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٢١١٢١١

٢١١אאאאא

،،אא،אW

אאאאאאאאאא

א א א א א א א ،א אאאאאא،אאאאאא

אאאK

אאאאאאא א ،א אא

א ، א א א אא א א،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

א א ،א אא،אאK

אא?אאאא ? ?

?אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאא،א،אאאא

אאאאאK

، א אאאאK

אאאא

אאאאאאאא


אאאא

١

٢١١אאאאאא

- ١ -

אאW

אאא١٠٠K٪

אאWאאאאאאאאא

א،אא،אא،אא،KKKKKאK

אWאאאאאאא،

،א،אאאאאאא،א،אKKKאKאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אK

אאאWאאW

• אאאאK• אאאאאK • אאאאK

אאWD١, D٢, D٥

אאWאאWאאK

אאW٢

٢١١אאאאאא

- ٢ -

١J١אאא

אאאאאאאא،אאאאאאK

،אאאאא،אאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאאF،،،

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אא Output אInputKאאאאאא

אאאאא،אKאאאאFאאKEאFאאEא

אאאאKF١J١EאK

Foot Positionon Fuel Lever Fuel

Lever MotorCar Speed

Signal

F١J١Eא

אאאאאאF١J٢KEא

אאאאTi(t)אאT(t) KאאKאא

אאאאאאאא

٢١١אאאאאא

- ٣ -

אאאFאאאאEאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאKאאא،אאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאT(t)א

אאאאאאFאKEאאאא،אאאא

אאאFאEאאKאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאKאאאאא


אאאאאאאאK

٢١١אאאאאא

- ٤ -

T

Heat Exchanger

T(t) C

Heated ProcessStream

Steam

Process Stream

Ti(t)

F١J٢Eא

١J٢אאאא،،

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאK

א،אאאאאאא،א،אאאKאאאא

F١J٣KEאאאאא،אאא

אאאאFE،KKKKKKKאKאאאאFאE

٢١١אאאאאא

- ٥ -

T

TT

Ti(t) C

TC

Transmitter

Steam

Sensor

Final Control Element

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אאFEאאאאאאKאאא،אFKE

א١א

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אאאאאא

אאאאאאאא


אאאא

א

א

א

٢

٢١١אאאאאאאאא

- ٦ -

אאWאאא١٠٠K٪

אאW

אאאאאאאאא،אא،אא،אאK

אW

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאא،אא،א،אKאא،א،א،

،אאאאKאאאאאאK

אאאW

אאW♦ אאאK♦ אK♦ א،א،א،א،

،אאאאK Kאא،א ♦

אאWD١, D٢, D٥


- ٧ -

אאWאאWאאK

אאW٣

٢J١אאאWJ

١K אאאאאא،אאKK

٢K אאאאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאאאא،אאאאאאאאא

אאאאא،אאאאאא،אאא،

KKאKאאאאאאאK٣K אאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאK

٢J٢א)Instrumentation Systems(אאאKאא،א

אאאאאאאא،אא

F٢J١Eא،אא


- ٨ -

אאאאאא،אאאא

אא،אאאאK

א

א

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mV

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FE

°Cθ

F٢J١Eאא

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א،אYא??אאFאKEאKאאאאאK

٢J٣אאאאאאא،א،אא

א،אאא،א،אא،אאאאאאא

K٢J٣J١א)Sensor:(-

אאאאאאא،אאאKF٢J٢EאK

٢J٣J٢א )Transducer(Wאאא،–

א–אאאFאאF٢J١EE،א


- ٩ -

אWאא،א،א،א،א،א،אא،א،אאא،א،א،א،אK

אאKא–אאאKאFEאא

F،،،אEאKאאא

א،Kאאא،אא

אאאאאK

F٢J٢Eא


- ١٠ -

אאאאאאא،א…אKאF٢J١Eאאאאא

אאK

אא

א

אאאGGGGGאGGG

אGGGGאGאGGאGGGGאאGGGGאGGאGGGGG

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KאאאאאאאאאR

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ϑ אχאאאאאאאאK


- ١١ -

٢J٣J٤)Wheatstone Bridge(

אאאאאאאא١١١KאF٢J٣E

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F٢J٣EWheatstone Bridge

אאאא

אאKאאBD Fnull detectorER٢ R٣R١decade resistorF

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R٤ = R٣ * R١ / R٢ R٢ = R٣אאאאKאא

אאאאאאאK٢J٣J٥אאא)Unbalanced Bridge(


- ١٢ -

אאאStrain gaugeאאtransducersKאאאא

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אאאKאא،אאFVOUTEאאאR١

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אKאאאאאאאאאאK


- ١٣ -

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F٢J٥Eאאאאאאא

אאא

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- ١٤ -

אאאאtrue valueאKאאאאאאאuncertaintyK

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אאאאKE٢J٤Jא٥א) Matching(

אאאאאsensorKאאאאאאא

٢J٤J٦א)Error(אאאאאא

אאKאאאא،


- ١٥ -

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אאא،אאאאאאא

אאאK


- ١٦ -

א٢א

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אא

אאאאאאאא


אאאא

א

٣

٢١١אאאאאאא

- ١٧ -


אאW

אאאאאאאK

אW

אאאאאאאאאWאאאאא

אאאאU،אאאאאאאא

אאא،אאאאאאאאאאK

אאאW

אאאאאאאW♦ אאK♦ אאK♦ אK♦ אאK

אאWD١, D٢, D٥

אאWאאWאאK

אאW٣K


- ١٨ -

٣J١אWאאKא،א

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٧٠٠٠ barKF٣J١E

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١K אאWאאאאK

٢K אאWאFdeflection of elastic elementsKE٣K אאWאאאFelectrical sensing devicesKE

אאאאאאאאאUאאאאא


- ١٩ -

אאאKאאאאאאאFdiaphragmE

FBourdon tubeKEאאאFBellows-typeEאאK

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אtransducersKאאאאאKאא،אא،אא

אאאKאא،אBourdon،אאא،א،

אKאאא،אא،אpsig٣ ٥،אאא

אא،אא،אKאאmA dc٤ ٢٠K

אאאאאא،אאK،אא

אאאאאאKKאאאאא،

אאאKאאא،אא،

K


- ٢٠ -

٣J٢J١אא

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אאאאאאאאKF٣J١EאFE

FAEאאFBEאאKאאFCEאאאK


אאK

F٣J١Eאא

אאאאאU،Wheatstoneאא

אאאא،F٣J٢KE


- ٢١ -

F٣J٢EאאUU Tube Pressure Sensor

אאאKאא

אאאאאKאא،אאאא،Kאא

אא،Kא،אאאUK

٣J٢J٢FDiaphragmEאאאאאאF elastic-element pressure

transducerKEF٣J٣Eאא،אאאאאאאKF٣J٤E

אאאאאpEXT.١٠ barאאאאאאאאאאא

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אאאאאאאאאKאאא١٠ mmאא


- ٢٢ -

אאFstrain gauge type of measuring transducerKEאאאאאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאאאK

F٣J٣Eאאא

F٣J٤EאTypical Diaphragm Pressure Gage

אאpEXTאאאpref א


- ٢٣ -

F٣J٥Eאאאא

LVDT-Based Diaphragm Pressure Gage


KאאאKאF٣J٦Eאאאאא،

אאאFsensorEאאאKאאא

אאKאאאFWheatstone BridgeEF٣J٧KEאאא

אKאאאFdifferential pressure transducerKEאא

אאאאאKאא٥ – ٠ V (volts)אאאא


- ٢٤ -

אאא٢٠ – ٤ mA (milli-amperes)K٤

mAאא٢٠ mAK

F٣J٦Eאאא

F٣J٧EאFWheatstone BridgeEאא

א


- ٢٥ -

٣J٢J٣אFBellowsEאF٣J٨Eאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאFאאSlide RheostatEאא

אאאאאאK

F٣J٨E

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אא،אאא∆l،אאאאא∆RFΩEאWJ

∆R ∆l----- = k ------Ω R l

אkאFאE،אK

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א،א،،אאKאאאא،אא،אאKא

אאfoil gaugeאאאאאא


- ٢٦ -

printed circuitsKאאא،א٣ mm١٥٠ mm،אא،אא١٢٠ Ω٦٠٠ ΩK

אא،אאאאאKאאא??

אאאאאfoldאKאאאאKאא

א،אאWheatstone BridgeאKאאאאa * x = b * RאאK

אאx ،אאKאא،אFאEאא

אKאא،א،אKאאאאאאFk ≅

٢EאKאאאKאאFאEאא

١٪אאאאאאFk

≅ ١٦٠ ~ ١٠٠KE


- ٢٧ -

F٣J٩Eא

אFPressure IndicatorEאאא،،אא

אא،אא،אF٨٣٪،٧١٢٪ ،

٩٣٪ KEאאK٣J٢J٥FBourdon tubeE

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא،א

אLVDTKF٣J


- ٢٨ -

١٠KE،،אאאאאאאאK

F٣J١٠Eאא


- ٢٩ -

אאCא٦٠٠٠ barא٢٥ mmא٤ mm،א±١٪אא

אאא٧٠٠א barK٣J٢J٦אאא

אא٧٠٠٠ barאאאאא

אאF٨٣٪،٧١٢٪،٩٣٪KE

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Kאא،אאFSio٢Eאא،––א،אאאאK

אאאאKאאאאאאאKFאEאKאא

אאאFF٣J١١KEEאאאאKאאא،אKKא–אא

١٥kV،אאאאKאאK

F٣J١١EאTypical Piezoelectric Pressure Sensor


- ٣٠ -

אאאאאאאא،

אאאאאKאאאא،אאK


- ٣١ -

א٣א

אאWJ٣J١אא،

K٣J؟٢אאא٣J٣אCK٣J٤אאאא٧٠٠٠ BarK٣J٥אא؟אאא

אאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאא


אאאא

א

א

אא

א

א

٤

٢١١אאאאאאאאאאאאא

- ٣٢ -


אאW אאאאאאאא

KאW

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאFאאEאאKאאאאא،،אאאאא،

אא،אאאאאאאאא

אאאא،אאאאאאאאאFאE

אFאEאאאאא،אא

אאאאאאKאאאW

אאאאאאאאW♦ אאאK♦ אאאK♦ אאאK

אאWD١,D٢, D٥אאW

אאWאאKאאW٣.


- ٣٣ -

٤J١אאאאאאאאאאK،

אאאאאאאאא،א،אKאאl١, l٢

אאא،אl١ + l٢KאאאK،אאא،

אאאאאKאאאFאאE،אאאאאK،

אאא،אKF٤J١EאKא

אא،אאאאKא،אKאא،אא،א

אאKאאKא،אא،אאאאאאK

،אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאK

אאאא،אאאאא،אאאKאאFSensorEאאאאאא

אאאאא،אאאאאKאאא

אאKא،אאאא=θאאאאKאאאא ١٦٢٧٣°

C،٠F٠ kKEא١k١ CKאאאא١٦٢٧٣אאאKאאאFאE،


- ٣٤ -

Wθ = ٦٠ ° C ≅ T = ١٦٣٣٣ k

حركة اجلزيئات مع تغري درجة احلرارة) ١-٤(شكل

אאא،W♦ אאאWאאאא،אאאK♦ אWאאא،אאא

K♦ אאWאאאאK♦ אWאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאא،אאאא

אK


- ٣٥ -

٤J٢אאאאW

١K אFThermometersEאא٦٠٠° CK٢K אFPyrometersEאא٦٠٠° CK

٤J٣J١אאאאFThermoelectric ThermometerE٤J٣J١אאאFThermocoupleE

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאK

אF٤J٢E،אאא١٠٤אKאאאאFt٢ > t١E،

אאאאאאSeebeckאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאKאא،אאFE،אאאא،

אאFאאKEאאאאאאאK

F٤J٢EאאאTypical Thermocouples


- ٣٦ -

٤J٣J٢אאאאFThermocouple materialsEאאאאאW

♦ K♦ K♦ אK♦ אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאW♦ J٣٠٠١٠٠F–KE♦ ١٣٠٠F–KE♦ ٦٠٠١٨٠٠F–אE♦ ١٣٠٠٢٩٠٠F–E♦ ١٠٠٠١٦٠٠F–EאאFReduced

atmosphereKE♦ ١٦٠٠٢١٠٠F–אEאאFOxidized

atmosphereKEF٤J١EאאאאאK

אאChemical composition

NiMn FeCuCrAL א

٩٥٥٢٥٠٢אAlumel

٩٠١٠Chromel

٤٥٥٥Constantan

F٤J١Eאאא


- ٣٧ -

F٤J٢EאאאאאאK

אאאF°E

אאHאJא

Tאא٢٠٠J٣٠٠٢٥٠J٣٥٠Jאא٦٠٠J٤٠٠٧٥٠J٥٠٠Eאאאא٧٠٠J٤٥٠٨٠٠J٥٠٠Kאאא١٠٠٠J٦٥٠١٢٠٠J٨٥٠

Sאא

F١٠٪E١٤٠٠١٦٠٠

Rאא

F١٣٪E١٤٠٠١٦٠٠

Bאא

F٣٠٪Eאא

F٦٪E١٥٠٠١٧٠٠

F٤J٢Eאאאא

אאאאאאFF٤J٣EEאאאא٣٠ ±אKאאאא

אאאאאא٠א °CKET = (Et + Er)ETאאאאאאא

TEtאאאאאאאאאאErאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאFאאאאאא


- ٣٨ -

אאKEאאאאאאאאאK

F٤J٣Eאאא

אאאאאאאא

אאאאאאא،אאThermopileאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאpyrometer אאאאאאא

אאK


- ٣٩ -

٤J٣J٣אאאא♦ אK♦ אK♦ אאאK♦ אK♦ אK

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאKא

٤J٣J٤אאא♦ Fusually ٥٠ µV/°C (٢٨ µV/°F) or lessKE♦ אאאא،אא

אא،אK♦ א٥٠ °C (٩٠ F)אאK♦ א،،אא

אK♦ אאאאאאאא

אאאאK

٤J٤אאאאResistance thermometer or resistance-temperature device (RTD)

אאאאא٥٥٠א٨٥٠،אאFResistance pyrometersKEאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאKF٤J٤EאאאאאK


- ٤٠ -

F٤J٤EאאResistance Temperature Detectors

אאאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאKא∆R

אאאW∆R = R٠*α*∆ϑ

אאR٠١٠٠ Ω٠°CKאאPt ١٠٠Ni ١٠٠Kאאα = ١٠*٨٥٣ ٣ k ١،α

= ١٠*١٧٦ ٣ k ١KאF٤J٣EאאאאKא∆R/∆ϑאאא

∆ϑאF٤J٥EאאKאאאא±٤٠٪א–٢٠٠°C H٤٠°CH١٠٠٠°C٢١±א٪אאH٦٥٠°CKאאא


- ٤١ -

אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאF٢٧٠°C toH١١٠٠°C KEאא٢٠٠°C to H٤٣٠°CאH٢٦٠°C٢٠٠°C toKאאא

אאאאאFאאE،אאאאH٥٠٠°CKאאFא

אEאאאH٨٠٠°CKאאאאאא،א

אאא،אKאאאאאא

א،אK

אR Ω אאC °

٢٠٠J ٤٩١٨١٠٠- ٢٥٦٠٠١٠٠١٠٠

١٠٠٥٨١٣٨١٦١١٨٠٢٢٢٣-٢٠٠-٨٤١٧٥٥٠٠-٩٢٨٠٨٠٠-٥٩٣١٣

F٤J٣EFאE


- ٤٢ -

F٤J٥EאאאFRt/R٠Eאאאא

Resistance-Temperature Relationshipfor some RTD materials

٤J٤J١אאW♦ K♦ אאאאK♦ אאFHigher signal-to-noise ratioKE

٤J٤J٢אW

♦ K♦ K♦ אאK

٤J٥אאאFאE

Thermistor (Thermal Sensitive Resistor)אאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאאא،،،،Kא

אFNTCEאאאאאאF٤J٦Eאאאאא

אאKאאFPTCKEא


- ٤٣ -

אאאאאאK،

א١Kאאאאא،אאאאKNTCאא

אאאאאKPTCאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאKאFאאEF٤J٧KE،אK

אאאאK

F٤J٦EאאאCharacteristics of Three Temperature

Transducers

٤J٥J١אאאW♦ אF≈± ٠٢٠ ° CE،אאא،אא

אאK♦ ،אאאא،אא

אאK♦ אאאK♦ אאאאK


- ٤٤ -

♦ אK

٤J٥J٢אאW♦ אאאKאאאאא

K♦ אא– ١٥٠ – ١٠٠ ° CK♦ אאאאאK

F٤J٧EאאאאTypical Thermistors

אאאF٤J٨E

אאKF٤J٨Eא،אאאאאאא٠٠١٠K


- ٤٥ -

F٤J٨Eאאאאאא

٦J٦אאאFThermal Radiation ThermometerEאאאאאא

אKF٤J٩EאאאאאאאKאא٣٠ µm and ٤٠ µmFF٤J١٠EE،

אאF٧٢٠ – ٣٠ µmEאאאF١٠٠٠ – ٧٢٠ µmKEאאאאFF٤J٩Eאא

אKאאאאאאאאאאאFPlank’s LawKEF٤J٩Eאא

אאKאאאאKאאא٠١٠٦٥٠،

אאא١٠٨K


- ٤٦ -

Electromagnetic emission from a ٣٠٠ K blackbody

Electromagnetic emission from a ١٠٠٠ K blackbody

F٤J٩Eאאאא

F٤J١٠Eאא


- ٤٧ -

٤J٧אאThe Optical Pyrometerאאאאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאאא٦٥٠

µmאאאKאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאאאKאאאאKאאאא

אאאKאא،א+٦٠٠°C .

٤J٨אאאInfrared Thermometer)E

אאאאאKאא،אאKאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאא

،אאאאאאא

אאאKאKאאאאאאאK


- ٤٨ -

א٤א

אאWJ

٤J١אאאאאאא?אאא?؟

٤J٢٢١° CK٤J٣אFWEFKEK٤J؟٤אאא٤J٥אאאאK٤J٦אאאFWEFKEא

אאK٤J٧אאFWEFKEאאא

אFKEאאאאאK

אאאא

אאאא


אאאא

א

א

٥

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٥٠ -


אאW

אאאאאאאK

אWאאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאאFא

WEאא،אאאאא،א،אא

א،אא،אאא،

אא،אאאאא،אאאאKאא

אאאאאאא،אאאאאאKא

אאאאKאאאאא

אאאאKאאאא،אא،א

K

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٥١ -

אאאWאאאאאאא

אW♦ אK♦ אK♦ K♦ אאאK♦ אאK

אאWD١,D٢, D٥

אאW

אאWאאK

אאW٣

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٥٢ -

٥J١אאFInstrumentation of FlowEאאאאאW

♦ אא،אאאFאEאK♦ אאאK♦ א،אאאK♦ אאאא،אאאK♦ אאאאאאK

٥J١J١אאFאEDifferential Pressure Flowmeter ،א،ForificeE،FnozzleE،

FventuriEאF٥J١E،אאאאKאא

،אאKאQF٣LE،W

Q = α A √(٢g(pa-pb)/γ αWא

A WאF٢EgWאFL٢EγWאאFL٣EFpa-pbWEאאFL٢E

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٥٣ -

F٥J١E

٥J١Jא٢אVariable Area Flowmeter (Rotameter)E

אאאא،אאאKאא،אא

אאK

אאאrotameterFF٥J٢EEאאKאאFfloatEא

אKאאאאאאאאא،אK

אאאא،אאאKאאאאFEאאא،

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٥٤ -

אאא،אKאאאKאא

،אאאK،אא،אא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאKא

٣±א٪،א±٢٠٪K

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٥٥ -

אאאא،אאא،

אאEאFאאאאאKאאKאא

אאאKF٥J٢Eאאאא

אאאאאFEא

אאאאאCDK

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٥٦ -

∆p/(ρg) = u٢٢/(٢g) – u١

٢/(٢g) (١)אאאFContinuity equationWE

A١u١ = A٢u(٢) ٢W

A١ZאKA٢ZאאאאאאK

אF١EF٢EאאאW

אאא

∆p = Vf (ρf - ρ)g/Af Vfאא،ρfאא،AfאאאKW

אCDאאF٥ ٣E،FReynolds Number -ReEאאאאא

אKW♦ אאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאK♦ אאאאאאאFא

אEאא،אאאאאאK

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٥٧ -

F٥ ٣Eאאאאאא

٥J١J٣אFPitot TupeE

pitotאאאאאאKpitotWאאFאFE٥J٤Eאאא،F٥J

٤KEאאאאKאאאאKא

אאKאFE،אאKאאאאאFKE

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٥٨ -

F٥J٤E

אאF٥J٥EpitotאאKא

א١٠F٢٥E½F١KEאKאאאFאאEאFאאE

pressure transducerKtransducerאאFאEKpitotאאא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאK

אtransducerאאאאKאאאאאא،transducerK

pitot±٥K٪

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٥٩ -

F٥J٥Eאא

F٥J٦EאאאאאאאאFductsKE

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٦٠ -

F٥J٦EאאFFCFMEא

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٦١ -

٥J١J٤אאFElectromagnetic FlowmeterEאאאאאKאאאFE،F٥J٧KEא

אאאאאKאאאאאKא

אאא،אK

F٥J٧Eאאאא

אאאK

flowmetersאאאאאKא

،אאאאאF٥J٨KEאאאאFאאE

אאK،א،אאאאא

אאK

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٦٢ -

F٥J٨EאאאאאK

אאאאאא

אאאאאאאאKאאKאאאאK

א،אאאאאKאאאאKא

אא،אKאK

٥J١J٥אFDoppler FlowmeterEאאאאא،א

אא٢٠אkHzKאאא،אאאאאאאK

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٦٣ -

F٥J٩EאאאDopplerאא،אאאKאא

אאאאאאK

Dopplerא،אtransducerא~٥٠אאF٥J٩KEאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאKא

אאאאא،א،،אאא،،Kא

אאאאאK

א א،אאאאאא

אK אK א٥٠F١٣E٢٠F٦mE؛

אא٤٠א° C٣٩٢°C،٠١L(٣٠ m/s)١٠٦L(٣٢ m/s)K

١٪א،אK

אאאאאאאK

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٦٤ -

٥J١J٦אאFTurbine FlowmeterEF٥J١٠E،אאאא

אאF١Eאא،،אאF٢EאאאKאאאאאאF٣Eא،

אאאאאK

F٥J١٠Eאא

אאאאאKאא،אאאא

אאא،א،אאאאK

אאא

KאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאK،אאאאאאאK

،אאאא،אאKאאאאW

אF٠٧٠– (liters/minute.٠٢F٢٥–٦٦GPME

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٦٥ -

١٠K LHJ٥٠٪K אא٧٠F٠٠٠١PSIGE אK אאK אאאאאK אאאK אאאאK אאא

אאK אאאאא

W אאא،אאאאא

،אK אאאKK אאK אLאK

٥J١J٧אאאאאFHot wire AnemometersEK

،אאאKKאאא

אאא،אאKאאאאאFC.R.T.E،א

אאKאאF٥J١١EF١١٠EאאאאאK

אאאאאאF٥J١٢E،

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٦٦ -

אאאאאאFאאEאאאא

אאאKאאאאK

Air velocity probe provides ٥١ % accuracy for local flow rate measurementK

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٦٧ -

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٦٨ -

F٥J١١Eאאא

F٥J١٢Eאאאאאא

אא

٥J٢אFInstrumentation of Liquid LevelE٥J٢J١אאאFFloat Liquid Level IndicatorE

F٥J١٣EF٥J١٤E،אאאאאאאאKF٥J١٥Eא

אאאאאאאאאאאאK

F٥J١٣Eאאא

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٦٩ -

F٥J١٤Eאאאאאא

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٧٠ -

F٥J١٥Eאא

Liquid level sensors with a continuous output signal for process control signal data

٥J٢J٢אאFUltra sonicEאאאLא

אF٥J١٦E،אאאאאאאאא

KאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאK

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٧١ -

F٥J١٦Eאאאאאא

FUltrasonic TransducersE

F٥J١٧EאאאאאKאFאEKאא،אא

אאFאאאKEאא،אאאא،אאKאאא

אK

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٧٢ -

F٥J١٧Eאאאאא

Fsensitive diaphragm and LVDTE

٥J٢J٣אאאF٥J١٨Eאאאאא،אא

א،אאאאאאא،אא،אאFWCOM?E?،FNO?E?،FNC?EK?

אאאא،،אאאא،אאFCOME،FNOEא،אא

FCOME،FNCEא،אאFNOE،FNCEאK

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٧٣ -

F٥J١٨Eאאא

אאאא

٥J٢J٤אאאא–אFmicrowaveE

אF٥J١٩KEF٥J٢٠Eאאאאא،אאאאK

אאאאאאא،א،אאK

אאאאאאא،אאאאאאאKF٥J٢٠E

אאK

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٧٤ -

F٥J١٩EאאאאאFmicrowaveEאא

F٥J٢٠Eאאאאאאא

٢١١אא

אאאאאא

- ٧٥ -

א٥א

אאאאK

٥J؟١אא٥J٢אאאK٥J٣אאאK٥J٤אאאאאK٥J؟٥אאאאאאאא

אאאאאא

אאאא


אאאא

א

א

א

٦

٢١١אאאאאאאאאאא

- ٧٦ -

Wאאאאא١٠٠K٪

אאW

אאאאאאאK

אWאאאאאאא

אאKאאאKאאא א א א א א א א אK

אאאאFאEאאK

אאאW

אאW♦ אאאאאאK♦ אK♦ אאאK♦ אאאאאK

אאWD١, D٢, D٥

אאWאאWאאK

אאW٢


- ٧٧ -

٦J١אאאאא א א אאא א

אאOpen Loopא Closed LoopKאאאאאאא

אא Kאא אאאא א א אא א א

אאאאKאאאאאא،אאאאא،אאאאאאאאאא

אאא K א א א Kא אא א

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אKאאאאFאEאאאK

٦J٢אאאא

Basic Concepts for Automatic Control Systems

אא Block Diagram א א

א א א א א Kא אאאאאאא،א

F٦J١ KEא א א א א א אאאאאאאא

אאF٦J٢KE


- ٧٨ -

Block

Input Output

F٦J١Eאא

Control Element

x y=dx/dt

d/dt

F٦J٢EJאאJאאאאא

אאאאאא

Summing PointאH–אאאאאאאאא ،א אא

F٦J٣KE

x

y

+

+x+y x-y x+y+xx x

x

y y

+

-

+

+

F٦J٣Eא

אאא

אTake off PointאאKF٦J٤KE


- ٧٩ -

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Take off point

Takeoff

point

F٦J٤E

אאאאBlock Diagram of Feed Back Control Systemsאאאאאאאא

אKאאאאF٢J٥KE, אאא،אאאאאאאאא،

אא א אאFJ E א אאאאK

אאאאאK

١Jאא Set Point א אא אא

אאK٢Jא Control Point

אאאא٣JאאOffset

אא א א אאא

٤Jאא Deviation אאאאאאFKE


- ٨٠ -

٥JאFאא (Plant

אKאאאאאאאK

٦JאControllerאא،א

٧Jאא Feedback Element אאאאאאאא

אאK٨JאאFאאE Reference Input

אאאאאK

٩Jאא Controlled Output אאא

١٠Jאאאא Primary Feedback Signal אאאאאא،

אאK١١JאFאE Control Signal

אאאאאא،FאאEאאK

١٢JאאManipulated Variable אאאאK

١٣JאDistrurbance א אא א

אאFא،אאאאא،אאEאאא אא K

אאKאאאm אF٦J٥E


- ٨١ -

Controlledvariable

Disturbance

R

B

G1 G2

H

Feed backelement

PlantControlelement CME=R-B+

-

ForwardPath

BackwardPath

F٦J٥E

١٤JאאForward Path

אאאא١٥Jאא Backward Path

אאאאאאא ١٦JאאFאEFeedback

א א Fא E א א א אאאאאא

אאאאK ١٧JאCommand

،אא KאאאאאאאTransducer אאא

F٦J٦ KEF٦J٧EאאאאKאאF٦J٧WEJ

אאZG

אאאZH


- ٨٢ -

אאאZGHאZE/R

אאZB/RאZC/R

CommandV R

Reference InputTransducer

Command

V RTransducer

B C

(a)

(b)

FeedbackTransducer

-

F٦J٦Eאאאא

R

B

C

H

-

G

F٦J٧Eאאא

١٨Jאאא Servo-mechanisim

אא א א א א א Servomechanisim אאאא

א א Kא אא א


- ٨٣ -

אMechanical Motion אא،

٦J٤אאא Diagram Algebra and Transfer Functions א א א א WאJ

אJאJאאאאאאאאאF٦J٥EאאאאK

٦J٣אאאאאControl SystemאאWJ

١J אא Process ٢J אMeasurements

٣J א Comparison ٤J אא Controller ٥J אא Final Control Element

אא١JאאProcess

א אא א א א F אא – א– אא–אאKKKKKKאE

٢JאMeasuring System אאאאאKF

EWJ• אאא• א

• אא


- ٨٤ -

א א א א א אאא א א א – אא – אא– א– א–

אא–אJKKKKאKאאSensor אאאא

אאאאאאאא אא א אא א א א א

א א א א K אאאאאאWJ

• א• אא • אאא

אאאאאאFEאאאאאא

אKא א Sensors א א Transducers Transmitters K

אאאאאFאKEאאאאK

אאSensor א א א אא א

אאא،אאאאK


- ٨٥ -

אTransmitters

א א א א א א א א א א א ،א א–א א

אאK٣JאComparison Element

אאאאאK٤JאController

אControl lawאאאאא א א א K א

אאKאאאComparatorK

٥JאאFinal Control Devices and Actuators א א א אא א א

،אאWJJאJאJא

אאאאאServo motorsK

א٦א

٦J١אאאאאאאא؟א٦J٢؟א٦J٣؟אאאאא٦J٤אא–א–אאJא–אא

אאאאאא

אאאאאאאא


אאאא

אא

א

٧


- ٨٦ -

אאWאאא ١٠٠.%

אאW

אאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאK

אWאאאאאאאאאא

،،אאא،،אKאאאאKאא

K

אאאWאאW

♦ אאאK♦ אאאFאאאE♦ K ♦ אא

אאWD١, D٢, D٥

אאWאאWאא.

אאW ٤ .


- ٨٧ -

אאאאאWJ

١J F–E٢J אאא،אא

אControl ActionsW

אא •• אא • אאJא • אאJא • אאJא–א

אאאאאאאאאאאאActuator

אאאאאאRelays אאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

JK

٧J١אאFETwo Positions (On-Off) Control אאאHFJE،א

אאDead Zone אאאאאאKאאאאFE

אאאאאא،אאF٧J١EאאאK

אאW


- ٨٨ -

On

Off

Gap

Time

SP

DeadZone

F٧J١EאאאFJE

0SPE >−(C+)אא(C-)אE

אאKאאאא

א(relay)א،K


- ٨٩ -

אא Example for On/Off Control

F٧J٢Eאאאאאאon/offKאאFEאאאא

אאאאFKEאאאאאאאאFEאא

אאאא،אאאאאאK

b a

C

Liquid Level

Liquid Level

Liquid Level

F٧J٢E אאא


- ٩٠ -

٧J٢אאThree-Positions Step Controller

אאאאא?אא??א??אא?אאאאא

אאאאאF٧J٣EאאKאאאאאאDead Band or Zone

אאאאStop KאאאאWJ

a x B- axa- 0 Y

a xB

<=<<=

>=

B

aaB

Dead Zone

y

x

Turn to right

Turn to left

Controlleroutput

F٧J٣Eאא


- ٩١ -

אאWאא،אאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאKאאאאאאאאאא

F٧J٤EאאJא،אאKy

x

Con

trolle

r out

put

t1-tn

tate

F٧J٤EאאאJא

٧J٣אא Proportional Control

א(on-off)אאאאאאא

אאאאאאControl Variable אא Set PointFאKE

אאWJ V= kP.E +M

WVZאEZא = אא–אאkPZאMZE = ٠K

אאאאZero Errorא


- ٩٢ -

אKאאאאאאאK

אאאאא Full ScaleאProportional BandKאאאאא

אאHigh Gain אKאאGain kא

PB100kp =

kpWאProportional Band אWJ

Range Measuring x GainRange gControllinPB =

אM אאManual Reset א

אEאאאKאM אאאאOffset KאF٧J٥E

אאאGainK


- ٩٣ -

0% 100%ProcessVariableRange

ValvePosition

(a)

Set Point

Error

ValvePosition

0% 100%P.V

S.P

(b)

M

F٧J٥Eאאא

אאExample for Proportional Control אF٧J٦Eאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאSupply ValveאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאSupply Valveא אאא

אאאאK


- ٩٤ -

אאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אFאEאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אא،אKאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאFאאאE

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאא

אאאFאאEOffset Kאא،אאאא

אאאאאאאאאאK

F٧J٦Eאאאא


- ٩٥ -

٧J٤אא Integral Control אאאאאא

אאMKאאאאא

KאאאKאAutomatic Resetאא

אאא،א

E kdtdV

I=

VWאkIWEWאErrorאא∫= dt Ek V I

אאאErrorאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאOffset

אאאאאאאאKאF٧J٧EאאאאאאK


- ٩٦ -

t

t

yc

xc

∆xc

F٧J٧Eאאא

٧J٥אא–אProportional-Integral Control אאאא Offset אאאאא

אאאאאאא Manual ResetKאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאWJ

∫ ++= MEdtk E kV Ip

WVWאאE WאאאkpWאא


- ٩٧ -

kIWאFאאEReset GainMW

אF٧J٨EאאאאFEאKאאאאFאEkpE

אאKאאאאאאאkIאאFאאE K

א Reset time TIאאאאאאאאאkpE

אאאאאTIאKאאאאאWJ

∫ ++= M dt) ET1 E ( kV

1p

t

t

P+I Control

High Reset Adjustment

Low Reset Adjustment

Reset Response Contribution

Error=PV-SP Zero Error

PV-SP

Time

Time

Open

Closed

Valve Position

TI

K E

F٧J٨EאאאJאא


- ٩٨ -

024

-2-4

Pivot Valve StemWater in

Valve inlet

Lever arm

Float

Water

Water out

Water Level

F٧J٩EאאאאJא

٧J٦אאJא–אPID Control

אאאאאאאאאאאאOffset

Kאאאאאאא،אאאאאאK

אאאאאControlVariableאא،אא

אאWJ

dtdE kV D=

WKDWאאא

אאאאאאEאאאאאJאK

،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאאאאKא


- ٩٩ -

אControl Agent Supply אאאאK

אאאאאאאJאPDאאאאאJאJאPIDK

אאW

M)dtdE T dt E

T1 E ( kV D

1p +++= ∫

TDWאאRate or Derivative Time F٧J٩Eאאא،JאJאKאא

אאIdeal אאאאReal or ActualKאTDאאאאW

DpD Tkk =אא

١J אkp Gain אא P.B ٢J אTIא Reset Time٣J אTDK


- ١٠٠ -

Time

Time

yController

Output

xd

T1 Tn

F٧J٩EאאאJאJא

٧J٧אא

אאאWJ١J אאאאאא٢J אאאאאאא

אאKאאאאWJ

kp אאאTIא


- ١٠١ -

Tdאאאאא

אאK

אאF٧J١٠Eאאא

אKאFEאאאאאProportional modeאProportional BandWJ

XJאZJאאXJאאFאE

١J אXWאאאאאאאControl Variableאאא،

FאEאK٢J אZW

א אא Kאאאאאאאאא

אאControl variableKאאאאאא TransientK

אאTiאאIntegral timeאאאא

Integral ModeWJJ אToo Short

J Too Long J Correct


- ١٠٢ -

אא

אאאKאאא א Overshot א (b)א

אProcessאאאאאSet pointK

אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאא

Overshotאא،K

אFאEאאאאאאאא

אאאא،אאאKאאאאאא

אאאKא

אאאאאKא

אאאאאK

אאאZWא Too Short

Correct א Too Long


- ١٠٣ -

T im e

400

x

yz500

300

T im e

400

S etP o in t

z500

300

T im e

400

500

300

S etP o in t

y

xS etP o in t

Tem p. F

N o R eset

R eset T im ex- Too Shortz- Too Longy- C orrect

R eset T im ex- Too S hortz- Too Longy- C orrect

R eset T im ex- Too S hortz- Too Longy- C orrect

F٧J١٠Eאא


- ١٠٤ -

א٧א

٢J١אאאאא؟٢J٢؟אאא٢J٣؟אאא٢J؟٤אאאאאא٢J؟٥א

אאאא

אאאאאאאא


אאאא

א

א

٨

٢١١אאאאאאאאאא

- ١٠٥ -


אאW

אאאאאאאאאאאאא

אW

אאאאאאאאאא א א א א א א Kא

אK

אאאWאאW

♦ אK ♦ אK ♦ אאK ♦ אאאK

אאWD١, D٢, D٥

אאW

אאWאאK

אאW٤


- ١٠٦ -

٨J١אאאא


(١٠ cm)אאאאF٨J١E–F٨J٤EאאK

F٨J١E

F٨J٢E


- ١٠٧ -

F٨J٣E

F٨J٤E

٨J٢אאאאאא(Proportional Action)א

–א(P+I Action)אJאJא(P+I+D Action)WJ١J אאאNull Balance Type

אאאא(Final Element)


- ١٠٨ -

٢J אא(Direct Type)אאאF٨J٥Eא

אאא(Electrical Null-Balance Controller)אאאאאאא،א(Feed Back Signal)

אאאאאאאאK

ControllerAmplifier

Final ElementPositioning

Signal

Feedback

Error Signal

F٨J٥Eאאא

٨J٢J١ אאא אאאאאא

אא(Proportional Band)אאKאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאF٨J٦E


- ١٠٩ -

ElectricalVoltageChange

UnbalanceDetecting

Circuit

Motor DrivenSlide Wire

VariableResistor

Output

F٨J٦Eאא

٨J٢J٢ אאאJאאאא

F٨J٧KEאאאאאאאאC KאאאR،

אאR،אKאKא،אאאאאאא

אאא،אאאאאאKא(Error)א

אא(Set Point)א،(Rest Action)אאאאאאאK

M o d i f ie dF e e d b a c k

V o l t a g e

R e s e t R e s is t o rA d ju s ta b le

F e e d b a c kV o l ta g e

R

R

C

F e e d b a c k s ig n a l m o d i f ie d to p r o v id ep r o p o r t io n a l + r e s e t a c t io n

F٨J٧EאאJא


- ١١٠ -

٨J٢J٣ אאאJאאאאF٨J٨Eאא،

אאאC٢אאאאKאא

א،אR ٢ אאאא،אאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאאK

ModifiedFeedbackVoltage

DerivativeResistor

Adjustable

FeedbackVoltage

R

C

Feedback signal modified to provideproportional + derivative action

F٨J٨EאאJא

٨J٣אאאאא

א K א א א א א א אKא،אאאאאאאאא א א א א א א

אאאאאאK אא א א א א א א

(Digital/Analog Converter) (Amplifier) K


- ١١١ -

א א א אא אאא א א K

٨J٣J١אא

אאWJ١J Amplifier K٢J אAn error detectorK ٣J אאאSignal sensing sectionK

אאא،אאFאEאאאאאK

א א אא Relay א א K אאאאאאאאK

אאJet PipeSpool valveאאK א א אאא א א א א

אאאאאFאאJet pipeEאאאK

٨J٣J٢אאא

אאאאאSpool valveאאFlapper valveאאJet pipe valveK

١JSpool valveK

אאא،אאאF٨J٩Eאאא

אאאאאאאK


- ١١٢ -

٢JאאFlapper valve K

אא،אאאאKאאJetFlapperאFאE א א א

א Kאאאאאאאא א א K F٨J٩ E א אא

K٣JאאJet pipeK

אא F٨J٩Eא،אJetאאאJet

אא א אאאFאKE

F٨J٩ESpool valve


- ١١٣ -

F٨J٩EאאFJEFlapper valve

F٨J٩Eאא

٨J٣J٣א

אא אאא Kא אא א א א א

אKאF٨J١٠EF٨J١٢EאאאK


- ١١٤ -

F٨J١٠E

אא

F٨J١١E

אאאP١ אאאP٢אאאא


- ١١٥ -

F٨J١٢Eא

א٨J٤ אא٨J٤J١ אא

א א א א א ، א א א א א א א

א א Kא א א א א א אא א א א א

א א K א א אJ Baffle-nozzle

amplifier אאPilot RelaysאאPressure divider circuitאאFeedback amplifierK

١J J Baffle-nozzle amplifier Jאאאאא

אאאKF٨J١٣E–אK،א

אא–K


- ١١٦ -

F٨J١٣E–אא

٢J אאPilot Relays אאאF٨J١٤Eא–

אאאKאא–אאא

–אאאאאאKאאאF٨J١٤Eא

אאDiaphragmאאאאKאאא

אאאK


- ١١٧ -

F٨J١٤Eאא

٣J אאPressure divider circuit

אאא،אאKאאאאKF٨J١٥Eא

אאKאאא١٠٠٪אאאאאאKאאאא

אKאאאאאאKאא

אF٨J١٥EאK


- ١١٨ -

F٨J١٥Eאאאאא

٤J אאFeedback Amplifier

אאאאאאאאאאאא

–אאאאאאאKאאאאא

F٨J١٦KEאאאאאJאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאKאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

KאאF٨J١٧EאאאאאKאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאKאאא


- ١١٩ -

אאאאKאאאאאאאאאא

אאאK

F٨J١٦Eאאאאא


- ١٢٠ -

F٨J١٧Eאאאאאא

٨J٤J٢אא

אאאאאא،אאא٢٠–٠١אL٢KאאWJ

١J אאאאאאא،אא

אאK٢J אאא

אאאא٥٠١٪אאK٣J אאאאאאא

אאאאאאFeed backאאאאJאאאאאאא

אא١٠٠אK٤J אאאאא

Nonlinearity אאInertia אאPure delayK


- ١٢١ -

٥J אא،א،אאאאאאאאא

אJאK٦J אאאא

אאאאאאאאאאTime constant ٣J٥א٣٠٠

K

٨J٤J٣ אאF٨J١٨Eאאאא(I)

אא،אאאאF١EאF٢EאאF٣Eאאא(I)

אF٤Eאאא(II)א אא F٥E א א א אאא א

אאא F٦ E אאF٧EאאאF٤KEא(II)

אF٨EאאאאאKאאאאF٩EאPositionerא

F١٠EאF١١Eאא٨،٩،١٠،١١אא(III)K

41 2

3

5 6

7

8 9 10

11

Final Control UnitControllerMeasuring Device

(I) (II) (III) F٨J١٨E


- ١٢٢ -

٨J٤J٥א١JאאאFאאEOn-Off Controller

אWאאאאFlapperאא،א

אאאא،אאControl Valve Kאא

אאא١א٪אאאאאOn-Off،אK

אאאאאאK،אאאאאאא

אאאDifferential Lever SystemאאאאSetpointא

אאאאKאF٨J١٩Eאא،

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאPilot RelayאאאאF٨J١٩KE

אאPilot Relayאאאא،א،אאאאא،

אאאOutput Pressureאאא،אאאKא

אאאאאאאאאKא

Higher Gain ControllerK


- ١٢٣ -

Filtered air supplyResriction

Instrumentpen

Flapper

Nozzle

Control valve

Pilot valve

F٨J١٩E

٢Jאא

F٨J٢٠EאאאKאאאאאFאאאE

אאKאאWJ

BandoportionalPr

100Gain =


- ١٢٤ -

F٨J٢٠Eאאאא

٣JאאJאאאאF٨J٢١Eא

אJא

F٨J٢١E–אא


- ١٢٥ -

٤JאאJא

F٨J٢٢E–אאא

٨J٥אאאProgrammable Logic Controllers PLCs ٨J٥J١

،אאF،،،Eאא

אאאאWJ١J אאאאK٢J אאאאאאאK ٣J אא،אא،אאאאאK

٨J٥J٢אאאא

Advantages of Programmable Logic Controllers PLCsאאאאאא

١J אWא،אאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאK


- ١٢٦ -

٢J אWאאאאאאאRelaysKאאPLCאאא

אאאKאPLCאאאאא،

אאאK ٣J אWאPLCא

K ٤J אאWאאPLC

אאאאK ٥J אאאאאW

אPLCK

٨J٥J٣אאאDisadvantages of Programmable Logic Controllers PLCs

אאאאא١J Wאאא

אאאאא ٢J אאא،PLCאאאא

אאPLCK ٣J אאWאאPLC אא

אאאאאאא،אK ٨J٥J٤אאאPLC

אאא PLCאF٨J٢٣EF٨J٢٤EK

١J אאWCentral Processing Unit


- ١٢٧ -

אKCPU،אאאאאאאאKאCPUאאאKCPUאא

אאאאKאאCPUאאKאאאאאאאK

٢J אWProgrammer PMאאאאאLap Top

אPLCאאאאאאאאאPMPLC

F٨J٢٥KE٣J ,אאאWI/O Modules

אאאCPU אאKאאאאאאאאאK٤٨١٢

١٦TerminalKאאאא،אאCPU אKאאאI/O CPUא

אאK٤J אPrinter

אK٥J א

אאאPLC אאאאCPUKאאאאאHard disksאK

אאF٨J٢٦E


- ١٢٨ -

F٨J٢٣Eאאאא

F٨J٢٤E


- ١٢٩ -

F٨J٢٥E

F٨J٢٦E

FE אFE


- ١٣٠ -

א٨א

٨J١אאאאאאא؟٨J٢אאאאאJ؟א٨J٣؟אאא٨J؟٤אאאאא٨J؟ ٥אא٨J؟ ٦אא٨J٧ א–؟ ٨J؟ ٨אאאא ٨J؟ ٩אאאא

אאאא

אאאאאאאא


אאאא

א

א

٩


- ١٣١ -


אאW

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאK

אWאא אאאא

אאאKאאאאאא،א،אא،אאא

אאאאKאאאאאKא


אK

אאאWאאW

♦ אאK♦ אאאאאK♦ אאא ♦ אאK ♦ אK


- ١٣٢ -

אאWD١, D٢, D٥

אאWאאWאאK

אאW٢


- ١٣٣ -

٩J١JאאאאאאאKאאא , Sliding Stem

Valves (Globe, Rotary) אאאא (Louvers,

Pinch, Plug Valves)אאאאKאאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאK

٩J١J١אאSliding Stem ValveאאאאאאאF،א،YE

אא½٢٠F١٥–٥٠EKאאאאאאא،א،אא

KGlobeאKאאCast

ironאאCast steel אאStainless steel אאK،אאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאאאא،אאא،אK

אאאאאאאא،אאאאאא

KאאKאאא

אאאאאK


- ١٣٤ -

אאאBar StockאאאKאא

אאא٣F٨٠Eאאאאאאא

Kאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאKא

אאאאאאKאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאKאא

א½٤F١٥J١٠٠Eאאא،אא،אא،א،אANSI٣٠٠K

،אאאאא¾½אאKאF٩J١EF٩J٥Eא

אאK


- ١٣٥ -

F٩J١Eא(Globe)


- ١٣٦ -

F٩J٢E א(Globe)

F٩J٣E


- ١٣٧ -

F٩J٤E

F٩J٥Eא


- ١٣٨ -

٩J١J٢Ball Valvesאאאאא

אא٢٤F٦٠٠EאאאKאאא

٢٠٪אאאאאKF٩J٦EאאאK

F٩J٦E

٩J١J٣אאEccentric Plug Valves


אאאאKאאאא٨F٢٠٠EANSI٦٠٠אא

K٩J١J٤אאButterfly Valves

אא١K אא Swing Through٢K אLined


- ١٣٩ -

٣K אאאHigh Performanceאאאאאאאא

אאא١٪אאKאאאאא٢א٩٦F٥٠J٢٤٠٠Eאא

אא،אאאאאאאANSI٢٥٠٠،אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאPTFEא

אKאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאElastometricאאאא

אאאKאאאאא

KאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאא٢٧٢F٥٠١٨٠٠Eאאאא

ANSI٦٠٠אאאKF٩J٧EאאאאK


- ١٤٠ -

F٦J٧Eאא

٩J٢אאValves Selection

אאאאאאא–אא–א

אא،אא،א،אKאאאאאאאאאאא

אKאא،אאאאאאKאאאאK

אאGeneral Selection Criterion

،،אאאאאאאאאאאאKאאא

١J א٢J –אJא


- ١٤١ -

٣J א٤J א ٥J א٦J אא٧J א٨J אאאא٩J א

١٠J אא١١J א

אPressure Rating אאאANSI Pressureאא

אאאאאANSI٦٠٠ ,٣٠٠ ,١٥٠אANSI אאאאא

אKאאאאאK

אאOperating Temperature

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאא

،אא،אאאאאאאאאא،אKאאאאא

٢٠٠٣٥٠F٩٥J١٧٧EאאאאPTFE ٤٥٠F٢٣٢KE


- ١٤٢ -

אאאאאאאאאאאאאPTFE


אאאאMaterial Selection

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא

،אאאאאאאא،אאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאK




אאK

אאCarbon Steel Bodies and BonnetsאאאאאאאאANSI

SA ٢١٦ WCB WCCאאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאK


- ١٤٣ -

אאAlloy Steel Bodies and Bonnets

אאאאאאאKאאאאא

TemperingGraphitizationאאאאאאאאASME SA ٢١٧ grads WC٩, WC٦K

אאStainless Steel Bodies and Bonnets

אאאאאCF٨MS٣١٦٠٠א٥١٩٪،٥١٠٪،٥٢

אאא،אאאאאK

אאMaterial Selection Process

אאאANSI B١٦٣٤אאKF٩J٨Eאאאאא

אאאאאאK

F٩J٨Eאאאאאא


- ١٤٤ -

٩J٣אFlow CharacteristicsאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאאאא،אאאא

אאאאKאאאPlugאCageאBallKא

Kאאאאאאאאא،K

F٩J٩EאאKאאאאא

אאאאא

אאKאא

אאאאKא،אאאא

אKאאאאאאKאאEqual Percentageאאאא

אKאאאאאKאFאאאE

Kאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאK


- ١٤٥ -

F٩J٩Eאא

אRangeability

אאאאאKswing

אאאKאאאאאאK

אא Pressure Drop

אאאאאאאאאאאאא

אKאאאא،אאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאK


- ١٤٦ -


אEnd Connection

אאאאאאאא؟אאאא

אאKאאא،אאאאאאאא

אאאאKאאShutoff Capability

אאאאANSI/FCI

٧٠ ٢ ١٩٧٦ (R١٩٨٢)Kאאא،אאאאאאא،אאKא

אאא،אאאאKאאאANSI

אאאאאKאאאאאאא trim

אאאאאאאK

אFlow Capacity

אאאאאאאאאאאKא

Kאאאאא


- ١٤٧ -

٩J٤אValve Sizing אאאאKאא

אאאאאKא،א،אאאא

אאKאאאאKאאא

אאאאKאאאאKא

אKאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאW

γ−

= 21v

PPCQ

WQWאCvWLאאP١WאUpstream PressureP٢WאDownstream Pressure

γWאאאאאא

אISA KCvאאאאANSI/ISA S٠٢٧٥

١٩٨١אאאאאאאאKא،א

،אאא،אFEאא،אאאאאKא

אאאK


- ١٤٨ -

٩J٤J١אאאאSizing Procedure אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאANSI/ISA S٠١٧٥ ١٩٨٥אWJ

γ−

= 21v

PP/QC

אאאCv

٧٠٩٠אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאאWJ

WN א FRFPWא

אאChocked Flow

F٩J١٠EאאאאKאאאKא

אאKאאאאאאאא

אאאאKאאK

γ−

= 21RPv

PP FNF/QC


- ١٤٩ -

F٩J١٠Eאאאאאא

Viscous FlowאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאKאאאאאאאא

אKאFRאאאK

אאאאPipe Consideration אאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאאKאא

TאאKאFPK


- ١٥٠ -

٩J٤–٢אאSteam and Gases Valve Sizing

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא

K

YWאKX = ∆P/P١

T١WאאKZ WאK

ZTX YP FNF/QC

11RPv γ

=


- ١٥١ -

א٩א

٩J١؟אאאאא

٩J٢אאא Sliding Stem Valves؟

٢J٣ אא Ball Valves ؟

٩J٤אאא Eccentric PlugValves ؟

٩J٥אאאאLined Butterfly Valve ؟

٩J٦ אאאאאValve Selection؟

٩J؟٧אאאאאא

٩J٨אאאאאאא؟

٩J٩אאאאא

אא؟

٩J١٠א–אאא–אא

٩J؟١١אאאא

אאאאאאאא


אאאא

١٠

٢١١אאאאאאאא

- ١٥٢ -


אאW


אW


אאאW

אאW♦ אאאאאאK♦ אK♦ אא

אאWD١, D٢, D٥

אאW

אאWאאK

אאW٤


- ١٥٣ -

١٠J١אאאא

אאאאאאW١J אא٢J אאJאא ٣J אא ٤J אאא

אאאאאאאStep InputאF١٠J١KEא

אאאאSelf Recovery אאאSelf RegulationאאאאLevelK

F١٠J١Eאאא

אאאאאאאW

TdZאDelay TimeTcZאאאTime ConstantKKsZאTransfer CoefficientאK

אTd/TcאKאא،אאאאא


- ١٥٤ -

אאאאאאKאאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאא

אאאFאאEאאא،אאW

XpWאאFאאETIWאא

TDWאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאSettling time אאOvershot אAccuracy

Kאאאאאא

אאJאPIKאאאPure time delayאאאאאא

אאJאJאPIDאאאD אאPulsatingאאאאK

אF١٠J١EאאאאאאאTransfer functionsאאאאאאא

אאCommandאDisturbanceKF١٠J٢Eאאאאאא

אאאא……אאאאאאאKאK

אאאאאאאאאא،אא

אK


- ١٥٥ -

F١٠J١Eאאא

א

אא

א PאI

אJאPI

אJאJאPID

١Pure dead time

PI

אא

א

٢אא

PI

PID

אא

א٣א

א

PID אא

א٤

אא

PID

PID

אא

א٥

אאא

אא

א

א


- ١٥٦ -

F٢Eאאא

אאאאא ١אאT PID١٠J٥٠٪١J١٠٢אP PI ١٠J٣٠٪ J٣אF PI ١٠٠J٢٠٠٪١٠J٣٠٤A P ١٠٠٪J٥L PID ٥٠٪١٠١٠J٢אאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאF١٠J٢E

אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאא א א א א א אאאאאא

אאאאאHeat Recoveryא אאאאBrine Heaterאאאאא

אאאאHeat Exchanger אאאאאK


- ١٥٧ -

F١٠J٢E אאאאא

١٠J٢J١אאאא

Decabonator Make Up Water Level Control

אאDecarbonator אאDisplacement level transmitterאאאאא

אאאאControllerאאאאאControl Roomאא

אF١٠J٣Eא،X ،אXK אא،אאY

אאאE/PאאאאאYKאאYK

אאXאSelector Switch אאXKאXKאא

אאאאHLאאK


- ١٥٨ -

Panel rear

Panel front

Local s

M

x y

EP

F١٠J٣EאאFאאE

١٠J٢J٢אאאא

Steam Temp. Control after De-superheater אאF١٠J٤EאאאAlarm

אאאאSelector switchאאאאאאאE/Pא

אאאThermo-resistanceאאKאאאאאא١٢٢K

אאWJאאאXאאאא

אאאKאאX, XKאY אאאאאא

אDesuperheaterאאאאElectric to Pneumatic ConverterKאאאאאאXK


- ١٥٩ -

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאXKאאאא

אאAlarmאאאאK

Panel rear

Panel front

Local s

Ax y

H

PID

EP

LP Steam

Injection Water

F١٠J٤Eאאאא

١٠J٣אא Boilers Automatic Control

،אאאאא،אאאא

אאאא،אאא،…KאKאאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאK


- ١٦٠ -

אOrificeאאא،KאאK

אOrificeאאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאאאW

mWא kWאOrifice

hWאאאpWאא

١٠J٣J١אאאאDrum Level Control

אאאאאאאFאאEאאאאK

אאאאאאאoverheating אriser tubesK

F١٠J٥EאאאKאאא(LT)א(LICAHL)א،

אא(FC)אאאאאKאאאאאאא

אLoadאא،אאאאאאאאאאאאא

Feed Forward Control אאאאאאאDifferential Pressure (DP)אאאאאאSquare Root Extractorאאא

א(LC)אא،אאאWJ

p.hkm =


- ١٦١ -

LSF mmm += WJmFZאmSZאאmLZא(LC)א٥٠Kא

אאאאאאKאאFאEא،אא

אאא– (PI) K

F١٠J٥Eאא١٠J٣J٢אאאא Pressure Control

אאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאאFאEאאאא אא א ،א א

אאאאאאאK א אא א א Firing

Rateאאאא،אPositive Feedback،א

אאא،א Kאא


- ١٦٢ -

אאאאאQאאאא אא אFא אא א א E

א א אא א א אאאW

p aQ = W

Q Zאאא.aZא

KpZא a אאאFEK

p /hH R H mQ o== a אאWJ

p/hHk a o=W

.mZא . HZאאא h ZאאאR ZאOrifice PZא

HoZאאא אKZ

F١٠J٦EאאאאאDPאhאא

אpאאאאSquare Root ExtractorאאF(t) אR Ho א،אאאQ

אאKאPCa אאא،אQKאאאאאאא


- ١٦٣ -

אא،אFiring RateאאאאאאאאK

F١٠J٦Eאאאא

١٠J٣J٣אאא Steam Temperature Control

אאאאאאאאאאאKאאBurners

אאKאאאאאאKאאאWork،Bypassא

אאאאאאKF١٠J٧EאאאאKאא

אאאאאאא(TT)אא(TC)אאא(TC)אאאJאPI

אאאא(TC)אאאJאPDאאאאא

אאאCascade Controlאאאאא(TT)K


- ١٦٤ -

F١٠J٧Eאאא ١٠J٣J٤אאא Combustion Process Control

אאאאאאאאא،אאאאאאKאאאאאאא


אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאאWJCFHmQ =

WQZאאאאא

mFZא HCZאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאאW

)TT(Cm)TT(CmQ AAAFFF −+−=


- ١٦٥ -

WmAZאאCA ZאאאאmFZא CF ZאאאTAZ אאא TFZ אאTZ אא

אאא،אאKAאא،

אאא،K

F

AA m

mK =

אאאא

AAF

AAAFFC

CKCTCKTCH

T+

++=

אאאKאאאאאאא،אא

אאKאאאאאK

١٠J٣J٥אאא Fuel/Air Ratio Control

אאאאKאאאKאאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאא،אאאא

אא٥٪א٦٪א١٠٠٪אאK


- ١٦٦ -

אאאאאאאאאKF١٠J٨Eאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאO٢ Controller אא

אאאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאK

F١٠J٨Eאאאא


- ١٦٧ -

אאא٢٢J١אK

٢J٢אאאא،א،אאא،אא،א،K

٢J٣FEאאאאK

FEאאא،אK

٢J٤FEאאK

FEK


- ١٦٨ -

אאא٣٣J١F٣J٢KE

٣J٢אא،אא،אאאK

٣J٣٦٠٠٠ BarK

٣J٤אאאK

٣J٥אאאאאK


- ١٦٩ -

אאא٤٤J١אאK

٤J٢١٦٢٩٤ KK

٤J٣FEא٦٠٠° CK

FEאא٦٠٠° CK

٤J٤אאאK

٤J٥K

٤J٦FKE

٤J٧FKE


- ١٧٠ -

אאא٥٥J١אאאאאK

٥J٢K

٥J٣אאK

٥J٤אK

٥J٥אאאאאאאא،אאא،אאאאאאאK


- ١٧١ -

אא ١. Internet Sites.

٢. Medlock, R. S. and Furness, R. A. “Mass flow measurement – a state of the art

review”, Measurement and Control, ١٩٩٠ ,١٣-١٠٠ ,٢٣.

٣. Morris, A. S. : “Principles of measurement and instrumentation”, Prentice Hall, ١٩٩٣.

٤. Perry, R. H., Green, D. W., Maloney, J., O. : “Perry’s chemical engineers’

handbook”, McGraw-Hill Boo; Company, ١٩٩٢.

٥. Quinn, T. J. “Temperature”, ٢nd ed. Academic press, New York, ١٩٩٠.

٦. Spitzer, D. W. “Flow measurement”, Instrumentation Society of America, Research Triangle Park, NC, ١٩٩١.

٧. Tilford, C. R. “Pressure and vacuum measurement”, In Physical methods of

chemistry, ٢nd ed., Vol. ٦, pp. ٧٣-١٠٦, John Wiley and Sons, New York, ١٩٩٢.

٨. “Process/Industrial Instruments and Controls Handbook” Douglas M. Considine, ٤ th Edition, Mc-Graw Hill Inc.

٩. “Process Control Systems-Applications, Design and Tuning”, ٣ rd Edition, Mc-

Graw Hill International, F.G. Shinsky, ١٩٨٨.

١٠. “Principles and practice of Automatic Process Control”, Carlos, A. Smith, and Armando, B. Corripo, ١٩٨٥, Jhon Wiley and Sons.

١١. “Programmable Logic Controllers”, Priciples and Applications , Second

Editions, John W. Webb, ١٩٩٢.

אאאאאא

אאFאEא

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