Post on 08-May-2020
CentrodeTransferencia deTecnología enTransportaciónDepartamento deIngeniería CivilyAgrimensura
UPR-Recinto Universitario deMayagüezCallBox9000*Mayagüez,PR00681
Tel.787-834-6385*Fax:787-265-5695*www.uprm.edu/prt2
Septiembre 2016
Instructor
Dr.Benjamín Colucci RíosDepartamento deIngeniería CivilyAgrimensura
UPR– Recinto Universitario deMayagüez
30 Años de Excelencia en el Adiestramiento de Oficiales de Transportación a Nivel Municipal, Estatal, y Federal en Puerto Rico e Islas Vírgenes
To provide practical guidelines of
the safety procedures and standards
to be followed at temporary traffic
control in construction sites in urban
and rural areas using Part 1 and 6
of the Manual of Uniform Traffic
Control Devices (MUTCD).
2
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Topics to be covered: AM
Overview of the Manual on
Uniform Traffic Control
Devices (MUTCD) and its
applicability to Puerto Rico
Description of basic
definitions applicable to
MUTCD – Part 1
(crashworthy, engineering
judgment, engineering study,
temporary traffic control
zone, temporary control
device, worker, standards,
guidance, option and
support).
Description of the fundamental components of a Traffic Control Plan (TCP):
Advance Warning Area
Transition Area
Activity Area
Termination Area
Device specifications applicable to each area of the Temporary Traffic Control Plan (signs, panels, drums, signals, barricades, Variable Message Signs-VMS, Automated Flagger Assistance Device-AFAD)
Human factors (drivers, pedestrians, workers and flaggers) and their relation to safety in temporary construction zones
3
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Topics to be covered: PM
Description of Typical
Applications (TA) of the
MUTCD applicable to urban
and rural settings
Workshop: Development of
Traffic Control Plan (TCP) for
Temporary Traffic Control
Rural & Urban
Example of adequate and inadequate use of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) in highway and utility work zones
Brainstorming for increasing awareness and affirmative actions in the effective implementation of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) in rural and urban settings
The flaggers role, vest and the equipment of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) applicable to their functions (STOP/SLOW Paddle)
4
http://aconezone.com/
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
MUTCD Acronyms and Abbreviations
(Section 1A.14)5
2. AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
3. ADA Americans with Disabilities Act
6. AFAD Automated Flagger Assistance Device
7. ANSI American National Standards Institute
14. FHWA Federal Highway Administration
23. ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers
28. MUTCD Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
32. PRT Perception-Response Time
38. TTC Temporary Traffic Control
41. USDOT United States Department of Transportation
Module 1.
An Overview to the Manual on Uniform
Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) and
its applicability to Puerto Rico
6
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Evolution of the Manual on Uniform Traffic
Control Devices (MUTCD)
1988, 1993, 2000, 2003,
November 2004,
December 2007 and
December 2009
23 CFR, Part 655, Subpart F
…national standard for all
traffic control devices installed
on any street, highway, or
bicycle trail open to public
travel…
7
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Parts of the MUTCD, December 2009 Edition
Introduction
1. General
Includes definitions
2. Signs
3. Markings
4. Highway traffic
signals
5. Low-volume roads
6. Temporary traffic
control (TTC)
7. School areas
8. Railroad and light
rail transit grade
crossings
9. Bicycle facilities
8
http://www.richmond.ca/
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
“... in 1966, the Secretary of Transportation has decreed that traffic control devices on all streets and highways in each State (US territories) shall be in substantial conformance with standards issued or endorsed by the Federal Highway Administration.”
Application of MUTCD9
PART 1. GENERAL
10
PLEASE REFER TO THE
MUTCD, DECEMBER 2009
EDITION, LATEST 2
REVISIONS DATED MAY
2012, PART 1: GENERAL
(PDF VERSION)
11
11
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Traffic Control Device Defined (MUTCD)
“…all signs, signals, markings, and other devices used to
regulate, warn, or guide traffic, placed on, over, or
adjacent to a street, highway, pedestrian facility, or
bikeway by authority of a public agency having
jurisdiction.”
12
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
MUTCD Section 413
Standards for traffic control signals are important
because traffic control signals need to attract the
attention of a variety of road users, including those
who are older, those with impaired vision, as well as
those who are fatigued or distracted, or who are
not expecting to encounter a signal at a particular
location.
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Basis of Installation or Removal of
Traffic Control Signals14
Guidance:
01 The selection and use of traffic control signals should be based on an engineering study of roadway, traffic, and other conditions.
Support:
02 A careful analysis of traffic operations, pedestrian and bicyclist needs, and other factors at a large number of signalized and unsignalizedlocations, coupled with engineering judgment, has provided a series of signal warrants, described in Chapter 4C, that define the minimum conditions under which installing traffic control signals might be justified.
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Guidance:15
03 Engineering judgment should be applied
in the review of operating traffic control
signals to determine whether the type of
installation and the timing program meet the
current requirements of all forms of traffic.
04 If changes in traffic patterns eliminate
the need for a traffic control signal,
consideration should be given to removing it
and replacing it with appropriate
alternative traffic control devices, if any are
needed.
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Guidance continued…16
05 If the engineering study indicates that the traffic control signal is no longer justified, and a decision is made to remove the signal, removal should be accomplished using the following steps:
A Determine the appropriate traffic control to be used after removal of the signal.
B. Remove any sight-distance restrictions as necessary.
C. Inform the public of the removal study.
D. Flash or cover the signal heads for a minimum of 90 days, and install the appropriate stop control or other traffic control devices.
E. Remove the signal if the engineering data collected during the removal study period confirms that the signal is no longer needed.
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Option:17
06 Because Items C, D, and E in Paragraph
5 are not relevant when a temporary traffic
control signal (see Section 4D.32) is
removed, a temporary traffic control signal
may be removed immediately after Items A
and B are completed.
07 Instead of total removal of a traffic
control signal, the poles, controller cabinet,
and cables may remain in place after
removal of the signal heads for continued
analysis
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Section 1A.12 Color Code18
Support:
The following color code
establishes general meanings for
11 colors of a total of 13 colors
that have been identified as
being appropriate for use in
conveying traffic control
information.
BLACK
BLUE
BROWN
CORAL
FLUORESCENT PINK
FLUORESCENT YELLOW-GREEN
GREEN
LIGHT BLUE
ORANGE
PURPLE
RED
WHITE
YELLOW
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Color Code 19
Standard:
03 The general meaning of the 13 colors shall be as follows:
A. Black—regulation
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER20
B. Blue—road user services guidance, tourist
information, and evacuation route
Color Code
http://drivinginstructorblog.com/
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER21
C. Brown—recreational and cultural interest area
guidance
Color Code
http://rvsboqueron.wordpress.com/
—unassigned
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER22
E. Fluorescent Pink—incident management
Color Code
http://www.usa-sign.com/
http://www.orafol.com/
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER23
F. Fluorescent Yellow-Green—pedestrian warning,
bicycle warning, playground warning, school bus and
school warning
Color Code
http://adotblog.blogspot.com/
http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER24
G. Green—indicated movements permitted, direction
guidance
Color Code
http://korean-world.blogspot.com/
http://pr.geoview.info/
—unassigned
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER25
I. Orange—temporary traffic control
Color Code
http://www.floridafuntrafficschool.com/
http://www.safetysigns-mn.com/
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER26
J. Purple—lanes restricted to use only by vehicles with
registered electronic toll collection (ETC) accounts
Color Code
http://cnynews.com/
http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/
http://www.skyscrapercity.com/
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER27
K. Red—stop or prohibition
Color Code
http://pixgood.com/
http://www.ricesigns.com/
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER28
L. White—regulation
Color Code
http://www.cepolina.com/
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER29
M. Yellow—warning
Color Code
http://www.cepolina.com/http://domaingang.com/
Module 2.
Description of basic definitions
applicable to MUTCD – Part 1
30
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
DEFINITIONS ON MUTCD
DECEMBER 2009 EDITION (SECTION A.13, P.10)31
I. Headings
A. Standard
B. Guidance
C. Option
D. Support
II. Selected Words and Phrases
1. (28.) Changeable Message Sign
2. (6F.) Channelizing Device
3. (33.) Clear Zone
4. (43.) Crashworthy
5. (62.) Emergency-Vehicle Traffic Control Signal
6. (64.) Engineering Judgment
7. (65.) Engineering Study
8. (4L.) Flashing Beacon
9. (88.) Hybrid Beacon
10. (214.) Speed
11. (229.) Temporary Traffic Control Zone
12. (238.) Traffic Control Device
13. (256.) Worker
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Standard32
A. A statement of required, mandatory,
or specifically prohibitive practice
regarding a traffic control device.
All Standard statements are labeled,
and the text appears in bold type.
The verb “shall” is typically used.
The verbs “should” and “may” are
not used in Standard statements.
Standard statements are sometimes
modified by Options. Standard
statements shall not be modified or
compromised based on engineering
judgment or engineering study.
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Guidance33
B. A statement of recommended,
but not mandatory, practice in
typical situations, with
deviations allowed if engineering
judgment or engineering study
indicates the deviation to be
appropriate. All Guidance
statements are labeled, and the
text appears in unbold type. The
verb “should” is typically used.
The verbs “shall” and “may” are
not used in Guidance
statements. Guidance
statements are sometimes
modified by Options.
• Fulfill a need
• Command attention
• Convey a clear, simple meaning
• Command respect from road users
• Give adequate time for proper response
Guidance:
To be effective, a traffic control device should meet five basic requirements:
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Option34
C. A statement of practice that is
a permissive condition and
carries no requirement or
recommendation. Option
statements sometime contain
allowable modifications to a
Standard or Guidance statement.
All Option statements are
labeled, and the text appears in
unbold type. The verb “may” is
typically used. The verbs “shall”
and “should” are not used in
Option statements.http://grace.allpurposeguru.com/
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Support35
D. An informational
statement that does not
convey any degree of
mandate,
recommendation,
authorization,
prohibition, or
enforceable condition.
Support statements are
labeled, and the text
appears in unbold type.
The verbs “shall,”
“should,” and “may” are
not used in Support
statements.http://www.nestechenterprises.com/
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Changeable Message Sign36
28. A sign that is capable of displaying more than one message (one
of which might be a “blank” display), changeable manually, by remote
control, or by automatic control. Electronic-display changeable
message signs are referred to as Dynamic Message Signs in the
National Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Architecture and are
referred to as Variable Message Signs in the National Electrical
Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards publication.
http://www.interwestsafety.com/ http://www.csppacific.co.nz/
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Channelizing Device37
May be used for general traffic control purposes such as adding emphasis to reversible lane delineation, channelizing lines, or islands. Channelizing devices may also be used along a center line to preclude turns or along lane lines to preclude lane changing, as determined by engineering judgment.
Cones
Tubular markers
Vertical panels
Drums
Lane separators
Raised islandshttp://www.quietzonetech.com/
http://www.pdbrooks.com/
http://www.peytonsbarricade.com/
CHAPTER 3H
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Clear Zone38
33. The total roadside
border area, starting at the
edge of the traveled way,
that is available for an
errant driver to stop or
regain control of a vehicle.
This area might consist of
a shoulder, a recoverable
slope, and/or a non-
recoverable, traversable
slope with a clear run-out
area at its toe.http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Crashworthy39
43. A characteristic of a roadside appurtenance that has been
successfully crash tested in accordance with a national standard
such as the National Cooperative Highway Research Program
Report 350, “Recommended Procedures for the Safety
Performance Evaluation of Highway Features.”
http://www.cbt.com.my/
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Emergency-Vehicle Traffic Control Signal40
62. A special traffic control signal that assigns the right-of-way to an
authorized emergency vehicle.
http://www.elteccorp.com/
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Engineering judgment41
64. The evaluation of available pertinent
information, and the application of
appropriate principles, provisions, and
practices as contained in this Manual and
other sources, for
the purpose of deciding upon the
applicability, design, operation, or
installation of a traffic control device.
Engineering judgment shall be exercised
by an engineer, or by an individual working
under the supervision of an engineer,
through the application of procedures and
criteria established by the engineer.
Documentation of engineering judgment is
not required.
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Engineering study42
65. The comprehensive analysis and
evaluation of available pertinent
information, and the application of
appropriate principles, provisions, and
practices as contained in this Manual
and other sources, for the purpose of
deciding upon the applicability, design,
operation, or installation of a traffic
control device. An engineering study
shall be performed by an engineer, or
by an individual working under the
supervision of an engineer, through the
application of procedures and criteria
established by the engineer. An
engineering study shall be documented.
http://lx-group.com.au/
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Flashing Beacon43
Provides: traffic control when used
as an intersection control beacon
warning when used in other applications
Highway traffic signal with one or more signal sections that
operates in a flashing mode.
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/
CHAPTER 4L
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Hybrid Beacon44
88. A special type of beacon that is intentionally placed in a dark mode
(no indications displayed) between periods of operation and, when
operated, displays both steady and flashing traffic control signal
indications.
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Speed45
214. Speed is defined based on the following classifications:
(a) Average Speed
• the summation of the instantaneous or spot-measured speeds at a specific location of vehicles divided by the number of vehicles observed.
(b) Design Speed
• a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of a roadway.
(c) 85th-Percentile Speed
• the speed at or below which 85 percent of the motor vehicles travel.
(d) Operating Speed
• a speed at which a typical vehicle or the overall traffic operates.
(e) Pace
• the 10 mph speed range representing the speeds of the largest percentage of vehicles in the traffic stream.
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) Zone46
229. An area of a highway where road user conditions are
changed because of a work zone or incident by the use of
temporary traffic control devices, flaggers, uniformed law
enforcement officers, or other authorized personnel.
http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/(prudencia)
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Traffic Control Device (TCD)47
238. A sign, signal, marking, or other
device used to regulate, warn, or
guide traffic, placed on, over, or
adjacent to a street, highway, private
road open to public travel, pedestrian
facility, or shared-use path by
authority of a public agency or
official having jurisdiction, or, in the
case of a private road open to public
travel, by authority of the private
owner or private official having
jurisdiction.
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Worker48
256. A person on foot whose
duties place him or her within
the right-of-way of a street,
highway, or pathway, such as
street, highway, or pathway
construction and maintenance
forces, survey crews, utility
crews, responders to incidents
within the street, highway, or
pathway right-of-way, and law
enforcement personnel when
directing traffic, investigating
crashes, and handling lane
closures, obstructed roadways,
and disasters within the right-of-
way of a street, highway, or
pathway.
http://www.highwaysindustry.com/
Module 3.
Description of the Fundamental
Components of a Traffic Control Plan
(TCP) in a Temporary Work Zone
49
Merging
taper, L
C
B
A
50
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Components of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) Zones
1. Advance Warning Area
Support
Section of highway where road users are informed about the upcoming work zone or incident area.
Option
May vary from a single sign or high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights on a vehicle to a series of signs in advance of the TTC zone activity area.
51
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
V < 40 mph = Low Speed V > 45 mph = High Speed
Table 6C-1. Suggested Advance Warning Sign Spacing,
MUTCD 2003 Edition (metric units and formulas were
eliminated)
Distance in meters (feet)
52
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Table 6C-1. Recommended Advance Warning Sign
Minimum Spacing, MUTCD, December 2009 Edition53
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Guidance on Typical Distances for
Advance Warning Signs
Freeways and expressways
Typical distances for
placement of advance
warning signs on should be
longer because drivers are
conditioned to
uninterrupted flow.
Advance warning sign
placement should extend on
these facilities as far as
800 m (0.5 mi) or more.
54
http://www.mlive.com/
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Guidance on Typical Distances for
Advance Warning Signs55
Rural highways (normally characterized by higher speeds)
Effective placement of the first warning sign in meters (feet) should be from 1.5 to 2.25 times the speed limit in km/h (8 to 12 times the speed limit in mph).
Since two or more advance warning signs are normally used for these conditions, the advance warning area should extend 450 m (1,500 ft) or more for open highway conditions (see Table 6C-1).
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Guidance on Typical Distances for
Advance Warning Signs
On urban streets
Effective placement of the first warning sign in meters (feet) should range from 0.75 to 1.5 times the speed limit in km/h (4 to 8 times the speed limit in mph).
56
When a single advance warning sign is
used (such as in low-speed residential
streets), the advance warning area can
be as short as 30 m (100 ft).
When two or more advance warning
signs are used on higher-speed streets
(such as major arterials) see Table 6C-1.http://www.centralsubwaysf.com/
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Components of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) Zones
2. Transition Area
Support
The section of highway where
road users are redirected out of
their normal path. Usually involve
strategic use of tapers.
In mobile operations, the
transition area moves with the
work space.
Standard
When redirection of the road
users’ normal path is required,
they shall be channelized from
the normal path to a new path
57
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Components of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) Zones
3. Activity Area
Support
The section of the highway where the work activity takes place.
It is comprised of the work space, the traffic space, and the buffer space.
Traffic space = portion of the highway in which road users are routed through the activity area.
Buffer space = lateral and/or longitudinal area that separates road user flow from the work space or an unsafe area, and might provide some recovery space for an errant vehicle. (For recommended longitudinal lengths, see Table 6C-2)
58
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Table 6C-2. Stopping Sight Distance as a
Function of Speed, MUTCD 2003 Edition59
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Table 6C-2: Stopping Sight Distance as a Function of
Speed, MUTCD December 2009 Edition60
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Components of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) Zones
4. Termination Area
Standard
Shall be used to return road users to their normal path.
Shall extend from the downstream end of the work area to the last TTC device, such as END ROAD WORK signs, if posted.
61
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Components of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) Zones
6C.08 - Tapers
Option
May be used in both the transition and termination areas.
Whenever tapers are to be used in close proximity to an interchange ramp, crossroads, curves, or other influencing factors, the length of the tapers may be adjusted.
Support
Tapers are created by using a series of channelizing devices and/or pavement markings to move traffic out of or into the normal path.
62
63
5 metros entre drones
(Puerto Rico)
Taper
Types
Merging
Shifting
Shoulder
Downstream
64
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Taper Length Criteria, MUTCD 2003 Edition
The maximum distance in meters (feet) between devices in
a taper should not exceed 0.2 times the speed limit in km/h
(1.0 times the speed limit in mph).
65
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Taper Length Criteria, MUTCD 2009 Edition66
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Formulas to Determine Taper Lengths,
MUTCD 2003 Edition67
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Formulas to Determine Taper Lengths,
MUTCD 2009 Edition68
Section 6C.10
One-lane, two-way traffic taper
Standard
When traffic in both directions
must use a single lane
for a limited distance,
movements from each end
shall be coordinated.
Minimum L = 50 ft
Maximum L = 100 ft
69
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Components of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) Zones
Device specifications applicable to each area of
Temporary Traffic Control Plan
Signs
Panels
Drums
Signals
Barricades
Variable Message Signs (VMS)
Automated Flagger Assistance Device (AFAD)
70
CHAPTER 6F. TEMPORARY TRAFFIC
CONTROL ZONE DEVICES
71
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Temporary Traffic Control Zones
Devices Definition
Standard
TCD shall be defined as all signs, signals, markings, and other devices used to regulate, warn, or guide road users, placed on, over, or adjacent to a street, highway, private roads open to public travel, pedestrian facility, or bikeway by authority of a public body or official having jurisdiction.
All traffic control devices used for construction, maintenance, utility, or incident management operations on a street, highway, or private road open to public travel shall comply with the applicable provisions of the MUTCD.
72
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Human Factor and Information
Processing in Work Zones 73
People drive normally through work zones, even whenthere are traffic control devices present in the roadway, unless there is evident activity (workers, equipment, etc.)
Lack of driver familiarity
with temporary traffic
control signals
Unexpected conditions
along work zone
http://www.betterroads.com/
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Function of Traffic Control Devices
(TCD)74
Promote highway safety
Provide for the orderly and predictable movement of all
traffic
Provide guidance and warning as needed
Types of TCD
Warning signs
Channelizing devices
Lighting devices
Shadow vehicles / advanced warning truck
http://www.quietzonesd.info/
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
General Characteristics of Signs
Standards
The colors for regulatory signs shall follow the
Standards for regulatory signs in Table 2A-5.
Warning signs in TTC zones shall have a black
legend and border on an orange background except:
Grade Crossing Advance Warning (W10-1) sign which shall
have a black legend and border on a yellow background.
Signs that are required or recommended to have fluorescent
yellow-green backgrounds.
Colors for guide signs shall follow the Standards in
Table 2A-5 and Chapter 2D except:
Guide signs as otherwise provided in Section 6F.55
75
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
General Characteristics of Signs
Standards
When standard orange flags or
flashing warning lights are used
in conjunction with signs, they
shall not block the sign face.
For freeways and expressways,
the size of diamond shaped TTC
warning signs shall be a minimum
of 48 x 48 in.
76
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Temporary Traffic Control Zones
Devices Regulations
Standard
All signs used at night shall be either retroreflective with a material that has a smooth, sealed outer surface or illuminated to show the same shape and similar color both day and night.
The requirement for sign illumination shall not be considered to be satisfied by street, highway, or strobe lighting.
77
http://www.tapconet.com/
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Temporary Traffic Control Zone Sign and Plaque Sizes
78
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Figure 6F-1. Height and Lateral
Location of Signs—Typical Installations79
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Figure 6F-1. Height and Lateral
Location of Signs—Typical Installations80
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Figure 6F-1. Height and Lateral
Location of Signs—Typical Installations81
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Figure 6F-1. Height and Lateral
Location of Signs—Typical Installations82
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Sign Placement
Standards
Signs mounted on barricades and barricade/sign combinations
shall be crashworthy
Where it has been determined that the accommodation of
pedestrians with disabilities is necessary, signs shall be
mounted and placed in accordance with “Americans with
Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and
Facilities (ADAAG)”.
83
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Sign supports shall be crashworthy.
Where large signs having an area exceeding 50 square feet are installed on multiple breakaway posts, the clearance from the ground to the bottom of the sign shall be at least 7 feet.
The bottom of a sign mounted on a barricade, or other portable support, shall be at least 1 foot above the traveled way.
84
Sign Placement
Standards
crashworthy signs: hole in
window
85
Why is it important that the signs be crashworthy?
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Example of Windshield Penetration86
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X-stands w/ vinyl roll-ups87
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Sign Placement88
Neither portable nor permanent sign
supports should be located on
sidewalks, bicycle facilities, or areas
designated for pedestrian or bicycle
traffic.
Except as noted in the Option, signs
mounted on portable supports should
not be used for a duration of more
than 3 days.
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Sign Placement89
For mobile operations, a sign may be mounted on a
work vehicle, a shadow vehicle, or a trailer
stationed in advance of the TTC zone or moving
along with it.
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Portable Changeable Message Signs
(PCMS) 90
PCMS are TTC devices installed for
temporary use with the flexibility to
display a variety of messages.
A PCMS should be limited to three lines
of eight characters per line.
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Portable Changeable Message Signs
(PCMS) 91
PCMS shall display only traffic operational,
regulatory, warning, and guidance information, and
shall not be used for advertising messages.
Techniques of message display such as animation,
rapid flashing, …, or other dynamic elements shall
not be used.
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Arrow Boards
Standards92
Shall be a sign with a matrix of elements capable of either
flashing or sequential displays.
Shall provide additional warning and directional information to
assist in merging and controlling road users through or around a
TTC zone.
Arrow boards shall meet the minimum size, legibility distance,
number of elements, and other specifications shown in Figure 6F-6.
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Arrow Boards
Standards93
Type A, B, and C arrow boards shall have solid rectangular appearances.
A Type D arrow board shall conform to the shape of the arrow.
All arrow boards shall be finished in non-reflective black.
The arrow board shall be mounted on a vehicle, a trailer, or other suitable support.
The arrow board shall have suitable elements capable of the various operating modes.
The color presented by the elements shall be yellow.
A vehicle displaying an arrow board shall be equipped with high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights.
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Types of Arrow Boards94
Type A - use on low-speed urban streets.
Type B - for intermediate-speed facilities and for maintenance
or mobile operations on high-speed roadways.
Type C - intended to be used on high-speed, high-volume motor
vehicle traffic control projects.
Type D - intended for use on authorized vehicles.
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Advance Warning Arrow Board
Display Specifications95
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Channelizing Devices
Cones
Tubular Markers
Vertical Panels
Drums
Barricades
Slow
Down!
96
All channelizing devices shall be crashworthy
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Category 1 Devices97
Shall be predominantly orange.
Shall be made of a material that can be struck without causing damage to the impacting vehicle.
For nighttime use - shall be retroreflectorized or equipped with lighting devices for maximum visibility.
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Channelizing Devices
Drums98
Drums used for road user warning or channelization shall be
constructed of lightweight, deformable materials.
Metal drums shall not be used.
Drums shall have closed tops that will not allow collection of
construction debris or other debris.
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Cones - Standards99
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Category 2 Devices
Vertical panels, Type I, II, or III barricades, portable
sign stands
Category 1 devices w/ attachments (< 45 kg (100
lbs) up to 100 kg)
Must be crash tested
by approved agency
100
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Channelizing Devices
Type 1, 2, or 3 Barricades101
A barricade is a portable or fixed device having from one to
three rails with appropriate markings and is used to control
road users by closing, restricting, or delineating all or a portion
of the right-of-way.
Barricades are classified as Type 1, Type 2, or Type 3.
Type 1 or Type 2 Barricades are intended for use in situations
where road user flow is maintained through the TTC zone.
Type 1 Barricades may be used on conventional roads or
urban streets.
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Channelizing Devices
Type 1, 2, or 3 Barricades102
Guidance:
Type 2 or Type 3 Barricades should be used on freeways
and expressways or other high-speed roadways.
Type 3 Barricades should be used to close or partially
close a road.
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Type 2 Type 3
Channelizing Devices
Type 1, 2, or 3 Barricades103
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WZ Category 3 Devices
Temporary barriers
Barrier joints must provide
tensile & moment capacity
New units must meet NCHRP
350 by Oct 2002
Crash cushions & TMA’s
Can be tested to TL-2 or TL-
3
Must be crash tested by
approved agency
104
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Uses for Temporary Longitudinal
Barriers
Prevent Access to Work Zone
Provide Positive Protection for Workers
Separate Two-Way Traffic
Protect Falsework
105
http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/
106
Lane Closure with a
Temporary Traffic Barrier
(TA-34)
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Temporary Traffic Barriers107
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Portable Concrete Barriers (PCB)
Positive protection to road workers
Avoid penetration in work area
Modular design
Impact angle: 15°- 25°
Height: 32”
Base width: 24”
Top width: 6”
Length: 84” (7’)
Maximum deflection: 0 – 5 feet
108
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Portable Concrete Barriers109
110
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112
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Steel Portable Barriers113
Plastic Portable Barriers
114
114
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Quickchange Moveable Barrier
Chain of modified F-shape barrier segments
T-shape on top to allow pick up of segments
Lateral movement from 4 to 18 ft
Maximum deflection of 28 in at TL-3 design impact
Transfer speed of 5 to 10 mph
115
116
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Work Zone Crash Cushions117
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Triton CET Concrete End Treatment118
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Category 4 Devices
Portable, usually trailer-mounted devices
Lighting supports, flashing arrow panels, temporary
traffic signals, & changeable message signs
Should be delineated or shielded
Use good placement practices
119
Sample Crash Cushions for Work Zones
120
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Roadside Design Guide121
Obtain more information regarding work trucks and other safety features for work zones from AASHTO’s Roadside Design Guide, 4th Edition 2011
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Shadow Vehicle Priority Guidelines122
Based on:
Facility Type (freeway or non-freeway)
Activity Type (stationary or mobile)
Type of Closure (lane closure, shoulder closure)
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Truck and Trailer Mounted Attenuators (TMAs)
123
Priority of use of protective vehicle:
A-very highly recommended
B-highly recommended
C-recommended
D-desirable
E-may be justified under special conditions
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Truck and Trailer Mounted Attenuators (TMAs)
124
Priority of use of TMA on protective vehicle:
1-very highly recommended
2-highly recommended
3-recommended
4-desirable
5-may be justified under special conditions
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Truck and Trailer Mounted Attenuators (TMAs)
125
Shadow Vehicle – Very Highly Recommended
TMA – Desirable (Use Engineering Judgment)
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Guidelines for Spacing of Shadow Vehicles
126
Spacing of shadow
vehicles depending of
weight of the vehicle:
• 9,900 lb – 22,000 lb
• >22,000 lb
Operating Speed
(Traffic)
Recommended Spacing for Vehicles
Weighing <22,000 lbs and >9,900 lbs (ft)
Stationary Moving
Greater than
55mph172 222
45mph to 55mph 123 172
Less than 45mph 100 100
Source: AASHTO Roadside Design Guide
Operating Speed
(Traffic)
Recommended Spacing for Vehicles
Weighing >22,000 lbs (ft)
Stationary Moving
Greater than 55mph 150 172
45mph to 55mph 100 150
Less than 45mph 74 100
Source: AASHTO Roadside Design Guide
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Recommended Spacing127
http://www.globalsources.com/
Length: 31 ft
Weight
without load:
50,000 lb
128
Work Space
= 150 ft
Longitudinal
Buffer = 155 ft
Work
Truck = 131 ft
Transition Area
(Taper Length, L) = 105 ft
Activity
Area = 436 ft
Advanced Warning Area, A = 100 ft
Truck = 31 ft
Roll ahead distance = 100 ft
Activity Area (length) without truck length=305 ft
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Typical Application 18 Notes129
Use your Engineering Judgment…
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Examples of TMAs130
TMA with Energy-Absorbing
Cartridge
TMA with Telescoping Steel Frame and
Cutter Assembly
Several types of TMAs have met the requirements of National
Cooperative Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350 or Manual for
Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH)
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Examples of TMAs131
TMA with Steel Frame and Burster or
Kinker Assembly
TMA with Steel Frame or
Polyethylene Cylinder
Assembly and Arrowboard
Mobile Barrier Trailer
http://www.ct.gov/dot
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Impacted Truck Mounted Attenuators132
https://www.traffixdevices.com
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NCHRP? MASH?133
Roadside Design Guide
Table 5-3: Provides the
minimum test levels
required for barrier
systems. Similar tables
are available for other
work zone safety systems
with their corresponding
required test levels.
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Approved Test Levels: Barriers134
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Approved Test Levels: Barriers continued
135
What Typical Application is best suited for a lane
closure with a temporary traffic barrier?136
137
Lane Closure with
Temporary Traffic
Barrier (TA-34)
137
660 feet
181.5 feet
Activity
Area =
3,135 feet
Long.
buffer
space
Traffic
space
Work
space
495 feet
100 feet
138
Long.
buffer
space
Lat.
buffer
space
139
QUESTIONS
140
Module 4.
Human factors (drivers, pedestrians,
workers and flaggers) and their relation
to safety in a Temporary Work Zone
141
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What is Human Factors?
Ergonomics (or Human Factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data, and other methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.
Source: The previous definition was adopted by the International Ergonomics Association in August 2000 (https://www.hfes.org//Web/AboutHFES/about.html)
142
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Human Factors
HF Disciplines Include:
Human Information Processing
Systems Design
Human Physical Capabilities
Design of Experiments
Occupational Safety & Risk Assessment
Industrial Hygiene
Audition & Auditory Systems Design
Systems Safety
Visual Systems Design
Transportation
143
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Human Factors
Human Factors Applications in Work Zones:
Design of Traffic Control Devices
Zone Layout Planification
Reaction Time to Traffic Control Devices
Drivers and Passengers Safety
Workers Occupational Safety
Risk Analysis
144
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Human Information Processing
Process of identifying or recognizing sensory perceived information (e.g., visual, auditive), processing, and responding to it.
Rasmussen Task Performance Levels :
Skill-Based Behavior
Rule-Based Behavior
Knowledge-Based Behavior
145
http://www.visaliatimesdelta.com/
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Human Information Processing
Information Processing Model (Rasmussen, 1983)
146
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Human Information Processing
Skilled-Based Behavior
Routine tasks familiar to people
Associated Errors: slips, lapses
Example: Driving a vehicle for years
Rule-Based Behavior
People are fairly familiar with tasks based on established rules
Associated Errors : Rule incorrectly applied
Example : Use of information system following instructions
147
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Human Information Processing
Knowledge-Based Behavior
Solve problem using knowledge; there are no rules
Steps: activation, observation, identification, interpretation, evaluation, goal selection, procedure selection, and activation
Errors due to: incomplete or incorrect information, or limited resources
Example: Use of system without training
148
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Human Information Processing
Alternative Model 1: Detection
Identification
Evaluation
Reaction
Alternative Model 2: Search
Detection
Recognition
Decision
Action
149
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Human Information Processing
Elements that affect perception and reaction time in transportation
Age
Younger – Better vision, less risk perception, faster reflexes, drive faster, more distracted, less experience
Older – Worst vision, greater risk perception, slower reflexes, drive slower, more experience
Experience
Education, practice, training
150
http://www.ultimatedefensivedriving.us/
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Human Information Processing
Elements that affect perception and reaction time in transportation
Familiarity
Familiarity with road and vehicle
Trend to drive faster when there is familiarity
Memory
Remember transit signs
Regulatory signs are easier to remember
151
http://galleryhip.com/
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Human Information Processing
Elements that affect perception and reaction time in transportation
Vision
Ability to judge moving objects speed
Ability to distinguish colors
Distance judgment (depth perception)
Capacity to focus and recover from glare effects
Ability to detect objects in the periphery
Climate, Weather
Rain – slippery roads
Fog
Day/Night
152
http://blog.ibs-b.hu/
153
View from the Street
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Blind Area Mappingwww.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/highwayworkzones
154
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Human Information Processing
Elements that affect perception and reaction time in transportation
Alcohol, drugs, medication
Particular effects for every person and situation
Decrease reaction time
Increase risk exposure
Interfere with judgment
Slower decision making
Peripheral vision
Fatigue, cellular phones
155
http://blog.lawmed.com/
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Information Processing in Work Zones
People drive normally through work zones until they
see some kind of activity: workers, construction
equipment, etc.; even having traffic control devices
Wrong perception of traffic control devices
Ignorance of devices meaning
156
http://catcountry1073.com/
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Work Zones
Work zones include:
Construction
Maintenance
Utilities
Highway work zones present high risks for workers
Vehicles traffic
Vehicles and work equipment
157
http://patch.com/
QUESTIONS
158