Post on 03-Apr-2018
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'High Street Herbals: The Top 300 OverTheCounterHerbal Medicinals Available In The UK
The Conservation Concerns'.
Sue Minter 2009
This research has been done by Sue Minter who is open to adding more information (or correcting it)from knowledgeable herbalists/producers/growers and conservationists in the interest of sustainable
trade. It is believed to be the only information available to the consumer on this subject.
Trade name Botanical name Principally Used for. Part usedWild or
cultivatedConservation and livelihood concern?
Calamus Acorus ca lamus Colic and dyspepsia RootWild /somecultivated
Conservation concern: this plant is rare becauseof loss of its wetland habitat and is one of thespecies now being grown to support its use in
Ayurvedic medicine
Agnus castus Vitex agnus castusMenopausal symptomsinfertility disturbedmenstrual cycle
BerriesWild andcultivated
Conservation concern: this plant is rare in parts
of the Mediterranean and it has been subject tospikes in demand-see pp 00
Agrimony Agrimonia eupa toriaTo stop bleeding forcystitis
Whole plant Wild/cultivated Probably not
AlderBuckthorn
Frangula alnus Severe constipation BarkWild andcultivated
Alfalfa Medicago sativa To stimulate appetite Whole plant Cultivated No
Allspice Pimenta dioicaFlatulence, diarrhoea,indigestion
Fruit Wild/cultivated Probably not
Aloe vera Aloe barbade nsisBurns, wounds, skinconditions
Leaf CultivatedNo since it is cultivated. All Aloe species are onCITES Appendix 11
AlkanetPentaglottissempervirens
Wound healing Root Wild No
AmericanGinseng
Panax quinquefoliusTonic and stimulant and assubstitute for Panaxginseng
Root
Now extensivelycultivated both in
America a ndChina includingfrommicropropagation
Conservation concern: now quite rare in the
Appalachian Mountains a nd listed on CITESAppendix 11 since 1975. A cultivation success
story,however. For its history as a substitute forPanax ginseng see pp 00.
AmericanSpikenard
Aralia rac emosa Fever rheumatism Rhizome/root Probably wild Unknown
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Ammi(ToothpickWeed)
Ammi vis naga Angina asth ma renal colic SeedsWild andcultivated
This is the original chemical lead for two importantpharmaceutical drugs used in cardiology, but whichare synthesized and, like aspirin, now have noimpact on the wild populations of the original plant
AngelicaAngelicaarchangelica
Respiratory infection Root Wild/cultivated No
Aniseed Pimpinella anisum Cough Fruit Cultivated No
Arnica Arnica mon tanaBruising (in Germany alsofor heart conditions)
FlowersWild, somecultivated
Conservation and livelihood concern: a plant of
high alpine meadows in Spain and Romaniadependant on traditional meadow managementand often overharvested. Now subject to aninteresting project on sustainable harvestingmethods for local benefit see pp 00 One of the bestcandidates for Fair Trade accreditation
ArrowrootMarantaarundinacea
Soothing the digestionconvalescence
Rhizome/root Cultivated No
Artichoke Cynara scolymusGall bladder and liverproblems
Leaf Cultivated No
Asafoetida Ferula asafoetidaBloating/flatulencebronchitis
Root resin Cultivated No
Ashwagandha Withania somnifera
Ayurvedic ton ic (stress and
nervous exhaustionespecially among theelderly) The Ayurvedicequivalent of ginseng.
Root Cultivated/wild
Conservation and livelihood concern: this has
become a 'fad'herb with some reports of itbecoming scarce in Southern India due to demandfor international trade.See pp 00. A case for FairTrade accreditation.
AstragalusAstragalusmembranaceus
A tonic for immun e system Root Cultivated No
Avens Geum urbanumFever indigestion tostaunch blood
Herb and root Wild Probably no
Bai Shao YaoPaeonialactiflora/suffruticosa
Liver
problemshypertensionRoot
Cultivated in
ChinaProbably not
Barberry
Berberis vulgaris
(plus many otherspecies also
Mahonia spp.)
Fever, bleeding, dysentery, diarrhoea
Bark,root,berries
Wild or cultivated
Barley grass Hordeum spp.To sooth bowel indiarrhoea
Seed Cultivated No
Basil Ocimum basilicum Indigestioninsomnia Leaf Cultivated No
Bay Laurus nobilisCulinary herb to improveappetite
Leaf Cultivated No
Bay Berry Myrica californica Coughs and colds BarkWild andcultivated
Bearberry see Uva Ursi
Beetroot Beta vulgarisSome herbal cancertreatments
Root Wild/cultivated No
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Benzoin Styrax benzoinInhalation forcoughs/colds/bronchitis
Gum tappedfrom the tree
Wild or cultivated
Bilberry Vaccinium myrtillusDiarrhoea venous
problemsFruit Wild/cultivated No
Black Cohosh Actaea racemos a Menopausal symptoms RootWild andcultivated
Conservation concern: see Fad herbs pp 00
Black Cumin Nigella sativaAyurvedicremedy(bronchialcomplaints)
Seed/oil Cultivated No
BlueberryVaccinium
corymbosum To retard aging Fruit CultivatedNo. However, an organic Fairtrade herbal tea isavailable in the UK**
Blue CohoshCaulophyllumthalictroides
Menstrual difficultiesendometriosis
Root Wild
Conservation concern: this plant is slow-growing
and difficult to establish from seed makingcultivation expensive. A case for wild collectionunder guidelines
Blood RootSanguinariacanadensis
Bronchitis, asthma, sorethroat,dental hygiene
Root Wild Some concern
Blue Mallow Malva sylvestris Colds and coughs Flower Wild/cultivated No
Blue Flag Iris versicolor Colds and coughs Rhizome
BogbeanMenyanthestrifoliata
Diuretic and laxative.To
improve appetite
Leaf Wild
Conservation concern though a protected
species in some areas is threatened by loss of
wetland habitat in Europe, Asia and North America.A ca se for wild c ollection under guideline s
Boldo Peumus boldusSlimming aid gallstonescystitis
Leaf/bark Cultivated
Borage Borago officinalis Fever Leaf
Cultivated-mainlyas source ofgamma-linolenicacid
No
Brahmi See Gotu Kola
BromelainAnanas c omosus
(enzyme)Digestive problems Stem extract Cultivated No
Buchu Agathosma spp Fluid retentioncystitis Leaf
Buckwheat
Fagopyrum
esculentum
Hypertension frostbite
chilblains
Leaves and
flowers Cultivated No
Burdock Arctium lap paArthritis, rheumatism acne,psoriasis
Root herb anffruits
Wild No
Butterbur Petasites sppFever, colds, urinarycomplaints
Root Wild No
Butternut Juglans cineraria Laxative Inner bark Cultivated/wild No
Californiapoppy
Escholscholziacalifornica
Fluid retention insomniaanxiety
Flower
petals/wholeplant
Likely both
Calumba Jateorhiza palmataWarming tonic, calming,anti-fungal
Root Wild/cultivated
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Cape Aloes Aloe fe rox Constipation Leaf gel Wild/cultivated
Caraway Carum carvi Indigestion Seed Cultivated No
CardamomElettariacardamomum
Indigestionbronchialcomplaints
Fruit/seeds Cultivated No
Carob Ceratonia siliqua Diarrhoea catarrh Fruit pulp Wild/cultivated No
Carrot(Wild) Daucus carota Cystitis and gout Root Cultivated No
Cascarasagrada
Rhamnus
purschianaConstipation Bark Wild/cultivated
Conservation concern:Rare in the wild. Buy
certified cultivated supplies
Cassia
Cinnamomum
cassia
Pain, fever vascular
disorders Bark Cultivated No
Cat's Claw Uncaria tomentosaCancer treatmentscontraception tonic
Bark Wild (Amazon)Possible conservation concern : given
deforestation
Catnip Nepeta cataria Fever indigestion Leaf Cultivated No
CatuabaAnemopaegmamirandum
Bark
Celery Apium g raveolens Arthritis h ypertension Seed Cultivated No
CentauryCentauriumumbellatum
Indigestion liver and gallbladder complaints
Whole
plant(not
roots)
Cultivated sourceavailable
Chamomile Matricaria recutitaSedativeasthma and hayfever
Flower CultivatedNo.However, a Fairtrade herbal tea is available inthe UK*
Chamomile Anthemis n obilis Sedative for diestivesystem Flower Cultivated No. However, a Fairtrade herbal tea is availble inthe UK*
Chapparal Larrea mexicana Antiseptic lotion Twigs Wild
Chickweed Stellaria mediaEczema, psoriasisrheumatism
Whole plant Wild No-common weed
Chichory Cichorium intybusRheumatism, gout, liverproblems
Root Cultivated No
Chilli Capsicum annuum Circulation/digestion Fruit Cultivated No
Chiretta Swertia chirata Fever liver complaints Herb Wild Unknown
Chuan-Xiong Ligusticum spp
CinnamonCinnamomum
zeylanicumDigestive problems coldsand flu
Bark CultivatedNo. However, an organic Fairtrade herbal tea isavailable in the UK**
Cleavers Galium aparine
Immune stimulation
persistant infection Whole plant Wild No-common weed
ClovesSyzygiumaromaticum
Antiseptic,warmingspicedental preparations
Flower bud CultivatedNo. However, an organic Fairtrade herbal tea isavailable in the UK**
Coltsfoot Tusilago farfaraCoughs, asthma and
bronchitisLeaf Wild No-common weed
ComfreySymphytumofficinale
As a poultice to kn it bones Leaf Wild/cultivated No
Coriander Coriandrum sativumIndigestion/digestivespasm
Leaf/seed Cultivated No
Cornflower Centaurea cyanus Cosmetic uses eye lotions Flower Wild/cultivated Rare as a wildflower in Britain
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Cornsilk Zea maysUrinary problemshypertension
Flower Cultivated No-common crop plant
Couchgrass Agropyron repens Urinary & bladder
problemsgoutrheumatismRhizomes Wild No-common weed
Cowslip Primula verisAgainst inflamm ation and
insomniaFlowers Wild/cultivated
Conservation/Livelihood concern: considered
threatened in Europe. A case for wild collectionunder guidelines
Cramp Bark Viburnum opulusPeriod/ovarian painmuscular cramp
Bark Wild/cultivated
Cranberry Vaccinium spp. Urinary infection Fruit Cultivated No-common crop plant. An organic Fairtrade herbaltea is available in the UK**
Cubebs Piper cubebaCoughs bronchitis urinaryinfection
Unripe fruit Cultivated No
Cumin Cuminum cyminum Indigestion Seed Cultivated No
Damiana Turnera diffusaAn aphrodisiac tonicantidepressant
Leaf Likely wild Unknown
DandelionTaraxacumofficinale
For fluidretentiongoutarthritisskineruptions
Root WildNo-common weed. However, an organic and anorganic Fairtrade herbal tea is available in the UK*and **
Dang GuiAngelicapolymorpha va r.sinensis
Menopausal and menstrualproblems liver disease
RootCultivated inChina
No
Dang Shen Codonopsis pilosula Poor appetite/anaemia etcas tonic
Tuber Likely wild Unknowm
Devil's ClawHarpagophytum
procumbensArthritis/rheumatism
Secondarytubers
Both wild andcultivated
Conservation and livelihood concern: important
to the livelihood of the San people of the Kalahari .See pp 00
DillAnethumgraveolens
Indigestion Seeds/leaf Cultivated No
Dittany of CreteOriganum
dictamnusFeverrespiratory infection Leaves
Wildis cultivatedalso but isdifficultto grow
Conservation concern: endemic only to Crete-
restricted range causes concern.Use other
Origanums from cultivated source or wild collectedunder guidelines
Dokudami Houttuynia cordata Foot deodoriser Leaves Wild /cultivated Unknown
EchinaceaEchinaceaangustifolia
To prevent or reducecolds/flu
Leaf/root Cultivated
The vast bulk is grown but there have beenoccasional reports of over-collection of rarerspecies (such as this one) from the wild in times of
shortage.
Echinacea Echinacea purpureaTo prevent or reduce
colds/fluLeaf/root
Extensively
cultivated
The vast bulk is grown but there have beenoccasional reports of over-collection of rarerspecies from the wild in times of shortage.Ther isan organic and Fairtrade herbal tea available in theUK*
Elecampane Inula helenium Bronchitis and asthma Root Cultivated No
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Elder Sambucus nigra Catarrh, hayfever Flower WildNo-common plant and one of the few medicinalsoften sourced from the UK
Eyebright Euphrasia spp Conjunctivitis eye lotions Herb Wild
Possible concern: a parasitic plant of meadows of
low fertility in the UK and Europe which arethemselves endangered as habitats. Whereimported there are similar issues to Arnica.
Fennel Foeniculum vulgare Indigestionoral hygiene Seed CultivatedNo. However, an organic and an organic Fairtradeherbal tea is available in the UK* and **
Fenugreek
Trigonella foenum-
graecum Tonic appetite stimulant Seed Cultivated No
FeverfewTanacetum
partheniumMigraine arthritis Herb Cultivated No
FigwortScrophularianodosa
Swollen glands absesses Herb Likely wild Unknown
Fo Ti Root Fallopia multifloraA tonic against ag eing skintreatment
Tuber Wild Reported common in China
Frankincense Boswellia sppSkin care an Ayurvedicrejuvenative.Also muchuse in incense
Resin
Mainly from wildin Arabia,particularly Omanbut cultivated inIndia
Conservation/livelihood concern? Very little
trade study has been performed but sourcing fromthe wild reported difficult. A potential case for FairTrade certification?
FringetreeChionanthus
virginicus
Liver disorders gallstone
jaundiceRoot bark
(Southern US
states)
Conservation concern if wild collected as this tree
is slow-growing. A case for cultivation or certifiedwild collection under guidelines.
Fumitory Fumaria sppLiver and stomachcomplaints skin problems
Herb Likely wild No-common weeds of cultivated fields
Galangal Alpinia galangal Indigestion gingivitis Rhizome Cultivated No
Gan Cao see Liquorice
GarciniaGarciniamangostana
Source of antioxidants Fruit Cultivated No
Garlic Allium sa tivum Colds, flu high cholesterol Bulb Cultivated No
Gentian Gentiana luteaLiver disordersstimulationof appetite
Root Wild/cultivated
Conservation/livelihood concern: considered
endangered in Europe, especially Turkey, where itis predominantly wild collected from high mountainareas. A good case exists for field cultivation also.
GermanderTeucriumchamaedrys
Digestive stimulantrheumatism
Herb Cultivated No
Ginger Zingiber officinale
Circulatory problemsnausea colds. One of themost important remedies inChinese and in Ayurvedicmedicine
Rhizome CultivatedNo. However, an organic Fairtrade herbal tea is
available in the UK**
Gingko Gingko bilobaSenile dementiacirculatory disorders
Leaf Entirely cultivatedNo-luckily as this is one of Europe's top sellingherbs. There are organic and Faitrade teasavailable in the UK* and **
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Ginseng-red Panax ginsengImportant tonic for theelderly
Root
Wild andcultivatedespecially nowfrom
micropropagationin Korea
Conservation concern: especially in connection
with American ginseng-see pp 00 . Ask for KoreanGinseng-the plant population from the RussianFederation is listed on CITES Appendix 11. An
organic Fairtrade herbal tea is also available in theUK**
Ginseng-whiteroot Panax ginseng
Important tonic for theelderly Root
Wild andcultivatedespecially nowfrommicropropagation
in Korea
Conservation concern: especially in connection
with American ginseng-see pp 00. Ask for KoreanGinseng-the plant population from the Russian
Federation is listed on CITES Appendix 11. Anorganic Fairtrade herbal tea is also available in the
UK**
Goat's Rue Galega officinalisFluid retention worms toinduce lactation afterchildbirth
Herb Wild/cultivated Unlikely
Golden Rod Solidago virgaureaAgainst inflamm ation andfungal infection
Leaf Mainly cultivated Unlikely
Golden SealHydrastiscanadensis
Infection of mucousmembranes
Root Wild/cultivated
Conservation concern-reports of much over-
collection from the wild in North America-reportedas becoming rare in New York State from 1974. Incultivation is difficult as it is slow-growing and thin-rooted which gives poor yields.Look for certifiedcultivated stocks or use Berberis vulgaris as analternative source of berberine.Avoid the many
compound herbal medicines which includeGoldenseal for these reasons.Listed on CITESAppendix 11 Very common on the high streetand probably the highest priority for action
GoldenThryallis
Galphimia glauca
Gotu Kola Hydrocotyle asiaticaAyurvedic n ervous ton icwound healing
Herbage Wild/cultivated Unlikely-common weed
Gou Qi Zi Lycium sp Fruit
Grape Vitis vinifera Vein health Leaf Cultivated No
Gravel RootEupatorium
purpureumBladder and kidney stonescystitis
Root/rhizome Wild/cultivated Unlikely
Grindelia Grindelia sppBronchitis asthma
dermatiotis cystitisHerbage Wild/cultivated Unlikely
Ground IvyGlechomahederacea
Catarrh bronchitis piles Herbage Wild No-common weed
Guarana Paullinia cupana Stimulant (caffeine source) SeedSome cultivated(Amazon)
A ca se for Fair Trade certification
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Guaiacum Guaiacum officinale Rheumatism gout Bark/resinWild ( tropicalSouth A merica)
Conservation concern: the resin is a bi product of
the timber industry and this is a slow-growing tree. Listed on CITES Appendix 11. Has been aprotected species since 1701 from demand as
an early remedy for syphilis
Guinea PepperAframomum
meleguetaStimulant Seed Cultivated Unlikely
Gurmar Gymnema sylvestrisAyurvedic d iabetestreatment
Leaf Wild
Possible concern due to deforestation in SouthernIndia and weak growth of the climbing species-alsothe huge problem of diabetes in India and
worldwide
HawthornCrataegusmonogyna
Heart tonic Berry/flower WildNo. However, an organic Fairtrade herbal tea isavailable in the UK**
Heartsease Viola tricolorSkin problems bronchitisarthritis
Herbage Wild/cultivated Unlikely
HeartseedCardiospermumhalicacabum
Aphrosdisiaccharm plantagainst snakebite/heartconditions
SeedSaid to becultivated(Amazon)
Concern unlikely-widely distributed tropical weed
Helianthos(JerusalemArtichoke)
Helianthustuberosus
Slimming aid Tubers Cultivated No
Hemp Nettle Galeopsis segetum LeafCultivated source
available
Conservation concern: reported rare in the wild
Holy Basil Ocimum sanctumOne of the most importantingredients in Ayurvedic
compound remedies
LeafCultivated as apot herb
No
Holy Thistle Cnicus benedictusIndigestion ulcers catarrhanorexia
Herbage Wild/cultivated Unlikely
Hoodia Hoodia gordonii Slimming aid Whole plant CultivatedFor the conservation story here see pp 00.Listed on Cites Appendix 11
HornyGoatweed
Epimediumbrevicomum
Female aphrodisiac Herbage Likely wild Unknown
Hops Humulus lupulus Nervous tension insomnia Fruit Wild/cultivated No
Horehound Marrubium vulgare Bronchitis asthma Herbage Cultivated/wild No
Horse ChestnutAesculus
hippocastanum Vein conditions Seed Wild
Species currently under attack by disese/climate
change
Horsetail Equisetum arvenseUrinary complaintsbleeding
Herbage W ild No-common weed
Huang Qi see Astragalus
Hyssop Hyssopus officinalis Bronchial complaints Herbage Cultivated No
Iceland Moss Cetraria icelandicaStomach upsets catarrhgastritis
Whole plant(lichen)
Wild only
Conservation concern: considered endangered in
Europe. A case for certified collection underguidelines. Listed on CITES Appendix 11
Indian tobacco Lobelia inflata Asthmabronchitis Leaf Wild/cultivated No
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IpecacuanhaCephaelisipecacuanha
Coughs causing vomitingin poisoning cases
Root/rhizome Cultivated or wild Unknown
JamaicanDogwood
Piscidia piscipulaAsthma inso mnia periodpain
Bark Wild Unknown
JojobaSimmondsia
californicaSkin conditions Seed oil
Cultivated (often
micropropagated)No
Ju HuaChrysanthemumspp
JuniperJuniperus
communis
Urinary antiseptic cystitis Berries WildA ca se for Fair Trade accreditation to b enefit
collectors in Eastern Europe
KnotgrassPolygonumaviculare
Diarrhoea Herbage Wild No-common weed
Kola Nut Cola sppSource of caffeine as astimulant slimming aid
Seed Cultivated No
Kudzu Vine Pueraria lobataMeasles,hypertension,fever,alcoholism
Root Wild No concern:vigorous & invasive plant!
Lady'sBedstraw
Galium verumFluid retention gout
urinary complaintsHerbage Wild/cultivated No-common weed
Lady's Mantle Alchemilla sppMenstrual problemsdiarrhoa
Leaf Wild/cultivated No
Lapacho see Pau D'arco
LavenderLavandula
angustifolia
Stress headache oil for
minor burnsFlower Cultivated
No. However, an organic herbal tea is availble in
the UK*
Lemon Balm Melissa officinalis Stressanxietyirritability Leaf CultivatedNo.However, an organic herbal tea is available inthe UK*
LemonVerbena
Aloysia triphylla Anxiety, dige stive prob lems Leaf CultivatedNo However, there is an organic and Fairtradeherbal tea available in the UK**
Lime Flower Tillia sppColds and flu insomniahypertension
Flower Wild Fair Trade certified herbal teas available
LinseedLinumusitassissimum
Bulk laxativecoughremedyoil for joints
Seed Cultivated No
Liquorice Glycyrrhiza glabraInflammation bronchialinfectionulcers
Root Wild
Conservation concern: considered endangered in
Europe and India. A case for cultivation, eg inBritain where it was once a key industry inYorkshie. Home production would relieve pressure
on the wild .An organic herbal tea is available in theUK* See The case for import substitution pp 00
LogwoodHaematoxylumcampechianum
Haemorhagediarrhoea Wood chips
Lovage Levisticum officinaleWeak appetite kidneystone cystitis
Root Cultivated No
Luffa Luffa operculataRheumatism piles backpain shingles
Fruit/seed Cultivated No
LungwortPulmonariaofficinalis
Catarrh bronchitislaryngitis
Leaf Cultivated Probably not
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LyciumLyciumbarbarum/chinense
Liver tonic hypertensionasthma/eczema (especiallychildren)
Fruit/bark Wild Unknown
Maca Lepidium meyenii Aphrodisiac Leaf Cultivated No
Madder root Rubia tinctorum Menstrual/urinary disorders Root Cultivated Probably not
Magnolia Magnolia officinalis Inflammation tonicBark/flowerbuds
Likely wild Unknown
Marigold Calendula officinalis Inflamed skin conditions Flower Cultivated No
MalabarTamarind
Garcinia camboga Slimming aid (laxative) Gum/resinWild/cultiveated(SE Asia)
Unknown
MarjoramOriganummarjorana
Feverrespiratory infection Leaf Wild/cultivated
Conservation/livelihood concern: considered
threatened in Europe through overcollection fromthe wild. A case for cultivation or collection underguidelines. See Oregano
Marshmallow Althea o fficinalisDigestive inflammationcystitis
Leaf/root Cultivated No
Mastic Gum Pistachia lentiscus Ingigestion stomach ulcers Gum WildProbably not as is tapped from trees on Chios(Greece)
Mate Ilex paraguariensisMild depression
rheumatismLeaf Cultivated/wild
Endangered in the wild. Available under Forest
Stewardship Certification as sustainably sourced
Meadowsweet Filipendula ulmaria Pain relief indigestion Herbage Cultivated/wild Unknown
Melilot Melilotus officinalisPain relief expel wind stopspasm also anticoagulantin pharmacy
Flower/leaf Cultivated/wild No
Milk Thistle Silybum marianum Liver diseases, hangovers Seed CultivatedNo. However, an organic Fairtrade herbal tea isavailable in the UK**
Mistletoe Viscum albumCancer treatment heartand circulatory problemssome addictions
Whole plant Wild
Conservation/livelihood concern: mistletoe is
often found on poplar trees and on old apples. Oldapple orchards are becoming very rare now in theUK and with that their parasite. A case for wildcollection under guidelines
Motherwort Leonurus cardiaca Cardiac tonic Herbage Cultivated No
Mountain Ash Sorbus aucupariaSore throat and tonsilitisbark for diarrheoa
Berries/bark Likely wild No
Mugwort Artemisia vu lgaris
Menstrual regulation usein 'moxa'- a practice
associated withacupuncture
Herbage W ild No-common weed
Muira puamaPtychopetalum/Dulacia spp.
Aphrosisiac ton ic,anti-depressant/immune-stimulant
Bark and roots Wild (Amazon)
Conservation concern? No information as to the
sustainability of extraction from forests known to beunder threat
Mullberry Morus alba Slimming aid Leaf Cultivated No
Mullein Verbascum thapsus Bronchitis Herbage Wild/cultivated No
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MyrrhCommiphoramyrrha
Pain-relief an Ayurvedicrestorative
ResinWild (Somaliamainly) butcultivated in India
Conservation/livelihood concern? As forfrankincense there seem to be no studies as tosustainability. A case for Fair Trade accreditation?
Neem Azardirachta indica Ayurvedic d igestive Leaf Probably w ild Unknown
Nettle Urtica dioicaEczema and other skinconditions
Leaf WildNo-common weed. An organic herbal tea isavailable in the UK*
OakQuercus robur andother spp
Diarrhoea throat problems Bark Wild Probably not
Oat Groats or
strawAvena sa tiva
Menopausal symptoms
depression eczema
Seed/Flowerin
g topsCultivated No
Okoubaka Okubaka aubrevillei Wild (Trop Africa)Conservation concern: parasitic tree. Likely tohave same conservation issues as sandalwood.See pp 00
Olive Olea europaeaInfused for fever,stress,hypertension
Leaf Cultivated No
Onion Allium ce paTo reduce blood sugarasthma
Bulb Cultivated No
Oregano Origanum sppAntioxidant a nd antiviral
mainly as culinary herbLeaf
Wild and
cultivated
Conservation/livelihood concern: many species
are collected as oregano (see Dittany of Crete)and, like thyme, are crudely collected and
considered under threat. A case for cultivation orfor certificated wild collection under guidelines. A
Fairtrade herbal tea is available in the UK
Papaya Carica papaya
Some anti-cancertherapies leaves/seeds forintestinal worms fruit fordigestive problems
Leaf/fruit/seeds
Cultivated No
Paprika Capsicum annuum
Wind and colic to improvecirculation externally asointment for muscle pain.
Also a constituent of aprocessed phamaceutical
Fruit Cultivated No
Paracress Spilanthes oleracea Leaf Cultivated
ParsleyPetroselinumcrispum
Reduce inflammation,rootfor arthritis
Leaf/root Cultivated No
Parsley Piert Aphanes a rvensis Kideny/bladder complaints Herbage Wild Probably not
PassionFlower Passiflora incarnataAnxiety,insomnia,hypertension
HerbageExtensivelycropped
No
Pau D'Arco Tabebuia sppCancer, fungal andbacterial infectionsincluding ulcers, ME
Inner bark Wild
Conservation concern: felled as a timber species
throughout South America with bark an addedenticement
PelargoniumPelargoniumsidoides
Bronchial complaints Root Wild/cultivated Unknown
PellitoryAnacycluspyrethrum
Toothache Root Likely wild Unknown
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Pennyroyal Mentha pulegiumFeverish colds, painfulperiods (as a tea)
Herbage Cultivated No
Peony see Bai Shao Yao
Peppercorn Piper nigrumFeverindigestion,poorcirculation
Fruit Cultivated No
Peppermint Mentha x piperitaFor the digestion,especiallyIBS
Leaf Entirely cultivatedNo. However, an organic and an organic Fairtradeherbal tea is available in the UK* and **
Periwinkle Vinca majorBleeding mouth ulcers
sore throatsHerbage Wild/cultivated Probably not
Phellodendron
Phellodendron
amurense
Urinary infection
dysentery skin infections Bark Probably wild Unknown
Pilewort Ranunculus ficaria Piles Root Wild No-common weed
Pine Nut Oil Pinus koraiensis Slimming aid Fruit Wild Unknown
PipsissewaChimaphilaumbellata
Kidney disordersrheumatism
Leaf Probably wild Unknown
Plantain Plantago major Urinary diseases Leaf Probably wild No-common weed
Pleurisy root Asclepias tuberosaPleurisy some uterineconditions cough
Root Wild/cultivated Probably not
Poke RootPhytolaccaamericana
Rheumatism viral infection Root/berries Wild/cultivated Probably not
Polypody Root Polypodium spp Coughs skin diseases Rhizome Wild Unknown
Pomegranate Punica granatum Intestinal worms Root/Fruit rind CultivatedNo. However, an organic Fairtrade herbal tea is
available in the UK**
Prickly AshZanthoxylumamericanum
Arthritiscirculatorydisorders
Bark/berries Wild/cultivated Unknown
Psillium Plantago ovata A bulk laxative Husk Cultivated No
Pulsatilla Pulsatilla vulgaris Period pain catarrh Herbage WildPossible conservation concern depending where
in Europe it is collected-a rare plant in British chalk
downland
Quassia Picrasma excelsaFevers inc malariathreadworm. Used as abitter in drinks
Bark WildPossible conservation concern-a biproduct of
the timber trade in South America and Caribbean
Queen'sDelight
Stillingia sylvaticaTonic constipation fluidretention
Rhizomes Wild/cultivated Unknown
Raspberry Rubus idaeusDiarrhoea, ulcers,watery
infectionsLeaf Cultivated
No.However, an organic herbal tea is available in
the UK*
Red Clover Trifolium pratenseCoughs skin eruptionsmenopausal symptoms
Flower/Flowering tops
Wild/cultivated No
RehmanniaRehmanniaglutinosa
Liver, kidney and hearttonic in Chinese medicineand to keep mental activityin the elderly
RootCultivated inChina
No
Reishi Powder Ganoderma lucidumLongevity immunestimulant in China
Fruitingbody(fungus)
Entirely wildUnknown-but it is usually a symptom of tree beingdiseased
Ren-Shen see Ginseng
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Rhubarb Rheum palmatumAs a laxative an d d igestiveaid
Root Cultivated No
Rooibos Aspalanthus linearis Caffeine-free tea Leaf
Cultivated
especially inplantations in theWestern Cape ofSouth Africa)
No- an organic herbal tea is available in the UK*
Rose Hip Rosa caninaAs a source o f Vitamin Cjoint h ealth
Fruit Wild Probably not
Rose Flower Rosa damascena Flavouringsource of oil Flower Cultivated Important source of income in rural Turkey
Rose Root Rhodiola rosea Stress, altitude sickness Root Wild/cultivatedProtected plant eg in Bulgaria. A case for FairTrade certification.
RosemaryRosmarinusofficinalis
Headache,anxiety,depression
Leaf Wild/cultivated No
Rupturewort Hernaria glabra As a diuretic Herbage Wild Unknown
Ruscus Ruscus aculeatusInflammation, particularlyof veins piles
Whole herb Wild
Conservation/livelihood concern: Threatened by
overcollection in Europe. A case for cultivation orFair Trade wild collection under guidelines
SafflowerPetals
Carthamnustinctorius
Reduction ofcholesterol/bruising
Flower Cultivated No
Saffron Crocus sativus
Mainly a colouring inChinese medicine for
depression, menstrualproblems
Stigmas Cultivated No
SageSalviaofficinalis/lavandulaefolia
Sore throat, mouth ulcers,menopausal night sweats
Leaf Wild/cultivated No
Sage,Scarletrooted
Salvia miltiorrhizaAngina, tons illitis, h ormoneimbalances
Root Wild/cultivated Unknown
St John's WortHypericum
perforatumWound healing milddepression
Flowering tops Wild/cultivated No
Salep Orchis spp (mainly) Aphrodisiac, nu trative tonic Root Entirely w ild
Conservation/livelihood concern: Threatened by
overcollection in Turkey. A case for cultivation orFair Trade wild collection under guidelines.OnCITES Appendix 11 .This is a case of unenforcedCITES regulations. See pp 00
SanderswoodRoot
Pterocarpus
santalinusDiabetes
Root/wood
raspingsWild
Conservation concern in the timber trade : listed
on CITES Appendix 11
Sanicle Sanicula europaea Wound healant Herbage Wild Unknown
San Qi see Ginseng
Sarsaparilla Smilax spp
Rheumatism,kidneyproblems,menstrual/menop
ausal symptoms skindiseases in soft drinks
Root Cropped Probably not
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Savory Satureia hortensis Indigestion chest infection Leaf Cultivated No
Saw PalmettoSerenoarepens/Sabal
serrulata
Prostate enlargement inmen
Fruit Wild (Florida)Conservation/livelihood concern sourcing often
difficult indicating scarcity
SchisandraSchisandrachinensis
Tonic and aphrosdisiac inChina
Fruit Wild/cultivated Unknown
Sea BuckthornRhamnuscatharticus
Laxative Berries Wild No
Self Heal Prunella vulgarisCuts,mouth/throatinfections
Herbage Wild/cultivated No
Senna Cassia angustifolia Constipation Fruit Cultivated NoShan Zhu Yu Cornus sp
Shang-Yao Dioscorea spp Root/tuber
ShatavariAsparagusracemosa
Ayurvedic m enopauseremedy
Root Cultivated Probably not
Shea NutVitellaria
paradoxaSkin conditions (rich in VitE)
Nut butter CultivatedLivelihood concern: a case for Fair Tradeaccreditation to ensure livelihoods in West Tropical
Africa
Sheep's Sorrel Rumex acetosellaConstipation, removal oftoxins
Herbage Cultivated/wild No-common weed
Shepherd'sPurse
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Urinary antisepticanti-inflammoryulcers
Herbage Probably wild No concern-a very common annual weed
Shi-Hu(Chinese
Orchid)
Shu Di Huangsee Rehmanniaglutinosa
SiberianGinseng
Eleutherococcussenticosus
Reduction ofstressimprove stamina
Root
Wild/cultivated-aneasier plant togrow than otherginsengs with ahigher yield
Used in ginseng mixes. An organic Fairtrade herbaltea is available in the UK*
SkullcapScutellarialateriflora
Headache,stress, anxiety Flowering tops Cultivated Unknown
SkunkCabbage
Symplocarpusfoetidus
Bronchitis asthma Root/rhizome Wild/cultivated Unknown
Slippery Elm Ulmus fulvaGastric/duodenal ulcers
wounds Bark Cultivated Probably not
Soap Bark Quillaja saponaria Dandruff Inner bark Wild/cultivated Unknown
Soapwort Saponaria officinalisA bronch ial expec torantfordry skin
Herbage Cultivated No
SouthernwoodArtemisiaabrotanum
A tonic for digesti vesystem/liver
Herbage Cultivated No
Spearmint Mentha spicata Indigestion oral hygiene Leaf CultivatedNo. However, an organic herbal tea is available inthe UK*
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Star Anise Illicium verumCoughs constipation alsoculinary use
Fruit CultivatedNo-though has been subject to spikes in demand -see pp00
Stone RootCollinsonia
canadensisFluid retention kidney
stonesRhizome Probably wild Unknown
Thyme Thymus vulgarisCoughs and coldsthroatand gum infections
Leaf/Wholeplant
Wild or cultivated
Conservation and livelihood concern: though
easily cultivated thyme (and other species closely
related eg Thymbra) are often crudely wildharvested in Mediterranean countries mainly forcheapness and for use in processed foodmanufacture.Large quantities are traded
internationally. This is a case for cultivation or forcertificated Fair Trade.
Tian Men Dong see Wild Asparagus
Tormentil Potentilla erectaUlcers diverticulitis piles shingles
Root Wild or cultivated Probably not
Tribulus Tribulus terrestris Aprodisiac Herbage WildNo problem: vigorous, invasive weed whereintroduced
True Unicorn Aletris farinosaAs a diuretic c olic andfevers
Rhizome Probably wild Endangered in Canada though habitat destruction
Turmeric Curcuma longaIndigestion,weak liverfunctionringworm
Rhizome Cultivated No
Uva Ursi Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Urinary infections Leaf Wild
Conservation/livelihood concern:This isconsidered threatened in Europe in its acid
heathland habitat.Being considered forapplicationof the ISSC-MAP guidelines for wildcollection by the firm Traditional Medicinals
Valerian Valeriana officinalis Insomnia Root Cultivated No
Vervain Verbena officinalisDepression coughs coldsindigestion
Herbage Cultivated No
Violet Viola odorataColds coughs catarrhbronchitis
Leaf/flowers Cultivated/wild No
Walnut Juglans regiaEczema and other skinconditions
Leaf/bark Cultivated/wild No
Wheat Grass Triticum spp Leaf Cultivated No
White BryonyBryonia cretica ssp.dioica
Ulcers asthma high bloodpressure
Root Probably wild Probably not-common weed
WhiteHorehound
Marrubium vulgare Asthma and bronchitis Herbage Wild/ cu ltivated No
White PoplarBark
Populus alba Bark
White Willow Salix albaMuscularache,fever,menopausalsweats
Bark Wild or cultivated
With meadowsweet was the original source ofaspirin,now synthesised. With 60 billion doses usedworldwide every year this could never have been
supplied by either a wild or cultivated herb!
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WildAsparagus
Asparagus s pofficinalis
Constipation fluid retention Root Cultivated No
Wild Cherry Prunus serotinaPersistant coughdiarrhoea
Bark Wild Unknown
Wild Lettuce Lactuca virosaNervous tension and
insomniadry cough
Leaf sap
(latex)Wild/cultivated No
Wild Yam Dioscorea villosaArthritis gall bladder &
menstrual issuesRoot/rhizome Wild/cultivated
Important that it is distinguished from Dioscoreadeltoidea which is listed on CITES Appendix 11.See pp 00 on 'passing off' .Sourcing of D.villosahas been reported as difficult indicatingscarcity.
Witch HazelHamamelisvirginiana
Skin injuries wher skinunbroken
Leaf/bark Wild/cultivated No
Wood Betony Stachys officinalis Anxiety he adache Herbage Wild/cultivated No
Woodruff Galium odoratumTreatment of liver andvenous problems
Herbage Wild/cultivated Probably not
Wood SageTeucriumscorodonia
Indigestion feversrheumatism
Herbage Wild/cultivated No-common weed
WormwoodArtemisiaabsinthium
Poor digestion/gall bladder Herbage Wild/cultivated No
Wu Wei Zi see Schizandra
Yarrow Achillea millefolium To stop bleeding, reduce
feverFlower Wild/cultivated No
Yellow D ock Rumex crispusConstipation skin
diseases jaundice
Root Wild No-common weed
Yerba SantaEriodictyoncalifornicum
Bronchitis asthma Leaf Wild/cultivated Unknown
Zedoary Curcuma zedoaria Tonic Rhizome Wild or cultivated No
*Clipper teas at www.clipperteas.com
**Herbal Health Qi teas at www.qi-teas.com
Sue Minter 2009