01 Ariculos Sustantivos Ser Estar Haber Tener

8/10/2019 01 Ariculos Sustantivos Ser Estar Haber Tener

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EXPRESIONES DE CORTESA.

EXPRESSIONS OF COURTESY.

Por favorPlease.

Gracias - Thank you.

No hay de qu / De nada - Youre welcome.

Lo sientoI am sorry.

Perdn (formal) / Perdone (formal) / Perdoname(informal) / Perdona (informal) Forgive me.

Con permiso / PermisoExcuse me (when you want to break a way, pass between people)

DisculpeExcuse me (When you want to ask in a polite way or pass through)

Buena suerteGood luck.

Es un placer / Es un gustoIts a pleasure.

El gusto es mo - The pleasure is mine.

Muchas gracias / Mil graciasThank you very much.

Te lo ruego, no me agradezcasI beg you, dont thank me.

Despus de usted.After you.

Sustantivos.

Spanish Nouns.

In Spanish, gender and number are applied to nouns. Two of the genders in Spanish aremasculine and feminine. Number refers to singular and plural. Nouns are naming words.We use them to give names to people, objects, thoughts, feelings, substances, etc.

Rebecca- Rebeccamesa- tablealegra- happinessoro- gold

In Spanish nouns distinguish between masculine and feminine. Generally if a noun ends in:

-oit is masculine-ais feminine

ste es mi nio.- This is my child.

In this example the noun "nio" names a boy.sta es mi nia.- This is my child.In this example the noun "nia" names a girl.

Spanish nouns also distinguish between singular and plural.

The general rule is to add "-s" to the noun in singular.

una mesa- one tabletres mesas- three tables

If the singular noun ends in "-z" we do its plural end in "-ces".

Tengo un pez.- I have a fish.Tengo tres peces.- I have three fish.
http://www.123teachme.com/learn_spanish/spanish_nounshttp://www.123teachme.com/learn_spanish/spanish_nouns


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When the singular noun ends in "-s" and it is formed by only one syllable, we add "-es" toform the plural. This rule also applies to nouns of more than one syllable ending in "-s" andwith the accent in the last syllable.

No tengo comps.- I do not have a compass.

Yo tengo dos compases.- I have two compasses.

Nouns ending in "-i" with "tilde" or in "-y" do their plural by adding "-es".

el rey- the kinglos reyes- the kings

un Israel- an Israelidos Israeles- two Israelis

Compound NounsA compound word is one word created by adding two words together. In Spanish,compound nouns are often created by attaching the plural form of a noun to the base of averb. These words always look plural and sometimes even look feminine, but a compoundnoun is always masculine and is the same in its singular and plural form.

Examples:

abre (opens) + latas (cans) ---> el abrelatas- the can opener (singular)or los abrelatas- the can openers (plural)

toca (plays) + discos (records) ---> el tocadiscos- the record player (singular)

or los tocadiscos- the record players (plural)rasca (scrapes) + cielos (skies) ---> el rascacielos- the skyscraper (singular)or los rascacielos- the skyscrapers (plural)

Although compound nouns are formed by more than one word, they work as a single wordwithin the sentence. We use compound nouns when a single noun is not clear enough toname a person or object. There are several types of compound nouns in Spanish.

Examples:

mquina de escribir- typewriter (noun + preposition + verb)

pgina web- webpage (noun + noun)sacacorchos- corkscrew (verb + noun)

Compound nouns are also countable nouns, so we can form their plural form. Normally weare going to follow the rules for the plural in the last or in the first component of thecompound nouns.

Examples:

Tengo un girasol.- I have a sunflower.

Tengo dos girasoles.- I have two sunflowers.


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Artculos y sustantivos.

Ael atletael ajedrecistael astronautael aromael axiomaBel baloncestoel boricuaC

el Canadel carismael climael cometael curael cleraDel deportistael dael diagramael dilemael diplomala disco

el dramaEel enigmael esquemael estrategaFel fantasmala fotoel futbolistaGel gorilael guardiael gua

Iel idiomael idiotael israelitaKel karmaLel lemaMel malabaristala manoel mapala moto

el motociclistaN

Athe athleteThe Chess PlayerastronautaromaAxiomBbasketballthe Puerto RicanC

CanadacharismaweatherCometthe curecholeraDsportsmandaydiagramthe dilemmadiplomadisco

dramaEthe enigmaSchedulestrategistFthe ghostphotofootballerGgorillaguardthe guide

Ilanguagethe idiotthe IsraeliteKkarmaLsloganMthe jugglerhandthe mapthe bike

the motorcyclistN


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la nieveOel osculoP 1el papael pirata

el planetaP 2el plasmael poemael policael problemael programael psiquiatraQel quechuaRla radio

Sel sntomael sistemael sofel soprano

T

el taxistael telegramael temael traumaV

el vietnamitael veneno

snowOrThe kissP 1Popepirate

the planetP 2plasmathe poemthe policethe problemthe programthe psychiatristQQuechuaRradio

Sthe symptomsystemthe couchsoprano

T

the drivertelegramthe subjecttraumaV

Vietnamesepoison

ADJETIVOS

Spanish AdjectivesThe principal function of adjectives is to modify or otherwise describe nouns. Therefore, thenumber (singular or plural) and the gender (masculine or feminine) of an adjective depends

on the noun involved. As you know, the gender of a noun often has nothing to do with theconcept of male vs. female but is rather the result of centuries of grammatical and spellingconventions.

Example:la casa bonita- the beautiful houselas casas bonitas- the beautiful houses

Forms

Regular adjectives (four forms: -o, -a, -os, -as).

Most adjectives have both masculine and feminine, singular and plural forms: the

masculine vowel is -o, and the feminine one is -a. An -s is added to either vowel to formthe plural.


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un libro nuevo- a new book (masculine singular) dos libros nuevos- two new books (masculine plural) una mesa nueva- a new table (feminine singular) dos mesas nuevas- two new tables (feminine plural)

Adjectives with two forms.

These adjectives usually end in an -e, in -ista, or in a consonant in the singular form; theyuse the same form for both masculine and feminine forms. To form the plural, add an -s ifthe singular ends in an unstressed vowel, or -es if it ends in a consonant or or .

un libro interesante- an interesting book (singular) dos libros interesantes- two interesting books (plural) una obra difcil- a difficult work (singular) dos obras difciles- two difficult works (plural)

Adjectives with special feminine forms.

Adjectives of nationality whose masculine singular form ends in a consonant and adjectivesending in -dor have feminine forms ending in -a and -as.

un libro espaol* - a Spanish book (masculine singular) dos libros espaoles- two Spanish books (masculine plural) una obra espaola- a Spanish work (feminine singular) dos obras espaolas- two Spanish works (feminine plural)

*Note the distinction between un libro espaol (= a book from Spain) and un libro deespaol (= a book about the Spanish language).

Forms

Some other adjectives of nationality which end in a consonant include:

alemn(German) holands(Dutch)

escocs(Scottish) ingls(English)

francs(French) portugus(Portuguese)

Note that adjectives ending in -ense do not have special feminine forms: la(s)estadounidense(s), la(s) canadiense(s).

Adjectives which end in -dor in the masculine singular likewise have feminine forms with -a:

hablador, habladora, habladores, habladoras- talkativeAdjectives with shortened or contracted forms. Several adjectives are somewhat analogousto the indefinite article un and have a special form used when the adjective precedes amasculine singular noun:

alguno: algn alguna algunas (some, any)

ninguno: ningn ninguna(ningunosningunas) (no, none)

primero: primer primera primerosprimeras (first)

tercero: tercer tercera tercero terceras (third)

bueno: buen buena buenos buenas (good)

Hay algn estudiante aqu que sea buen jugador?Is there any student here who is a good player?


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Aquello que nos dijeron es rdiculo.That (stuff) they told us is ridiculous.

Possessive adjectives can be divided into two groups: the non-stressed and the stressedforms.

The non-stressed possessives are only used in front of nouns. The forms are:

mi(s) nuestro(s)

tu(s) vuestro(s)

su(s) su(s)

They must agree in number (and in gender for nuestro and vuestro) with the noun, not theperson or pronoun to which the refer:

mis libros nuestra madre

Remember that su(s) is ambiguous; su casa = your [usted] house, his house, her house, itshouse, your [ustedes] house, their [male and/or female] house.

A mi gato no le gustan tus perros.My cat doesn't like your dogs.

Sus caballos arruinaron nuestras flores.Your [formal] / his / her / their horses ruined our flowers.

The stressed possessives are:

mo nuestrotuyo vuestro

suyo suyo

They used after nouns or by themselves or can be used with articles as pronouns:

sa es la casa ma.That is my house. [Or: That's the house that belongs to me.]

Esa casa es ma.That house is mine.

Mi casa es ms grande que la tuya.My house is larger than yours.

Note that the forms suand suyoare ambiguous and for clarity or emphasis sake may bereplaced by the expressions de usted, de l, de ella, de ustedes, de ellas, and de ellos. Forexample:

La casa de l es roja, pero la de ella es blanca.His house is red, but hers is white.

(Su casa es roja pero la suya es blanca.)(Virtually meaningless.)


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Position of Adjectives

Depending on the type of adjective and the context, it may occur either before or after thenoun it modifies. Most frequently, adjectives follow the noun unless they are limitingadjectives or used metaphorically or modify a noun which is one-unique.

Limiting adjectives (adjetivos determinativos) are normally are placed in front of the noun.These include adjectives which indicate quantity [e.g., mucho(s), poco(s), cuanto(s),todo(s), dos, etc.], articles (el, la, un, una, etc.), unstressed possessives (mi, tu, su, etc.),demonstratives (este, ese, aquel, etc.), and moral qualifiers (buen, mal, etc. if not precededby adverbial modifiers such as muy) and particularly the comparative/ superlative formssuch as mejor, peor):

Pocos mexicanos han ledo mis libros.Few Mexicans have read my books.

Estos regalos son para los mejores nios.These gifts are for the best children.

Todas las chicas son alumnas muy buenas.All the girls are very good students.

Descriptive adjectives (adjetivos calificativos). Adjectives which describe nouns givingcharacteristics, for example color and sizenormally are placed after the noun.

Puedes prestarme tu falda roja?Can you loan me your red skirt?

El chico alto es mi sobrino.The tall boy is my nephew.

Los estudiantes brillantes salieron bien en los exmenes.The brilliant students did well on the tests. (The others didn't do so well.)

It's important to realize that the final (or last or post-) position in Spanish is generally theposition reserved for the element which is the most stressed or most important or mostdistinctive; when an adjective occurs in the post-position it has the effect of distinguishingthe noun involved from other such nouns. In the the last sentence given above the phraseestudiantes brillantes occurs, with brillantes in the post-position. This implies a contrast withother estudiantes which are not brillantes (and the sentence then implies that the not-so-brilliant students did not do so well on the test). In contrast, if we wish to indicate that ALLthe students were brilliant (and hence all did well on the test), or if we want to characterizethe entire group as being brilliant, we would place the adjective before the noun:

Los brillantes estudiantes salieron bien en los exmenes.The brilliant students did well on the tests. [That is, (all) the students all of whom

were brilliantdid well.]

Note that when a given noun is unique or one-of-a-kind, the post-position in normallyrequired for adjectives:

Mi esposa hermosaMy beautiful wife: I have more than one wife; I'm referring to the one who isbeautiful.

Mi hermosa esposaMy beautiful wife: I only have one wife, and she is beautiful.

Several descriptive adjectives change their meaning depending on whether they are used

before or after the noun:


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before after

antiguo former, ex- ancient, old

gran, grande great big, large

medio half (a) average

nuevo new, different (brand) new

pobre poor, unfortunate poor, pennilesspuro pure (just, merely, all) pure (clean, uncontaminated)

viejo old, long-standing old (in age), elderly

nico only unique

Examples:

mi antiguo maestro- my former teachermi maestro antiguo- my ancient teacher

un gran presidente- a great presidentun president grande- a big president (large man)

media botella- half a bottleuna botella media- an average bottle

mi nueva casa- my new house [we just moved into an old house, but it's new ordifferent for us]mi casa nueva- my brand-new house

una pobre mujer- an poor (unfortunate) womanuna mujer pobre- a poor (penniless) woman

pura leche- mere (or just) milk [for example, not alcohol]leche pura- pure ( or uncontaminated) milk

un viejo amigo- an old (long-standing) friendun amigo viejo- an old (elderly) friend

el nico ejemplo- the only exampleun ejemplo nico- a unique example

LOS VERBOS SER Y ESTAR

The Spanish Verbs Ser and Estar

The verb ser is used to indicate an attribute or an inherent quality that is not likely tochange.

The verb estaris used to indicate a condition which is likely to change.

Este ro es muy ancho.This river is very wide.

Hoy el agua del ro est muy caliente.

Today the river's water is very warm.

Seris often used to express the norm.


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Estarexpresses a departure from the norm.

Jos es una persona tranquila pero hoy est molesto.

Joe is a calm person but today he is upset.

Present Tense - ser and estar

Ser estar

yo soy estoy (I am)

t eres ests (you are)

Ud./l/ella es est (he is)

nosotros (as) somos estamos (we are)

vosotros (as) sois estis (you are)

Uds./ellos/ellas son estn (they are)

Footnote: yo = I, t = you (informal), usted (Ud.) = you (formal), l = he, ella = she, nosotros= we (males/mixed group), nosotras = we (females), vosotros = you guys (informal,males/mixed group), vosotras = you guys (informal, females), ellos = they (males/mixed

group), ellas = they(females), ustedes (Uds.) = you all (formal)Uses of the Verb ser. Usos del verbo SER.

Ser is used to signify equivalence or identity between two elements

Alberto es doctor.(Alberto = doctor) - Alberto is a doctor.

Mara es una buena persona.(Mara = buena persona) - Maria is a good person.

Ramn es colombiano.(Ramn = colombiano) - Ramon is Colombian.

Ser is used to indicate origin

Diego es de Per.- Diego is from Peru.Este tapete es de Mxico.- This rug is from Mexico.

Ser is used to express possession

Esa bicicleta es de Gustavo.- That bike is Gustavo's.Las llaves son de Julio.- Those keys are Julio's.

Ser is used to talk about time

Son las dos.- It's two.Es la una y media.- It's one thirty.

Ser is used to talk about dates

Hoy es el cuarto de junio.- Today is the fourth of June.Es jueves.- It's Thursday.

Uses of the Verb estar

Estar is used to signify the location of an object

La escuela esta al lado del correo.- The school is next to the post office.

Estar is used to express the present progressive

Estoy escribiendo.- I am writing.Juan est escuchando.- Juan is listening.


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El verbo HABER. The Verb HaberWe have used the verb "have" in two ways. The first use of "have" we studied is to expresspossession. In Spanish we use the verb "tener".

We also use the verb "tener" to express the idea of obligation. We can say that someone

"has to do" something. In this case we use a form of "tener" with the infinitive (R form) ofanother verb, but we also put "que" after "have". Normally we think of "que" as beingtranslated to "that" in English, but in this pattern there really isn't any English equivalent.We just use the "que" to indicate that "have" means obligation, not possession. Look at thefollowing examples.

I have the money.Yo tengo el dinero.I have to buy the tickets.Yo tengo que comprar los boletos.

In the first case we use "have" to express possession. I "possess" the money. In thesecond case we express the obligation to do something ("to buy tickets").

Now we have a third meaning of "have". In this case we use "have" to express the conceptof an action that has been completed some time before now in the past. We aren't pinpointing a moment in the past when we did the action, like we do with the preterite pastform. We aren't saying we did something at a particular point in time, just that we havedone it (some time before now). In this case, we don't use forms of the verb "tener". Weuse a completely different verb for "have" when we say that someone "has done"something. In this case in Spanish we use forms of the verb "haber". These forms areirregular (unpredictable, not following the normal pattern) and we just have to memorizethem. Here are the present forms of the verb "haber".

I have - he

you have - has

he/she has - ha

we have - hemos

they have - han

Spanish Verb:haber

English Translation:to have (auxiliary)

Please note: 1. This is the HELPING verb haber, and is not to be confused

with the IMPERSONAL verbhaber(there to be).

2. This verb is NOT used to mean "have" in the sense of "to

possess".

3. There are two main uses for this verb:

a. It is used with the past participle of other verbs to form

the compound tenses, otherwise known as the "perfect

tenses".
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b. It is sometimes used with the preposition de plus and

infinitive to mean "to have to" or "to be supposed to".

Indicativo

English

yo t

Ud./l/ell

a

nosotros,

-as

vosotros,

-as

Uds./ellos/ella

s

Presente

(+de+inf.

)

I have

(to

speak)

he

(de

hablar

)

has

(de

hablar

)

ha (de hablar)hemos (de

hablar)

habis (de

hablar)han (de hablar)

Spanish Verb:haber

English Translation:there to be (impersonal)

Please note: 1. Since this is the impersonal verb haber, there are no forms

in the columns for yo, t, nosotros, vosotros,

Uds./ellos/ellas.

2. This verb should not be confused with the helping verb

haber (to have), for example: haber estudiado (to havestudied), he estudiado (I have studied), habr estudiado (I

will have studied), etc.]

[Irregular en el presente de indicativo (hay), el presente de subjuntivo (haya), el pretrito (hubo) y el futuro/condicional (habr/habra).]

Indicativo

English

yo t [IMPERSONA

L]

nosotros,

-as

vosotros,

-as

Uds./ellos/ell

as

Presentethere is,are hay


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Translated sentences containing 'haber'Hay slo tres carros.There are only three cars.En mi familia hay 6 personas.In my family there are six people.

Hay novecientos sesenta y siete libros en esta parte de la biblioteca.There are 967 books in this part of the library.Haba catorce llaves en la mesa.There were 14 keys on the table.

EL VERBO EN TIEMPO PRESENTE.

Present Tense

We use the present tense when:

- the action is general- the action happens habitually- the action is happening now- the statement is always true

Note: the present tense in Spanish has two distinct English translations.

Let's look at a phrase using the verb vivir (to live).

vivo - I live, I am living

Vivo en Londres.- I live in London.- I am living in London.

Now, let's consider a phrase with the verb trabajar (to work).

trabajo- I work, I am working

Trabajo en una granja.- I work on a farm.- I am working on a farm.

The Infinitive Verb FormVerbs are action words. There are only three types of verbs in Spanish. We call them:

arverbs erverbs irverbs

The most basic form of a verb is called an infinitive. We categorize Spanish verbs based on

the last two letters of their infinitive form.

caminar(to walk) --> caminar--> arverb


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correr(to run) --> correr--> erverb

escribir(to write) --> escribir--> irverb

Verbs in Spanish can be broken down into three parts. The first part tells us what the actionis that is taking place. The last part must match the subject, that is, it tells us who is doingit.

The middle part tells us other kinds of information. The first thing that you must understandis that there are actually two basic patterns that verbs follow in Spanish. You probablyremember that we had two categories of nouns. They are the "O" category and the "A"category. Well, we can see from the following examples that there are two categories ofverbs.

HABLAMOS COMEMOS

In the first verb (which means "we are speaking" or "we speak"), the first part is "habl". Thatis the part which tells us the kind of action that is taking place, "speaking". The "mos" onthe end is the part which we use when we say that WE are doing something. Anytime thatthe sentence says WE do something, the verb will end with "mos". Between the "habl" andthe "mos" we can see the letter "a". That is because "speak" is an "A" category verb inSpanish.

Now look at the second verb, "comemos". The first part, "com", tells us that the action thatwe are talking about is "eating". Once again, to know WHO is eating we must look at theend of the verb, and we see "mos". That means that WE are eating. In this case, however,the letter between the first part of the verb (some books call this the "stem" of the verbwhich identifies the action and the "mos" which says that WE are doing it, we find the letter"e". That is because "eat" is an "E" category verb. These are the two main categories ofverbs in Spanish, "A" and "E".

Now let's take a look at some more forms. If we want to say that THEY are doingsomething, we place an "n" on the end of the verb. To say, "they are speaking" we wouldtake off the "mos" and replace it with "n". That means that "they speak" would be:

HABLAN

To say "they are eating" you must take away the "mos" which means WE and replace it

with "n" which means THEY. The proper form would then be:

COMEN

If you remember, the word for "you" when you are talking with a friend (anybody that youcould call by their first name) is "tu". The proper verb ending to say that YOU are doingsomething is "s". Don't get confused. In English, "s" means HE or SHE is doing something.Look at the examples:

I workyou work

he (she) works


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we workthey work

The letter "s" doesn't mean the same thing in Spanish as in English. In Spanish we placean "s" at the end of the verb when we say YOU are doing something. In order to say, "you

are speaking" or "you speak" we would say, "hablas". How would you say, "you are eating"or "you eat"? First we would take off what comes after the "e", and then we would add "s"on the end. The proper form would be "comes".

If we want to say that HE or SHE is doing something in Spanish, we leave a blank space atthe end. By this I mean that after the "a" or the "e", depending on which category the verbbelongs to, we just leave it empty. Nothing goes in the space. The proper form for "hespeaks" would be, "habla". We can break it down this way.

HABL-A-.......

Can you figure out how to say "he is eating"? First we would have the STEM for "eat" which

is "com". Next we would have the "e" since the verb "eat" is an "E" category verb. After thatwe would just have a blank space because an empty space is used to match HE or SHE.

In the case of "I am doing something" we have something different happening. In the thirdspot we find the letter "o".

VOCABULARIOVocabulary

La lista de sustantivos con sus artculos. The list of nouns with their articles.

01 Ariculos Sustantivos Ser Estar Haber Tener

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