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Sol Ruiz, AEMPS

debido a su complejidad no pueden ser completamente caracterizados mediante técnicas analíticas solamente

calidad determinada por la combinación de análisis físico- químicos y biológicos, además del proceso de producción y su control (controles en proceso)

la actividad biológica e inmunogenicidad dependen de todas las “características estructurales”

DIRECTIVA 2003/63/CE DE LA COMISIÓN de 25 de junio de 2003

• proteínas y glicoproteínas

• moléculas grandes y complejas

microheterogeneidad inherente debido a modificaciones post-traducionales

Medicamentos biotecnológicos

i) Idénticas a la molécula natural

ii) Moléculas modificadas/nuevas

Hormona de crecimientoInsulina*

Proteínas de fusión (TNFR:Fc)Anticuerpos monoclonales “humanizados”

'Pharmed' goats seek drug license

Imagine you could get life-saving medicines from milking a common farmyard animal.

That idea moves a step closer to becoming a reality this week, as the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) considers the final stages of an application to license a natural human protein extracted from the milk of goats.

22 February 2006

Calidad, eficacia:Caracterización compleja (identidad, potencia)

Control de bancos celularesControl durante el proceso de producciónControl de reactivos (suero bovino, enzimas...)Estudios de inactivación viral

Impurezas específicas (del proceso de producción y relacionadas con el producto)

Seguridad:

PROCESO DE PRODUCCION

CONSISTENCIA DE PRODUCCIÓN

ESTABILIDAD

CARACTERIZACIÓN

MATERIAL DE PARTIDA

• Autorización mediante procedimiento centralizado (biotecnológicos)

• Misma forma farmacéutica, dosis y vía de administración que el producto de referencia

• No es posible la extrapolación entre vías de administración diferentes

• El producto de referencia debe ser el mismo para todo el dossier y estar disponible en la UE

• Estudios comparativos pre-clínicos in vitro e in vivo

– PK– PD– Inmunogenicidad– Toxicidad

• Datos de eficacia y seguridad que aseguren la comparabilidad

• Datos de inmunogenicidad

• Plan de Farmacovigilancia y Gestión de Riesgos

QUALITY CLINICAL

ICH Q5E EMEA/CPMP/3097/02

Guideline on similarbiological products

containing biotechnology- derived proteins as active

substance:Quality issues

Guideline on similar biological products

containing biotechnology- derived proteins as active

substance:Non-clinical and clinical

issues;annexes

Guideline on Similar Biological Products (CHMP/437/04)

QUALITY CLINICAL

ICH Q5E EMEA/CPMP/3097/02

Guideline on similarbiological products

containing biotechnology- derived proteins as active

substance:Quality issues

Guideline on similar biological products

containing biotechnology- derived proteins as active

substance:Non-clinical and clinical

issues;annexes

Guideline on Similar Biological Products (CHMP/437/04)

Un medicamento biosimilar se define por sus caraterísticas:

relacionadas con la molécula (incluyendo sustancias relacionadas con el producto/impurezas), y

relacionadas con su proceso de producción (que puede afectar a las características moleculares e incluye impurezas relacionadas con el proceso).

El solicitante debe demostrar la consistencia y robustez de su propio proceso de producción de acuerdo a las guías existentes.

Working Cell Bank (WCB)

End Of Production Cells (EOPC)

Master Cell Bank (MCB)

Cloned Cells

MCB Cells

WCB Cells

Production Cells

Production Harvest

Clarified Supernatant

Ultradiafiltration

Anion Exchange Chromatography

Ammonium Sulphate Precipitation

Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography

Reverse Phase Chromatography

Anion Exchange Chromatography

Gel Filtration for Buffer Exchange

Nanofiltration for Virus Removal

Sterile Filtrate – Batch Purified Product (Drug Substance)

Operating Parameters Process Step In-process Controls

Load rate: 5 to 10 g/L resinPool dilution factor: 4.5 to 5.5 foldElution flow rate: 0.15 to 0.20 CV/minPool hold temperature: 2.0- 8.0°C

CE chromatographySP Sepharose HP

resin, bed volume ~21.5 L

RP-HPLC purity, main peak: ≥

86.8%CEX-HPLC purity, main peak: ≥

81.8%SE-HPLC purity, main peak: ≥

99.0%E coli protein: ≤

2.5 ng/mgBacterial endotoxin: < 0.24 EU/mLAerobic bioburden: < 30 CFU/mLStep yield: 32.2% to 63.3%Pool volume: 40.9 to 77.4 LPosition of start collect: 46.6 to 95.1 minPeak shape: Pass

Impurity Residual levelHost cell DNA < 2.5 ng/max. dose

CHO Proteins < 0.375 µg/max. dose

Insulin < 17 ng/mL (below the LOQ)

Gentamicin < 2.5 ng/mL (below the LOQ)

Anti-foam agent < 12.5 µg/mL

Protein A < 0.4 ng/mL

TRIS < 83 µM (10 μg/mL)

Caracterización Físico-Química

Otras propiedades• Carga: CE, IEC, IEF• Tamaño: AUC, SDS-PAGE, SE-

HPLC, MALDI-TOF MS• Inmuno-reactividad: IP, WB

Estructura secundaria y terciaria• Dicroísmo circular• Resonancia Magnética Nuclear• Cristalografía de rayos-X• Inmuno-reactividad• Ensayos biológicos

Composición(cualitativa y cuantitativa)

Estructura primaria• Análisis de la composición de aminoácidos• Secuenciación N/C-terminal• Mapa peptídico y secuenciación/MS

Actividad Biológica

Ensayos biológicosen animalesERITROPOYETINA

Ensayos biológicosen cultivos celularesINTERFERON

Ensayos bioquímicosFACTOR VIII

potenciaconsistencia de producción

FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

• antiviral activity• antiproliferative activities (in 8 different cell lines)• immunomodulatory activities• receptor binding• formation of activated interferon stimulated gene

factor complex• IFN-beta inducible mRNAs

Un desarrollo independiente implicará diferencias en:

materiales de partida, sistema de expresión, cultivo celular

proceso de purificación (esquema, escala, operación...)

controles en proceso, métodos analíticos, especificaciones...

La comparación basada en una monografía de Ph. Eur. no es suficiente

• productos rDNA• EPO• insulina• somatropina• IFN alfa• IFN gamma• glucagon

• rhuFVIII• alteplasa (rtPA)• calcitonina• HBsAg• molgramostim (GM-CSF)• MoAbs

Las especificaciones de una monografía de Ph. Eur. se consideran requisitos mínimos pero no son suficientes para definir cada producto en particular.

Las especificaciones son propias de cada producto y asociadas a cada proceso de producción (ej. isoformas eritropoyetina)

Pueden existir diferencias entre los atributos de calidad del biosimilar y el medicamento de referencia

Estas diferencias deben estar justificadas y serán consideradas caso-a-caso

Deben haber sido cualificadas en relación a su seguridad y eficacia

Comparability should be addressed for both the DP and the DS in the medicinal product.

The RMP must be authorized in the European Community.

A clear scientific justification of the criteria followed to select the RMP should be provided, with specific attention to its critical parameters and quality attributes.

The same RMP must be used for all three parts of the dossier (i.e. Quality, Safety and Efficacy).

It is generally necessary to conduct appropriate comparative tests at the level of the active substance.

In cases where the required analyses of quality attributes of the active substance of the RMP can be made at the finished product stage, testing of the isolated active ingredient may not be needed.

Direct comparison of the active substance to a publicly available standard as a reference (i.e. Ph. Eur., WHO, etc.) is not appropriate to demonstrate comparability of the active substance since this material may not have known and defined safety and efficacy profiles.

However, the use of these standards plays an important role during development (validation of analytical methods).

When analytical tools used for characterization are not capable of directly comparing the active substance between the two products suitable approaches should be developed to isolate representative active substance derived from the reference medicinal.

The approach should be appropriately validated in order to demonstrate the suitability of the sample preparation process.

Extensive state-of-the-art characterization studies should be applied to the similar biological and RMP in parallel (for the DS and DP)

Methods should be suitable and validated (guidelines) before clinical trials (demonstration of comparability critical)

International standards and reference preparations can be helpful in method qualification and validation

Evaluation of physicochemical parameters;

compositionphysical propertiesprimary and higher order structuresstructural identification of product-related substances and impurities (including the determination of degradation by performing stress and accelerated stability studies).

Different approaches to measure the biological activity should be considered (according to the biological properties of the product).

Results of relevant biological assay(s) should be provided and expressed in units of activity calibrated against an international or national reference standard, when available and appropriate.

Compliance with Eur.Ph. requirements for biological assays, if applicable.

Purity and impurity profiles of the DS and DP should be assessed (qualitatively and quantitatively) for both the RMP and biosimilar medicinal product.

Product-related substances and impurities in the similar biological medicinal product should be identified and compared between products

Information based on the analysis of samples stored under stress conditions, inducing selective degradation (e.g.oxidation, dimerisation) should be used for identification.

Process-related impurities (e.g. host cell proteins, host cell DNA, reagents, downstream impurities, etc.)

Differences are expected between processes

State-of-the-art analytical technologies should be applied, and the impact of these process-related impurities should be confirmed by appropriate studies (which may include non-clinical and/or clinical studies).

Defined as described in ICH Q6B (NfG on Specifications)

Rationale used to establish the proposed range of acceptance criteria should be described

Justification based on:

data obtained from lots used in non-clinical studies used for the demonstration of manufacturing consistency,data from stability studies, relevant development data and data obtained from the comparability exercise (quality, safety and efficacy).

Limits set for a given test are not wider than the range of variability of the representative reference product, unless justified.

www.emea.europa.eu/htms/human/humanguidelines/multidiscipline.htm

Factors affecting immunogenicitySchellekens, NRDD 2002

OxidaciónDesamidaciónAgregaciónClippingPlegamiento inadecuadoGlicosilación alteradaModificación químicaPuentes disulfuro inadecuados

Modificación de proteínas(product-related impurities)

Factors affecting immunogenicitySchellekens, NRDD 2002

1 Omnitrope (somatropin) Sandoz Authorised (2006)

2 Valtropin (somatropin) Biopartners Authorised (2006)

3 Alpheon (interferon alfa) Biopartners Negative (2006)

4 Binocrit (epoetin alfa) Sandoz Author ised (2007)

5 Epoetin alfa Hexal (epoetin alfa) Hexal Authorised (2007)

6 Abseamed (epoetin alfa) Medice Authorised (2007)

7 Silapo (epoetin zeta) Stada Authorised (2007)

8 Retacrit (epoetin zeta) Hospira Authorised (2007)

9 Insulin Marvel Short (Hu insulin) Marvel Life Sci. Withdrawn (2008)

10 Insulin Marvel Intermediate (Hu insulin) Marvel Life Sci. Withdrawn (2008)

11 Insulin Marvel Long (Hu insulin) Marvel Life Sci. Withdrawn (2008)

12 Filgrastim Ratiopharm (filgrastim) Ratiopharm Authorised (2008)

13 Ratiograstim (filgrastim) Ratiopharm Authorised (2008)

14 Biograstim (filgrastim) CT Arzneimittel Authorised (2008)

15 Tevagrastim (filgrastim) Teva Authorised (2008)

16 Filgrastim Hexal (filgrastim) Hexal Authorised (2009)

17 Zarzio (filgrastim) Sandoz Authorised (2009)

18 Nivestim (filgrastim) Hospira Authorised (2010)

1 Omnitrope (somatropin) Sandoz Authorised (2006)

2 Valtropin (somatropin) Biopartners Authorised (2006)

3 Alpheon (interferon alfa) Biopartners Negative (2006)

4 Binocrit (epoetin alfa) Sandoz Author ised (2007)

5 Epoetin alfa Hexal (epoetin alfa) Hexal Authorised (2007)

6 Abseamed (epoetin alfa) Medice Authorised (2007)

7 Silapo (epoetin zeta) Stada Authorised (2007)

8 Retacrit (epoetin zeta) Hospira Authorised (2007)

9 Insulin Marvel Short (Hu insulin) Marvel Life Sci. Withdrawn (2008)

10 Insulin Marvel Intermediate (Hu insulin) Marvel Life Sci. Withdrawn (2008)

11 Insulin Marvel Long (Hu insulin) Marvel Life Sci. Withdrawn (2008)

12 Filgrastim Ratiopharm (filgrastim) Ratiopharm Authorised (2008)

13 Ratiograstim (filgrastim) Ratiopharm Authorised (2008)

14 Biograstim (filgrastim) CT Arzneimittel Authorised (2008)

15 Tevagrastim (filgrastim) Teva Authorised (2008)

16 Filgrastim Hexal (filgrastim) Hexal Authorised (2009)

17 Zarzio (filgrastim) Sandoz Authorised (2009)

18 Nivestim (filgrastim) Hospira Authorised (2010)

BIOSIMILARES EN LA UE - Junio 2010BIOSIMILARES EN LA UE - Junio 2010

1 Omnitrope (somatropin) Sandoz Authorised (2006)

2 Valtropin (somatropin) Biopartners Authorised (2006)

3 Alpheon (interferon alfa) Biopartners Negative (2006)

4 Binocrit (epoetin alfa) Sandoz Authorised (2007)

5 Epoetin alfa Hexal (epoetin alfa) Hexal Authorised (2007)

6 Abseamed (epoetin alfa) Medice Authorised (2007)

7 Silapo (epoetin zeta) Stada Authorised (2007)

8 Retacrit (epoetin zeta) Hospira Authorised (2007)

9 Insulin Marvel Short (Hu insulin) Marvel Life Sci. Withdrawn (2008)

10 Insulin Marvel Intermediate (Hu insulin) Marvel Life Sci. Withdrawn (2008)

11 Insulin Marvel Long (Hu insulin) Marvel Life Sci. Withdrawn (2008)

12 Filgrastim Ratiopharm (filgrastim) Ratiopharm Authorised (2008)

13 Ratiograstim (filgrastim) Ratiopharm Authorised (2008)

14 Biograstim (filgrastim) CT Arzneimittel Authorised (2008)

15 Tevagrastim (filgrastim) Teva Authorised (2008)

16 Filgrastim Hexal (filgrastim) Hexal Authorised (2009)

17 Zarzio (filgrastim) Sandoz Authorised (2009)

18 Nivestim (filgrastim) Hospira Authorised (2010)

1 Omnitrope (somatropin) Sandoz Authorised (2006)

2 Valtropin (somatropin) Biopartners Authorised (2006)

3 Alpheon (interferon alfa) Biopartners Negative (2006)

4 Binocrit (epoetin alfa) Sandoz Authorised (2007)

5 Epoetin alfa Hexal (epoetin alfa) Hexal Authorised (2007)

6 Abseamed (epoetin alfa) Medice Authorised (2007)

7 Silapo (epoetin zeta) Stada Authorised (2007)

8 Retacrit (epoetin zeta) Hospira Authorised (2007)

9 Insulin Marvel Short (Hu insulin) Marvel Life Sci. Withdrawn (2008)

10 Insulin Marvel Intermediate (Hu insulin) Marvel Life Sci. Withdrawn (2008)

11 Insulin Marvel Long (Hu insulin) Marvel Life Sci. Withdrawn (2008)

12 Filgrastim Ratiopharm (filgrastim) Ratiopharm Authorised (2008)

13 Ratiograstim (filgrastim) Ratiopharm Authorised (2008)

14 Biograstim (filgrastim) CT Arzneimittel Authorised (2008)

15 Tevagrastim (filgrastim) Teva Authorised (2008)

16 Filgrastim Hexal (filgrastim) Hexal Authorised (2009)

17 Zarzio (filgrastim) Sandoz Authorised (2009)

18 Nivestim (filgrastim) Hospira Authorised (2010)

Regulación similar en otros países europeos (Reino Unido, Francia, Italia, Alemania, Holanda, Suecia)

Excluídos de sustitución automática Excluídos de sustitución automática

No es diferente de la de cualquier otro producto biológico/biotecnológico

Idénticas normas de etiquetado que para cualquier biotecnológico de reciente autorización (triángulo amarillo)

farmacovigilancia

No es diferente de la de cualquier otro producto biológico/biotecnológico, i.e. se debe utilizar el nombre comercial, laboratorio comercializador, lote, etc. para su trazabilidad (el INN no es suficiente)

trazabilidad

Una vez comercializado, es un medicamento más en el mercado (evolución independiente del medicamento de referencia). La vía “biosimilar” es únicamente un procedimiernto regulatorio

Precio aprox 30% menor respecto al innovador

Introducción escasa (hasta la fecha).

Posibles motivos:

precio/estrategia comercial del innovadordudas sobre eficacia/seguridad de biosimilaresestudios insuficientes para una adecuada

evaluación riesgo/beneficio (R/B)

Posibles motivos:

estrategia comercial del innovadordudas sobre eficacia/seguridad de biosimilaresestudios insuficientes para una adecuada

evaluación R/B

?Eficacia en indicaciones distintas de la estudiadaMenor número de pacientes en ensayos clínicosInmunogenicidad Trazabilidad

Posibles motivos:

precio/estrategia comercial del innovadordudas sobre eficacia/seguridad de biosimilaresestudios insuficientes para una adecuada

evaluación R/B

Dudas sobre si la evidencia de similaridad implica o no equivalencia y si es suficiente para poder realizar una valoración económica a través de análisis de minimización de costes.

No está claro que los estudios clínicos realizados con biosimilares para su autorización regulatoria satisfagan las demandas de las agencias de tecnologías (financiación), p.ej.

estudio en una población selectiva (o voluntarios sanos en el caso de G-CSF)

aceptación de estudios PK/PD para filgrastim o insulinaextrapolación a otras indicaciones del producto de referencia sin

estudios específicos

Hughes. Clinical Pharmacol & Ther 87(3). March 2010

Nature Biotechnology 28 (1) January 2010

Requirement of comparability will inhibit the development of biosimilars to complex biologicals

The "comparison of quality attributes may not be relevant", as “Biosimilars have been approved although physico-chemical and biological in vitro test have revealed differences" and "the quality differences become irrelevant if the clinical data show the biosimilar to be clinically equivalent to the reference product”

Since clinical efficacy and safety data in the end appear to prevail and drive the regulatory decision for approval of a biosimilar, why should one then require pharmacokinetic (PK) data at all?

In the EU guidelines, there is the implicit assumption that the pathway does not apply to “more poorly” purified biologics that are even more complex and difficult to characterize than a highly purified recombinant biologic

Companies developing biosimilars often use more state-of-the-art technologies than originator companies, and that thus their quality is “better”