthful
ooking.7
Their
parents'
ehavior
efore
uests
was
also a
revelation
o
the
children:
n
some
cases
t was
a source
f newpride;
n others,
a severe
disappointment.
When
he
Reverend
ropped
n
to see
the
father
f
one
author,
nd asked
his
host
fhe
did
notfeel
nearer
o heaven
very
day,
his
host
answered,
I can't say
that
do."
His
son,listening, as overjoyed t his father's
honesty
nd
bravery,
or
he
hated
cant.8
But
another
writer
went
through
gonies
watching
is
father
show
off"
nd
"tell
tall
tales"
to thevery
espectable
men
he
brought
home.
The boy
was
sure
those
men
knew
that his
father
was
a shallow iar,
and
he
could
not
understand hy
they
hould
put
up
with
him.9
2.
Theguest
s a
measure ffamily
tatus.
A family as status nly ncomparison ith
the tatus
f
others.
mall
children
re
often
well
insulated
rom
he
recognition
f
their
family's
tanding
y
a lackof that
compari-
son.
But sometimes,
he
guest
serves
to
reveal
he
family's
lace,
ocially,
eligiously,
or morally.
The daughter
of a
well-to-do
Russian
2
Feeney,
Leonard,
Survival
Till
Seventeen,
New
York,
Sheed
and
Ward,
1941,
pp.
24-48.
8'Nexo,
MartinAnderson,Underthe Open Sky,
New
York,
Vanguard
Press,
I938,
pp.
I07-I08.
'Lynch,
IHannah,
Autobiography
f
a
Child,
New
York,
Dodd,
MIead
and Company,
899,
p.
48.
'Hughes,
Vivian,
A
London
Child
of
the
Seven-
ties,
London,
OxfordUniversity
ress, 934,
p.
89.
'Masters,
Edgar
Lee,
Across
Spoon
River,
New
York,
Farrar
and
Rinehart,
nc., I936,
p.
66.
' Gerhardi,William,Memoirsofa Polyglot,New
York,
Alfred
.
Knopf,
93I,
p.
49.
'Long,
Augustus
White,
Son of
Carolina,
Dur-
ham,
Duke University
ress,
939,
71-72.
'Sherwood
Anderson's
Memoirs,
New
York,
Harcourt,
Brace
and
Company,
942,
p.
45.
This content downloaded from 164.73.224.2 on Thu, 14 Jan 2016 20:19:02 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp7/25/2019 2086985bossard El Rol Del Fantasma
5/11
THE ROLE
OF THE GUEST
patriarch
reveals
that she
did not know
she was living
n luxury,
o accustomed
o
it was
she.
But on Christmas,
hen ll the
peasants
from er
father'sstate ame
to
be
entertainednd to receivegiftsfromhim,
the girlwas
given
picture f her
family's
position
in
that
country.'0
A farmboy,
though, ellsof his
resentmentf
the yearly
visitsof his town unts,because
they et
it
be
seen that
heir ister
admarried
eneath
her.
He disliked o
see hismother
ut on airs
for
hem,
nd thenbecome
ubdued
nspirit
before heir
uperiority."
A successful ovelist
ecallsher
family's
ups and downs in status as reflected y
guests
nd lack of
guests.Her father,
who
had a succession
f wives
and mistresses,
lived n a
very respectable"
uburb,
ndno
one came to call.
The children
new why.
But Father finally ook
in, without enefit
ofcertificate,woman
who ooked respect-
able." Guests
began to
arrive,
and with
them the consciousness
f
a
new
family
status.'
It was through
he chance
remark f
a
thoughtlessguest that Kathleen Coyle
learned the secret,
hitherto arefully
ept
fromher, hat
herfather
was
in an
institu-
tion.'3
A
doctor,
hoseCatholic
mother
admar-
ried
a Protestant,
earned that there
was
something
nusual
bout
his
family,
ecause
the
two ets of
n-laws
lternated
isits,
ach
trying
o salvage
the
souls
of the children f
such
a
marriage.14
3. The guestmay extend hehorizon f
beliefs
and
customs.
Most
young
children
seem to
be
strongly
onvicted
f
the
belief
that
there
s
only
one
true
religious
aith,
one
honest
olitical
arty,
ne
right
ode
of
ethics,
ne
"proper"
way
of
doing
certain
things,
nd
that
people
who believe
nd
do
differently
re
not themselves
proper."
Often,
his
s
notso much
heresult
f
per-
sonal
smugness
r
of
deliberate
arental
n-
doctrination,s it is of a lack of intimacy
with
people
whose
beliefs
nd customs
re
unlike
heir
wn.
The
guest
who
s
accepted
by
parents
s
a
"proper"
person
often
dis-
closes
to
thechildren
n his visits
point
f
view
different
rom,
r
directly
pposite
o,
those
the
family
ntertains.
ometimes
he
children
re
very
much
shocked
by
these
revelations,
ut
nevertheless
hey
come
to
see
that people
they
know
and like
act
dif-
ferentlyndholdviewsdifferentromheirs.
Pierre
an
Paassen
says
he was
introduced
to
matzoth
when
a
Jewish
woman
brought
some
to
his
family
on
Passover.
Pierre's
mother
as
distressed
hat
he
could
not
re-
turn
he
favor
y
sending
ack
some
of
her
own
fresh-baked
ookies.But,
he
explained,
the
Jewish
riends
ould
not
eat
food
pre-
pared
in a
non-Jewish
ome.
That,
surely,
was
a
puzzle
to figure
ut.15
One
man
tells
of
how,
as
a
boy,
he
watched
the
clergyman
whohad stopped n for hehabitualfamily
prayer
eriod.
t
was
a
highly
onventional-
ized
observance.
ach
member
f the
family
took
a
chair
and,
kneeling
down,
leaned
against
the
seat
of
it,
while
going
through
the
form fprayer.
This clergyman
imply
dropped
o
his
knees,
without
ny
support
at all-an
amazing
procedure.
But
what
struck
he
boy
even
moreforcibly
as
that
to
the
reverend entleman
rayer
seemed
"real." Withthefamilyt had become ust
a
form.16
In
the
realm
of
politics,
ne author
was
shocked,
s
a
youth,
by
the
visit
to
his
Liberal
household
of
a
lady
who
shouted
Tory
principles
nd
thought
Mr.
Gladstone
"a
dreadful
man."'7
And
Julian
Green
re-
ports
that
his charming
oung
ousin,
who
was
a
loyal
Southerner
ut who
did
not
take
her
politics
so
seriously
s
did
Julian's
1
Radziwill,
Princess
Catherine,
t
Really
Hap-
pened,
ew
York,
Dial
Press,
nc.,
I932,
pp.
28-29.
"
Cole,
Cyrenus,
I
Remember,
I
Remember,
Iowa,
State
Historical
Society
of Iowa,
I936,
67-69.
12
Wylie,
.
A.
R.,
My
Life
With
George,
ew
York, Random House,
I940,
p. 74 and 8i.
13
Coyle,
Kathleen,
The Magical
Realm,
New
York,
E. P.
Dutton
and
Company,
nc.,
I943,
pp.
i67-i69.
14Aughinbaugh,
illiam
E.,
I Swear By
Apollo,
New
York,
Farrar
and Rinehart,
nc.,
I938, pp.
6-8.
"Van Paassen, ierre, ays ofOurYears,New
York,
Nillman-Curl,
nc.,
939,
pp.
24-25.
16Housman,
awrence,
he
Unexpected
ears,
New
York,
Bobbs-Merrill
Company,
936,
p.
35.
"
Baring,
aurice,
he
Puppet
how
f
Memory,
Boston,
ittle,
Brown
nd
Company,
922,
p. IS.
This content downloaded from 164.73.224.2 on Thu, 14 Jan 2016 20:19:02 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp7/25/2019 2086985bossard El Rol Del Fantasma
6/11
I96
AMERICAN
SOCIOLOGICAL
REVIEW
family, earlybrought
n
a family risis
when he started
o
play on the
piano the
hated
song, Marching
hrough
Georgia."'18
At home,Norman
Hapgood had
always
heardpeopledividednto hecategoriessel-
fish"
nd"unselfish,"
ndhad never
hought
to tamper
with thatdivision.
A visitor
e-
marked
hatself-seeking
as by
no means
always
bad. It could
as
oftenbe right
s
wrong.Norman
wrote f
that experience
s
hisfirstesson
n
relativity,
nd
he believed
it had some
nfluencen his later
career.19
Two of the
autobiographers
earned
ome-
thing bout relative
morality
rom
uests
n
theirhome.The young untof one ofthem
had
been sold
to
a
house
of ll-fame,nd
the
boy
metherfor he
first imewhen
hecame
to
his
home
after he
had been
rescued.
He
had
not expected o
findher what
he was:
a
pretty,
merry
girl, always singing.
He
wrote,
"I
began
to
understand hat
not
everything
n
life was so
dreadful
as
it
seems t
first ntil
one knows."20
he other
writer,who
learned a
similar
esson,
came
to
admire
womanwho
"couldn't ay no,"
but who was generous, heerful nd self-
sacrificing,
nd
whom
no one
could
really
consider s
bad.2"
4. The
guest
as a measureof
the
con-
sistency f
adults
in
precept
nd
practice.
Children ften
have the
opportunity
o
ob-
serve
n
theprivacy
f
the
family
ircle
hat
parents
do
not
always practice
what
they
preach.
But the
social gathering
ogether
f
adults
can increase he
opportunity
or
uch
observations, hen those adults are being
companionable
r
convivial,
nd
forgetful
f
thepenetrating
crutiny
f
the
younger
en-
eration.
n
both
morals
nd
manners, uests
revealed
dult nconsistencies
o
the
authors
of the
autobiographies.
A
parsonkept
visiting
he
homeof
one
writerto try
to
convert
the father
who
never
went
o church.
he
son
noticed
hat,
though
heparson's
efforts
ere
unsuccess-
ful,
he consumed
allons
of goodrye
while
making
hem.22
nd
Vivian
Hughes
tells
of
the
vicar's
wife,
who,accepting
er
hostess'
complaint bout thedullness f thevicar's
sermons,
uggested,
within
hearing
of the
child,
hat
her hostess
meditate
nstead
f
listening.
hat's
what
do."23
Wasn't
that
practically
eresy?
An
actor's
daughter
writes
of the
night
that she
was
awakened
by the
noise
of a
party,
otout
ofbed
andslipped
n
amongst
the guests
unnoticed.
Beer
and
rye
were
abundant.
Her
family
members
ere
dressed
in theirwrappers. manwas holdingMam-
ma'shand.
Another
as
trying
o
kiss
Nana,
a favorite
unt.
He was
"nosing"
nto
the
lace
cascade
on
thefront
fher
wrapper.24
A guest
n another
home
was remembered
becausehe
tried o
get
ntothe
room
f
the
servant girl
in
the
middle
of
the
night.
Next
morning
e said
that
hough e
prayed
to resist
dultery,
he
Lord
always
put
fresh
temptation
n his
way.
The youngster
thought
hat
this
was
"passing
he buck"
in
a verystrangeway.2d
One autobiography
ells f
a
boy
watching
a series
of scenes
between
he
Jewish
tep-
father-in-law
nd
his
mother.
he
man,
who
cameto
visit,
had to
have
his foodprepared
in
the
orthodox
manner,
making
a
lot
of
trouble
for the
lady
of the house.After
time,
he
suspected
hat
the
lady
was
only
petending
o
prepare
his
food
properly.
he
youngster
newthat
these
suspicions
were
correct. is mother as onlypretending.26
The
manners
f other
guests
did
not
live
up
to
the
standards
which
dultssaid they
required.
Writers
mentioned
ne
whobelched
frequently
ehind
his
hand at table,27
nd
another,
ho,
when
child
played
he
piano
'8 Green,
Julian,
Memories
of Happy
Days,
New York, Harper and Brothers,
942,
pp. 25-28.
"
Hapgood,
Norman,
The Changing
Years,
New
York,
Farrar
nd Rinehart,
930,
pp.
I7-I9.
20
Chaliapine,
Feodor, Ivanovitch,
Pages
From
My
Life,
New
York,
Harper
and Brothers,
927,
p.
3.
21
Ellis
Anne,
The
Life of
an Ordinary
Woman,
New
York,
Houghton
Mifflin
Company,
929,
p.
58.
22
Miller,
C.
Blackburn,
Hudson
Valley
Squire,
New
York,
Frederick
A. Stokes
Company,
I94I,
p.
I4.
23Hughes,
Vivian,
op.
cit.,
p.
89.
24
Bernstein,Aline, An Actors Daughter,New
York,
Alfred
A.
Knopf,
94I,
pp. I42-I49
and
io8-i
I1.
25
Van
Paassen,
p.
cit.,
p.
30-31.
2?
Cournos,
John,
Autobiography,
New
York,
E.
P.
Putnam's
ons,
935,
pp.
28-30.
27
Petrova,
Olga,
Butter
With
My Bread,
New
York,
Bobbs-Merrill
Company,
942,
p.
3I.
This content downloaded from 164.73.224.2 on Thu, 14 Jan 2016 20:19:02 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp7/25/2019 2086985bossard El Rol Del Fantasma
7/11
THE ROLE OF THE
GUEST
for him, shouted that that girl could not
play and neverwouldbe able to.28Neither
guest was reproached
or his behavior. t
was acceptedby theother dults.But it was
not the kindof behavior dultswould toler-
ate in children.
5. The guest s a medium
or eaching er-
tain rulesof social behavior.n the nformal
atmosphere f the family,
considerable
laxity f manners nd
widechoice f conver-
sationtopics re permitted
hat re not suf-
fered utside he family
ircle.
A
mother an
hardly anticipatefor
her young child all
of thesedifferences.et,most hildrenome-
how attainthatknowledgey the time hey
reach their arly teens.
One of the roles of
theguest eems
to
be
to
help clarify
or
he
child
what s, and what
s not, expectedn
"polite society"
n
his
own particular ocial
rank. Sometimes, ismissal
from he scene,
becauseof theparents'
nability o cope with
the
situation
efore
uests,
marks
he
esson
indelibly. lso,pre-guest arangues etween
parentswho do not approve f each other's
behaviorbeforeguests
make children ar-
ticularly een to see whowillwin out when
the
guest does arrive.Autobiographers
e-
scribe nstances f all thesekindsof essons
on how
to
behave
when
n
outsider
oins
the
family.
Differences
n
table
mannerswere ex-
pected
when
guests
were
present.
Frazier
Huntwrites hathis uncle,
n whose
home
he
lived, iked to eat his
pie from he same
plate on which
his meat and vegetables
ad
been. It tastedbetterthatway. Frazier's
aunt did not
approve,
nd
let
it
be
known.
But
Uncle would
not be
intimidated;
hat
is,
not
untilvisitors
ame
to
dinner. hen
he
had to
make
a concession.29
rand
Duchess
Marie, whena
little
girl,
found
hat
when
there
was a visitor he
could
not take
any
part
in
the conversation,
ut
could
only
answer uestions
when sked
them. he
had
to sit,between ourses,
with he
tips
of her
fingers
n the
edge
of the
table,
and if
she
forgothe was reprimanded.30
A number
f writers emembered
eing
sent from he
roomforbehaviorwhich hey
had not knownwouldget them
ntotrouble.
One, when a
little boy, was absorbed n
listening to some breezy gossip of his
mother'swhen
the vicar came to call. He
waited atientlyor hevicar o
be welcomed
and seated and then sked his
mother o go
on with he torybout.... He
was promptly
sent upstairs.3'
nother, hen smallchild,
found erbabychamber-potidden
way n
a closet. She
was ecstaticoverfinding er
old
friend nd
thought hat her mother
and the uncheon uestswould
be too. So she
ran into the room and displayed t. Her
mother ainted,nd thegirlwas
banished o
the attic.32
third ellsof hearing he cook
say that if
the vicar came to tea much
oftener e
would eat Auntie out of house
and home.
The girlthought he
vicar ought
to know, o shetold him. But
she was sent
to
bed without
ny upper.33he impressions
made by these
experiences
were deep
and
long-lived.heyprobably rought
he
dawn-
ing of the consciousness
f conversational
taboos.
6. The guestmay change
normal amily
regimen nd
occasion special
privileges or
the
children.
ome of the
authors
remem-
bered
how
enchanted
hey
had been
with
he
changes
n usual
family
egimen hen
guests
came.
The "room,"
a
parlor-bedroom,
as
used
n
the
daytime nly
when
guests ame;
specialcompany
ups
and
saucers
wereused
instead
f the
usual
dinner-ware;
beautiful
white tableclothwas put on the table in-
stead
of the
red-checked
ne used
for the
family.
Company
towels" nstead
of meal
sacks,
company
oap"
instead f the
yellow
kind company
issue"
nstead
f
eaves
from
a mail-order
atalogue-all
were
xciting
if-
ferences
n home
ifewhen
guest
ame.34
'Lee,
Jennie,
This
Great Journey,
New
York,
Farrar
Rinehart,
nc., 1942,
pp.
37-4I.
'
Hunt,
Frazier,
One
American,
New
York,
Simon
and Schuster,
938,
pp.
7-8.
'
Marie,
Grand
Duchess
of
Russia,
Education
of
a
Princess,New
York,
Viking
Press,
193I,
p.
36.
a'
Finger,
Charles,
Seven
Horizons,
New
York,
Doubleday,
Doran,
Company,
nc.,
1930,
pp.
I0-II.
82
Millar,
Mara,
Hail to
Yesterday,
s told
to
Page Cooper, New York, Farrar and Rinehart.
194I,
pp.
22-23.
s
Gilder,
Jeanette,
The
Autobiography
of
a
Tomboy,
New
York, Doubleday,
Page
and
Com-
pany,
1901,
p.
91.
'
Hunt,
Frazier,
op. cit.,pp.
8-9; Hurston,
Zora
Neale,
Dust
Tracks
On
A
Road,
New
York,
J.
B.
Lippincott
Company,
942,
p. 34;
McClure.
S.
S.
This content downloaded from 164.73.224.2 on Thu, 14 Jan 2016 20:19:02 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp7/25/2019 2086985bossard El Rol Del Fantasma
8/11
i98
AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW
But personal
privileges
were even more
interesting.
hen
Paderewski
ame to call,
the
children
n
one of the
author's
homes
were llowed o
comedownstairso
hearhim
play.3`Anothermusician's isitspermittted
Andre'Gide to sit
up long
past his usually
inflexibleedtime
o thathe could
hear the
concert.";
David
Fairchildwrites
that
his
father id notapprove
fDickens,
ut could
notprotest
when
guest ead
David Copper-
field
to
the
young
man of
the
house,
who
always remembered
hat
wonderfulovel.:7
Walter
Damrosch recalls
Taussig's visits,
particularly
ecause of the
delicious
pple
puddingwhichMrs. Damroschmade for
him."8 longed-for
rip o
Calais,which ad
never
eenpermitted,as
attained yone of
the authors
whenhe asked
his
parents
for
permission
n thepresence
f a guest,who
beat the
parents
to the answer
and said,
"Why
not?"33 hese were
marked igh pots
in thefamily-guest
ifeofthewriters.
7.
Guests,
throu-gh
heir,
iscussions
wit/i
each
other
and
wit/i
parents,
during visits,
may
be
an intellectual stimulus
to
children.
A common bservationn the autobiogra-
phies
s that he
writers,s children,
ovedto
listen o
theconversations
f their rown-up
guests,
nd werestimulated
y them.
The
exact kind of
stimulus ependedupon
the
kinds
of peopleentertained
nd the
kind
of
entertainment
ffered
n
the
home.
In
thehomes
epresentedere,
herewere
fivenoticeably
different
abitual
ways
of
entertaininguests
First,there was the homein whichthe
adults at
in a
group
nd
indulgedn
aimless
gossip
nd
in tellingnecdotes.
ere the
hil-
dren
were
een
o
know he atest
ales
bout
people
whom heyknew.They struggled
o
keep well
posted.Also, they
oved to
hear
any simple necdotes
nd remembered
any
of them.
Second, herewas thehomen which uests
were ntertained
y
cards,
ames, nd
stunts.
Severalwritersmentioned
heir wnprowess
in beating
guests
t the gamesplayed.
Con-
versation
was restrictedn
these visits,but
one
writer ellsthat
he wasproudof
enter-
ing nto
the spirit f the games
her father's
friends layed, nd
when Mr. Fitch
won a
hard hand,
she called out,
"Good foryou,
Fitch " much o
the amusementf the
men
whothoughtt a spontaneousemark.t was,
instead,well calculated
o produce ust
the
effectt
did produce.40
A
third ype
of entertainment
as of a
very formal
ort: formal eas,
dinners
nd
balls. Conversation
erewasbroken
p into
littlegroups.
The
childrenwere stimulated
by the sense of
rank,by social
finesse, y
styles
f dress, y grace
n
dancing,nd by
personal
opularity.
A
fourth
ind
of entertainment
as
men-
tionedby two of the authors.41oth had
come frompeasant
homes
across the sea.
In these
homes
the villagers
ll
gathered
together,
hile
he
old men f thevillage
old
stories: either
folk
tales,
or
historical c-
counts of
the
country.
These
youngsters,
listenings they
sat on the
floor
f
their
homes,
ooked up to the
wisdom f the old
men,
nd
knew
heir ountry's ast.
The
fifth
ind
of
entertainmentas
give-
and-take discussionbetween intellectuals
on
topics f
mutual nterest,articularly
he
arts
nd
sciences
nd currentvents.
t
is
not
surprising
hat
this
type
of entertainment
was
greatly
n the
majority
n
homes
of
boys
nd
girls
who
grew p
towrite
heir
uto-
biographies.
ome
comments,
irect
rom he
authors,
re
worthy
f
quotation
They
[my
parents]
were
rewarded
..
by many
delight-
ful
friendships.
hinkers, riters,
nd travel-
ers gathered
bout
them.
We
childrenwere
fascinatedby discussions, ftenover our
My
Autobiography,
ew
York,
Frederick
A.
Stokes
Company,
I9I4,
pp.
5-6.
"Ellsworth,
Lincoln,
Beyond
Horizons,
New
York,
Doubleday,
Doran and
Company,
nc.,
I938,
pp.
9-Ii.
3' Gide, Andre,
f
It
Die,
New
York,
Random
House,
I935,
tr. by DorothyBussey,pp. 63-65.
"Fairchild,
David,
The World
Was MTfy
arden,
New
York, Charles
Scribner's ons,
I938,
p.
I5.
aDamrosch,
Walter,
My
Musical Life,
New
York.Charles
cribner's
ons,
924,
p.
2.
a'Aldington,
Richard,
Life
For
Life's Sake,
New
York,
The
Viking
Press,
I941,
p.
32.
"Gilder,
Jeanette,
p.
cit.,
pp.
34-35.
"
Chaliapine,
op.
cit., p.
3;
and Pupin,
Michael,
From
Immigrant
o
Inventor,
New
York,
Charles
Scribner's
Sons,
I926,
pp. 5-7.
This content downloaded from 164.73.224.2 on Thu, 14 Jan 2016 20:19:02 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp7/25/2019 2086985bossard El Rol Del Fantasma
9/11
THE ROLE
OF
THE GUEST
heads,
which
went
n in
such ssemblages."42
"The
literary
nd
artistic
ife
of the
city,
rich and
poor,
was
represented
n
our
guests]....
The gaiety
nd the
wit, nd
the
degree owhich he conversationepresented
thepulse
ofthe
times,
made
mediscontented
with
nything
ess
nmy
dult
years."43
My
mother's
ompany
nd
conversation
s the
years
went y
werenecessarily
stimulation
to any
ntelligence
possessed,
nd
I think
t
made
me precocious
none
or
twoways.
one
of them
was the
very
strong
nterest
hat
I took
in all sorts
of people."44
8. The guest
may
produce
conflicts
nd
increase amily ensions. ftenmembers f
the family
isagree
n their
stimates
f a
guest,
or
of the
guest's
behavior.
n some
cases,
in the
guest-narratives,
hese
differ-
ences became
acute
and
caused
family on-
flict.
Harriet
Munroe
used to
enjoy
watching
the games
of
the
men who
came to play
cards
with
her father.
ut
her mother
id
not
approve
of these
people
who
filled
he
house
with moke
nd
required
pittoons.
he
poetwrites hat she noticedwhenthemen
came
less
and less often;
and
that
finally
her
father
went
out
in
the
evenings
o
the
home
of a
widower,
nstead
of
bringing
is
guests
ome.45
Two
of the
authors
ell
of
their
ealousy
of
the men
who came
to
visit
their
mothers.
The
boy
was
sullen
and angry.46
he
girl
decidedupon
action
and
told
her mother's
suitor
that
it was
time
to
go
home.
Her
mother as cross nd scolded hechild,who
was,
then,
doubly
hurt.47
nother
riter e-
ports
hat
whenhe
was
a
very
ittle
boy
he
was upset
by
the
elegant
eception
ccorded
two
royal
gentlemen
ho
came
to
see his
father.
e
muchpreferred
he cook
and
the
gamekeeper,
ho
usually
visited
them.
He
slapped
one
of the
gentlemen
nthe
face
nd
was annoyed y theover-solicitousttitude
of his
parents
n the gentleman's
ehalf.49
9. The
guest
may
finite
he family
n
a
mild
conspiracy
gainst
him.
The
family
often
as a
heightened
ense
of solidarity
n
the presence
of
an
outsider,
ut at
times
circumstances
make
the family
members
more ike
fellow
onspirators.
Vivian
Hughes
tells
of the
time
a guest
came
to
call in
the
afternoon.
he
stayed
and stayed. Her hostessesgrew uneasy.
Finally,
Vivian's
mother
ose
and said
that
though
he
liked to
sit
in the
dusk
without
lights,
she hardly
expected
her guest
to
sharethat
enthusiasm.
he
auest
chuckled
and
left.
Vivian
and
her mother
urned
o
each other,
smiled
and
relaxed.
The
gas
company
had
turned
ff he supply
of gas,
and the ights
ould
not be lighted."0
The young
man
who
always
brought
se-
lessgifts
o
the
family,
ecessitating
writ-
tenthank-youote;50 heunclewhoalways
wanted
o help,
but who
instead
got
in the
wayof
everyone;5'
he
pastor
who
nvariably
turned
p
on housecleaning
ay;5-
the
mem-
bers
of the
clergyman's
ongregation
ho
feltfree
o
drop
n
at
any
time
o
comment
upon
the
behavior
f
the clergyman's
hil-
dren;53
the
man who
would
appear
ust
at
mealtime-all
of these
nspired
n the
fami-
lies
of
the
writers
he
same
feeling
f con-
spiracy gainstthemthatdrewthe family
members,
or
time
nd
an
occasion,
loser
together.
io.
The guest
may
be
a
source of
anec-
dotes
and
cue-words
hat become partof
any family's
ommon
eritage.
W.
B.
Max-
2
Sessions,
Ruth
Huntington,
ixty-Odd,
Brattle-
boro,
Vermont,
tephen
Daye
Press,
936,
p.
i6.
"
Peattie,
Roderick,
The
Incurable
Romantic,
NewYork,
Macmillian
ompany,
94I,
p.
40.
"
Maxwell,
W.
B., Time Gathered,
New
York,
D.
Appleton-Century
ompany,
I938,
p.
22.
4
Munroe,
Harriet,
A
Poet's Life,
New
York,
MacmillanCompany,
938,
p. 24.
48
Lania,
Leo,
Today
We
Are
Brothers,
oughton
Mifflin
ompany,
1942, p.
I7.
4 Harrison,
Marguerite,
There's
Always
To-
morrow,
New
York,
Farrar
and Rinehart,
935,
p.
32.
a
Fisher,
H.
A. L.,
An
Unfinished
utobiography,
London,
Oxford
University
ress,
1940,
p.
2.
Hughes,
Vivian,
op.
cit.,pp.
I9-20.
J
Ibid.,
pp.
95-96.
51
Lagerl6f,
Selma,
Memories
of
My
Childhood,
New York, Doubleday,Doran and Company,
934,
Tr.
by
Velma
Swameton
Howard,
pp.
i8i-i84.
Ibid.,
pp.
I49-I52.
s
Rice,
John
Andrew,
I
Came
Out
of
the
Eighteenth
Century,
New
York,
Harper
and
Brothers,
942,
pp.
45-46.
This content downloaded from 164.73.224.2 on Thu, 14 Jan 2016 20:19:02 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp7/25/2019 2086985bossard El Rol Del Fantasma
10/11
200 AMERICAN
SOCIOLOGICAL
REVIEW
well's
family
ad
a word
ll their wn.
They
would
say,
"May
I
Byngeyou?"
or
would
speak
of being
"Bynged."
To outsiders
t
was
just
nonsense,
ut to
the
Maxwells,
t
was full of meaning. t was coined from
thename
of
a
man,
Mr.
Bynge,who
often
stayed
through
he
dinnerhour
but
would
not
share
the
family
meal;
and
therefore
sat in
a corner
nd
watched
very
mouthful
his
hosts
ate, untilthe
custom
became
an-
noying.
Mr.
Maxwell
ays
that
his
own
chil-
dren
use
this
word,
nowing
ts
connotation,
but
probably
having
no
idea
whence
ame
the
word.5'
Cue-words
ike
this,
that
have
no meaning o others, ut which nstantly
recall
to
the
minds
of
the family
members
some
commonly-shared
xperience,
re
rich
possessions
f
family
ife.
Guests,
t
least
those
n the
homes
f
autobiographers,
eem
to
supply
good
share
of
such
words.
The
words
"Sniff,
niff,
niffin"
ent
the
Carter
family
nto
raucous
aughter.
hey
recalled
the
fact
that
Mrs.
Carter
could
never
remember
he
names
of
the
men
her
husband
brought
ome.
She
had to
supply
herself ith omeassociatedword, nd then
usually
made
an
awfulmistake
when
he
ad-
dressed
heguest.
But
when
Mr. Sniffin
as
about
to call,
the
cry
"Sniff,
niff,
niffin"
caused
a
crisis
of irrepressible
hildish
chuckles
t table,
hat
wrote
hewords
own
in
family
istory.55
"Most
appropriate,
ost
ppropriate"
e-
came part
of
the
heritage
of one
family,
recalling
hose
words
which
visitor
lways
used in referenceo a dessert alled "Poor
Man's
Pudding,"
which
he
was served
at
table.56
And,
"I'll
try
a little
goose"
invar-
iably
afforded
family
augh
in
a
home
where
the clergyman
nswered
hus,
even
after
aving
lready
had five
r six
servings
of the
goose.57
hese
words
from
hildhood
have
been
remembered
y
grown
men
and
women,
nd
included
n their
ife stories
s
cues
to
the
recall
of
cherished
xperiences
shared
n family
ife.
V
Limitationsf space permit nlypassing
mention
f
other
noticed
esults
f guest
x-
periences
o
autobiographers,
uch
as: (a)
a
sympathetic
ttitude
oward
nother
ace,
or
minority
roup,
ained
through
he
visit
of
a
member
f
that
group
to the home;
(b)
hospitality-training;
c)
lessons
n
character-
and
personality-analysis
n after
guest
fam-
ilydiscussions;
d)
direct nfluence
pon
a
child's
choice
of
career
because
of
admira-
tionfor, rhelpfrom, guest.Though
hese
results
were
of
ess concern
o the
family
s
a
whole
than
were
those
discussed
bove,
they
were
of
marked
mportance
o
the
child
in his
own
development.
VI
A
FURTHER
NOTE
ON
THE
USE OF
AUTOBIO-
GRAPHICAL
MATERIAL
In view
of
other
iscussions
fthe
use
of
autobiogaphical
aterial
n the
study
f
be-
havior nd personalityevelopment,urther
comment
uggested
y
its
use
in
the
present
study
may
be
in order.
Four
distinct
alues
seem
to
inhere
n
this
specific
xperience.
First,
t
has
a
"prospector"
alue,
that
is
to say,
t may
be
used
to
reveal
he
pres-
ence
of
"ore,"
whichobviously
s
the
first
step
n
mining
nd
refining
t.
In the
present
study,
t
will
be
recalled
hat
I
7
out
of
the
200 authors
eferred
o
the
role
of
the
guest.
Two hundred nd thirty-twoimes these
writers
hose
to delineate
moments
f
enter-
taining
t
home
s moments
f
consequence
in their
arly
family
istories.
his
certainly
would
serve
to
indicate
hat
here
s
a
sub-
ject
significant
nough
to deserve
further
study.
Not only
thepresence
ut
also
the
richness
f
the
"ore"
is
implied
n
these
f
cts.
Second,
the
use
of
autobiographical
a-
terial n
the
present
tudy
uggests
pecific
leads
for
nvestigation,
nd it doesso in two
ways.
n
thefirst
lace,
the
authors
mention
a wide
variation
f
nfluence,
anging
ll
the
way
from
he
bringing
ut
of thebest
inen
tablecloth
o theeruption
f serious
onflict
54Maxwell,
op.
cit.,
pp.
22-27.
5 Carter,John Franklin,The Rectory Family,
New
York,
Coward-McCann,
nc.,
I937,
pp.
69-75.
"8
Howe,
M.
A.
De
Wolfe,
A
Venture
n
Re-
membrance,
oston,
Little,
Brown
and
Company,
I94I,
p.
28.
"
Leslie,
Shane,
The
Film
of
Memory,
London,
Michael
Joseph,
Limited,
938,
p.
23.
This content downloaded from 164.73.224.2 on Thu, 14 Jan 2016 20:19:02 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsphttp://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp7/25/2019 2086985bossard El Rol Del Fantasma
11/11
ADJUSTMENTS
OF JAPANESE-AMERICAN
FAMILIES TO RELOCATION
20I
betweenparent
and child. In the second
place, the kinds
of experiences emembered
during he visitsof guestswere common
o
manyof the authors,
o that they ould be
grouped n differentategories ccording o
their special kind of influence.
n other
words, his revealspreponderances,
r areas
of concentration.
Third, t is highly
ignificanthat
all this
informations
derived from ourcesunre-
lated to the present
tudy, and compiled
without eference
o the particular
nterests
of the present roject.There was
no organ-
ized research nit
which uggested
he sub-
ject of guests r their ole npersonalitye-
velopment
o
the
authors fthese utobiog-
raphies.The information
urnished
n this
sense
s
then othobjective
nd
spontaneous.
For the uses
indicated bove,
this
makes
t
particularlyaluable.
A
fourth ossible
alue
s that he
persons
furnishinghe
autobiographical
ase mate-
rial, for
themost part,
have some
experi-
ence and
facilityn
the expression
f their
views.They
write
well, nd
verbalize eadily,
at
least
in comparison
ithpersons
not so
trained, romwhommostmaterialbearing
upon
behavior
problems
must be
secured.
Furthermore,
hey
haveexperience
n think-
ingthrough
heprocesses
f
human evelop-
ment, nd
expressing
hem
ffectively,
hich
is
one of the
basic requirements
n writing
an acceptable
utobiography.
t
must e
ad-
mitted hat
this nvolves
lso
a possible
de-
fect, o
far
s
the
possible
cientific
alue
of
the material
s concerned,
esulting
rom
striving oreffectivexpression,ossibly t
the
risk of truthfulness.
n
writing p
hu-
manmaterial,
here
s at times
hetempta-
tion to
add "the
fictional
ouch."
By way
of defense,
t
might
e
said that this
would
be less
true
in
recalling
hildhood
mpres-
sions
of family
uests
han
n
certain
ther
obvious
areas
of
life.
TRANSITIONAL ADJUSTMENTS OF JAPANESE-AMERICAN
FAMILIES TO
RELOCATION*
LEONARD BLOOM
University f
California,
os
Angeles
IN
THIS paper shall sketch
ne time
segment f an adjustment
istory.An
earlier
paper
in the Review' surveyed
the background
f the problem nd indi-
cated the methodological
nd
circumstantial
justificationsor orienting he study to an
examination f the
familial
omplex.
The
period
to
be discussed
here
begins
withthe
establishmentf
the
population
n relocation
centerswhich
was completed n November
I,
I942, eleven
months fterPearl Harbor
and sevenmonths fterthe
evacuation
be
gan. t ends
n January945 with he open-
ingof the PacificCoast to relocation.
ubse-
quent
events
will
merely
e
touched
upon.
The
data upon
which
his
study
s
based
are chiefly
f
two
sorts.
The
first
s a
struc-
tural
nalysis
f therecords
f
3000
families,
one
tenth
f those
registered
t thetime
of
evacuation. eventy ercentof thesefamily
records
ere
xtensively
upplemented
n
the
field
from
he files
of the
War
Relocation
Authority,
nd
provide
the
quantitative
documentation.
he
main classifications
re
six
structural
ategories
f family
nits
or
individuals
which
are sub-classified
y
na-
tivity Table
I). Quantitative
udgments
re
madewithin
hisframework
nd
the
differ-
ential
adjustments
f each type
have
been
analyzed.
t is
possible
n a
journal
article
only
opoint utthemodalformsfadjust-
ment.
The
second
type
of
data
comprises
some
one
hundred
histories
of
Japanese-
American
amilies
quated
with
the
struc-
tural
types.
nsights
nd the overtones
f
*An expanded version of the paper read at
the
meeting
of
the
American
Sociological
Society,
Cleveland,
March -3,
I1946.
1
Leonard
Bloom, "Familial Adjustments
of
Japanese-Americans
o
Relocation: First
Phase,"
American
Sociological
Review
8
(October,
I943),
55I-560.
Thi d l d d f 164 73 224 2 Th 14 J 2016 20 19 02 UTC