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8/6/2019 Gangs of Nicaragua Jos Luis Rocha y Dennis Rodgers
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Hiv C{gv Tifb`# Mkeegv Timlktv
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\bke G |`v wi{elkt# ow ~`tke}v |i{cm dk`} ok# }i ~tkqke} ok atio
dkfiogel l`el okodkt% D{} }bk gvv{k gv ei} |bk}bkt it ei} }bkw dk`}
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l`el okodkt% Wi{ lk} ckm }i }bk l`el dkf`{vk ia atgkemvbg~# `em wi{
dkfiok l`el okodkt }i dk |g}b wi{t dti}bktv%
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]]]]]ktkv`# 4> wk`tv icm# 0777ktkv`# 4> wk`tv icm# 0777ktkv`# 4> wk`tv icm# 0777ktkv`# 4> wk`tv icm# 0777ktkv`# 4> wk`tv icm# 0777
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`ti{em ci}# d{} }bke G aagtokm owvkca em dkf`ok iek ia }bko%
Kcqgv# 02 wk`tv icm# 0777Kcqgv# 02 wk`tv icm# 0777Kcqgv# 02 wk`tv icm# 0777Kcqgv# 02 wk`tv icm# 0777Kcqgv# 02 wk`tv icm# 0777
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ei}bgel a`xkv ok%
F`tciv# 46 wk`tv icm# 4>>6F`tciv# 46 wk`tv icm# 4>>6F`tciv# 46 wk`tv icm# 4>>6F`tciv# 46 wk`tv icm# 4>>6F`tciv# 46 wk`tv icm# 4>>6
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}bk ekglbditbiimv b`t`vvgel# tiddgel# dk`}gel em kqke iff`vgie`ccw jgccgel ~ki~ck%
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idvktqkv bi| }bkw {emktv}`em `em kr~ktgkefk }bkgt `f}giev% ]i mi }b`}# }bk`e}bti~icilgv} o{v} `vv{ok }bk vifg`c tick `em ~`t}gfg~`}k ge }bk vifg`c tk`cg}gkv
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kr}kemkm ~ktgim ge itmkt ait m`gcw f}gqg}gkv }i dkfiok kr~cgfg}% G} |`v cvi ekfkvv`tw
ge itmkt }i }kv} |b`} }bk i}bkt okodktv v`w }bkw `tk migel `l`gev} |b`} }bkw
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{emktv}`emgel bi| }bk l`el okodktv cgqkv tk itl`egxkm%
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mikve} v}i~ dkgel `e `e}bti~icilgv} |bgck dkgel ` l`el okodkt# eit mikv iek
dkfiok h{v} cgjk }bk i}bkt okodktv%
]bk Iecw Fbkck]bk Iecw Fbkck]bk Iecw Fbkck]bk Iecw Fbkck]bk Iecw Fbkck
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` }w~gf`c okodkt |i{cm cvi b`qk mgvfiqktkm# d{} ~ktb`~v }bti{lb vci|kt ck`tegel~tifkvv% Mgv}`efk viok}gokv bkc~v }bk `e`cwvgv%
Ow mgaaktkefkv |ktke} kr`f}cw mgv`mq`e}`lkv% \bgck ` l`elv tk~{}`}gie
mk~kemv ~`t}cw ie }bk fb`t`f}ktgv}gfv ia g}v ~`t}gf{c`t ekglbditbiim# g} cvi mk~kemv
ie }bk fb`t`f}ktgv}gfv ia g}v i|e okodktv% Iek tk`vie }bk l`el okodktv ge ow
ekglbditbiim ck} ok ge}i }bkgt lti{~ |`v }bk v~kfg`c }i{fb }b`} ow ~tkvkefk l`qk
g}% Okodktv }w~gf`ccw geftk`vk l`elv tk~{}`}gie it ei}itgk}w }bti{lb }bkgt fi{t`lk#
}bkgt qgickefk it }bkgt ft`xgekvv: G l`qk ogek `mmg}gie`c f`fbk} }bti{lb ow
`~~k`t`efk% Go v{tk }b`} ei} o`ew l`elv ge O`e`l{` di`v} dciem i{}vgmkt v
okodkt%
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aglb}v% G v`w cilgf dkf`{vk }bkvk atkp{ke} fieatie}`}giev mie} tgvk ie }bk v~{t ia
}bk oioke} ait ei liim tk`vie% ]bkw `tk c`tlkcw lk`tkm }i migel b`to }i }bk
ei}itgi{v okodktv ia }bk mqktv`tw l`el% @em G# v }bk fbkck ge ow l`el# |`v
}`tlk} ia }bgv idhkf}gqk%
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mkfgmkm }i li vbi|kt } }bk bi{vk ia iek ia }bk m`{lb}ktv ia }bk a`ogcw G cgqkm |g}b#
ge ek`tdw ekglbditbiim% D{} ow a`ogcw |i{cme} ck} ok li ciek% Kqke }bi{lb g}
|`v iecw 186> ge }bk oitegel# }bkw akc} g} |`v }ii tgvjw ait ok }i qke}{tk ge}i }b`}
i}bkt ekglbditbiim% ]bkw ak`tkm }b`} }bk l`el }bktk oglb} }}`fj ok# ei} h{v} ait
dkgel okodkt ia tgq`c l`el# d{} ait dkgel iek |g}b v{fb v~kfg`c fb`t`f}ktgv}gfv%
Age`ccw# `a}kt |kglbgel }bk tgvj# }bk diwatgkem ia }bk |io`e ia ow bi{vk# ` }`rg
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cgak%
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V{d/L`elv \g}bgeV{d/L`elv \g}bgeV{d/L`elv \g}bgeV{d/L`elv \g}bgeV{d/L`elv \g}bge
L`elv b`qk ` |kcc mkagekm v}t{f}{tk# |g}b v{dlti{~v dw `lk% Okodktv `c|`wv
ke}kt `} }bk ci|kv} ckqkc# ge }bk v{dlti{~ ait }bivk {emkt 06 wk`tv icm% Ekr} }bkw
oiqk {~ }i }bk iek ait }bk 06/0< lk lti{~# em age`ccw hige }bivk iqkt 02% Go ei}
}`cjgel di{} mgaaktke} l`elv# d{} v{d/l`elv |g}bge }bk c`tlkt iek%
]bk l`el ge ow ekglbditbiim gv v{dmgqgmkm }|i |`wv8 dw lk em cvi dw }bk
ekglbditbiimv lkilt`~bw% ]bk Mt`liev tk ge }bk k`v} vkf}gie# }bk Vbgtjktv ge }bk
|kv}# `em }bk 2}b V}tkk}ktv# |bi e`okm }bkovkcqkv `a}kt ` ~iic b`cc ge }bkgt
vkf}gie# tk ge }bk fke}kt% ]bkvk v{dlti{~v lkekt`ccw i~kt`}k vk~`t`}kcw# d{} ekqktaglb} `oiel }bkovkcqkv% ]bkw `cvi hige aitfkv |bke }bk ekglbditbiim gv ge `ew
m`elkt g%k% gv }}`fjkm dw l`el atio ei}bkt ekglbditbiim/it }i li okvv |g}b
}bk fti|mv m{tgel dgl V`ge}v M`w akv}gq`cv v{fb v V`e}i Miogeli%
]bgv v}`lkm gefit~it`}gie ge}i }bk l`el gv ~t`f}gfkm |g}b jgmv atio kv}`dcgvbkm
a`ogcgkv ge }bk ekglbditbiim% Ge }bk k`tcw 077>v ` o`vvgqk |`qk ia ek| a`ogcgkv
googlt`}km ge}i ow ekglbditbiim# di{} b`ca g}v f{ttke} ~i~{c`}gie% Iek f`e vv{ok
}b`} q`tgi{v okfb`egvov |ktk mkqkci~km ge }bivk wk`tv }i dtgel }bk ek|cw ttgqgel
wi{}b ge}i }bk l`el%
Ow Geg}g`}gie Tg}kv8 Jegak c`w em ]bka}Ow Geg}g`}gie Tg}kv8 Jegak c`w em ]bka}Ow Geg}g`}gie Tg}kv8 Jegak c`w em ]bka}Ow Geg}g`}gie Tg}kv8 Jegak c`w em ]bka}Ow Geg}g`}gie Tg}kv8 Jegak c`w em ]bka}
Ow v~kfg`c v}`}{v o`w ok`e }b`} }bk tg}kv ia geg}g`}gie G |ke} }bti{lb |ktke} }w~gf`c#
}bi{lb viok okodktv b`qk }icm ok }b`} }bkw |ktke} vi mgaaktke} atio i}bktv%
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}i }}kem ei}bkt geg}g`}gie em mgv~kc ow mi{d}v%
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V|g}xktc`em em dkl`e ~c`wgel |g}b jegqkv |bke G |`v 2% Vi ei|# a}kt fie}ticcgelow geg}g`c ak`t# |bgfb |`ve} k`vw# G vjkm }bko ait }bk jegak em vbi|km }bko bi|
}i mi viok }tgfjv |g}b g} }b`} }bkw mgme} jei|%
]bk vkfiem oioke} fievgv}km ia ligel }i }bk ek`tdw Tidkt}i B{kodkv o`tjk}
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}bk i|ekt ia fci}bgel v}`cc |bgck }bkw v}ick viok |iokev {emkt|k`t# }bke c`}kt G
b`m }i vkcc }bko ge }bk ekglbditbiim% Ligel miit }i miit `em {vgel ow cgog}km
vifg`c ek}|itjv/G b`m iecw dkke cgqgel }bktk }|i |kkjv/G vicm }bk kglb} }ti{vktv ait
=6 ftmid`v% ]bkw li ait 4> ftmid`v ~gkfk ge }bk o`tjk}# d{} g}v eito`c }i vc`vb
}bk ~tgfk ait bi} liimv%
Vgefk }bk `e}bti~icilgv} ~ti~ivkv gooktvgie `em ei} fieqktvgie# G }tgkm }i
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D{} |bke ow ekglbditbiim |`v `}}`fjkm dw `e kekow l`el ge Eiqkodkt
0771# ow akcci| l`el okodktv kemkm {~ idvktqgel ow ~`t}gfg~`}gie% Ie }b`}
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`}}`fjktv% Ait ok g} |`v p{kv}gie ia vkca/mkakevk# d{} |bke g} |`v cc iqkt vkqkt`c
l`el okodktv }icm ok }b`} G |`v ei| iek ia }bko# }b`} }bkw fi{cm vkk }b`} G |`v
d`m# }b`} G ciqkm }bk ekglbditbiim `em |`v |gccgel }i mkakem g}% Kqke `ffk~}gel
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lk}}gel b{t} it ~`t}gfg~`}gel ge tiddktgkv# voijgel o`tgh{`e`%%%
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Dkgel ` l`el okodkt `v |kcc `v ` okodkt ia ` bi{vkbicm ge }bk ekglbditbiim
bkc~km ok ltk`} mk`c }i {emktv}`em }bk }}g}{mkv ia di}b }bk l`el okodktv em
}bkgt a`ogcgkv }i|`tm }bk ek| Cgdkt`c liqkteoke}v tk~tkvvgqk f`o~`gle `l`gev}
}bko ge c`}k H`e{`tw 077; ftmid`v }i 40> "ti{lbcw atio -06 }i -46'% ]bgv gv qktw
kr~kevgqk ait ` a`ogcw |bivk `qkt`lk oie}bcw gefiok gv dk}|kke 1>> `em 2>>ftmid`v%
@E @E]BTI^IC ILGV] GE @ O@E@L[@ L@EL
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0v# |bgfb kemkm tglb} a}kt }bk 077> kckf}giev#
vi }bkw cc jek| bi| }i {vk |k`~iev% D{} }bk okodktv ia }bivk agtv} l`elv tk ei}}bk l`el okodktv ia }im`w%
Ge ow ekglbditbiim# okodktv d`vgf`ccw b`qk }|i fbigfkv |bke }bkw tk`fb 44/
4= wk`tv icm% ]bk agtv} gv }bk oiv} fiooie8 }bkw v}`t} ` a`ogcw dw `ffgmke}# `em
ck`qk }bk l`el }i vbi| }b`} }bkw `tk tkv~ievgdck% Atio }bke ie# }bk o`hitg}w ia
}bko cgqk oiv} ia }bk }gok |g}bi{} |itj% ]bk vkfiem i~}gie gv }i oiqk ge}i }bk
|itcm ia b`tm ftgok% @ vglegagf`e} ogeitg}w kckf}v }bgv ti{}k% Ge ow ekglbditbiim#
`di{} 0;/4>+ dkfiok ~tiakvvgie`c ftgoge`cv%
G} b`v dkke vbi|e ge h{v} }bkvk vkqke wk`tv }b`} geaito`}gie ie bi| }i b`emck|k`~iev# mkqgvk fiod`} v}t`}klgkv `em ogcg}`tw jei|ckmlk ge lkekt`c b`v dkke
~`vvkm mi|e }bti{lb lkekt`}giev ia l`el okodktv% G}v go~it}`e} }i {emktv}`em
}bgv# dkf`{vk g} vbi|v }b`} }bk l`elv `tk o{fb oitk }b`e h{v} ` tkv~ievk }i }bk
v}t{f}{t`c v}go{c{v tk~tkvke}km dw }bk kr}kemkm {eko~ciwoke} }b`} Egf`t`l{` gv
v{aaktgel%
E`}{t`ccw# {eko~ciwoke} `em c`fj ia `c}kte`}gqkv `tk go~it}`e} a`f}itv ge
kr~c`gegel }bk l`el ~bkeiokeie# d{} }bkw tke} kei{lb% ]bk l`elv tk gev}g}{}giev
|g}b fkt}`ge ok`v{tk ia vifgi/f{c}{t`c {}ieiow em tk~tim{f}gqk f`~`fg}w }b`} gv
ei} }gkm iecw }i }bk vifgikfieiogf fie}kr}% ]bkgt oi}gq`}giev li dkwiem }b`} ia
dkgel v~`fkv ge |bgfb wi{}bv f`e iqktfiok }bk ditkmio ia b`qgel ei}bgel o{fb
}i mi dw ~tiqijgel# b`t`vvgel em }}`fjgel i}bktv%
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]bk agtv} l`el okodktv ia }bk 077>v# mickvfke}v |bi b`m cgqkm }bti{lb |`t#m`elkt# mk`}b em o`ew i}bkt aitov ia qgickefk ge }bk oi{e}`gev# v`w }b`} a}kt|`tm
}bkw |`e}km }i tk~k`} }bkvk mt`o`}gf kr~ktgkefkv% @diqk cc }bkw |`e}km }i tkf`~}{tk
}bk vifg`c v}`}{v }b`} ogcg}`tw cgak fieakttkm {~ie }bko dw ~ti{mcw vktqgel }bkgt
fi{e}tw%
]im`wv l`el okodktv mgme} jei| }bk |`t it mi ogcg}`tw vktqgfk% D{} ge }bk
at`ok|itj ia ` e`}gie`c vg}{`}gie ge |bgfb }bkw akkc cgjk ` civ} lkekt`}gie# }bkw
figefgmk |g}b }bivk ia wkv}ktm`w ge }bkgt mkvgtk }i `fbgkqk ` vifg`c v}`}{v |g}b
~tkv}glk% ]bkw }bkovkcqkv v}`}k }b`} }bkw mie} b`qk ew a{}{tk em }b`} Egf`t`l{`
mikve} kg}bkt%
]bkw tk |g}bi{} |itj em |g}bi{} vifg`c tkv~kf}`dgcg}w% ]bkw tk cvi |g}bi{}
`ew ~ivvgdgcg}w ia v}{mwgel% Mkv~g}k ~{dcgf liqkteoke} v}`}koke}v }b`} }bk oie}bcw
v}{mke} akkv ~c{v `ei}bkt fb`tlk ait k`fb age`c kr`o `tk v{~~ivkmcw qic{e}`tw#
vfbiicv tk v}gcc tkp{gtgel }bko ge }bk e`ok ia vfbic`v}gf {}ieiow% ]bkvk akkv
`tk vgo~cw ei} |g}bge }bk tk`fb ia ~iit a`ogcgkv# kv~kfg`ccw ga }bkw b`qk oitk }b`e
iek vfbiic/`lk fbgcm# |bgfb oiv} mi% A`fkm |g}b }bgv mk`m/kem ~tiv~kf}# }bk iecw
|`w }bkvk }kke`lktv f`e vkk }i ftk`}k }bkgt i|e vifg`c tick gv dw `aagtogel }bkgt
~tkvkefk }bti{lb ` l`el }b`} `vv`{c}v# tidv# aglb}v `em krktfgvkv i}bkt aitov iaqgickefk% G}v ei} h{v} }bkgt tick d{} }bkgt ogvvgie8 }bkw vkk }bkovkcqkv `v m{}w
di{em }i mkakem }bkgt ekglbditbiim `em }b`} lgqkv }bko }bk tglb} }i `}}`fj `ew
i{}vgmktv |bi m`tk }i qke}{tk ge}i }bkgt }{ta%
]bkgt Gmke}g}w Gv Ge }bk D`ttgi]bkgt Gmke}g}w Gv Ge }bk D`ttgi]bkgt Gmke}g}w Gv Ge }bk D`ttgi]bkgt Gmke}g}w Gv Ge }bk D`ttgi]bkgt Gmke}g}w Gv Ge }bk D`ttgi
M{tgel }bgv mkf`mk# }bk akkcgel ia gmke}g}w b`v dkfiok qktw cif`cgxkm% Ow l`el
gmke}gagkv v}tielcw |g}b }bk ekglbditbiim `v g} |`v m{tgel }bk Vioifgv}` wk`tv ia
}bkgt ~`tke}v }gok8 ` o`tlge`c `em kr}tkokcw m`elkti{v d`ttgi% Iek ia ow l`elatgkemv ~ti{mcw }icm ok iefk }b`} }bivk |bi cgqkm bktk dkaitk |ktk tk`ccw }i{lb%
]bkw li} tkv~kf}% Ei iek f`ok ge bktk# eidimw% Wi{ f`ok ge iek vgmk ie aii} em
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|ke} i{} }bk i}bkt ge ` dir% Ge }bivk m`wv kqke }bk L{`tmg` ZVioix`v E`}gie`cL{`tm_ |`v `at`gm }i fiok ge bktk% ]bk ekglbditbiim |`v ` }bk`}kt ia qgicke}
fieatie}`}giev m{tgel }bk e}g/Vioifgv}` gev{ttkf}gie ge 07
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]bgv tkv~ievk tkackf}v viok}bgel go~it}`e} }i jkk~ ge ogem |bke `e`cwxgel}bk vifg`c ~bkeiokeie ia }bk l`elv% ]bkw vbi{cm dk fievgmktkm v ficckf}gqkv# v
fioo{eg}gkv# ei} h{v} `v h{r}`~ivkm lti{~v |g}b ei itmkt it b`toiew% Ge ow
ekglbditbiim g} f`e dk v`gm }b`} }bk l`el gv }bk iecw kr`o~ck ia itl`egx`}gie |g}b
fii~kt`}gqk vicgm`tg}w# dkf`{vk kqke }bk a`ogcgkv tk at`loke}km% ]bk a`ogcw G cgqk
|g}b# ait kr`o~ck# gv mgqgmkm ge}i }btkk mgv}gef} lti{~v# |bgfb v{tqgqk ie mgaaktke}
gefiokv }b`} tk ekqkt vb`tkm oiel }bko%
]bk l`el okodktv {emktvfitk }bk go~it}`efk ia vicgm`tg}w |g}bge }bkgt l`el v
v}tielcw `v }bkw c`oke} }bk `}iogx`}gie ia }bkgt fioo{eg}w% ]bkw ~ige} i{} }b`} `
l`el okodkt b`v tkv~ievgdgcg}gkv# iek ia |bgfb dkfiokv idqgi{v }i ew idvktqkt
ia ` l`el aglb}8 ei l`el kqkt ck`qkv iek ia g}v okodktv ie }bk d`}}cklti{em%
\b`}kqkt }bk m`elkt# |i{emkm okodkt gv tkvf{km dw }bk i}bktv dkaitk tk}tk`}gel%
E`}{t`ccw# }bgv gv ~`t}cw m{k }i }bk cilgf ia }bk aglb}v# |bivk idhkf}gqk gv }i f`~}{tk
it i}bkt|gvk gef`~`fg}`}k okodktv ia }bk tgq`c l`el |bi b`qk v~kfg`c p{`cg}gkv%
Eiek}bkckvv# g} gv cvi vgle ia }bk vicgm`tg}w lkekt`}km oiel l`el okodktv%
Vicgm`tg}w Gebktg}km Atio V`emgegvoi9Vicgm`tg}w Gebktg}km Atio V`emgegvoi9Vicgm`tg}w Gebktg}km Atio V`emgegvoi9Vicgm`tg}w Gebktg}km Atio V`emgegvoi9Vicgm`tg}w Gebktg}km Atio V`emgegvoi9
]bk l`el okodktv ge ow ekglbditbiim v`w }b`} }bgv vicgm`tg}w/|g}b |bgfb }bkw bkc~
k`fb i}bkt em }`jk f`tk ia }bk ekglbditbiim/fiokv atio V`emgegvoi% ]bkw vkk
}bkovkcqkv v }bk bkgtv ia }bk V`emgegv}` q`c{kv ia vicgm`tg}w em ficckf}gqk |itj%
M{tgel }bk 0771 kckf}gie f`o~`gle# }bk l`el mgv}tgd{}km AVCE ~ti~`l`em` em ~{}
tkm `em dc`fj d`eektv `em ~iv}ktv `ciel }bk v}tkk}v `a}kt g} |`v `eei{efkm }b`}
AVCE ~tkvgmke}g`c f`emgm`}k M`egkc It}kl` |`v fiogel }i }bk ekglbditbiim%
@cc l`el okodktv ge ow ekglbditbiim# 0>>+ ia }bko# tk V`emgegv}`v% \bgck
}bgv fkt}`gecw b`v e geac{kefk ie }bkgt gmkicilw ia vicgm`tg}w# }bk okoitgkv }b`} }bk
o`hitg}w tk}`ge ia }bk V`emgegv}` ~ktgim tk go~tkfgvk dkf`{vk }bkw |ktk qktw wi{el
ge }bivk wk`tv% ]bkgt qgk|v |ktk ~tid`dcw gebktg}km atio }bk agtv} lkekt`}gie ia l`el
okodktv%
@E @E]BTI^ICILGV] GE @ O@E@L[@ L@EL
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]bk f{ttke} okodktv }kem }i gmk`cgxk em ow}bgaw }bk ~`v}% @e kr`o~ck ia }bgvgv }bkgt lcitgagf`}gie ia }bk bgv}itw ia }bk ekglbditbiim dkaitk g} |`v tkd{gc} dw }bk
V`emgegv}` liqkteoke}# kqke }bi{lb g} |`v iek ia }bivk |g}b }bk oiv} |tk}fbkm
~iqkt}w ge O`e`l{`%
]bk l`el okodktv b`qk ` v}tiel vkevk ia }kttg}itw% K`fb okodkt gmke}gagkv
|g}b bgv ekglbditbiim `em vkkv g} `v bgv }{ta% ]bkw `cvi i~kt`}k ge i}bkt
ekglbditbiimv# d{} ei} |g}b }bk v`ok `}}g}{mk ia tkc`}gievbg~ }b`} }bkw b`qk |g}b
}bkgt i|e% G} f`e dk v`gm }b`} }bk l`el okodktv b`qk ` v}tiel akkcgel ia vifg`c
tkv~ievgdgcg}w# } ck`v} }i|`tm }bkgt i|e ekglbditbiim%
M{tgel |`t |g}b }bk l`el atio ekglbditgel d`ttgi# ow atgkemv itl`egxkm
}t{fk ait }bk bi{vkv# |bgfb |ktk v{aaktgel atio }bk oit}`t ftivv agtk dk}|kke }bk
}|i d`emv% ]bk l`elv tk`fbkm e ltkkoke} }i oiqk }bkgt |`t }i ek{}t`c }ktt`ge
dk}|kke }bk }|i ekglbditbiimv# a`t atio }bk bi{vkv% V{fb vkevk ia fii~kt`}gie
dk}|kke v{~~ivkmcw kekow l`elv vbi{cm ei} dk }ii v{t~tgvgel% O`ew }gokv }bk
qktw l`el okodktv |bi ai{lb} wkv}ktm`w hige }ilk}bkt }im`w }i `}}`fj `ei}bkt
l`el: kqke }bi{lb }bkvk ccg`efkv tk ackk}gel# }bkw tk ei} gevglegagf`e}%
L`el Okodktv \bi @tk D`mL`el Okodktv \bi @tk D`mL`el Okodktv \bi @tk D`mL`el Okodktv \bi @tk D`mL`el Okodktv \bi @tk D`m
\bgck viok l`elv b`qk ako`ck okodktv# `cc `tk o`ck ge ogek% ]bk e{odkt ia
okodktv ltk| v}k`mgcw k`fb wk`t dk}|kke 077> em 077;# d{} vgefk }bke b`v bkcm
a`gtcw v}k`mw%
Ei} cc }kke`lktv ge ekglbditbiim lk} geqicqkm ge g}v l`el% Ait kr`o~ck# ow
ekglbditbiim b`v di{} 6#>>> geb`dg}`e}v# ia |bio viok tk mickvfke} o`/
ckv# em iecw di{} 0>> ia }bko dkciel }i }bk l`el%
\bw mi viok wi{el ~ki~ck dkfiok l`el okodktv `em i}bktv mie}9 ]bkkr~c`e`}gie ia }bk okodktv }bkovkcqkv gv }b`} viok tk d`m em i}bktv tke}%
Dkgel d`m gv ~{tk |bgo8 e `}}t`f}gie }i mkcgep{kefw# v}wck ia mtkvvgel/|k`tgel
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iekv }/vbgt} gevgmk i{}# ait kr`o~ck/it ` |`w ia }`cjgel/tkqktvgel }bk vwcc`dckv ia|itmv# vi }b`} iek gv eg}{` gev}k`m ia }{`eg "fiic'%
G}v cvi e }}g}{mk# vkevk ia b{oit# v |`v vbi|e ge }bk tokm tiddktw ia
` mg~cio`} dw }bk okodktv ia ow l`el% ]bkw b`m ei}gfkm }bk mg~cio`}gf ~c`}kv ie
` f`t ~`tjkm ie v}tkk} ge }bk ekr} ekglbditbiim |kcc jei|e ait mt{l v`ckv% \bke
}bk mg~cio`} f`ok i{} ia }bk vbi~# }bkw |ktk |`g}gel ait bgo |g}b e @J/=> bk |`v f`ttwgel# bgv tgelv `em |`}fb# bgv vbgt} `em bgv vbikv% D{}
}bkw mkfgmkm }i vbi| }bkgt tkv~kf} ait bgv iaagfk dw ck`qgel bgo }bk dkv} ~`t}8 bgv
a`efw f`t em bgv mt{l ~{tfb`vk%
D{} dkgel d`m gv oitk }b`e tiddgel# }`jgel mt{lv it b`elgel i{} em o`jgel
}ti{dck% G}v cvi b`qgel vkevk ia q`c{k# ia bieit# cdkg} bieit oiel }bgkqkv% G}v
akkcgel }b`} wi{ dkciel }i }bk ekglbditbiim em }i }bk l`el# |g}b }bk tkv~ievgdgcg}w
}b`} dkcielgel go~cgkv% L`el okodktv mie} h{v} bkc~ k`fb i}bkt: }bkw `cvi }t{v}
k`fb i}bkt ` ci}% @em }b`} }t{v} gv ` q`c{k }b`} gv lk}}gel kqkt b`tmkt }i agem ge }bk
fie}kr} ia Egf`t`l{`v f{ttke} ftgvgv%
]bgv }t{v} `em }bgv ciw`c}w `tk ~`t}cw tk`f}giev }i }bk vifg`c v}glo`}gx`}gie }b`}
}bk l`el okodktv v{aakt# c}bi{lb } ck`v} |g}bge ow ekglbditbiim em ~tid`dcw
o`ew i}bktv# }bgv v}glo` gv `odgl{i{v% ]bk geb`dg}`e}v `tk fiev}`e}cw ftg}gfgxgel
}bk l`el# d{} }bkw ekqkt aitlk} }b`} g}v okodktv tk }bk iekv |bi ~ti}kf} em }`jk
f`tk ia }bk ekglbditbiim%
\bi Higev ` L`el9\bi Higev ` L`el9\bi Higev ` L`el9\bi Higev ` L`el9\bi Higev ` L`el9
]bktkv ei fck`t fittkc`}gie dk}|kke okodktvbg~ ge l`el em }bk vifgikfieiogf
vg}{`}gie ia }bk okodktv a`ogcw% @c}bi{lb }bktkv ` ci} ia vifg`c mgaaktke}g`}gie ge
ow ekglbditbiim# }bk wi{}b ge }bk l`el `tk ei} okfb`egf`ccw atio }bk ~iitkv}
v}t`}`% @} }bk v`ok }gok# bi|kqkt# kfieiogfv gv `c|`wv `e go~it}`e} oi}gqk ge
}bk mkfgvgie }i hige% L`el okodktv f`e lk} }bkgt b`emv ie ci} ia oiekw }bti{lb
`vv`{c}v# }bka}v `em i}bkt d{vgekvv mk`cv% ]bkw {vk g} }i d{w lc{k }i vegaa# o`tg/
@E @E]BTI^ICILGV] GE @ O@E@L[@ L@EL
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h{`e` }i voijk# cgp{it }i lk} mt{ej ie# fb`tlkv ait }bkgt oit}`tv em d{cck}v ait }bkgtagtk`tov# m`llktv# `em fci}bkv/kv~kfg`ccw Egjk vbikv `em d`vkd`cc f`~v% Aiim#
}ii% ]bk `qkt`lk oie}bcw kr~kevkv ait ` l`el okodkt t`elk dk}|kke 4>> `em
=>> ftmid`v "-4>/=>'% ]bkw ekqkt v`qk oiekw: }bkw h{v} li ciijgel ait g} |bke
}bkw ekkm g}% ]bkw `cvi mie} vb`tk g} |g}b }bkgt a`ogcw# }bi{lb }bkw viok}gokv mi
|g}b akcci| l`el okodktv%
Eit f`e g} dk v`gm }b`} l`el okodktv ekfkvv`tgcw fiok atio a`ogcgkv |g}b
~tidcko`}gf bgv}itgkv/dtijke biokv |g}b vfkekv ia miokv}gf qgickefk# k}f% ]bk
iecw vwv}ko`}gf gemgf`}it Gqk dkke `dck }i idvktqk gv }b`} }bk q`v} o`hitg}w ia
}kke`lktv atio a`ogcgkv dkcielgel }i kq`elkcgf`c vkf}v mie} hige l`elv%
]bgv fi{cm dk m{k }i }bk v}tgf} kq`elkcgf`c gmkicilw# |bgfb i~~ivkv viok ia
}bk l`el `f}gqg}gkv/gefc{mgel voijgel `em mtgejgel% G} fi{cm `cvi dk dkf`{vk }bk
kq`elkcgf`c fb{tfbkv `tk vi itl`egxkm }b`} }bkw ~c`w ` vifg`c tick fio~`t`dck }i
}b`} ia }bk l`elv8 di}b tk gev}g}{}gie`c tkaktkefk ~ige}v }b`} iaakt gemgqgm{`cv vicgm
lti{~ fimkv ia fiem{f} ge e`}gie`c vk}}gel ge |bgfb o`ew ia }bk vifg`c l{gmkcgekv
b`qk dkke }t`evaitokm it b`qk mgv`~~k`tkm% \g}bge fie}kr} ia |tkefbgel fb`elk
`em lkekt`cgxkm gevkf{tg}w# a{cc ia k~bkokt`c }i{fbv}iekv# di}b }bk l`elv em }bk
kq`elkcgf`c vkf}v tk~tkvke} e kaait} }i fiev}t{f} vifg`c v~`fk |g}b mkagekm t{ckv#
|bktk }bk wi{}bv f`e akkc ~`t} ia lti{~ |g}b vifg`c gmke}g}w%
]bk gevkf{tg}w em ~tkf`tgi{vekvv }b`} fb`t`f}ktgxk Egf`t`l{` }im`w ~ktok`}k
}bk vifg`c v~`fk ge |bgfb }bk l`el okodktv tk vg}{`}km% ]bk l`elv tk vifg`ccw
v}t{f}{tkm `em v}t{f}{tgel% Kqke }bi{lb ek| q`c{kv# ok`egel# ~t`f}gfkv#
tkc`}gievbg~v em jgemv ia tkc`}giev koktlk |g}bge }bk vifg`c v~`fk }b`} }bkvk l`elv
fiev}g}{}k# }bkw tk v}gcc vg}{`}km |g}bge/`em v{ditmge`}km dw/` dti`mkt v~`fk |bgfb
`cvi vb`~kv }bkgt okodktv gmke}g}w% ]bgv dti`mkt v~`fk gv }bk e`}gie`c v~`fk#
|bgfb gv ge ftgvgv% Vgefk }bk l`el okodktv b`qk }i d{gcm }bkgt gmke}g}w ge di}b
v~`fkv# cc }bkgt f}giev tkackf} di}b }bk kv}`dcgvbkm itmkt em }bk iek }bkw o`e`lk}i kv}`dcgvb ge }bkgt l`el%
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]bk Kr~tkvvgie ia ` O`fbi F{c}{tk]bk Kr~tkvvgie ia ` O`fbi F{c}{tk]bk Kr~tkvvgie ia ` O`fbi F{c}{tk]bk Kr~tkvvgie ia ` O`fbi F{c}{tk]bk Kr~tkvvgie ia ` O`fbi F{c}{tk
Ge ` fi{e}tw |g}b ` f{c}{tk ia qgickefk# gv g} `ew v{t~tgvk }b`} l`el okodktv `tk
fb`t`f}ktgxkm dw ffke}{`}gel }b`} vifg`c ak`}{tk9 Ge fie}kr} ge |bgfb v}tkel}b gv
|b`} lgqkv v}`}{v# }bk |`w }i iqktfiok }bk v}tielkv} gv }i lk} bicm ia ` |k`~ie%
Egf`t`l{`v bgv}itw gv {ep{kv}gie`dcw go~tkle`}km |g}b qgickefk% G} b`v dkke
ioeg~tkvke} kqkt vgefk }bk V~`egvb fiep{kv}# em }bgv b`v aakf}km cc itl`egx`}gie`c
aitov ia cgak ge Egf`t`l{`% Qgickefk gv }bk ~tkakttkm ok}bim ait tkvicqgel ew jgem ia
fieacgf} ge o`fbi f{c}{t`c at`ok|itj: kqke }bk ckqkcv ia qgickefk |g}bge }bk bi{vkbicm
`tk p{g}k bglb% ]bk l`elv f`e }b{v cvi dk e`cwxkm v ftwv}`ccgx`}gie ia Egf`t`l{`eo`fbgvoi# }bti{lb }bk }}g}{mk ia l`el okodktv }i|`tm m`elkt# }bk ~tkog{o }bkw
~{} ie qgickefk v ` vifg`c kr~tkvvgie# }bkgt coiv} krfc{vgqkcw o`ck okodktvbg~#
}bk |`w }bkw tkc`}k }i |ioke# em vi ie%
]bk l`elv em }bkgt qgickefk tk ei} ~bkeioke` ge }bk gt% ]bkw b`qk cilgf
|g}bge }bkgt i|e vifg`c v~`fk em |g}bge }bk vifg`c v~`fk }b`} fiev}g}{}kv Egf`t`l{`e
vifgk}w% ]bkw `tk }bk aito }b`} viok wi{}bv `mi~} }i go~ivk }bkovkcqkv ie `
vifgk}w }b`} krfc{mkv }bko%
@e [efkt}`ge `em Fb`elgel Cilgf@e [efkt}`ge `em Fb`elgel Cilgf@e [efkt}`ge `em Fb`elgel Cilgf@e [efkt}`ge `em Fb`elgel Cilgf@e [efkt}`ge `em Fb`elgel Cilgf
Ei}|g}bv}`emgel `cc }bgv# ` ~ktakf} cilgf vbi{cm ei} dk vi{lb} ge }bk l`elv% ]bk
fieqke}gie`c kr~c`e`}gie ia gemgqgm{`c dkb`qgit# |bk}bkt g} dk ge kfieiogfv# vifgicilw
it i}bkt vifg`c vfgkefk mgvfg~cgekv# gv d`vkm ie }bk fiefk~} }b`} b{o`e f}giev tk
}bk ~tim{f} ia t`}gie`cg}w d`vkm ie fievgmkt`}giev }b`} gemgqgm{`cv o`jk di{} }bk
q`tgi{v ok`ev em kemv em f`{vkv em kaakf}v }b`} tk |g}bge }bkgt lt`v~% D{} g}
gv ia}ke ei} k`vw }i gmke}gaw }bkvk v{~~ivkmcw ge}ktcgejkm ~gkfkv# dkf`{vk }bk i~}giev
iek b`v } b`em `tk i~`p{k em gemk}ktoge`}k%
]bk odgl{g}w gebktke} }i }bk b{o`e fiemg}gie/|bgfb gv vglegagf`e}cw geftk`vkm
ge }bk fb`i}gf em e`tfbgf fie}kr} ia }im`wv Egf`t`l{`/ok`ev }b`} ~ki~ck ia}ke
@E @E]BTI^ICILGV] GE @ O@E@L[@ L@EL
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mie} p{g}k jei| |b`} }bkw `tk migel it }bk kaakf} }bkgt `f}giev fi{cm b`qk% ]bgvmikve} ok`e }b`} }bkgt f}giev tke} t`}gie`c# d{} }bk cilgf }bkw {vk mikve} kqkt
lk} }i }bk ~ige} ia dkgel vwv}ko`}gf% ki~ck tke} v v{tk ia kg}bkt }bkovkcqkv it
}bk |itcm ge |bgfb }bkw `tk cgqgel `v }bk vifg`c vfgkefkv ia}ke ~iv}{c`}k%
]bk |itcm gv ei} gooidgck: g}v c|`wv fb`elgel% Ait }b`} tk`vie# ~ki~ckv cgqkv
vbi{cm dk fievgmktkm v e e`tfbgf ~tifkvv ia ieligel fb`elk% B{o`e ge}kt`f}gie
gv ctk`mw odgl{i{v dkf`{vk cc o`egakv}`}giev ia fioo{egf`}gie dk}|kke b{o`e
dkgelv/}bk ft{r ia vifg`c ge}kt`f}gie/`tk `odgl{i{v: }bkw fiev}`e}cw ekkm
ge}kt~tk}`}gie% ]b`}v |bw o`ew oitk kr~ktgkefkv em ci} oitk }gok |gcc dk ekkmkm
ait }bk e}bti~icilgv} kqkt }i {emktv}`em }bk l`el okodkt%
@E @E]BTI^IC ILGV] GE @ O@E@L[@ L@EL
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4 tkfkgqk fieh{l`c qgvg}v% Oiv} hktj iaa it a{fj
p{kktv% @ ~itei ~c`wgel f`tm vkccv ait 4> ~kviv bktk `em bkc~v wi{ hktj iaa |kcc%
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D{} }bktkv `cvi ` p{kkt% Bk |`e}km ok }i a{fj bgo# d{} G mie} li ge ait }b`}%P{kktv o`jk ok vgfj: G mie} cgjk }bko% D{} vkqkt`c ~ki~ck bktk mi a{fj bgo# kqke
}bi{lb }bkwtk ei} p{kkt% ]bkw h{v} mi g} i{} ia ekfkvvg}w% ]bkw h{v} {vk bgo }i
tkcgkqk }bkgt vkr{`c kektlw% ]b`} p{kkt gv tk`ccw kaakoge`}k# d{} bkcc mkakem bgovkca
ga bk mikve} cgjk viokiek% ^g}`wiw` GG |`e}km }i a{fj bgo d{} }bk p{kkt mgme} ck}
bgo `em kemkm {~ v}`ddgel bgo%$ O`fbgvoi# |g}b `cc ia g}v qgvfkt`c tkhkf}gie ia
bioivkr{`cg}w# ~ktvgv}v ge h`gc# d{} {emkt }bkvk ~`t}gf{c`t fgtf{ov}`efkv }bk eit/
o`c t{ckv `tk v{v~kemkm `em fkt}`ge aitov ia dkb`qgit `tk `mog}}km% ]bk vkr{`c
cgak ia ~tgviekt mko`emv ei}bkt fimk%
]bk `fgm }kv}]bk `fgm }kv}]bk `fgm }kv}]bk `fgm }kv}]bk `fgm }kv}
]bktk gv jgem ia vifg`c v}t`}gagf`}gie ge ~tgvie% tgviektv fc`go }b`} }bivk geo`}kv
|g}b oiekw it |bi |ktk okodktv ia }bk tow it ~icgfk tk cci|km fkt}`ge c{r{tgkv
aitdgmmke }i oiv} ia }bk tkv}# cgjk fioait}`dck dkmv# fiijktv# tkatglkt`}itv# aiim
`em vi{em vwv}kov% ]i }bgv oitk gev}g}{}gie`cgxkm v}t`}gagf`}gie gv `mmkm `
v~ie}`eki{v iek8 }bk mgv}gef}gie dk}|kke icm ~tgviektv em ek| iekv%
$]bk icm iekv bktk }`jk }bk ek| iekv }bgelv#$ kr~c`gekm Tgf`tmi% $]bk icmkt
~tgviektv f`}fb }bko dw v{t~tgvk |bke }bkwqk h{v} `ttgqkm em }`jk |`w }bk cg}}ck
}bgelv qgvg}itv dtgel }bko |g}b vi o{fb v`ftgagfk% G mkakem }bk ek| iekv# ei} vi}bkwcc lgqk ok ew}bgel# }bi{lb ga G vjkm }bko }bkw |i{cm% G}v h{v} }b`} G mie} cgjk
~ki~ck }`jgel `mq`e}`lk ia }bko% G}v mgaaktke} ga wi{ v}k`c i{}vgmk%$ Viok ia }bk
icm geo`}kv# ~`t}gf{c`tcw }bk tk~k`} iaakemktv# dkfiok kr~kt}v ge h`gc% $Ge }bk
~keg}ke}g`tw vwv}ko#$ kr~c`gev A`} M`qgm# $}bkw }tk`} ok cgjk jgel% @cc }bk }bgkqkv#
}bk tk/km{f`}itv# }bk Oimkci bk`qgkv jei| ok% Vi |b`} b`~~kev9 ]bkw }tk`} ok
tk`c liim%$ ]bk d{mmw vwv}ko cvi |itjv ge ~tgvie% Icm d{mmgkv okk} {~ it geo`}kv
o`jk ek| d{mmgkv `em d{gcm {~ }bk v`ok dkekagfg`c tkfg~tifg}w `v ge }bk v}tkk}v8
$D{mmgkv b`qk }i vb`tk aiim# o`tgb{`e` em ft`fj%$
@v a`t v l`elv tk fiefktekm# h`gc tk~tkvke}v v{~ktgit ckqkc ia vifg`cgx`}gie
}b`} vktqkv }i ~tiakvvgie`cgxk l`el okodktv v}`}{v% tgvie gv vi{tfk ia ~tkv}glk
`oiel kp{`cv% G}v ` ak`}bkt ge wi{t f`~ dkf`{vk g}v vkke `v }bk v{~tkok }kv}%
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1=
^g}`wiw` GG fieagtov }bgv8 $Ge }bk v}tkk}v }bkw oglb} f} }bk T`odi# d{} |bke }bkwlk} }i h`gc }bkwtk vbg}}gel g}% V{tqgqgel h`gc gv }bk `fgm }kv} ia bi| liim wi{ `tk%$
Lkekt`ccw v~k`jgel# ~tgvie tk}{tev g}v |`tmv }i }bk fioo{eg}w |g}b ` ltk`}kt
f`~`fg}w }i fioog} ftgokv% @ffitmgel }i Dc`fj Kmmw# $]bktk `tk `di{} 6>>
Fioko{kt}iv`em `di{} ;> icm Fioko{kt}iv ge }bk Oimkci |bi `tk vktqgel
vktgi{vcw ciel vke}kefkv% ]bktk `tk 0
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1;
}bgejgel }b`} }bkwtk ctk`mw civ} em }bktkv ei}bgel }i dk miek di{} g}% D{} i}bktv}bgej di{} lk}}gel i{} ia }bgv% Bktk |k }`cj di{} |b`} |ktk ligel }i mi |bke |k
lk} i{}% Oiv} }bgej ~ivg}gqkcw% ]bivk |bi v`w }bkwtk ligel d`fj }i }bk v`ok }bgel
v`w vi dkf`{vk }bkw v}gcc akkc ~ti}kf}km bktk `em dkf`{vk }bkgt oi}bktv `tk v}gcc
v{~~it}gel }bko ge ~tgvie%$
]bk v}tkk} gv vfbiic# }bk ~tgvie# {egqktvg}w]bk v}tkk} gv vfbiic# }bk ~tgvie# {egqktvg}w]bk v}tkk} gv vfbiic# }bk ~tgvie# {egqktvg}w]bk v}tkk} gv vfbiic# }bk ~tgvie# {egqktvg}w]bk v}tkk} gv vfbiic# }bk ~tgvie# {egqktvg}w
D{} }bk f{c}{t`c h`gc go~ivkv g}vkca `em tk/iaakemgel gv ` ekqkt/kemgel }ko~}`}gie%
V{v`e`# ait kr`o~ck# ge}kemv }i li v}t`glb}# d{} gefc{mkv }bk ~ivvgdgcg}w ia }bk
iff`vgie`c c`~vk8 $\bke G lk} i{} Go ligel }i vb`~k {~% Gqk li} }i fb`elk dkf`{vk}bgv gv ei jgem ia cgak% G mie} |`e} }i okvv {~ l`ge% Gm cgjk }i |itj# vkccgel {emkt|k`t#
|`vbgel mgvbkv# |b`}kqkt% Ow m`{lb}ktv }btkk ei| em g}v }gok G fck`ekm {~ ow
`f}% O`wdk kqktw ei| `em }bke Gcc mi ` dg} ia ~k}}w }bka}# |bke }bktkv ei fi~v
`ti{em% G fi{cm |itj atio Oiem`w }i Atgm`w `em li i{} }bgkqgel ie V{em`wv# }i
lk} viok oiekw }ilk}bkt }i vk} {~ v`ckv v}`em% O`wdk }bktkcc dk ` tiddktw ie
V`}{tm`w em Gcc dk dck }i lt`d }bi{v`em ~kviv ge iek li%$
@ffitmgel }i iek }bkitw# gemgqgm{`cv `fp{gtk fkt}`ge dkb`qgitv `em `}}g}{mkv
}bti{lb vifg`c ck`tegel ~tifkvv# em ga }b`} dkb`qgit gv tk|`tmkm ge viok |`w g}
|gcc dk oitk atkp{ke}cw tk~k`}km% Tiddktw `v vi{tfk ia gefiok `em }bk kekogkvo`mk kr~c`ge }bk fioogvvgie ia ftgokv% Dc`fj Kmmw oke}giev }btkk vke}kefkv8
$Gqk dkke vke}kefkm }btkk }gokv ait f`{vgel vktgi{v geh{tw em }|gfk ait tiddktw%
]bgv |`v ow }bgtm }gok ge }bk Oimkci%
]bk agtv} }gok G |`v ge ait ` wk`t `em ` b`ca# }bk vkfiem ait }|i wk`tv `em }bk
}bgtm ait }btkkow vke}kefk |`v agqk wk`tv d{} G v|`~~km }bk c`v} }|i wk`tv ait
tkb`dgcg}`}gie ge }bk Kc `}tg`tfb` Ai{em`}gie%$ Ge }bk kem# bk cvi kvf`~km atio Kc
^`}tg`tfb`% Vgogc`tcw# A`} M`qgm v`wv }b`} bk ai{em }bk Citm |bgck ge }bk Oimkci
`em v|itk bk |i{cm ekqkt tid it voijk ft`fj `l`ge# d{} }b`} mgm ei} v}i~ bgo
atio tk/iaakemgel# }b`ejv }i gttkl{c`tg}gkv ge }bk h{mgfg`c ~tifkkmgelv% $Ok em ow
}|i dti}bktv `tk `cc ftgoge`cv% G |`v }bti|e ge h`gc ge 27% G dkcielkm }i ` l`el }b`}
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tiddkm fb`gev# |`}fbkv `em dt`fkck}v: |k tiddkm }bk C` ]`d`f`ckt` }id`ffia`f}itw em }bk Qgf}itg` dtk|ktw% Ge 7< G |`v vke} mi|e ait 4< wk`tv ait `}tifgi{v
o{tmkt `em f`ttwgel gcckl`c agtk`tov "@Jv# ltke`mkv# ` vbi}l{e'% ]bk h{tw bg} {v
|g}b 4< wk`tv# d{} |g}bge ` wk`t }bk vke}kefk |`v tkqijkm% Ow c`v} vke}kefk
|i{cm b`qk dkke ait 07 wk`tv ait tiddgel -0;#>>># d{} G |`v iecw ge ait vgr oie}bv
dkf`{vk }bkw fi{cme} ~tiqk `ew}bgel%$ Ge lkekt`c# l`el okodktv `ltkk }b`}
~`vvgel }bti{lb ~tgvie biekv }bkgt ~tiakvvgie`cgvo `em }bti|v }bko d`fj ie}i
}bk v}tkk}v ~tk~`tkm ait bglbkt f`cgdkt ftgokv%
Ei} fittkf}gel d{} ~{egvbgelEi} fittkf}gel d{} ~{egvbgelEi} fittkf}gel d{} ~{egvbgelEi} fittkf}gel d{} ~{egvbgelEi} fittkf}gel d{} ~{egvbgel
]i ~kek}t`}k }bk mkb{o`egxgel tk`cg}w ia ~tgvie# }bivk mk}`gekm }bktk b`qk }i dk
viok}bgel oitk }b`e idhkf}v }b`} tk }`d{c`}km em fi{e}km d{} ei} {emktv}iim%
F{d`e e`}gie`cgv} Hiv O`t} }tgkm }i fieqkw }i {v }bk ~`ge akc} dw }bk ~tgviekt8
$Geageg}k ~`ge vbi{cm dk }bk iecw e`ok ia }bkvk ~`lkv% Geageg}k ~`ge# dkf`{vk }bk
~`ge ia ~tgvie gv }bk b`tmkv}# }bk oiv} mkq`v}`}gel ia ~`gev }b`} jgccv ge}kccglkefk
`em mtgkv }bk vi{c ck`qgel g} ~kto`eke}cw o`tjkm%$
]bk vfgkefk ia ~{egvboke}# }bk }kfbeicilw ia kr~g`}gie b`v kqicqkm em }{tekm
ge ie g}vkca# |bgck ~tgvie b`v vci|cw }{tekm ge}i ` ~kto`eke} vifg`c agr}{tk% Atkefb
~bgcivi~bkt Ogfbkc Ai{f`{c} mkvftgdkm ~`t} ia }bgv ti{}k8 $Ga |k |ktk }i |tg}k `bgv}itw ia }bk vifg`c fie}tic ia }bk dimw# |k fi{cm vbi| }b`} kqke {~ }i }bk 02}b
fke}{tw }bk dimw ia gemgqgm{`cv |`v a{em`oke}`ccw ` v{ta`fk ie |bgfb }i gevftgdk
}it}{tk em ~{egvboke}: }bk dimw b`m dkke o`mk }i dk }itoke}km em ~{egvbkm%
]bti{lb }bk ok`ev ia fie}tic }b`} koktlkm ge }bk 07}b fke}{tw# }bk dimw fp{gtkm
` }i}`ccw mgaaktke} vglegagf`efk `em v}i~~km dkgel viok}bgel }b`} vbi{cm dk
}itoke}km }i dkfiok viok}bgel }b`} b`v }i dk km{f`}km# tkaitokm# fittkf}km# `
dimw }b`} vbi{cm fp{gtk ~}g}{mkv# tkfkgqk fkt}`ge p{`cg}gkv `em p{`cgaw v dimw
f`~`dck ia |itjgel%$
Ge okmgkq`c K{ti~k }bktk |`v `e gvioit~bgvo dk}|kke }bk ftgok `em }bk
~{egvboke}# `v mkoiev}t`}km ge M`e}kv Geaktei% ]bk e`}{tk ia }bk ~{egvboke}
}b`} dkakcc }bk dimw |`v mk}ktogekm dw }bk mkqg`}gie g} |`v }twgel }i fittkf}% Ge bgv
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1>4 g} |`v ` aito ia kfieiogf qgickefk% Vkke }bgv
|`w# |b`} |k b`qk gv ei} vi o{fb }|i mgaaktke} gev}g}{}giev v iek }b`} b`v kqicqkm
vglegagf`e}cw dk}|kke 077< em 4>>4%
]bk ~ivvgdck ~`}bv ia vifg`c }t`evaito`}gie `tk ekg}bkt idqgi{v eit fkt}`ge:
t`}bkt# }bkw `tk ` a{ef}gie ia ` |bick owtg`m ia a`f}itv# ~`t}gf{c`tcw |gmkt ~icg}gf`c
kfieiow gvv{kv% Ait kr`o~ck# }bk koktlkefk ia }bk mt{l }t`mk ge Egf`t`l{` em
}bk fiefiog}`e} kaakf}v ie }bk l`el `em g}v qgickefk gv `tl{`dcw ` tkv{c} ia }bk
~`t}gf{c`t e`}{tk ia }bk lcid`c kfieiow `em Egf`t`l{`v ~c`fk |g}bge g}% ]b{v }i
{emktv}`em }bk {emktcwgel e`}{tk ia }bgv wi{}b l`el }t`evaito`}gie# g} b`v }i dk
`e`cwxkm |g}bge }bk fie}kr} ia Egf`t`l{`v mkqkci~oke}# {emktv}`emgel }bk l`el
`v `e gev}g}{}gie kodkmmkm ge }bgv v~kfgagf fie}ke}%
Ge o`ew |`wv# fie}ko~it`tw Egf`t`l{` gv f`{lb} ge ~tkmgf`oke} ia qgfgi{v#
v~gt`cgel ftgvgv em vifg`c dtk`jmi|e% Qgickefk# fbtiegf ~iqkt}w em |b`} }bk [V
~icg}gf`c vfgke}gv} \gccg`o G% Tidgevie b`v f`cckm o`cmkqkci~oke} bicm }bk fi{e}tw
}glb}cw ge }bkgt ltg~v% ]bktk gv cg}}ck lti{em ait i~}gogvo# kg}bkt ge}kte`ccwfievgmktgel
}bk qke`cg}w em vkca/ge}ktkv}km fitt{~}gie }b`} fb`t`f}ktgxkv }bk fi{e}twv ~icg}gf`c
fc`vvit kr}kte`ccwge}kte`}gie`c `gm dkgel fiemg}gie`c ie aicci|gel }bk GOAv
d`ejt{~} ekicgdkt`c ~tkvftg~}giev% Oitkiqkt# }bk Egf`t`l{`e kfieiow v{aaktv atiovkqktk `em geftk`vgel god`c`efkv `em gv lkekt`ccw geftk`vgelcw {efio~k}g}gqk ge
}bk fie}kr} ia }bk lcid`c kfieiow%
ATIO VIFG@C ]I KFIEIOGF QGICKEFK
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2>4# mgtkf}gel g}v qgickefk
}i|`tmv kev{tgel }bk ~ti~kt i~kt`}gie ia mt{l o`tjk}v ait g}v i|e dkekag}# ei cielkt
~ti}kf}gel it f`tgel `di{} }bk cif`c ekglbditbiim% G}v itmktgel a{ef}gie |`v ei
cielkt lk`tkm }i o`ge}`gegel ekglbditbiim fioo{eg}w d{} vgo~cw }i o`ge}`gegel
` cif`c o`tjk} em dk}}ktgel }bkgt i|e cgqkv em }bivk ia }bkgt a`ogcgkv%
Atio }bgv ~ktv~kf}gqk# }bkgt qgickefk f`e dk p{`cgagkm v b`qgel dkke kfieiogf
ge e`}{tk% \b`} }bgv kqic{}gie f`e dk v`gm }i fiev}g}{}k# }bke# gv ` v}itw ia }|i
b`cqkv }b`} tkackf}v }bk kqic{}gie ia |gmkt Egf`t`l{` vifgk}w iqkt }bk ~`v} mkf`mk
it vi% ]bk agtv} b`ca# |bgfb f{coge`}km ti{em 0772# geqicqkm mkv~kt`}k }}ko~}
}i og}gl`}k }bk at`loke}gel ia Egf`t`l{`e vifg`c cgak }bti{lb }bk ftk`}gie ia `
tkv}tgf}km `em {c}go`}kcw {eqg`dck aito ia cif`c ficckf}gqk vifg`c itmkt# ` aito ia
cif`cgxkm vifg`c viqktkgle}w%
]bgv aito ia vifg`c itmktgel |`v cgog}km ge vfi~k# }`jgel }bk ekglbditbiim v
g}v `efbit ~ige} atio |bgfb }i "tk'd{gcm ` vifg`c go`lge`tw ge vifg`ccw at`f}{tkm
Egf`t`l{` t`}bkt }b`e `ew e`}gie`c it kqke fg}w/|gmk `efbit ~ige}# ait kr`o~ck%
D{} g} |`v vifg`c ge vfi~k# d{gcmgel ie }bk c`v} qkv}glkv ia `e k}biv dite ge }bk
bk`mw m`wv ia }bk tkqic{}gie`tw vifg`c }t`evaito`}gie%
]bk vkfiem b`ca ia }bk v}itw# ie }bk i}bkt b`em# gv `di{} ` }{tegel `|`w atio
}bk vifg`c# `di{} lt`v~gel ` ek| i~~it}{eg}w ait }bk fiev}t{f}gie ia ` ek|# gemgqg/
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m{`c/d`vkm# go~tiqkm |`w ia cgak }b`} koktlkm ge }bk aito ia }bk mt{l }t`mk `emmt{l/mk`cgel ke}tk~tkek{tvbg~%
]bkvk tk ei} fie}t`mgf}itw v}itgkv# bi|kqkt% Iek gv e`}{t`c fie}ge{`}gie ia
}bk i}bkt# `v ` vkfiem d{gcmgel ie }bk t{gev ia }bk agtv}% ]bk dgl ~gf}{tk# }bke# gv
iek ia fie}ge{gel }}ko~} }i kv}`dcgvb viok jgem ia v{v}`ge`dck |`w ia cgak ge }bk
~iit d`ttgivia fie}ko~it`tw {td`e Egf`t`l{` ie d`vgv }b`} b`v dkke fiev}`e}cw
vbtgejgel ge vfi~k ge }bk a`fk ia qgickefk# ~iqkt}w em }bk ktivgie ia bi~k%
G} b`v dkke vbtgejgel atio }bk ckqkc ia ekglbditbiim }i l`el/lti{~ }i gemgqg/
m{`c l`el okodkt/ke}tk~tkek{t# ge i}bkt |itmv `e gekrit`dck vcgmk atio }bkficckf}gqk }i }bk gemgqgm{`c @em }bgv vcgmk ogttitv }bk kqic{}gie ia Egf`t`l{`v
tkfke} bgv}itw# |g}b }bk }tg{o~b ia ekicgdkt`c gmk`v `em `vvifg`}km ei}giev ia
gemgqgm{`cgvo em }bk atkkmio ia o`tjk}v% @} }bk v`ok }gok# bi|kqkt# t`}bkt }b`e
vkkgel }bgv ~tifkvv ia mgvvifg`}gie atio }bk ficckf}gqk }i }bk gemgqgm{`c `v `
tkltkvvgie# }bk kqic{}gie ia Egf`t`l{`e l`elv f`e dk ge}kt~tk}km ge ei}bkt |`w%
Ditti|gel atio J`tc O`tr# }bk ~tiltkvvgie ia Egf`t`l{`e l`elv atio dkgel
vifg`ccw aif{vkm itl`egx`}giev }i kfieiogf`ccw aif{vkm iekv f`e dk vkke `v `
oiqk atio ` fkt}`ge aito ia go~iqktgvbkm ~tgog}gqk vifg`cgvo }i qkbgfckv ait
cif`cgxkm ~tgog}gqk `ff{o{c`}gie ~tifkvvkv% Ge o`ew |`wv# }bk dgllkt ~gf}{tk
k~g}iogxkm dw }bk kqic{}gie ia Egf`t`l{`e wi{}b l`elv gv iek ge |bgfb }bk tkc`}gqk
vifgikfieiogf kl`cg}`tg`egvo ia }bk 072>v em g}v kfbi ge}i }bk 077>v gv dkgel }ite
`~`t} dw vifgikfieiogf mgaaktke}g`}gie ~tifkvv% ]bk mt{l }t`mk ge Egf`t`l{` b`v
vglegagf`e}cw fb`elkm kqktwm`w cgak } }bk d`ttgickqkc# geg}g`}gel fiemg}giev ge |bgfb
l`el okodktv b`qk dkfiok viok}bgel ia cif`c ke}tk~tkek{tg`c kcg}k% Ait O`tr#
v{fb ` ~tifkvv ia vifgikfieiogf mgaaktke}g`}gie |`v }bk ekfkvv`tw agtv} v}k~ ait
oitk kr}kevgqk kfieiogf mkqkci~oke} ge }bk aito ia f`~g}`cgvo%
\bk}bkt }bk kqic{}gie ia Egf`t`l{`e l`elv tkackf}v `e gev}`efk ia }bgvmkqkci~oke}`c }t`evaito`}gie `} }bk cif`c ckqkc ge ` oitk lkekt`c fie}kr} ia
v}`le`}gie tko`gev }i dk vkke# d{} ge dti`mkt fie}kr} |bktk }bktk vkkov }i dk
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cg}}ck v~{ttgel ia `ew aito ia vifgikfieiogf ~tiltkvv# g} dk`tv }bgejgel `di{}% @}}bk v`ok }gok# gttkv~kf}gqk ia |bk}bkt g} tkackf}v ` ~ivg}gqk ~tifkvv it ei}# }bk
kqic{}gie`tw ~`}b ia Egf`t`l{`e l`elv dk}|kke 077< `em 4>>4 ~tid`dcw mikv
ei} dimk |kcc ait }bk fi{e}twv a{}{tk% @} |itv}# }bkw f`e ~i}ke}g`ccw dk vkke v }bk
b`tdgelktv ia ` Biddkvg`e b`gt/}tgllkt vifgk}w# |bktk }bk c`| ia }bk oiv} qgicke}
t{ckv `em cgak gv vbit}# e`v}w `em dt{}gvb# |bgck `} dkv}# `ffitmgel }i }bk a{t}bkt
mkqkci~oke} ia O`trv ~tgog}gqk ff{o{c`}gie tl{oke}# }bkw |i{cm dk vi|gel
}bk vkkmv ia o{fb c`tlkt a{}{tk "fc`vv' fieacgf}v%
ATIO VIFG@C ]I KFIEIOGF QGICKEFK
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Egf`t`l{`e Wi{}b L`elv8
Atio ]bti|gel V}iekv
}i Voijgel Tifjv
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Egf`t`l{`e Wi{}b L`elv8Egf`t`l{`e Wi{}b L`elv8Egf`t`l{`e Wi{}b L`elv8Egf`t`l{`e Wi{}b L`elv8Egf`t`l{`e Wi{}b L`elv8
Atio ]bti|gel V}iekvAtio ]bti|gel V}iekvAtio ]bti|gel V}iekvAtio ]bti|gel V}iekvAtio ]bti|gel V}iekv
}i Voijgel Tifjv}i Voijgel Tifjv}i Voijgel Tifjv}i Voijgel Tifjv}i Voijgel Tifjv
Egf`t`l{`e wi{}b l`el okodktv b`qk kqicqkm
atio }bti|gel v}iekv }i voijgel tifjv
ia fif`gek: atio ~c`e}gel }bkgt akk} agtocw ie }bk
lti{em ia }bk }kttg}itw }bkw ak`tckvvcw mkakemkm }i aci`}gel
ge }bk fci{mv ia ` mt{l bglb% Mt{l {vk `em mk`cgel b`qk }`jke
fke}kt v}`lk ge }bkgt `f}gqg}gkv%
HIV C[GV TIFB@HIV C[GV TIFB@HIV C[GV TIFB@HIV C[GV TIFB@HIV C[GV TIFB@
]bk oiv} mgv}gel{gvbkm oke}gie ia ` 07v wi{}b l`el okodkt ge Egf`t`l{` gv
ai{em ge Ktekv}i F`tmke`cv okoigtv ia }bk V`emgegv}` tkqic{}gie% Fb`tt`vf`
|`v }bk ei}itgi{v ck`mkt ia l`el mkmgf`}km }i ~k}}w }bka} em voijgel o`tgb{`/
e` ge }bk fg}w ia Cke% Bk `em bgv lti{~ ~tiqgmkm geq`c{`dck v{~~it} }i }bk
V`emgegv}` E`}gie`c Cgdkt`}gie Atie} ge g}v i~kt`}giev `l`gev} }bk E`}gie`c L{`tm
ge }bk 07
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~k`v`e}v cgqgel i{}vgmk ia }bk c`|# |bio }bk citm em }bk v}`}k fievgmkt ftgoge`cv#d{} |bi tko`ge |g}bge ~k`v`e} vifgk}w `em `tk fievgmktkm dw }bkgt ~ki~ck }i dk
bktikv# fb`o~giev# `qkelktv# aglb}ktv ait h{v}gfk# viok}gokv kqke cgdkt`}gie
ck`mktv# d{} ge ew f`vk ~ki~ck }i dk mogtkm# bkc~km em v{~~it}km% Bk mkvftgdkv
}bko `v oke |bi agem }bkovkcqkv krfc{mkm atio }bk eito`c ~`}b ia }bkgt ~ki~ck
`em }bktkaitk aitfkm i{}vgmk }bk c`| |bktk }bkw a`cc ge}i mkcgep{kefw% ]`jke
`v ` |bick# }bkw `tk oktkcw }bk vwo~}iov ia ftgvgv `em }kevgie ge }bkgt vifgk}w#
gefc{mgel b{elkt# ~c`l{k# |`t em |b`}kqkt kcvk mgv}it}v g}%
D{} Bidvd`|o mmv }b`} v{fb lti{~v ia d`emg}v# |g}b }bkgt aitfkv tkm{fkm dw
}gokv ia kg}bkt }tgd{c`}gie it bi~k# f`e {efievfgi{vcw }{te ge}i viok}bgel kcvk `}
ltk`} ~if`cw~}gf oioke}v% @v ge }bk f`vk ia H`q`# }bkw f`e oktlk ge}i }bk dti`m
oidgcgx`}giev ia ~k`v`e}v }b`} `d`emie agkcmv `em bi{vkv }i |`emkt }bti{lb }bk
fi{e}twvgmk a{cc ia kr`c}km bi~k% @c}kte`}gqkcw }bkw f`e }{te ge}i ~k`v`e} togkv#
`v ge G}`cw ge 0210# it dkfiok vicmgktv ia }bk tkqic{}gie# `v mgm G}`cwv cklkem`tw
d`emg} F`togek Ftiffi Miek}kccg ge 021>% Bidvd`|o fiefc{mkv }b`} d`emg}v `tk
q`cg`e} di}b ge }bkgt f}giev em v qgf}gov% ]bkw mgk mkag`e}cw em |kcc em fi{e}ckvv
wi{}bv atio ~iit ekglbditbiimv em v{d{tdv# |bi ~ivvkvv ei}bgel oitk }b`e }bk
fiooied{} bglbcw `~~tkfg`dcklga} ia aitfk `em q`cit# f`e gmke}gaw |g}b }bko%
Ge ` vifgk}w ge |bgfb oke cgqk v{ditmge`}km# `vvgv}`e}v }i ok}`c o`fbgekv it cgjkoiq`dck ~`t}v ia b{o`e o`fbgek# d`emg}v cgqk `em mgk |g}b }bkgt dii}v ie%
Cgjk oiv} ia }bk d`emg}v Bidvd`|o v}{mgkm# Fb`tt`vf` ok} ` }t`lgf kem% D{}
bgv cklkem cgqkm ie }i tkogem {v }b`} o`ew Egf`t`l{`e wi{}b l`el okodktv ia
}bk vkqke}gkv# e`qgl`}gel }bk bgv}itgf`c f{ttke}v ia }bk }gok# o`e`lkm }i lgqk }bkgt
mkqg`}giev em qgickefk vifg`c fie}ke}%
FFFFFb`tt`vf`b`tt`vf`b`tt`vf`b`tt`vf`b`tt`vf`8 ^tgefk ia }bk c{o~ke8 ^tgefk ia }bk c{o~ke8 ^tgefk ia }bk c{o~ke8 ^tgefk ia }bk c{o~ke8 ^tgefk ia }bk c{o~ke
Ktekv}i F`tmke`c mkvftgdkm }bgv l`el ck`mkt ge bgv diij C` tkqic{fge ~ktmgm`
Z]bk Tkqic{}gie Civ}_8 $G ok} Fb`tt`vf` ge F{d` aicci|gel }bk }tg{o~b Zia }bk
V`emgegv}` tkqic{}gie_% Bk |`v cgjk }bk ~tgefk ia }bk c{o~ke `em b`m dkfiok
a`oi{v }bti{lbi{} Egf`t`l{` v }bk }kttit ia }bk E`}gie`c L{`tm% ]bk l{`tmv t`e
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|bke }bkw bk`tm bgv fb`cckelgel qigfk `eei{efgel ge }bk m`tjekvv ia }bk eglb}8$Bktkv Fb`tt`vf`!$ ]b`} }gok ge F{d`# ge }bk ~ti}ific bi{vk ~tiqgmkm }i ok dw
B`wmk V`e}`o`t`# bk cga}km {~ bgv vbgt} em vbi|km {v cc }bk d{cck} bickv ge bgv
}bit`r% ]bktk |ktk vkqke}kke ge `cc% Bk b`}km }bk E`}gie`c L{`tm vi o{fb bk
fioog}}km `f}v ia kr}tkok ft{kc}w# v{fb `v }wgel {~ ` l{`tm |g}b d`tdkm |gtk#
~c`fgel bgo ge viok f`t }gtkv `em }bke vk}}gel agtk }i }bko% @em g} |`v }b`} b`}tkm
}b`} ckm bgo }i `ccw |g}b }bk V`emgegv}`v% ]bk `ccg`efk |g}b }bk AVCE gefc{mkm ei}
iecw Fb`tt`vf # d{} }bk |bick ia bgv l`el# fievgv}gel ia o`tgb{`e` voijktv# mt{ejv#
`e`tfbgv}v em vkog/ftgoge`cv |bi |ktk eiek}bkckvv qktw dt`qk `em fie}ticckm dw
ei iek krfk~} Fb`tt`vf`# |bio }bkw idkwkm dcgemcw%%%
$H{v} a}kt }bk }tg{o~b ia }bk tkqic{}gie# Fb`tt`vf` |`v go~tgviekm ge Kc Ait/
}e# ciel |g}b }bk ~tgviektv atio }bk Vioix` tklgok# ait viok jgem ia e}g/vifg`c
dkb`qgit% Go ei} v{tk ga bk |`v go~tgviekm oitk }b`e iefk% \b`} G mi tkokodkt
gv }|i it }btkk vkca/`ff{v`}giev }b`} ~~k`tkm ge }bk ek|v~`~kt ait kttitv it f}v ia
gemgvfg~cgek bk b`m fioog}}km# |tg}}ke |g}b }bk b{ogcg}w ia e Gle`}g{v ia Ciwic`% Ge
a`f}# }b`} |`v |bw bk b`m dkke vke} }i F{d`# |bktk G ok} bgo8 }i tkb`dgcg}`}k bgo
oitk% @a}kt bk tk}{tekm }i Egf`t`l{`# Fb`tt`vf` civ} bgv bk`m# jgcckm vkqkt`c
okodktv ia bgv a`ogcw "G f`e} tkokodkt ga bgv |gak |`v oiel }bko' em ackm ie
` oi}itdgjk ~{tv{km dw }bk ~icgfk% \bke }bk ~icgfk f`{lb} {~ |g}b bgo# bk }iiji{} bgv ~gv}ic `em jgcckm bgovkca% Bk mgkm ge }bk v`ok ~c`fk ge atie} ia }bk V`e
Akcg~k fb{tfb |bktk bk b`m dkke vbi} vi o`ew }gokv em cgqkm }i }kcc }bk }`ck%$
\\\\\g}b }bk kem ia }bkg}b }bk kem ia }bkg}b }bk kem ia }bkg}b }bk kem ia }bkg}b }bk kem ia }bkfie}t`fie}t`fie}t`fie}t`fie}t`|`t|`t|`t|`t|`t
dkgel ` l`el okodkt dkv}i|km v}`}{vdkgel ` l`el okodkt dkv}i|km v}`}{vdkgel ` l`el okodkt dkv}i|km v}`}{vdkgel ` l`el okodkt dkv}i|km v}`}{vdkgel ` l`el okodkt dkv}i|km v}`}{v
]bk `~~cgf`}gie ia }bk v}t{f}{t`c `mh{v}oke} ~tilt`o `em vc`vbgel ia }bk v}`}k
`~~`t`}{v geg}g`}km dw }bk V`emgegv}` liqkteoke} } }bk kem ia }bk kglb}gkv figefgmkm
|g}b }bk tk`~~k`t`efk ia wi{}b l`elv ge O`e`l{`% C`v g}{a`v# Civ ^g}{aiv# CivO`i O`i em Civ D`tgcifbk|ktk }bk oiv} a`oi{v }bke% Viok ia }bkgt okodktv#
|bi `tk ei| iqkt 6;# tkf`cc }bivk agtv} fc`vbkv dk}|kke wi{}b l`elv `v dtk`j
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m`efk fio~k}g}giev em aglb}v |g}b fb`fivZ}|i v}gfjv higekm dw vbit} fb`ge_ em}bk cgjk# d{} ekqkt |g}b agtk`tov% Vgogc`t l`elv |g}b vgogc`t fb`t`f}ktgv}gfv `cvi
koktlkm ge i}bkt C`}ge @oktgf`e fi{e}tgkv: }bkw f`ok }i dk jei|e `v o`t`vge
ekglbditgel fi{e}tgkv cgjk Kc V`cq`mit em Biem{t`v em ~`emgcc`vge Egf`t`l{`%
]bk Okrgf`e $fioo{egficilgv}$ Tivv`e` Tkl{gcci tkf`ccv bi| $}bk o`t`# }bk d`em#
}bk fcgp{k# }bk ftk| dkf`ok c}kte`}gqk aitov ia vifg`cgx`}gie em dkcielgel# tk/
e`v |bktk }bkw fi{cm fio~kev`}k ait }bk mgvkefb`e}oke} `em q`f{i{vekvv ia
~icg}gf`c ok`egel% Ge }bkvk `tke`v# v}tielcw fimkm `em fimgagkm ge }bk vkevk ia
bieit# o`ew C`}ge @oktgf`e wi{}bv ai{em `ev|ktv }i }bk lti|gel {efkt}`ge}w ia
}bk ekicgdkt`c itmkt }b`} vbi|km g}v aktifgi{v a`fk ge }bk kglb}gkv%$
@ffitmgel }i Dtg}gvb `e}bti~icilgv} Mkeegv Timlktv# o`ew okodktv ia }bgv
ek| |`qk ia l`el `f}gqg}w |ktk 01/ }i 02/wk`t/icmv |bi |ktk qk}kt`ev ia }bk
V`emgegv}` i~{c`t @tow it }bk Egf`t l{`e Tkvgv}`efk% ]bk l`elv di`v}km |kcc/
~c`eekm ogcg}`tw v}t`}klgkv `em tg}{`cgxkm d`}}ckv# |g}b ` lt`m{`c geftk`vk ge }bk
{vk ia m`elkti{v |k`~iev% ]bkw b`m ` |kcc/mkagekm v}t{f}{tk `em ` fkt}`ge
fioo`em ia ogcg}`tw }`f}gfv% Kqktw}bgel |`v ~c`fkm `} }bk vktqgfk ia }bk d{mmgel
}kttg}itg`ccw/d`vkm vko`e}gfv em eito`}gqk vkf}`tg`egvo }b`} geaitokm }bk wi{}b
l`el ft`xk%
@cc }bk gemgqgm{`cv Timlktv ge}ktqgk|km |bi dkf`ok okodktv ge }bk k`tcw
077>v oke}giekm }bk v`ok tk`vie ait dkcielgel }i ` wi{}b l`el8 }bk fb`elk ia
liqkteoke} ge 077> aicci|gel }bk AVCEv kckf}it`c mkak`} ckm }i ` mkq`c{`}gie ia
}bkgt vifg`c v}`}{v% ]bkw b`m ~tkqgi{vcw kehiwkm ltk`} mk`c ia tkfileg}gie ge }bkgt
tkv~kf}gqk vifg`c fie}kr}v `v mkakemktv ia }bk tkqic{}gie it $atkkmio aglb}ktv%$
Aitogel ` l`el dkf`ok ` |`w }i tk`aagto }bkovkcqkv ge ` vifgk}w }b`} t`~gmcw
`~~k`tkm }i dk aitlk}}gel }bko% G} |`v `cvi ` |`w }i tkf`~}{tk viok}bgel ia }bk
v}gcc `}}t`f}gqk `em `coiv} `mmgf}gqk mt`o` ia }bk `mtke`cge/# m`elkt/ `em mk`}b/
agcckm kr~ktgkefkv ia |`t }bkw b`m cgqkm }bti{lb v vicmgktv it l{kttgcc` aglb}ktv%
L{`}ko`c`e e}bti~icilgv} Tgf`tmi A`cc` cvi mk}kf}km }bgv tkc`}gievbg~ dk}|kke
}bk kem ia }bk |`t `em i{}dtk`jv ia l`el `f}gqg}w8 $Ei} {ecgjk }bk geftk`vgel
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e`}gie`cgvo ia tkfke} wk`tv# ~k`fk ok`ev }b`} }bk v}t{f}{tk ia dg~ic`t fieatie}`}gielgqkv |`w `em }bk fi{e}tgkv i|e ge}kte`c }kevgiev tgvk }i }bk v{ta`fk% @a}kt }bk
|`tv# qgickefk tko`gekm ge }bk `gt# `v mgm }bk jei|/bi| }i b`emck `tov `em
o`e{a`f}{tk bioko`mk |k`~iev# |bgck itl`egxkm ftgok lti{~v tko`gekm# |bgfb
|bgck mgaaktke} atio }bk wi{}b o`t`v# `~~k`t }i v}tkel}bke }bko kg}bkt mgtkf}cw
dw {vgel }bkoit gemgtkf}cw%$
Ait Timlktv# }bk wi{}b l`elv `em }bkgt qgicke} ~t`f}gfkv ~tiqgmkm }bk
~i~{c`}giev ia ~iit ekglbditbiimv fieftk}k vkevk ia dkcielgel }b`} }bkw c`fjkm
ie }bk fg}w it e`}gie`c ckqkc m{k }i }bk fbtiegf `em |gmkcw mgvvkoge`}km gevkf{tg}w
~tkmioge`}gel `} }bk }gok ge Egf`t`l{`% Timlktv ai{em }b`}# `~`t} atio }bkkq`elkcgf`c fb{tfbkv it vo`cc ek}|itjv ia atgkemv it lti{~v }b`} ge}ktog}}ke}cw
ok}# }bktk |ktk ei `c}kte`}gqk aitov ia ficckf}gqk wi{}b itl`egx`}gie }i }bk wi{}b
l`el ge }bk O`e`l{` ekglbditbiim ge |bgfb bk mgm bgv agkcm |itj% Bk }b{v qgk|km
}bk l`elv v c`v} tkmi{d} ia vifg`c ficckf}gqg}w ge fie}kr} ia lkekt`cgxkm mgv}t{v}
`em vifg`c }iogx`}gie%
EEEEEkglbditbiim mkakemktv |g}b ` fimk ia bieitkglbditbiim mkakemktv |g}b ` fimk ia bieitkglbditbiim mkakemktv |g}b ` fimk ia bieitkglbditbiim mkakemktv |g}b ` fimk ia bieitkglbditbiim mkakemktv |g}b ` fimk ia bieit
Atio }bke ie# tiddktw dkf`ok ` a`qitg}k l`el `f}gqg}w# d{} }bk okodktv ekqkt~{} }bkgt gccgfg} k`tegelv ge}i }bk a ogcw kfieiow% ]bkw |ktk c|`wv p{gfj }i v~kem
}bko ie fgl`tk}}kv# cfibic# vbik lc{k ait vegaageliek ia }bk fbk`~kv} em oiv}
fiooie mt{lv `q`gc`dckit o`tgb{`e`# `cc ia |bgfb }kemkm }i aito ~`t} ia l`el
fiev{o~}gie% Ge 0777# tkvk`tfbktv atio O`e`l{`v Fke}t`c @oktgf`e [egqktvg}w
"[F@' fiem{f}km vkfiem tkvk`tfb v}{mw ie wi{}b l`elv ge }bk fi{e}tw% Iek ia
}bkgt agemgelv |`v }bk vkevk ia ` ekglbditbiim $dimw$ d{gc} {~ dw }bk mgaaktke}
aitov ia l`el ogcg}`efw% ]bgv dimw gefc{mkm m{c}v v ~tiqgmktv ia tov# o{eg}giev#
oiekw# geaito`}gie `em ~ti}kf}gie atio }bk ~icgfk `em qgf}gov ~ti}kv}v% ]b`}
kr~c`gev |bw l`elv |ktk oke}giekm v b`qgel {~ }i 2> okodktv%
]bk l`el okodktv {v{`ccw kehiwkm dti`m `ffk~}`efk |g}bge }bk fieagekv ia
}bkgt i|e ekglbditbiim% ]bkw |ktk vkke v g}v mkakemktv# |bgck i}bkt l`elv atio
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i}bkt ekglbditbiimv |ktk vkke v }bk }btk`}% Aglb}v dk}|kke okodktv ia tgq`cl`elv}bkgt o`ge `f}gqg}wb`m ` lti{~ idhkf}gqk `em ` vktgkv ia gemgqgm{`c
dkekag}v# gefc{mgel }bk d{gcmgel {~ ia tk~{}`}gie# tkv~kf} em ~i|kt% ]bk wi{}bv
|bi fie}ticckm }bk ekglbditbiim keaitfkm }bkgt c`|% ]bgv tick `v ekglbditbiim
mkakemktv em cklgvc`}itv |`v okfb`egvo }b`} geftk`vkm }bkgt v}`}{v em tkv~kf}%
]bk aglb}v v`}gvagkm }bkgt b{elkt ait go`lk `v }bkgt a`ok }t`evfkemkm }bkgt ekglb/
ditbiimv cgog}v%
Ait }bk l`el }i a{ef}gie v `e gev}g}{}gie# g} b`m fimk ia bieit# }`fg} vk} ia
t{ckv }i |bgfb kqktwiek v{dog}}km% Iek ia }bk o`ge t{ckv |`v }bk ~tibgdg}gie ia
tiddktw |g}bge }bk ekglbditbiim% ]bk l`el okodktv |ktk ~ti}kf}itv ia }bkgt
ekglbditbiim em fi{cme} kem`elkt g}v geb`dg}`e}v it {emktogek }bk tkv~kf} }bkw
b`m d{gc} {~% Ei} v|gemcgel }bkgt dti}bktv/ge/}bka} |`v ei}bkt ia }bk fimkv d`vgf
`t}gfckv% [V ftgogeicilgv} Km|ge V{}bktc`em ai{em e gmke}gf`c vk} ia t{ckv oiel
[V }bgkqkv8 fbk`}gel ie ficck`l{kv dw mkfc`tgel ckvvkt oi{e} }b`e |`v f}{`ccw
v}icke em ~ifjk}gel }bk mgaaktkefk |`v }bk oiv} bittgdck ftgok go`lge`dck% @oiel
}bk l`el okodktv atio O`e`l{`v Tk~`t}i Vfbgfj ekglbditbiim# dkgel ` veg}fb
|`v }bk |itv} ~ivvgdck iaakefk em |`v vkqktkcw ~{egvbkm%
Iek ia V{}bktc`emv geaito`e}v mkvftgdkm }bk fimkv tick `em }bk fkev{tk ia
geaito`e}v# kr~c`gegel }b`} |bgck ak| oit`c t{ckv |ktk kv}`dcgvbkm `oiel }bk
}bgkqkv# }bktk |ktk e{odkt ia }`fg} t{ckv% G} |`v ffk~}km dw cc }b`} }bktk fi{cm
dk ei geaito`e}v% F`vkv ia geaitogel tk vi t`tk }b`} }bkw d`tkcw oktg}km oke}gie%
Ga ` }bgka mgm geaito# }bk i}bktv |i{cme} v}ii~ }i }bk v`ok ckqkc }i lk} kqke: }bkw
b`m oitk kaakf}gqk ok}bimv% @cc }bkw ekkmkm }i mi |`v v~tk`m }bk ek|v }b`} bk
|`v veg}fb em bgv }bgkqgel m`wv |ktk iqkt%
Veg}fbgel kem`elktv }bk lti{~v qktw v{tqgq`c% Ge }bk wi{}b l`elv# }bk vkevk
ia ciw`c}w }i }bk ficckf}gqk gv `} }bk fitk ia }bkgt t`gvie m}tk% Vi veg}fbgel gv }bk
oiv} ft{kccw ~{egvbkm ftgokit mkqg`e} dkb`qgit# ga wi{ cgjk% ^{egvboke}v gefc{mkl`el t`~k em vb`qkm bk`mv ait |ioke em dk`}gelv it o{tmkt ait oke%
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7>;# |g}b ` fb`elk ge oi}gq`}giev# ~tifkm{tkv `em ko~b`vgv ie
`f}gqg}gkv% ]bk dgllkv} fb`elk# atio |bgfb i}bktv `cvi v~t`el# fi{cm dk v{ookm
{~ `v }bk l`el okodktv ~`vvgel atio }bti|gel v}iekv }i voijgel ft`fj% ]bkw
|ke} atio b`qgel }bkgt akk} ~c`e}km ie }bk lti{em }bti{lb }bk mkakevk ia }bkgt
}kttg}itw }i aci`}gel ge }bk fci{mv ie ` ft`fj/gem{fkm bglb% ]bgv mikve} go~cw }b`}
l`el okodktv mgme} mi ft`fj# o`tgb{`e`# lc{k it fif`gek dkaitk# d{} g} mikv
kr~tkvv ` fb`elk ge }bk ko~b`vgv ia }bkgt `f}gqg}gkv% Mt{l {vk `em mk`cgel b`qk
}`jke fke}t`c ~c`fk# ke}gtkcw mgv~c`fgel }bk mkakevk ia }bk ekglbditbiim it aglb}vie kekow }{ta%
]bk oiv} `f}gqk wi{}b l`el okodktv `tk ei| oitk {e|gccgel }i lgqk
geaito`}gie `di{} }bkgt `f}gqg}gkv% Viok |itj `v mt{l $o{ckv#$ `em }bkw cc jei|
kqke }bk oiv} geeif{i{v mt{l i{}ck} |g}bge t`mg{v ia iek jgciok}kt em atkp{ke}cw
b`qk geaito`}gie ie mk`cgel ge ekglbditbiimv ` ciel |`w atio }bkgt i|e% ]bkw
b`qk }i ~ti}kf} ei} iecw }bkovkcqkv d{} cvi }bk |bick fio~ckr ek}|itj ge |bgfb
}bkwtk gevkt}km8 }bk mk`cktv |bi v{~~cw }bko `em vbi|kt }bko |g}b lga}v# }bk
fcgke}v |bi mko`em vkftkfw# }bk ekglbditv |bi fiqkt ait }bko `em }bk ~icgfk
|bi vkcc }bkgt vgckefk em ficc`dit`}gie } bglb ~tgfk%
]bkwtk ei cielkt idvkvvkm |g}b mk`}b% ]bk tifj# }bk hige} em }bk cgek tk }bk
kvf`~k ti{}kv# }bk cgejv }b`} {eg}k}bktkv ` ci} ia ficckf}gqk {vk`em }bk
`f}gqg}gkv }b`} kel`lk `em ~tiqgmk v}`}{v% ]bk ek| iff{~`}giev ia mt{l {vktv it
~{vbktv fi{cm dk `} ck`v} ge ~`t} }bk kaakf} ia }bk l`el okodktv ${egqktvg}w%$ @v
A`cc` ~{}v g}# $Ga }bk v}tkk} gv }bk wi{}b l`elv vfbiic# }bke h`gc gv }bkgt {egqktvg}w%$
Viok l`el okodktv G ge}ktqgk|km m{tgel tkvk`tfb ~tihkf} ge 0777 |ktk cgejkm
}bti{lbi{} }bkgt v}`w ge O`e`l{`v Oimkci ~tgvie }i vo`cc lti{~v ia mt{l mk`cktv%
D{} v{fb cgejv tk iecw iek `v~kf} ia }bk fb`elk# iek ia }bk ffgmke}`c fiemg}giev
}b`} o`mk g} ~ivvgdck% ]bk v}t{f}{t`c fiemg}gie |`v }bk o{c}g~cgf`}gie ia }bk mt{l
}t`mk ge Egf`t`l{` iefk }bk dgl f`t}kcv |ktk aitfkm }i agem `c}kte`}gqk ti{}kv }b`}
kemkm {~ ~`vvgel }bti{lb Fke}t`c @oktgf`%
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Oitk mt{l {vk tkp{gtkv oitk gefiok% Wi{}b l`el okodktv b`qk }i i~} aitckl`c `em fbk`~kt mt{lvv{fb `v `cfibicgf dkqkt`lkv}i `qigm }bk v}glo` ia
dkgel ftgoge`cv `em h{v} dk fievgmktkm mg~vio`eg`fv% I}bkt|gvk# }i `c|`wv
b`qk kei{lb oiekw ait mt{lv# }bkw b`qk }i kel`lk ge o{llgelv it `tokm tiddktw
`em }b{v b`qk }i dk`t }bk v}glo`% Iek }bgel ck`mv }i }bk i}bkt8 mt{l {vk kefi{t`lkv
tiddktw% ]bk ckvv m`tgel }{te ge}i $|k} fci}bkv }bgkqkv#$ ke}ktgel ekglbditv w`tmv
}i v}k`c tkfke}cw |`vbkm fci}bkv b`elgel ie }bk cgekv% ]bk l`el okodktv b`qk
v}i~~km mkakemgel }bkgt ekglbditbiimv `em ei| `~~k`t oitk }b`e `ew}bgel cgjk
h{qkegck mkcgep{ke}v |bi v}k`c ge d`fjw`tmv `em ie }bk v}tkk}# em b`el i{} }i }bk
~ige} }b`} }bkw akkc oitk gmke}gagkm |g}b }bk c`dkc $d{o$ }b`e $wi{}b l`el okodkt%$
@@@@@ek| gmke}g}w `em wi{elktek| gmke}g}w `em wi{elktek| gmke}g}w `em wi{elktek| gmke}g}w `em wi{elktek| gmke}g}w `em wi{elkt
O`ew wi{el ~ki~ck }`cj di{} dkgel ~`t} ia lti{~# d{} }bkw mie} c|`wv gmke}gaw
g} v l`el# atkp{ke}cw tkvktqgel }b`} c`dkc ait ekglbditgel lti{~v# |bgfb }bkw v}gcc
f`cc dw e`okv }b`} b`qk vgefk dkke `d`emiekm% @v ` tkv{c} ia }bgv mgvvic{}gie ia
gmke}g}w# }bk ficckf}gqkv `tk fbtgv}kekm |g}b ckvv bieit`dck }g}ckv }b`} o`jk ` q`/
l{k tkaktkefk }i viok ak`}{tk ge }bk `tk` |bktk }bkw cgqk it `cc{mk }i }bkgt o`ge
`f}gqg}w% $]bk iekv atio }bk ~`qkm ~`t}#$ $}bk m{fj v}k`cktv$%%% ]bgv mkfcgek ge
gmke}g}w gv cgejkm }i }bk mklt`m`}gie ia }bk fimk ia bieit%
]bk `d`emieoke} ia ` fievgmkt`dck ~`t} ia }bk fimk `em g}v `llc{}ge`}gel
k}bgf |`v iek ia }bk oiv} lc`tgel vwo~}iov ia }bk fb`elk }`jgel ~c`fk ge
Egf`t`l{`e l`elv kqke dkaitk 4>>4 `em |bgfb gv ei| p{g}k kqgmke}% Ie }bk iek
b`em }bk tkc`rgel ia }bkgt k}bgf gv vvifg`}km |g}b }bk civv ia ge}kte`c l`el fibkvgie#
` ~bkeiokeie mgtkf}cw tkc`}km }i mt{l mk`cgel% Ie }bk i}bkt# }b`} v`ok c`rg}w
ok`e} }b`} }bk l`el okodktv v}`t}km v}k`cgel ge }bkgt i|e d`ttgi `em v}i~~km
dkgel ~ktfkgqkm `v g}v mkakemktv ge ` t`~gm ktivgie ia }bkgt vifg`c f`~g}`c% ]bk
mt{lv qktw kaakf}v b`qk tkc`rkm iefk v`ftkm fc`{vkv ge }bk fimk# v{fb `v ei}tiddgel atio ekglbditv% ]bk ekglbditv q{cekt`dgcg}w gv `e kr~tkvvgie ia }bk
mk}ktgit`}gie ia }bk vifg`c f`~g}`c ia di}b }bk l`el okodktv em }bk ekglbditbiim%
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Ge 4>>4# Timlktv ai{em }b`} }bk l`el okodktv |ktk ei cielkt god{km |g}b }bkk}biv ia ciqk ait }bk ekglbditbiim: t`}bkt }bkw |ktk ~ktfkgqkm `v e ge}gogm`}gel
`em }btk`}kegel ~tkvkefk%
@ei}bkt fb`elk gv }bk `lk t`elk ia l`el okodktv% Ge 0777# }bkw }kemkm }i
dk dk}|kke 02 `em 4; wk`tv icm# d{} dw ei| oiv} `tk viok|bktk dk}|kke 0;
`em 02% O`ew ia }bk ck`mktv em i}bkt icmkt okodktv tk ge ~tgvie% @~~ti`fbgel
`m{c}biim `em }bktkaitk ei cielkt dkgel ~ti}kf}km dw }bk Fimk ait Fbgcmtke `em
@mickvfke}v gv mgvgefke}gqk ait l`el f}gqg}gkv% G}v v ga }bkw akkc }b`} $}bgelv lk}
vktgi{v$ |bke }bkw ftivv }bk cgek ge}i ckl`c `m{c}biim% Viok ia }bko }b{v ck`e
}i|`tm i}bkt `f}gqg}gkv% Dkgel ` mt{l o{ck it vk}}gel {~ ` mt{lv i{}ck} gv `e ia}keckvv m`elkti{v em coiv} geq`tg`dcw ckvv qgvgdck |`w }i fioog} ftgok# em cvi
iaaktv ~kf{eg`tw mq`e} lkv% G} kqke cci|v }bko }i f{} mk`cv |g}b }bk ~icgfk oitk
k`vgcw% Bi|kqkt# ge 4>>1 |k v}gcc ai{em }b`} o`ew l`el okodktv ge}ktqgk|km ge
0777|bi } }bk }gok |ktk oiel }bk oitk qk}kt`e okodktv em tk f{ttke}cw
|kcc ge}i }bkgt }bgt}gkvjk~} {~ `e ge}ktog}}ke} l`el f`tkkt ge}ktt{~}km iecw dw `
ak| v}ge}v ge ~tgvie em iff`vgie`c geqicqkoke} ge vo`cc l`elv ia m{c} vv`gc`e}v%
]]]]]t`evaitokm# mwe`ogf# {efio~tiogvgel%%%t`evaitokm# mwe`ogf# {efio~tiogvgel%%%t`evaitokm# mwe`ogf# {efio~tiogvgel%%%t`evaitokm# mwe`ogf# {efio~tiogvgel%%%t`evaitokm# mwe`ogf# {efio~tiogvgel%%%
]bk o`ge }t`evaito`}giev kr~ktgkefkm dw Egf`t`l{`e wi{}b l`elv# }bke# `tk `
tkm{f}gie ge }bkgt `qkt`lk `lk# ` mti~ ge }bk e{odkt ia fc`vbkv# civv ia ge}ktkv}
ge mkakemgel }bk ekglbditbiim# ` tkc`rgel ia }bk fimk ia bieit# v}k`cgel atio
~ki~ck ge }bkgt i|e ekglbditbiim# e ktivgie ia }bk }t{v} ~ki~ck ge }bk ekglbditbiim
akc} }i|`tm }bk l`el okodktv# }bk mgvvic{}gie ia }bk l`el okodkt gmke}g}w# }bk
l`elv `}iogx`}gie `em ` ~tgo`tw ge}ktkv} ge mt{l {vk `em mk`cgel% Kqke }bi{lb
o`ew ia }bkgt ck`mktv `em i}bkt okodktv b`qk dkke fieagekm }i }bk fi{e}twv
o`ge ~tgviev# }bk l`elv tk ~tiqgel {ewgkcmgel# |g}b e ~~`tke}cw cgog}ckvv f`~`fg}w
}i tkft{g} ek| okodktv% ]bk kem{t`efk ia oiv} l`el e`okv# }bk mgvvkoge`}gie
ia }bk cklkem ia o`ew ia }bkgt okodktv em }bk ~ktvgv}ke}ga tkm{fkmtkft{g}oke}
`cc tkackf} }bkgt v}t{f}{t`c {}ieiow%
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]bk gev}g}{}gie`cgx`}gie ia }bkgt mwe`ogvo gv ~ktfk~}gdck ge vkqkt`c gmke}g}w/dkv}i|gel okfb`egvov% Viok ia }bkvk okfb`egvov ~ktvgv} |g}b }bk v`ok qglit#
v{fb `v ~ktvie`c egfje`okv }b`} kqijk }kttit it vkltkl`}gie }t`evo{}km ge}i `
vwodic8 X`~`}g}i H{egit# X`w`we# C` ^`e}kt`# L`tlicg}`# F{ci mk ]`dc`# Kc L`}i#
Kc Fbgfbi Tkefi# C` F`tc` ]{kt}`# L`ccg}i# kc Litmi O`e{kc# @e}gftgv}i# ]tkv Ihiv#
]`di Fbge}`ei%%% I}bktv b`qk |k`jkekm# cgjk }bk fiev}t{f}gie ia v}tgf}cw mkcgog}km
`em aktifgi{vcw mkakemkm gmke}g}gkv8 }bk ~ivg}gqk gmke}g}w ia }bk |`ttgit# }bk iek
|bi $|itjv iqkt$ it $b`tov#$ v i~~ivkm }i }bk ekl`}gqk gmke}g}w ia ~kc{fbkv em
lgcdkt}iv Zti{lbcw }t`evc`}km `v $ogcj vi~v$ `em $hktjv#$ tkv~kf}gqkcw_% ]bgv
i~~ivg}gie em }bk v{~tko`fw ia }bk $b`toa{c$ iqkt }bk $hktj$ o`mk vkevk |bke#
`v `e}bti~icilgv} Liex`ci V`t`q idvktqkm `oiel wi{el @tlke}gek`ev# $}bk
mko`tf`}gie dk}|kke iek `em }bk i}bkt gv }bk ~`t}gfg~`}gie `em geqicqkoke} ge
v}tkk} f{c}{tk% ]b{v }bk gvic`}km iekv tk }bivk |bi mie} vb`tk }bk t{ckv# q`c{kv
`em ~t`f}gfkv fb`t`f}ktgv}gf ia }bk ekglbditbiimv mioge`e} wi{}b f{c}{tk% @cvi
f`cckm lgckv dw }bk dkcielktv# }bkw cgqk ge }bk v`ok ekglbditbiim# li }i vfbiic it
|itj# mie} mi mt{lv em mie} lk} geqicqkm ge qgicke} em)it ftgoge`c f}gqg}gkv%$
MMMMMt{lv8 Akt}gcgxgel }bk l`elv lti|}bt{lv8 Akt}gcgxgel }bk l`elv lti|}bt{lv8 Akt}gcgxgel }bk l`elv lti|}bt{lv8 Akt}gcgxgel }bk l`elv lti|}bt{lv8 Akt}gcgxgel }bk l`elv lti|}b
Vgefk }bk c`}k egek}gkv }bktk b`v dkke ` tkfitmkm kr~`evgie ia mt{l {vk `em
mk`cgel ge Egf`t`l{`% Ge a`f}# }bk v~tk`m ia mt{l }t aagfjgel gv ` ~tidcko |bivk
vktgi{vekvv em ~i}ke}g`c }i lkekt`}k fb`iv |`v gmke}gagkm } ck`v} v ciel li v
077=% ]bk [eg}km E`}giev Mkqkci~oke} tilt`o "[E^M' b`v gmke}gagkm mt{l {vk
`em }t`aagfjgel `v }|i ia }bk o`ge ~tidckov a`fgel gemglkei{v fioo{eg}gkv ge
Egf`t`l{`v F`tgddk`e fi`v}% ^ki~ck ge o`ew `tk`v ia }b`} q`v} `em v~`tvkcw
~i~{c`}km tklgie lti| o`tgb{`e` em ~tim{fk ft`fj |g}b fif`gek ge}tim{fkm atio
Ficiodg`%
]bk Ogegv}tw ia Liqkteoke} kv}go`}kv }b`} `e `qkt`lk ia 1#>>> ~ki~ckfiev{okm mt{lv ie ` m`gcw d`vgv ge Egf`t`l{` ge 4>>4% @ v{tqkw miek ` wk`t
k`tcgkt dw }bk E`}gie`c Fi{efgc ait }bk Aglb} l`gev} Mt{lv ai{em }b`} ;%0+ ia o`ck
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0> 0
bglb vfbiic v}{mke}v }iij ft`fj# 0>%;+ voijkm o`tgb{`e` em ;%%;#>>>
geb`dg}`e}v dk}|kke 077< `em 4>>0%$ ]bk e{odkt ia mt{l i{}ck}v tivk atio 2;>4% Ge viok fg}gkv# v{fb `v Dc{kagkcmv ie }bk F`tgddk`e
fi`v}# mt{l i{}ck}v ~tiv~kt tglb} {emkt }bk eivk ia }bk E`}gie`c icgfk%
Ge 4>>0# }bk E`}gie`c ^icgfk tklgv}ktkm }bk krgv}kefk ia =>7 mt{l i{}ck}v ge
O`e`l{`v kglb} mgv}tgf}v# ia |bgfb 42+ "00;' tk ge mgv}tgf} Q# |bgfb gv |bktk }bk
Tk~`t}i Vfbgfj ekglbditbiim gv cif`}km% ]bk i{}ck}v ge }b`} mgv}tgf} coiv} b`qk
oiei~icw iqkt fif`gek `em o`tgb{`e`# fiefke}t`}gel 11+ ia `cc fif`gek v`ckv
i{}ck}v ge }bk f`~g}`c `em ;7+ ia g}v o`tgb{`e` i{}ck}v% ]bk ~{dcgf v`ak}w
`vvkvvoke} fb`tlkm }b`} $mgv}tgf} Q k`vgcw krfkkmv cc i}bkt mgv}tgf}v ge }bk e{odkt
ia i{}ck}v$ `em `vvifg`}km }bk mt{lv diio |g}b lti|gel `q`gc`dgcg}w f`{vkm dw
Egf`t`l{` dkgel {vkm v }t`evg} fi{e}tw% ]bk $v~gcciqkt kaakf}$ ck`qkv ~`t} ia }bk
mt{l ge }bk fi{e}tw }i dk vicm ait cif`c fiev{o~}gie dkf`{vk itl`egxkm ftgok ~`wv
cif`c mk`cktv ge mt{lv% @ffitmgel }i A`cc`# $|g}b lcid`cgx`}gie# mt{l }t`aagfjgel gvgeftk`vgel }bti{lbi{} }bk |itcm em }bk l`elv ge }bk [eg}km V}`}kv tk o{c}g~cwgel
dkf`{vk }bkw tk }bk mt{l tk}`gcktv% Viok}bgel vgogc`t gv b`~~kegel |g}b }bivk ge
Fke}t`c @oktgf`8 mt{lv tk ~i|kta{c akt}gcgxkt ait }bk lti|}b ia }bk o`t`v%$
O`twv a{cc ia lt`fk }t`qkc {~O`twv a{cc ia lt`fk }t`qkc {~O`twv a{cc ia lt`fk }t`qkc {~O`twv a{cc ia lt`fk }t`qkc {~O`twv a{cc ia lt`fk }t`qkc {~
`em mi|e }bk tklgie`em mi|e }bk tklgie`em mi|e }bk tklgie`em mi|e }bk tklgie`em mi|e }bk tklgie
]bk ~tkakttkm |`w }i }t`ev~it} mt{lv gv }i {vk |ioke o{ckv% ]bk }t`aagfjktv
fie}t`f} }bko dkf`{vk }bkwtk ckvv cgjkcw }i ti{vk }bk v{v~gfgie ia }bk ~icgfk# }bk~`}ticv it ti`m dcifjv mie} c|`wv b`qk ako`ck ~icgfk iaagfktv }i mi ` dimw vk`tfb
`em }bkgt vjgt}v f`oi{ac`lk }bk bgmmke oktfb`emgvk dk}}kt% ]bkw ekqkt }t`qkc
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`ciek: }bkwtk c|`wv ffio~`egkm dw oke tk`mw }i iaakt i{} dtgdkv |bke g} ciijvcgjk }bkw oglb} dk mgvfiqktkm% ]bivk kvfit}v cvi |`}fb }bkgt kqktw oiqk# kev{tgel
}bkw mie} o`jk iaa |g}b }bk liimv%
$Iefk# |bke G |`v h{v} v}`t}gel i{}# G }tgkm }i ~{} iek iqkt ie }bko#$ G |`v }icm
dw @elkc`# `e kr~ktgkefkm o{ck# $vi G li} iaa ge Biem{t`v }i vkcc }bk ~`fjk}v ia
fif`gek }bktk% ]bkw lt`ddkm ok `em vbi|km ok ~bi}iv ia dk`}ke |ioke `em
fbgcmtke f{} {~ ge}i cg}}ck ~gkfkv% Wi{ }bgej wi{tk ligel `ciek9 \kcc wi{tk ei}#
}bkw }icm ok% Iek |`tegel |`v kei{lb ait ok%$
]bk o{ckv ~gfj {~ }bk ~`fjk}v ge Fiv}` Tgf`# O`e`l{` it Dc{kagkcmv em }`jk}bko ie }i L{`}ko`c` |t`~~km ge qktw ackrgdck c{oge{o aigc }b`} oicmv g}vkca }i
}bk vb`~k ia }bk dimw% ]bk ~`fjk}v `tk lkekt`ccw `}}`fbkm }i }bk cklv {vgel
`mbkvgqk }`~k% Cwft` vbit}v `em }btkk vjgt}v `tk }bk ~tkakttkm fbigfk }i kev{tk
mgvftkk} ~`vv`lk% Vkqkt`c jgcilt`ov f`e dk }t`ev~it}km }bgv |`w% Viok o`e`lk
}i }`jk vgr it oitk# k`tegel [V-1>> ait k`fb ~`fjk}% @ei}bkt |`w gv }i v|`cci|
}bk fif`gek ~`fj`lkm ge vo`cc $iq{ckv$ }gkm |g}b fitm }i aito o~i{ckv }bk vgxk
ia e m{c} agelkt% ]bk }t`aagfjktv ~`w -4> ait k`fb $agelkt$ }t`ev~it}km atio Egf`/
t`l{` }i L{`}ko`c`% ]bk f`ttgktv f`e} k`} it mtgej `} `cc ke ti{}k% Viok o{ckv
o`e`lk }i v|`cci| iqkt 04> $agelktv%$ ]bgv aito ia }t`aagfjgel |`v lt`~bgf`ccw
~it}t`wkm ge }bk tkfke}cw mgv}tgd{}km Ficiodg`e agco $O`tw# A{cc ia Lt`fk#$ |bgfb
tkfkgqkm e @f`mkow @|`tm eioge`}gie ait dkv} f}tkvv%
Ie }bkgt hi{tekwv }i Dc{kagkcmv# o`ew o{ckv kem {~ d{wgel ` jgci atio cif`c
mt{l divvkv |gccgel }i vkcc g} }i }bko } ci| ~tgfk# ~ktb`~v ti{em -=>># ait }bkgt
i|e dkekag}% ]bkw }`jk g} d`fj }i O`e`l{` em ~c`fk g} ge vo`cc i{}ck}v it vkcc g} ie
}i cif`c mt{l divvkv }bktk% G}v `c|`wv oitk ~tiag}`dck ait }bk }t`aagfjktv }i vkcc
}bkgt mt{lv ge }bk [eg}km V}`}kv: ge a`f}# }bk a{t}bkt eit}b }bkw f`e ~c`fk }bko# }bk
bglbkt }bk ~tgfk% Oiv} ia |b`}v vicm ge Egf`t l{` `oi{e}v }i vb`qgelv atio }bk
c`tlk/vf`ck }t`mk# }bk oge{vf{ck agcgelv tkv{c}gel atio }bk atgf}gie ia }bk ltk`} aci|eit}b%
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Fieekf}km |g}b }bk d`ttgi mt{l kfieiowFieekf}km |g}b }bk d`ttgi mt{l kfieiowFieekf}km |g}b }bk d`ttgi mt{l kfieiowFieekf}km |g}b }bk d`ttgi mt{l kfieiowFieekf}km |g}b }bk d`ttgi mt{l kfieiow
]bk oiv} go~it}`e} f`}`cwv} ia l`el `f}gqg}gkv ge }bk c`v} }|i wk`tv b`v dkke }bk
{vk `em mk`cgel ia mt{lv% \bgck mt{lv `tke} h{v} {vkm dw l`el okodktv# }bk
l`el f`e viok}gokv dk }bk ~c`fk |bktk i}bkt wi{el ~ki~ckv mt{l {vk `em cgejv
|g}b mt{l mk`cgel dklge%
]bk ge}tim{f}gie ia mt{lv }tgllktkm e kqic{}gie ge }bk qgicke} em gccgfg} f}gqg}gkv
ia fkt}`ge wi{el ~ki~ck% Timlktv ai{em ge 4>>4 }b`} }bk l`el |`v fcivkcw
fieekf}km |g}b bgv ekglbditbiimv mt{l kfieiow: }bkw ~`t}gfg~`}km ge mk`cgel em
{vgel fif`gek# ~`t}gf{c`tcw ft`fj# ` fif`gek mktgq`}gqk vicm ge $tifjv%$ Timlktv
v}`}km }b`} }bk l`el# `v }bk mioge`e} itl`egx`}gie ge o`e`lgel gev}t{oke}v ia
qgickefk ge }bk ekglbditbiim# |`v gmk`ccw ~ivg}giekm }i ~tiqgmk }bk jgem ia tkl{c`}gie
tkp{gtkm ait cif`c mt{l mk`cgel# |bgck }bk ekglbditbiim mk`ckt# }w~gf`ccw ` aitokt
l`el okodkt# |`v cgejkm }i }bk l`el ge |`w }b`} cci|km bgo }i geqicqk g} ge bgv
d{vgekvv% Ge g}v dg`ee{`c tk~it} ait 4>>= em 4>>;# }bk Egf`t`l{`e B{o`e Tglb}v
Fke}kt "FKEGMB' oke}giekm }b`} $viok ia }bkvk wi{el ~ki~ck ge }bk wi{}b l`elv
`tk `cvi mkmgf`}km }i ~ti}kf}gel `em ~tiqgmgel geaito`}gie }i }bk ekglbditbiim
mt{l mk`cktv# tk~tkvke}gel e keitoi{v ~i}ke}g`c ait itl`egxkm ftgok%$
\\\\\bw }bk vwodgivgvbw }bk vwodgivgvbw }bk vwodgivgvbw }bk vwodgivgvbw }bk vwodgivgv
dk}|kke mt{lv `em l`elv9dk}|kke mt{lv `em l`elv9dk}|kke mt{lv `em l`elv9dk}|kke mt{lv `em l`elv9dk}|kke mt{lv `em l`elv9
Mt{lv b`qk vb`~km di}b }bk ~{t~ivk `em atkp{kefw ia }bka}% ]bka} {vkm }i dk
oi}gq`}km dw |`e}gel }i b`qk v}itw }i }kcc it }bk ekkm ait oiekw ait tov# mt{lv
it gmke}g}w/dkv}i|gel okfb`egvov cgjk }`}}iiv em dt`em/e`ok fci}bkv% Ei| mt{lv
`dvitd coiv} cc cgfg} em gccgfg} gefiok% ]bk e{odkt ia i{}ck}v gv mgtkf}cw ~ti~it}gie`c
}i }bk qg}`cg}w ia }bk wi{}b l`el em }bk f`cgdkt `em e{odkt ia tov } g}v mgv~iv`c%
]bk l`elv ~{dcgf ~tkvkefk b`v fb`elkm `em b`v v}i~~km dkgel lti{~/itgke}km%
Ga ieligel mt{l {vk |`v gefio~`}gdck |g}b }bk l`elv ~tkqgi{v o`ge `f}gqg}waglb}gelg}v lti{~ ~tkvkefk ge ~{dcgf `tke`v gv ei| gefio~`}gdck |g}b g}v ek|
o`ge idhkf}gqkmt{l mk`cgel%
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Iek wi{el o`e }icm ok ge 4>>6 ok }b`} }bk l`elv atio `} ck`v} }btkkekglbditbiimv |ktk v}tielkt `v ` tkv{c} ia }bk mt{l aci|% Ge }bk @{l{v}i Fv`t
V`emgei ekglbditbiim# |bktk }bk l`el |`v ` cg}}ck ck}b`tlgf# }bktk |`v iecw iek
}t`qkcgel mk`ckt# ai{t lc{k i{}ck}v `em }btkk ft`fj `em o`tgb{`e` i{}ck}v% Ge
fie}t`v}# }bk `tk` fie}ticckm dw }bk o{fb/ak`tkm l`el f`cckm C` Oit` b`m agqk
lc{k i{}ck}v `em 02 ft`fj `em o`tgb{`e` i{}ck}v% ]bk ltk`}kt cgejv dk}|kke }b`}
l`el em }bk mt{l i{}ck}v ok`e} }b`} }bkgt tvke`c ia ~gv}icv em @J/=< {}io`}gf
tgackv |ktk }bk keqw ia i}bkt l`elv% G} |`v fiooie jei|ckmlk }b`} Civ V`cvktiv#
Dicktiv`em Fkqgfbktivb`m @J/=>> figefgmkm |g}b
}bk ~icgfk mgvo`e}cgel ia iek ia }bk v}tielkv} mt{l i{}ck}v ge }bk `tk`# ~tkvgmkm
iqkt dw ^kci mk Cc{qg` Zcg}kt`ccw $T`ge B`gt$_% Iek ia }bk l`el okodktv }icm ok
}b`} ^kci mk Cc{qg`v d{vgekvv |`v atkp{ke}km dw $tgfb jgmv `em ~icgfk iaagfktv%$
$]bk ~icgfk d{v}km g} ge 4>>>#$ bk kr~c`gekm% $D{} }bkw |ktk atio }bk c`x` mkc Vic
~icgfk bk`mp{`t}ktv# dkf`{vk }bivk atio }bk Mgv}tgf} Q v}`}gie |ktk |itjgel |g}b
bgo%$
]bktk `tk ` e{odkt ia mgaaktke} tk`viev ait }bk fittkc`}gie dk}|kke l`elv
`em mt{lv% ]bk l`elv b`qk gefit~it`}km mt{lv ge}i }bkgt t`elk ia kvvke}g`c f}gqg}gkv
`em gefke}gqkv}bktkv ltk`}kt v}go{c{v }i tid |bktk }bk ~ivvgdgcg}gkv ia d{wgel
mt{lv `tk ltk`}kt% ]bk ~icgfk geqicqkm ge }bk mt{l fgtf{g}v oglb} dk ~tiqgmgel
`tov }i }bk l`el okodktv oiv} gevkt}km ge}i }bivk fgtf{g}v# |bi f`e }b{v `aaitm
}bko% ]bk l`elv f`e l{`t`e}kk }b`} fio~k}g}gie mikve} ~kek}t`}k mk}ktogekm
o`tjk} egfbk# |bgck l`el aglb}v iff`vgie`ccw vktqk v mgqktvgie`tw }`f}gf }i mt`|
`}}ke}gie `|`w atio }bk dgl agvb ge }bk mt{l }t`mk `em }bkgt ~tkogvkv it kqke }i
h{v}gaw b`dg}{`c gef{tvgiev ge}i }bk ekglbditbiim ia ~icgfk iaagfktv ogrkm {~ ge mt{l}t`aagfjgel% ]bk mt{lv }t`mk b`v mkageg}kcw dkekag}km atio }bk ~tkvkefk ia l`elv
|bgck } }bk v`ok }gok v}go{c`}gel }bkgt v{tqgq`c }bti{lb q`tgi{v fb`eekcv%
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]]]]]bk d`ttgi lkilt`~bwbk d`ttgi lkilt`~bwbk d`ttgi lkilt`~bwbk d`ttgi lkilt`~bwbk d`ttgi lkilt`~bw`em }bk`em }bk`em }bk`em }bk`em }bk~tkv}glk ia }bk mt{l divvkv~tkv}glk ia }bk mt{l divvkv~tkv}glk ia }bk mt{l divvkv~tkv}glk ia }bk mt{l divvkv~tkv}glk ia }bk mt{l divvkv
@ ekglbditbiimv lkilt`~bw f`e dk a`f}it ge mkagegel |bk}bkt mt{l divv {vkv
g} `v `e i~kt`}giev d`vk it ei}% ]bk krgv}kefk ia dcgem `cckwv ge fkt}`ge ~ige}v# ia
p{gfj kq`f{`}gie ti{}kv }i i}bkt xiekv it ia ~`}bv cg}}ktkm |g}b idv}`fckv ait ~ki~ck
|bi mie} b`dg}{`ccw {vk }bko `tk `cc |`wv ia vb`jgel iaa }bk ~icgfk% ]bk l`el
okodktv mkoiev}t`}k bi| ci}v akefkm |g}b |gtk it vo`cc mt`ge`lk mg}fbkv `tk
qktw {vka{c ait lgqgel }bk ~icgfk }bk vcg~ `em }bktkaitk liim ~c`fkv ait vk}}gel {~
mt{l i{}ck}v% ]|i lkilt`~bgf`c a`f}itv }b`} a`qit }bk mt{l aci| ge fkt}`ge ~ige}v ia
Tk~`t}i Vfbgfj em }bk v~t`|c ia ai{t it agqk i}bkt ~iit ekglbditbiimv v{tti{emgel
g} ge icgfk Mgv}tgf} Q `tk }bkgt tkc`}gqk ~tirgog}w }i fke}ktv ia O`e`l{` eglb}cgak em
`e keitoi{v o`ge v}tkk} }b`} f{}v }bti{lb `cc ia }bko# `cci|gel ~ki~ck }i ~`vv
atio iek kem }i }bk i}bkt `em fiem{f} d{vgekvv |g}bi{} b`qgel }i {vk }bkgt
ok`emktgel vgmk v}tkk}v# |bgfb `tk $bi}}kt%$ ]bkvk ekglbditbiimv `tk ei} a`t
atio F`ogei mk Itgke}k# iek ia O`e`l{`v cgqkcgkv} ke}kt}`geoke} o`ccv# em tk
ditmktkm ie }bk vi{}b dw C`v Ficge`v# dw a`t O`e`l{`v |k`c}bgkv} tkvgmke}g`c
`tk` `em biok }i o`ew tgfb jgmv |bi atkp{ke} }bk mt{l i{}ck}v h{v} $ie }bk i}bkt
vgmk ia }bk }t`fjv%$
Wi{el ~ki~ck ge lkekt`c|bk}bkt l`el okodktv it ei}agem g} b`tm }i kev{tk
}bkgt mt{l ge}`jk% ]bgv gv ~`t}cw dkf`{vk }bk v}k~ atio o`tgb{`e` }i ft`fj go~cgkv
geftk`vkm fiv}v `em ~`t}cw dkf`{vk fiev{o~}gie t`}kv b`qk vbi} {~# lgqke }b`}
}bktk tk iecw ogeit eie/kfieiogf idv}`fckv }i id}`gegel mt{lv em }b`} ft`fj gv
oitk `mmgf}gqk% Mt{l divvkv em }kke`lktv dkekag} atio }bk Fimk ait Fbgcmtke
`em @mickvfke}v# {vgel ogeitv `v o{ckv `em kqke ~{vbktv dkf`{vk }bk c`|
~ti}kf}v }bko atio b`tvb }tk`}oke} dw }bk c`|% ]bktk tk kqke }ke/wk`t/icm mt{l
o{ckv%
Mt{l mk`cgel `em fiev{o~}gie mie} ogr |kcc% ^{vbktv `tk ekqkt gttkmkko`dcwbiijkm `mmgf}v# dkf`{vk }bk mt{l divv |i{cm ekqkt }t{v} }b`} }bkw |i{cme} fie/
v{ok }bk oktfb`emgvk# `}}t`f} `}}ke}gie `em dk oitk q{cekt`dck m{tgel ~icgfk
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t`gmv% D{} mmgf}km l`el okodktv f`e ~tiqgmk o`ew i}bkt vktqgfkv ge krfb`elkait mt{lv8 d`t}ktgel v}icke liimv# ~ti}kf}gie# mgv}t`f}gel }bk ~icgfk%%%
]bk dgl mt{l citm ge Tk~`t}i Vfbgfj kehiwv keitoi{v ~tkv}glk% Bk b`v ackk}
ia 0; }`rgv `em cgjkv }i lgqk `|`w diixk `em }bti| |gcm ~`t}gkv ait }bk l`el
okodktv% ]bk }`rgv `tk ` |`w ia c`{emktgel bgv gcc/li}}ke l`gev `em ge}tim{fgel g}
ge}i }bk ckl`c fiooktfg`c fgtf{g}v% Ge `mmg}gie }i }bk }`rgv# bk `cvi b`v ` }t{fj `em
vkqkt`c bi{vkv% Bgv fb`efkv ia i~kt`}gel mk~kem ie }bk tkc`}giev bk d{gcmv#
geqkv}oke}v bk o`jkv `em bgv tkv~kf} ait ` fkt}`ge fimk% $]b`} l{wv tk`ccw fiic
|g}b {v#$ v`wv F`ga`ekv% $]b`}v |bw ei iek veg}fbkv ie bgo% Bk ~`gm i{} 0#6>>
ftmid`v ge t`efbkt` o{vgf `} }bk c`v} ~`t}w% Bkv liim ~ki~ck% Bk lgqkv i{}
diixk `em |ioke% Bkv ` }i~ l{w% Bk v{~~cgkv }bk |bick ia Mgv}tgf} Q% ]bkw
d{v}km ]io`v`v i{}ck} c`v} wk`t dkf`{vk vbk vicm ~{tk Zvimg{o_ dgf`tdie`}k%
Vbk |`v vftk|gel {v iqkt cgjk |k |ktk m{od jgmv# vi |k t }}km bkt i{}% D{} }bgv
l{w# bkv }bk c`|%$
]bgv divv# Lt{kviZti{lbcw# $}bk dgl l{w$_# d{wv ciw`c}w dw geqkv}gel ge cif`c
wi{}bv: viok ia }bko o`w b`qk dkekag}km atio |itjgel ge bgv }`rg ackk}% ]bgv gv
|bktk }bk tkmgv}tgd{}gqk k}biv fiokv ge}i ~c`w8 |bktk`v }bk l`el okodktv veg}fbkm
ie ]io`v` dkf`{vk vbk |`v lw~~gel }bko# }bkw mkakem Lt{kvi`em h{v}gaw bgv
`f}gqg}gkv dkf`{vk bk vb`tkv8 $Bk li} geqicqkm ge }bk }`rg d{vgekvv }i mi viok
biekv} |itj% Bk |`e}v }i ck`qk mt{lv viok m`w `em mi viok}bgel ckl`c |g}b }bk
oiekw bkv k`tegel%$
FFFFFi~v b`qk `e go`lk `v filv ge }bk |bkkci~v b`qk `e go`lk `v filv ge }bk |bkkci~v b`qk `e go`lk `v filv ge }bk |bkkci~v b`qk `e go`lk `v filv ge }bk |bkkci~v b`qk `e go`lk `v filv ge }bk |bkkc
]bk ~icgfk b`qk ` }kttgdck go`lk |bke g} fiokv }i mt{lv% F`ga`ekvv}`}km }b`}
$oiv} fi~v `tk geqicqkm ge mt{lv% C` Fifbie` `em C` @t``# |bib`qk i{}ck}v#
|itj |g}b }bk ~icgfk% ]bkwqk li} }bkgt fcivk atgkemv gevgmk |bi |`te }bko |bke
` vk`tfb |`tt`e} gv gvv{km# vi }bkwqk `ctk`mw mgv`~~k`tkm it bgmmke }bk
oktfb`emgvk dw }bk }gok }bk fi~v `ttgqk%$
ATIO ]BTI\GEL V]IEKV ]I VOIJGEL TIFJV
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0> >6# 74 fitt{~}gie f`vkv cgejkm }i mt{l }t`aagfjgel }b`} geqicqkm
h{mgfg`c iaagfg`cv |ktk geqkv}gl`}km% Bi| o`ew oitk b`qk }bktk dkke vgefk }bke9
]bk E`}gie`c icgfk vkf}it fbgkav jei| }bk ~tkfgvk cif`}gie ia cc mt{l i{}ck}v
`em divvkv% ]bkw jei| }bkgt bi{vkv# e`okv# ~ti~kt}gkv# ti{}gekv `em tkc`}giev%
D{} }bk ek}|itj ia iaagfktv cgejkm }i }bk mt{l d{vgekvv o`jkv v{ffkvva{c vk`tfbkv
go~ivvgdck {eckvv }bk mk`cktv fie}t`qkek viok fc`{vk ia }bk {e|tg}}ke cif`c fimk%
Vi ge }bk kem g} cc mk~kemv ie }bk vifg`c ek}|itjv |iqke dw }bk mt{l divv%
Ga }bk |k`qk gv }glb}# vkf}it fbgka |gcc dk v}tielcw mgvfi{t`lkm atio oi{e}gel
`ew i~kt`}gie }i mgvo`e}ck }bk i{}ck} dkf`{vk g} hki~`tmgxkv bgv a{}{tk ge }bk
ekglbditbiim% ]bk Liqkteoke} Ogegv}twv bw~iftg}gf`c aif{v t{ev `l`gev} }bk oiv}
kckoke}`tw cilgf# d{} ge cgek |g}b }bk cilgf ia ~i|kt% G}v v}t`}klw gv d`vkm ie }bk
gmk` }b`} $}bk i{}ck}v tk }bk o`ge a`f}it }i dk ek{}t`cgxkm# lgqke }b`} }bk fittivgie
ia vifgk}w dklgev }bktk%$ ]t`evc`}km# }b`} ok`ev }b`} }bkw mie} |`e} }i }i{fb }bk
tk`c dgl|glv% D{} }bgv v}t`}klw fiijkm {~ dw }bk kcg}kv ge }bk ogegv}tw t{ev {~
`l`gev} cif`c v{tqgq`c v}t`}klgkv em }bk ek}|itjv ia l`el okodktv# ~icgfk iaagfktv#
vo`cc/}gok mt{l divvkv em i}bkt geb`dg}`e}v ge }bk ekglbditbiim%
Ie iff`vgie mt{lv b`qk }{tekm `mmgf}km $d{ov$ ge}i }bk b`tmkv} |itjktv%
Ait kr`o~ck# }bkwcc c{l |`}kt |bke g}v f{} iaa ge }bk ekglbditbiim }i o`jk dg} ia
oiekw# `em }bgv bkc~v dicv}kt }bkgt go`lk# kqke }bi{lb }bk fioo{eg}w jei|v
~ktakf}cw |kcc }b`} dw ~`wgel }bko ait }bgv vktqgfk g} gv age`efgel }bkgt ft`fj `em
o`tgb{`e` b`dg}% Ge Dc{kagkcmv g}v v`gm }b`} o`ew a`ogcgkv mk~kem ie }bk mt{ldiio ait }bkgt v{tqgq`c# em ge Tk~`t}i Vfbgfj o`ew a`ogcgkv b`qk ~tiv~ktkm atio
mt{lv%
ATIO ]BTI\GEL V]IEKV ]I VOIJGEL TIFJV
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0>2
]bk f`o~{v ia }bk mt{l ${egqktvg}w$ b`v dkke kr~`emgel% Mt{lv tk }bk ltk`}f`}`cwv} ait o`ew ~tifkvvkv ge }bk ekglbditbiim8 }bk vifg`c oidgcg}w ia fkt}`ge
okodktv# }bk lkekt`}gie ia ~tiag}v ait i}bkt geqkv}oke}v# tkc`}giev |g}b }bk ~icgfk#
wi{}b/l`el dkccglktkefk% Ge }bk `dvkefk ia `ew `f}gqg}gkv ko`e`}gel atio }bk
Wi{}b Vkftk}`tg`} it i}bkt v}`}k gev}g}{}giev `em ge cglb} ia }bk cgog}km vic{}giev
kg}bkt |itj it tkftk`}gieiaaktkm dw }bk ~{dcgf vkf{tg}w ~ti~iv`cv# }bk ek}|itjv
cgejkm }i mt{lv `em }bka} |gcc fie}ge{k }i ~tiv~kt% @em ge Tk~`t}i Vfbgfj `em
o`ew i}bkt ~c`fkv }bgv |gcc fie}ge{k }i tkqicqk ti{em }bk mt{l i{}ck}v% ]bk ~icgfk#
|bk}bkt i{} ia ak`t it fio~cgfg}w# |gcc dk h{v} `ei}bkt fil ge }bk mt{l }t`aagfjgel
o`fbgek%
FFFFFiev{o~}gie tkgeaitfkv }bk lti{~iev{o~}gie tkgeaitfkv }bk lti{~iev{o~}gie tkgeaitfkv }bk lti{~iev{o~}gie tkgeaitfkv }bk lti{~iev{o~}gie tkgeaitfkv }bk lti{~
`em ok}`oit~bivkv }bk fiev{okt`em ok}`oit~bivkv }bk fiev{okt`em ok}`oit~bivkv }bk fiev{okt`em ok}`oit~bivkv }bk fiev{okt`em ok}`oit~bivkv }bk fiev{okt
@c}bi{lb }bk l`elv `tk oitk `}iogxkm# }bkw v}gcc tkp{gtk ` ogego{o `oi{e} ia
ficckf}gqk cgak }i krgv} v v{fb% Mt{l }`jgel gv iek ia }bk f}gqg}gkv }b`} oiv} dtgelv
}bk lti{~ }ilk}bkt% G}v okodktv okk} ge `d`emiekm bi{vkv# ko~}w ci}v# v}tkk}
fitektv it }bk bi{vk ia ` okodkt |bivk ~