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Period G

rou

p

Alk

ali M

eta

l

Nob

le G

as

Halo

ge

n

Alk

ali E

arth

Me

tal

Lanthanides

Actinides

transition metals

inner transition metals

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1s

2s 2p

3s 3p 3d

4s 4p 4d 4f

5s 5p 5d 5f

6s 6p 6d

7s 7p

N14

7

Fe56

26

Mg24

12

Electron Configurations – Atoms and Ions

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+1

+2

+3

-1

-2

-3

Cations and Anions Of Representative Elements

Crystal Structures

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5

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Era Period Epoch Began (Ma)

Cenozoic (“recent life”)

Age of Mammals

Quaternary Holocene 0.018 (180,000 a)

Pleistocene 1.6

Tertiary

Pliocene 5.1

Miocene 24

Oligocene 38

Eocene 55

Paleocene 65

Mesozoic (“middle life”)

Age of Reptiles

Cretaceous 144

Jurassic 213

Triassic 248

Paleozoic (“ancient life”)

Age of Trilobites

Permian 286

Pennsylvanian 320

Mississippian 360

Devonian 408

Silurian 438

Ordovician 505

Cambrian 570

Precambrian

great link:

http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Paleobiology/Cenozoic_Paleobiology.htm

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htt

p:/

/pubs.u

sgs.g

ov/g

ip/d

ynam

ic/d

ynam

ic.p

df

http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/pltec/pangea.html

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1. Independent tetrahedra (Nesosilicates)

2. Multiple tetrahedra (Sorosilicates)

3. Ring Structure (Cyclosilicates)

4. Chain Structures - single & double (Inosilicates)

5. Sheet Structures (Phyllosilicates)

6. Framework Structures (Tectosilicates) http://web.visionlearning.com/silica_molecules.shtml

Mineral Structure Group Click on image for

complete information

Olivine

Nesosilicate

Olivine

Zircon

Nesosilicate

Garnet

Augite

Inosilicate

Pyroxene

Hornblende

Inosilicate

Amphibole

(Mg, Fe)2SiO4

ZrSiO4

Ca2(Mg, Fe, Al)5 (Al, Si)8O22(OH)2

(Ca,Mg,Fe)SiO3

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Mineral Structure Group

Biotite and Muscovite

Phyllosilicate

Mica

Quartz

Tectosilicate

SiO2

Orthoclase

K-Feldspar

Plagioclase Feldspar

(solid substitution)

Plagioclase

Feldspar

Ca2(Mg, Fe, Al)5 (Al, Si)8O22(OH)2

SiO2

KAlSi3O8

CaAl2Si2O8 NaAlSi3O8

Anorthite Albite

Felsic (light colored)

Intermediate Mafic

(dark colored) Ultramafic

Fine

Grained

(extrusive)

Rhyolite Andesite Basalt ---

Coarse

Grained (intrusive)

Granite Diorite Gabbro Peridotite

Glassy (quick cooling)

Obsidian ---

Frothy (escaping gas)

Pumice --- Scoria ---

great link

http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/2IgneousRocks/IgneousCompositions.html

porphyritic = two crystal sizes in the groundmass

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Felsic

(light colored) Intermediate

Mafic

(dark colored) Ultramafic

Fine Grained

(extrusive)

Rhyolite Andesite Basalt

---

Coarse

Grained (intrusive)

Granite Diorite Gabbro Peridotite

Glassy (quick cooling)

Obsidian

---

Frothy (escaping gas)

Pumice

---

Scoria

---

Bowen's Reaction Series

Temperature Discontinuous Continuous Igneous Rock

(instrusive/extrusive)

1200 oC

750 oC

Peridotite

Gabbro/Basalt

Diorite/Andesite

Granite/Rhyolite

Olivine

Pyroxene

K-feldspar

Muscovite

Quartz

Biotite

Amphibole

Ca-rich Anorthite

Na-rich Albite