Post on 16-Jul-2016
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Ciència dels Materials
Blocs Temàtics:
Tema 1. Materials d’enginyeria Tema 2. Enllaç Químic Tema 3. Estructura Cristal·lina perfecta Tema 4. Estructura Cristal·lina imperfecta. Defectes Tema 5. Diagrames de fases. Equilibri microestructural. Diagrames importants en materials d’enginyeria Tema 6. Equilibri i Cinètica. Tractament Tèrmic. Diagrames TTT Tema 7. Metalls. Alliatges ferris i no ferris. Propietats mecàniques. Tema 8. Ceràmics i vidres. Tema 9. Polímers i composites Tema 10. Degradació i falla dels materials.
Tema 1. Materials d’enginyeria
Materiales més de 162.000.000 d’entrades a Google en 2011, i més de 203.000.000 en 2012
Materials més de 1000.000.000 d’entrades en Google (2011), més de 1250.000.000 en 2012.
Evolució històrica de la tecnologia de materials
Eines i armes del neolític 17.000 anys aC
Art al neolític (Bisonte en Altamira; 13.000 a.C.
Òxids de ferro i carbó
Obtenció dels metalls: Edat del bronze (Cu/Sn) 3.000-800 anys a.C.
Òxids de ferro i carbó
Materials ceràmics i vidres: Desde l’antiguitat fins a la modernitat
Materials ceràmics i vidres: Des de l’antiguitat fins a la modernitat
1.- Fibra óptica 2.- Recubriment ajustat 3.- Reforç d’aramida 4.- Coberta
Materials ceràmics i vidres: Des de l’antiguitat fins a la modernitat
Materials ceràmics i vidres: Des de l’antiguitat fins a la modernitat
Nous materials
Fibra de carboni
ZYLON
Projecte ITER
Nanotecnologia Don Eigler (1989)
Nanotecnologia: Piles de combustible
Nous materials: Biomaterials
Classification of Materials
Metals and Alloys Ceramics, Glasses, and Glass-ceramics Polymers (plastics) Semiconductors Composite Materials
Table 1.1 Representative examples, applications, and properties for each category
of materials
Example of Applications Properties
Metals and Alloys Gray cast iron Automobile engine blocks Castable, machinable,
vibration damping Ceramics and Glasses SiO2-Na2O-CaO Window glass Optically transparent,
thermally insulating Polymers Polyethylene Food packaging Easily formed into thin,
flexible, airtight film
Example of Applications Properties
Semiconductors Silicon Transistors and integrated Unique electrical
circuits behavior
Composites Carbide cutting tools for High hardness, yet Tungsten carbide machining good shock resistance -cobalt (WC-Co)
Table 1.1 Continued
Section 1.3 Functional Classification of Materials
Aerospace Biomedical Electronic Materials Energy Technology and Environmental Technology Magnetic Materials Photonic or Optical Materials Smart Materials Structural Materials
© 2003 B
rooks/Cole Publishing / Thom
son Learning™
Functional classification of materials. Notice that metals, plastics, and ceramics occur in different categories. A limited number of examples in each category is provided
Section 1.4 Classification of Materials-Based on Structure
Crystalline material is a material comprised of one or many crystals. In each crystal, atoms or ions show a long-range periodic arrangement. Single crystal is a crystalline material that is made of only one crystal (there are no grain boundaries). Grains are the crystals in a polycrystalline material. Polycrystalline material is a material comprised of many crystals (as opposed to a single-crystal material that has only one crystal). Grain boundaries are regions between grains of a polycrystalline material.
Section 1.5 Environmental and Other Effects
Effects of following factors must be accounted for in design to ensure that components do not fail unexpectedly:
Temperature Corrosion Fatigue Strain Rate
Section 1.6 Materials Design and Selection
Density is mass per unit volume of a material, usually expressed in units of g/cm3 or lb/in.3
Strength-to-weight ratio is the strength of a material divided by its density; materials with a high strength-to-weight ratio are strong but lightweight.
© 2003 B
rooks/Cole Publishing / Thom
son Learning™
Representative strengths of various categories of materials
Metalls
Common objects that are made of ceramic materials: scissors, a china teacup, a building brick, a floor tile, and a glass vase.
Ceràmics i vidres
Polímers
Several common objects that are made of polymeric materials: plastic tableware (spoon, fork, and knife), billiard balls, a bicycle helmet, two dice, a lawn mower wheel (plastic hub and rubber tire), and a plastic milk carton.
Polímers
Materials compostos
Semiconductors
Microestructura i propietats
Selecció d’un material segons la seva aplicació