38 x1r6[fidn?uv,rram6[n5 ils. ilfi rg qrT:rid z n€n41ntJ - dumnl zs+o

il n du 0{ fl 'l r [ fi il n Ty tfi s ru ruttuor u1 Tff Il r0 uur n ri o n'l r [a?U [ fi uTnll'lyc'

6lt0{fln6ilnmaii',rr,rdrilil ilftsct,unliltun:ffifirfinnr:fiprrfio Colibacillosis

Effect of Adding Dehydrated Garlic Flakes into Nursery Feed on Growth

and Health Performance in an Incidence of colibacillosis

tn:*gr 6mntuuri' fl'lr'T v'lloi:innfili'oerrf' u'l:6r: fll::ilrlclt'JatesadaJiwakanonl SarthornPorntrakulpipatl PongthornSuwannathada2

-&..-,1'." .,:ox:'* ..':' .

; il?lfi$ltff''".E_ ,:.--.,f,"".*: '..b-., ." ----.";ii;;.,i6n"'.1^*oronr:r6run:rrfiuruN.r

(Nor-spice, aayer@)tuorur:an:oulrnqianr:rairyrGrllor

ra.rnnqn:un-ludruru Iounr:rrr-i.lpnqn:rarirurLdru?tA I sz d'r riJu + nsia.rlqna.l n6iiltt:niflunairu

".u"ru"[oi'irorur:qn:olr.irnilnh i;ufi*.t 16run:vtfiurut{.r 3,000 nfruqiooi'u neirLfisrrurGlur

A1r*r'*e*d"trirutdnjr1nruJ',n.:vi'.rrfirirun:noiu{ovi'rut6run:vtfiull'l.t 500 niruqioqtiurto;uroi'ru1nfin

#'r.i-i6",;;;;;;'#J,,a; ;'.;;;;{;;;.;-;;;'''.i'r,aut"iofu o-o:rnr:trr6uuorur:'nh'fia

Gr.,;;;r;;dn"rarrra rnro;rn+uqBe'r:c r.rnn'l:?'rr^.0 i*i*u,mrilrtqnqir{toteirfiriufinturnnnit'lzir?'q

ilqno.t orir.:'[:ffqrilsn:rrtoirufi:Jrutun:qtutfio.:orn[:nrrruur 1uneirunr:l.qlg.:n'jr (p < 0.01), A ,uv, o ^ .d_T. 3q I d .U_e

nei16u'1 orom:rl'[oi"jr n:srffurizu.:mril1:onozunn:rilLornnl:gtetta[:oLrilu'l tuill'l:3Jilon0{Lo

.*t.'" d-fu**i"'rr. ,:,- ':j Aff$ti aCt,'

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of adding dehydrated garlic flakes

(Nor-Spice, Bayer@) in nursery feed for piglets on growth after weaning. A total of 192 weaning

piglets were divided into 4 treatments. The first treatment was designed as the control. Three thousand

ppm of dehydrated garlic flakes and antimicrobial agents for controlling diarrhea were added in the

nursery feed for the second and the third treatment, respeciively. The fourth treatment received

5OO ppm of dehydrated garlic flakes and antimicrobial agents in the nursery feed. Average daily gain,

feed conversion rate, daily feed intake, and daily diarrheal score were measured. There was no

significant difference (p>0.05) in the average daily gain, feed conversion rate, daily feed intake

and diarrheal score of piglets among the treatments. However, dead piglets were examined and

it was found that edema disease was the primary cause of death. The number of sick and dead

piglets from edema disease in the first treatment was higher (pcO.O1) than that of the other

three treatments. lt might be possible that dehydrated garlic flakes could lessen the impact of

naturally occurred outbreak of edema disease.

rirair6'q: colibacillosis ntytfiururu.: o'114'lifln:ouU'ln onan:nn-.:tldrUru nl:to3qt6uIo

Keywords: colibacillosis, dehydrated galic flakes, nursery leed, piglets, growth performance

' nlnirroru:atao5 orw#orlnntytlsrso5 ttrinurn-'utouLtrju o.loilLtriu 40002

. nrnigra-aueraflSllurrtiflil.rrrn:?llrnr:f,llliuf, nr*s#orrurnnrlaraqr{ lurimutn-ilsauuriu o.rlauttriu 40002

1 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.

2 Department of Surgery and Theriogenology , Faculty ol Veterinary Medrcine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand"

KKU. Vel. J. Vol. 13 No. 2 JULY - DECEMBER 2003

Effect of Adding Dehydrated Garlic Flakes into Nursery

Feed on Growth and Health Performance in an Incidence

of Colibacillosis

Introduction

Postweaning stress and opportunistic microorganisms cause diarrhea and decreasegrowth in weaning piglets (van Beers-Schreurs et al., 1992). At the time of weaning, youngpiglets are submitled to many stressors resulting in showing signs of malabsorption syndromeknown as Non-lnfectious Diarrnea (trttD) which is characterised by increased excretion of

fatty acids and carbohydrate in feces, watery stools and degenerative changes in villi of the

small intestine. As a consequence, opportunistic pathogens particularly enterotoxigenicEscherichia coll strains (ffeC), and rotavirus take advantage of the presence of this diarrheaand cause the postweaning diarrhea syndrome (pwDS) (Spencer and Howell, l gBg).

Postweaning diarrhea can be controlled by making changes to existing managementto reduce stress and by eliminating the predisposing causes of infection (Mackinnon, 199g;Madec et al., 'l 998; McDonald et al., 1 999). The most common and effective method is feedingand injection of antibiotics to prevent proliferation of the bacteria (Kyriakis et al., i 99g;Bertschinger and Fairbrother, 1999). Unfortunately, many bacteria especially postweaning

colibacillosis strains ol E. coti are showing increasing resistance to the commonly usedantimicrobial (Hunter et al., 1994;Johnson et al., 1994; Mathew et al., 199g; Jonkers, et al.,1999). Furthermore, as a result of concern about possibility of transmission of antimicrobialresistance from food animals to humans, there is growing restrictions on the use of antimicrobialagents in the pig industry' Without other effective means to control enteric infections in piglets,the pig industry will be faced with increased production cost and welfare problems due tosick piglets.

lmprovements in postweaning diarrhea, growth rate and efficiency of feed utilization havebeen achieved by supplementing starter diets with CHEMYDERrM polymer (Hampson et al., 2000),copper sulfate (smitn et al., 1997), and zinc oxide (Carlson et at., 1999; Hill et al., 2000).All supplements are recognized as having antibacterial activity and the ability to stimulategrowth. Garlic, one of the herbal therapies in human, is indicated by German Commission E for

39

40u d d.i -- - A

x1i6[1f,dn?rrv'rvrsF[16[eti :Jfl. ilfr 13 ofiJfr 2 n:n01n]J - 6u?14il 2546

use in the support of dietary measures for treating hyperlipoproteinemia and for prevention

of arteriosclerosis. Garlic has been reported to have antiplatelet, antibacterial, antifungal,

antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, and anti-inflammatory properties (Xtepser and Klepser, 1 999).

For its antibacterial activity, garlic has a broad speclrum against gram positive and gram negative

bacteria. lt has been shown to effectly lreat Helicobacter pytoriinfection in humans (Ernst,

1 g9g). Garlic was found to be efficacious in treating experimenlal shigellosis in rabbits (Chowdhury

et at., 1gg1). Samanta and Dey (1991) reported the effect of feeding garlic as a growth

promoter in boilers. Garlic (rn vitro) can inhibit E. coli, lhe major pathogen of postweaning

diarrhea in piglets (Johnson and Vaughn, 1969; Kumar and Sharma, 1982: Sasaki et al.,

l ggg). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of supplement dehydrated

garlic flakes on growth performance and severity of diarrhea in postweaning piglets'

Animals, housing and diets

This trial study was carried out on a commercial pig farm in northeastern Thailand with

a 12OO sows under production. A total ol 192 weaned piglets, of the same genetic origin,

22+2 days old, were weighed and moved from the farrowing pens to a nursery house' They were

allocated into 12 pens with 16 piglets each. All pens measured 1.5x3.0 m; the floor consisted

of fully slotted-metal (trinar, cross-sectional profile). All the piglets were allowed to access

ad libitum feed (meal form) and water. A weaning diet formulated to contain 21o/o crude protein

and 360O Kcal metabolizable energy was used as the basic weaning ration for feeding the

piglets. Heat lamps and shelter were used until the pigs showed no behavioral signs of chilling.

The initial temperature oJ the nurseries was 34"C, and the temperature was subsequently

lowered around 1.5 'C each week.

Experimental Design

A randomized block design was used for the trial with 3 blocks and 4 treatments"

The piglets were allocated accordingly complete to their body weight at weaning to one of three

blockswhichwere 4.3 - 5.6 kg (Block 1),5.7 * 6.9 kg (Blocr 2), and 7'O - 8.1 kg (Block 3)

body weight. Then, within each block, the piglets were randomly assigned to treatment groups.

The controltreatment (Control) was offered only the basic weaning ration. The second treatment

(Garlic) was offered the basic weaning ration added with dehydrated garlic flakes (Nor-Spice,

KKU. Vel. J. Vol. 13 No. 2 JULY - DECEMBER 2003

Bayer@) 3oo0 ppm. The third treatment (orug) was offered the basic weaning ration withZinc oxide 1000 ppm, Zinc bacitracin 700 ppm and cotistin 1 5o ppm to control piglets diarrhea.The fourth treatment (GarlicDrug) was offered the basic weaning ration with Zinc oxide l oooppm, Zinc bacilracin 700 ppm and colistin 1 50 ppm to control diarrhea and dehydratedgarlic flakes 500 ppm.

Piglets and feeders were weighted weekly tor a 20 days experimental period todetermine average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion rate (rcn) and daily feed intake (DFl)as indicator of measure production efficiency. The number of dead and sick piglets in each penwas recorded' Average daily diarrhea score (ADDS) was evaluated to measure severity ofdiarrhea' Diarrhea in each piglets was assessed visually and characterised accordingly to thefollowingscales: O=nodiarrhea, 1=softfaeces,2=fluidfaeces,and3=projeclilediarrhea.The maximaltheoretical daily diarrhea score was 4B (t o ptglets x scale 3 = 4g). Death pigtetswere submitted for dlagnosis at the veterinary Laboratory, Khon Kaen University.

Statistical Analysis

The data were analyzed using a general linear modet in sAS 6.1 2 (proc Gltul) for ADG,FCR, DFl, and ADDS with block and treatment effects in the model. Chi-square test (proc Freqin SAS 6.12) was used to evaluate the effect of treatment on mortality and morbidity.

, Results-

Growth performance and diarrheal score of the experimental piglets were shown in Table.l .

The analyses revealed that the average daily gain, feed conversion rate, daily feed intake anddiarrheal score did not differ among treatments (p>0.05). Four piglets were removed from theexperiment because they were stunted (very small, thin, and coarse hairs, resulting in differenttotal number of piglets in each group) (faOte Z).

41

?ll6l1ifin?$ilyrslFnfln5 il$. ilfi 13 oriu{i z

Tabte 'l ADG (average daily gain), FCn (feed conversion rate), DFI (daily feed intake) and

ADDS (average daily diarrhea score) of postweaning piglets (means+SD)

Control Garlic GarlicDrug c.v.Drug

ADG (ks)'

FCR.

DFI (ks)"

ADDS"

o.27+O.O3

2.O8+O.14

0.55+0.03

40.67+8"14

0.29+0.00

1.90+0.15

0.55+0.02

54.50+16.26

0.33+0.12

1.90+0.69

0.5710.01

22.33+16.O4

0.3010.02

1.88+0.078

0.56+0.02

35.33+33.61

23.003't 9.951

3.791

57.404

"means among each treatment are not significantly different (p>0.05).

A few days before the end of the experiment, 'l 1 piglets were sick. The clinical signs

included partial ataxia, convulsion, swelling of eyelids, diarrhea, and some piglets had sudden

death. Three dead piglets were sent to the Veterinary Laboratory and hemolytic E. coll was

isolated from every piglet. Based on epidemiological data, clinical signs, gross pathology' and

bacterial culture, the outbreak was diagnosed as edema disease. lt was interested that analysis

of the number of sick and dead piglets showed a highly significant difference (p<O.O 1 ) between

the control and each of the other treatments (faOte Z)'

Table 2 Number of sick and dead piglets.

piglets Gontrolu Garlicb Drugl GarlicDrugl

sick

dead"

total

10

5

46

1

1

47

0

o

48

0

0

47

" and b : highly significant differences (p< 0.01)

" : piglets were also included in the sick group'

There was no significant difference in the ADG, FCR, DFI and ADDS among the piglets

fed either basic ration, ration with 3,OOO ppm ol garlic flakes, ration with antimicrobial agent' or

ration with 500 ppm of garlic flakes and antimicrobial agents. As we mentioned that postweaning

KKU. Vet. J. Vol. 13 No. 2 JULY - DECEMBER 2003

diarrhea can be controlled by making changes to existing management to reduce stress and byelimination predisposing causes of infection (Mackinnon, 1g9B; Madec et al., 199g, McDonaldet al', 1999). Enteritis in young pigs caused by E. coliis generally considered to be a diseaseof poor or inappropriate management (Mackinnon, 1998). tt might be possibte that the farmhad appropriate management during the experimental period that can minimize diarrhea to theless extent. lt was shown that in spite of the presence of ETEC 0149 in intestines of28 percents of weaned pigs in a group, none of them developed diarrhea (Hampson et al.,1 e85),

At first' the experiment was planed for a 5 weeks period to detect the effect of addingsupplements on growth and feed utilization. Due to the outbreak ot E. coliinfection during thestudy, the experiment was shortened and ended at about 2-3 days after the outbreak occurred.The outbreak was diagnosed as edema disease based on epidemiological data, clinical signs,gross pathology, and bacterial culture. Serotyping or genetic analysis for confirmation of etiologyagent had not been done since bacterial culture is accepted as a method of diagnosis forcausative agent such as E. cotiin swine (Bosworth, 1999) and the diagnosis of acute edemadisease can be done by such method (Bertschinger and Fairbrother, i ggg). The number of sickand dead E.coli infected piglets during this outbreax (raute 2) revealed that there was a highlysignificant difference between the control treatment and each the other treatments. However,there was no significant difference (p>0.05) among treatment groups (Group z, 3 and 4).

Frcm these results, it is concluded that 3000 ppm of dehydrated garlic fiakes in theration of treatment 2 have the same effects as antimicrobial agents in the ration of treaiment 3.Adding 500 ppm of dehydrated garlic flakes to the ration containing antimicrobial agents(treatment 4) did not increase the efficacy of promoting growth and controlling the outbreak.Therefore dehydrated garlic flakes might be used control severity of edema outbreak causeby E.coli.

The future challenge experiments or in vitro experiments should be done to determine theantimicrobial effects of garlic on field strains of pathogenic E. coti.

This work was supported in part by the Bayer Thai Company Limited. We alsothank Chaiyut farm, Nampong district, Khon Kaen province, Thailand for collaboration.

43

44 ?1r6rfifin?u?ryrrlfi16ln5 ut. flfi ts ori:lfi z ntnfl'lnil - i'urrnru zs+6

Bertschinger, H.U. and Fairbrother, J.M. 1999. Escherichia cotiinfection. 8'n ed. ln: Diseases

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lowa State University Press, Ames, lowa U.S.A. pp. 431-468.

Bosworth, B. 1999. Hemolytic E.coliand edema disease" Proceeding of American Associatioon

of Swine Practitioners, 3Ofr Anual Meeting, February 28 - March 2, 1999, St. Louis,

Missouri. pp. 465-467.

Carlson, M.S., Hill, G. M. and Link, J.E. '1999. Early- and traditionally weaned nursery pigs

benefit from phase-feeding pharmacological concentrations of zinc oxide: effect on

metallothionein and mineral concentrations. J Anim Sci. 77(5): 1199-207.

Chowdhury, A.K., Ahsan, M., lslam, S.N. and Ahmed, Z.U. 1991. Efficacy of aqueous extract

of garlic & allicin in experimental shigellosis in rabbits. lndian J Med Res. 93: 33*36.

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commentl. Arch lntern Med. 159(20): 2484-2485.

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polymer for the control of porcine postweaning colibacillosis. Aust Vet J.78(2): 117 -120.

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353-362.

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genes of veterinary origin. J Med Microbiol' a0(3): 221-226'

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45

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