Post on 14-Dec-2014
description
Introducción rápida a SQLUsando MySQL y Workbench
Carlos Hernando Carasolchernando@acm.org
5 y 9 de Mayo de 2011
Índice de contenidos
Introducción a las bases de datosIntroducción a MySQLSintaxis de SQL
Uso de MySQL Worbench
Advertencia
Esto no es un curso formal en teoríaEs una introducción rápida y sucia de SQLBasado en el temario del curso: MySQL for Developers
Introducción a las bases de datos
Conceptos
EntidadAtributo, una propiedad de la EntidadRegistro, una fi la que representa la Entidad con sus atributosTabla, una sucesión de registros tabulados por sus atributos de un mismo tipo de Entidad
Conceptos
Base de datos, conjunto de Tablas
Servidor, lugar dónde residen las Bases de DatosBases de datos relacionalesSQL, Structured Query Language
DDL, Data Defi nition LanguageDML, Data Manipulation Language
Introducción a MySQL
Servidor MySQL
Http://www.mysql.com/Comprado por OracleDisponible gratuitamenteMuy extendido
Estructura Cliente / Servidor
El servidor mantiene las bases de datosEl cliente realiza operaciones mediante sentencias SQL.La principal carga de trabajo recae en el servidor.
Instalación de MySQL
ServidorMySQL Community Serverhttp://www.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/
El CCFI ya ha instalado el servidor pero no está activado
MySQL Workbench
Herramienta de gestión, consulta y diseñohttp://wb.mysql.com/Lo utilizaremos como apoyo
Sintaxis SQL
Tipos de sentencias
De consulta:SHOWDESCSELECT
De manipulación:CREATEINSERTUPDATEALTER
Obtener información de una tabla
SHOW TABLESDESC tabla
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/describe.html
QuerySELECT [ALL | DISTINCT | DISTINCTROW ] [HIGH_PRIORITY] [STRAIGHT_JOIN] [SQL_SMALL_RESULT] [SQL_BIG_RESULT] [SQL_BUFFER_RESULT] [SQL_CACHE | SQL_NO_CACHE] [SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS] select_expr [, select_expr ...] [FROM table_references [WHERE where_condition] [GROUP BY {col_name | expr | position} [ASC | DESC], ... [WITH ROLLUP]]
[HAVING where_condition]
[ORDER BY {col_name | expr | position}
[ASC | DESC], ...]
[LIMIT {[offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset}]
[PROCEDURE procedure_name(argument_list)]
[INTO OUTFILE 'file_name'
[CHARACTER SET charset_name]
export_options
| INTO DUMPFILE 'file_name'
| INTO var_name [, var_name]]
[FOR UPDATE | LOCK IN SHARE MODE]]
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/select.html
Condicionales
expr OR expr | expr || expr | expr XOR expr | expr AND expr | expr && expr | NOT expr | ! expr | boolean_primary IS [NOT] {TRUE | FALSE | UNKNOWN} | boolean_primary
comparison_operator: = | >= | > | <= | < | <> | !=
predicate: bit_expr [NOT] IN (subquery) | bit_expr [NOT] IN (expr [, expr] ...) | bit_expr [NOT] BETWEEN bit_expr AND predicate | bit_expr SOUNDS LIKE bit_expr | bit_expr [NOT] LIKE simple_expr [ESCAPE simple_expr] | bit_expr [NOT] REGEXP bit_expr | bit_expr
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/expressions.html
Funciones
AVG()CONCAT()COUNT()CURRENT_DATE()IF()TRIM()LOWER()
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/func-op-summary-ref.html
Union
Agregación de tablasMismas columnas
SELECT ...UNION [ALL | DISTINCT] SELECT ...[UNION [ALL | DISTINCT] SELECT ...]
Creación de una base de datos
CREATE DATABASE curso;
Fijar la base de datos
Un servidor puede alojar múltiples bases de datosLas operaciones SQL pueden referirse a cualquiera de estas tablasPara utilizar una base de datos en concreto utilizamosUSE pruebas;
Destruir una base de datos
DROP DATABASE pruebas;
Cargar y guardar volcados
Base de datos � FicheroMySQLdump
Fichero � Base de datosEjecutar sentencias SQL
Creación de una tabla
CREATE TABLE `jugador` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL, `nombre` varchar(45) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`)) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1
Propiedades de una tabla
Tipo de ENGINEMyISAMInnoDB
CharsetLatin1UTF8
Tipos de datos
NuméricosCadenasBinariosTiempo
Numéricos
EnterosTINYINTINTBIGINT
Coma fl otanteFLOAT
Coma fi jaDECIMAL
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/numeric-types.html
Cadenas
CHARVARCHARBLOBENUMSET
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/string-types.html
Binarios
BINARYVARBINARY
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/binary-varbinary.html
Tiempo
DATETIMEDATETIMETIMESTAMPYEAR
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/date-and-time-types.html
Tipos de datos (de nuevo) BIT[(length)] | TINYINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] | SMALLINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] | MEDIUMINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] | INT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] | INTEGER[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] | BIGINT[(length)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] | REAL[(length,decimals)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] | DOUBLE[(length,decimals)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] | FLOAT[(length,decimals)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] | DECIMAL[(length[,decimals])] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] | NUMERIC[(length[,decimals])] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] | DATE | TIME | TIMESTAMP | DATETIME | YEAR
| CHAR[(length)]
[CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| VARCHAR(length)
[CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| BINARY[(length)]
| VARBINARY(length)
| TINYBLOB
| BLOB
| MEDIUMBLOB
| LONGBLOB
| TINYTEXT [BINARY]
[CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| TEXT [BINARY]
[CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| MEDIUMTEXT [BINARY]
[CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| LONGTEXT [BINARY]
[CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| ENUM(value1,value2,value3,...)
[CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| SET(value1,value2,value3,...)
[CHARACTER SET charset_name] [COLLATE collation_name]
| spatial_type
NULL y valores de fábrica
NULL | NOT NULLDEFAULT 'valor'
Alterar una tabla
ALTER TABLE jugador ADD COLUMN universo VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL AFTER nombre;
ALTER TABLE jugador DROP COLUMN universo;
ALTER TABLE jugador ADD KEY universo;
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/alter-table.html
Eliminar una tabla
DROP TABLE jugador;
Foreign Keys
En tiempo de creación: REFERENCES tbl_name (index_col_name,...) [MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE] [ON DELETE reference_option] [ON UPDATE reference_option]
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/innodb-foreign-key-constraints.html
Foreign Keys
Una vez creada la tabla:ALTER TABLE jugador ADD FOREIGN KEY index_name (index_col_name) reference_defi nition
CASCADE
ON UPDATEON DELETE
INSERT
INSERT [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED | HIGH_PRIORITY] [IGNORE] [INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)] {VALUES | VALUE} ({expr | DEFAULT},...),(...),... [ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE col_name=expr [, col_name=expr] ... ]
DELETE
DELETE [LOW_PRIORITY] [QUICK] [IGNORE] FROM tbl_name [WHERE where_condition] [ORDER BY ...] [LIMIT row_count]
UPDATE
UPDATE [LOW_PRIORITY] [IGNORE] table_reference SET col_name1={expr1|DEFAULT} [, col_name2={expr2|DEFAULT}] ... [WHERE where_condition] [ORDER BY ...] [LIMIT row_count]
REPLACE
REPLACE [LOW_PRIORITY | DELAYED] [INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)] {VALUES | VALUE} ({expr | DEFAULT},...),(...),...
INSERT ON DUPLICATE KEY
INSERT INTO table (a,b,c) VALUES (1,2,3) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE c=c+1;
TRUNCATE
TRUNCATE [TABLE] tbl_name
Transacciones
START TRANSACTION [WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT] | BEGIN [WORK]COMMIT [WORK] [AND [NO] CHAIN] [[NO] RELEASE]ROLLBACK [WORK] [AND [NO] CHAIN] [[NO] RELEASE]SET autocommit = {0 | 1}
LOCK
LOCK TABLES tbl_name [[AS] alias] lock_type [, tbl_name [[AS] alias] lock_type] ...
lock_type: READ [LOCAL] | [LOW_PRIORITY] WRITE
UNLOCK TABLES
Consultas a múltiples tablas
JOINSubquery
JOIN
SELECT t1.name, t2.salary FROM employee t1 INNER JOIN info t2 ON t1.name = t2.name
SELECT t1.name, t2.salay FROM employee t1, info t2 WHERE t1.name = t2.name
Tipos de JOIN
table_reference [INNER | CROSS] JOIN table_factor [join_condition] | table_reference STRAIGHT_JOIN table_factor | table_reference STRAIGHT_JOIN table_factor ON conditional_expr | table_reference {LEFT|RIGHT} [OUTER] JOIN table_reference join_condition | table_reference NATURAL [{LEFT|RIGHT} [OUTER]] JOIN table_factor
Subqueries
SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE column1 =(SELECT column1 FROM t2);
Vistas
CREATE [OR REPLACE] [ALGORITHM = {UNDEFINED | MERGE | TEMPTABLE}] [DEFINER = { user | CURRENT_USER }] [SQL SECURITY { DEFINER | INVOKER }] VIEW view_name [(column_list)] AS select_statement [WITH [CASCADED | LOCAL] CHECK OPTION]
Procedimientos
CREATE [DEFINER = { user | CURRENT_USER }] PROCEDURE sp_name ([proc_parameter[,...]]) [characteristic ...] routine_body
Triggers
CREATE [DEFINER = { user | CURRENT_USER }] TRIGGER trigger_name trigger_time trigger_event ON tbl_name FOR EACH ROW trigger_body
Caso práctico
Ejercicio
Crear las tablas del siguiente diagramaCrear las vistas asociadas (SELECT)Insertar una Notifi cación al insertar una nueva tarea (TRIGGER)Crear un procedimiento “tarea_notifi cada” (STORED PROCEDURE) que elimine la notifi cación y ponga la tarea en el estado “progreso”
Diseño orientativo