03 1080 rev. 5 ver 2.0.0

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Journal of PetroleumScience and Technology

*Corresponding author

Asghar Molaei Dehkordi

Email: [email protected]

Tel: +98 21 6616 5412

a!:+98 21 66"2 285#

Article history

$e%ei&ed: 'u(e 25) 2"1#

$e%ei&ed i( re&ised form: *e,em-er 14) 2"1#

A%%e,ed: 'a(uar "6) 2"14

A&aila-le o(li(e: Mar%h 1") 2"14

Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2014 , 4/10) 29#8 h,,:3s,.rii.ir

2"14 $esear%h (s,i,u,e of e,roleum (dus,r /$0

29

BIODESULFURIZATION OF SIMULATED LIGHT FUEL OIL BY A

NATIVE ISOLATED BACTERIA BACILLUS CEREUS HN

aryush Ara!ian" #elya $a%afi" &atola &arhadi" and Asghar 'olaei eh(ordi*

Dear,me(, of 7hemi%al a(d e,roleum E(gi(eeri(g) *harif (i&ersi, of Te%h(olog) .. o! 111559465)

Tehra() ra(

ABSTRACT

( ,he rese(, aer) ,he -iodesulfuri;a,io( of simula,ed ligh, fuel oil /i.e.) di-e(;o,hiohe(e /DT0

i( dode%a(e0 a(d u(,rea,ed kerose(e <i,h a high ,o,al sulfur %o(,e(, has -ee( s,udied - a (a,i&e

isola,ed -a%,erium (amed Bacillus cereus =>. The i(flue(%es of &arious arame,ers su%h as ,he

rea%,io( ,emera,ure /T 0) -io%a,als, %ell de(si,) oil hase fra%,io( /0) a(d i(i,ial DT

%o(%e(,ra,io( o( ,he fra%,io(al %o(&ersio( of ,he model sulfur %omou(d <ere i(&es,iga,ed. The

e!erime(,al da,a o-,ai(ed <ere used ,o de,ermi(e ,he rea%,io( ra,e %o(s,a(, of ,he model sulfur

%omou(d a(d ,he %orreso(di(g a%,i&a,io( e(erg. ur,hermore) ,he -iodesulfuri;a,io( of u(

,rea,ed kerose(e <i,h a ,o,al sulfur %o(,e(, of 2### m< rodu%ed - a( ra(ia( refi(er

%oma( /sfaha( refi(er0 <as i(&es,iga,ed ,o e!ami(e ,he %aa-ili, of ,his (e< mi%roorga(ism.

, <as reali;ed ,ha, a-ou, ##? of ,he ,o,al sulfur %o(,e(, of u(,rea,ed kerose(e %ould -e remo&ed

af,er 2 hrs. The resul,s of ,he reso(se surfa%e me,hodolog /$*M0 sho<ed ,ha, a uadra,i%

%orrela,io( %ould -e roosed for ,he i(flue(%es of -io%a,als, %ell de(si,) ) a(d i(i,ial DT

%o(%e(,ra,io( o( ,he desulfuri;a,io( of DT.

)eyords: iodesulfuri;a,io() DT) $*M) Bacillus cereus =>) *imula,ed Bigh, uel il

INTRODUCTION

The %om-us,io( of fossil fuels releases a huge

amou(, of *! i(,o ,he a,moshere) <hi%h has

ad&erse effe%,s o( ,he e(&iro(me(,. e%ause of

,he ,ra(sor,a,io( of *! - air s,reams) i(,er(a

,io(al %ooera,io( is reuired ,o %o(,rol emis

sio(s C1) 2. To ha&e a less ollu,ed <orld) a

(um-er of regula,io(s ha&e -ee( e(a%,ed ,o

res,ri%, ,he sulfur %o(,e(, of fossil fuel oils)

rimaril ,hose i(,e(ded for ,ra(sor,a,io( C#. (

,he as, de%ades) ,he allo<ed ,o,al sulfur %o(,e(,

of ,ra(sor,a,io( fuel oils has -ee( redu%ed from

2"""5""" m ,o less ,ha( 15 m C4.

The sulfur%o(,ai(i(g %omou(ds of %rude oil

ha&e ma( differe(, s,ru%,ures su%h as eleme(,al

sulfur) hdroge( sulfide) sulfides) mer%a,a(s)

a(d he,ero%%les. Amo(g ,hese grous) he,ero

%%les su%h as di-e(;o,hiohe(e /DT0 or i,s

deri&a,i&es are ui,e imor,a(,) -e%ause ,he

ha&e higher -oili(g oi(,s /larger ,ha( 2"" 70)

<hi%h makes i, is diffi%ul, ,o remo&e ,hem from

,he a,mosheri% ,o<er ou,le, s,reams of oil refi(

eries C5) 6. ( addi,io() u ,o "? of sulfur i(

hea& fuel oils is i( ,he form of di-e(;o,hiohe(e

/DT0 a(d i,s alkla,ed deri&a,i&es C. The

%o(&e(,io(al me,hod for remo&i(g sulfur

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Journal of Petroleum

Science and Technology D. Ara-ia() =. >a3afi) . arhadi) a(d A. Molaei Dehkordi

Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology 2014) 4/10) 29#8 h,,:3s,.rii.ir


+0 ,

%o(,ai(i(g %omou(ds of ligh, fuel oils is

hdrodesulfuri;a,io( /=D*0) <hi%h has oor

erforma(%e i( remo&i(g some he,ero%%li% %om

ou(ds su%h as ,hiohe(es) -e(;o,hiohe(es)

di-e(;o,hiohe(e) a(d ,heir deri&a,i&es - usi(g%o(&e(,io(al %a,als,s. =o<e&er) (e< de&eloed

%a,als,s %a( o&er%ome ,he oor erforma(%e of

=D*.

iologi%al desulfuri;a,io( /D*0) <hi%h a,,ra%,ed

resear%h effor,s i( ,he oil i(dus,ries C8) 9) is a

ro%ess for ,he desulfuri;a,io( of fossil fuel oils

- mea(s of e(;me%a,al;ed rea%,io(s C1". (

,his ro%ess) a -io%a,als, i( a( aueous solu,io(

is %o(,a%,ed <i,h a fuel oil /orga(i% hase0 ,o -e

,rea,ed a(d ,he desulfuri;a,io( rea%,io(s o%%ur

a, ,he i(,erfa%e of ,he aueous a(d orga(i%

hases. DT a(d i,s deri&a,i&es <ere <idel

used for ,he desulfuri;a,io( of simula,ed ligh,

fuel oils. The se%ifi% o!ida,i&e desulfuri;a,io( of

DT is a a,h<a i( <hi%h %ar-o(sulfur -o(d is

,arge,ed ,o rodu%e 2hdro!-ihe(l as ,he

fi(al rodu%, C11. D* is (ormall %arried ou, a,

mild oera,i(g ,emera,ure a(d a,mosheri%

ressure a(d -io%a,als, ro&ides a highl sele%,i&e desulfuri;a,io(. Moreo&er) i( ,his ro%ess)

gree(house emissio(s) %ai,al) a(d oera,i(g

%os,s are lo<er ,ha( ,hose of =D* C12.

7o(sideri(g ,hese ad&a(,ages) a (um-er of

s,udies o( ,his ro%ess regardi(g &arious ,es

of effi%ie(, mi%roorga(isms ha&e -ee( reor,ed

C1#F16. ( addi,io() (umerous i(&es,iga,ors

ha&e s,udied ,he i(flue(%es of -io%a,als, %ell

de(si,) oil hase fra%,io() a(d i(i,ial DT

%o(%e(,ra,io( as ,he mos, imor,a(, arame

,ers of D* ro%ess o( ,he desulfuri;a,io( of

ligh, fuel oils C1F19.

The ma3or o-3e%,i&e of ,he rese(, <ork <as ,o

i(&es,iga,e ,he imor,a(, arame,ers of D* -

a (a,i&e s,rai( Bacillus cereus =>) isola,ed from

<es, adar oil <ells i( ,he sou,h of ra(.

Moreo&er) a reso(se surfa%e me,hodolog <as

alied ,o de,ermi(e ,he aroria,e %o(di,io(s

of ,he ro%ess <i,h ma!imum desulfuri;a,io(.

ur,hermore) ,he ki(e,i% ra,e e!ressio( of ,he

D* rea%,io( for DT <as e&alua,ed.

EXPERIMENTALS

Materials and Methods

Chemicals

>ormal dode%a(e) DT) (u,rie(, agar) (u,rie(,

-ro,h) a(d ma,erials for reari(g ,he media

i(%ludi(g glu,ami% a%id) gl%erol) >a=24.=2)

G2=4) Mg7l2.6=2) 7a7l2.2=2) e7l#) a(d >=47l

<ere o-,ai(ed from Mer%k 7o. /Herma(0.

>u,rie(, -ro,h />0 is a mi%ro-iologi%al gro<,h

medium %ommo(l used for ,he rou,i(e %ul,i&a,io( of (o(fas,idious -a%,eria. , is also used as a

re%ul,ure medium for i(%reasi(g ,he (um-er of

,he %ells -efore ,ra(sferri(g ,hem ,o ,he

rodu%i(g medium. The %omosi,io( of ,he

medium is ".5? e,o(e) ".#? -eef e!,ra%,eas,

e!,ra%,) a(d ".5? >a7l. All ,he o,her %hemi%als

used i( ,he rese(, <ork <ere of a(al,i%al

grade. Deio(i;ed dis,illed <a,er <as also used ,o

reare all media a(d solu,io(s.

Microorganism

Isolation of DBT Desulfurizing Microorganisms

il samles <ere %olle%,ed from <es, adar oil

<ells i( ,he sou,h of ra() u(der ase,i% %o(di,io(s

- s,erile samli(g -o,,les. The() 1 ml of oil

samle <as fed i(,o a 25" ml flask %o(,ai(i(g 1""

ml (u,rie(, -ro,h medium a(d i(%u-a,ed a, ,<o

differe(, ,emera,ures) (amel #" a(d 4" 7)

<hile s,irri(g a, 1" rm for o(e <eek. The() ,he-a%,erial s,rai(s <ere urified a(d more ,ha(

,<e(, ,es of %olo(ies <ere urified.

Identification of Selective Strain

16* ri-o,i(g <as %arried ou, ,o ide(,if ,he

-a%,erium. The seue(%e a(alsis <as er

formed a, $i-osomal Da,a-ase ro3e%, /$D0 I

a(d ,he -asi% lo%al alig(me(, sear%h ,ool

/BA*T(0 a(alsis <as %o(du%,ed a, >a,io(al

7e(,er for io,e%h(olog (forma,io( />70

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Journal of Petroleumiodesulfuri;a,io( of *imula,ed Bigh, uel il J Science and Technology



, +1

ser&er. The alig(me(, of ,he seue(%e <as

%arried ou, usi(g 7B*TABK rogram a, Euro

ea( ioi(forma,i%s si,e. These seue(%e da,a

ha&e -ee( su-mi,,ed ,o ,he He(a(k da,a-ases

u(der a%%essio( (um-er of '"5198.

Media

The medium %o(,ai(i(g 4 gr. of >a=24.=2) 4

gr. of G2=4) 2" gr. of glu,ami% a%id) ".6 gr. of

>=47l) "."245 gr. of Mg7l2.6=2) ".""1 gr. of

7a7l2.2=2) ".""1 gr. of e7l#) a(d 2" ml of

gl%erol as ,he %ar-o( sour%e <as dissol&ed i(

1""" ml of deio(i;ed dis,illed <a,er. The = of

,he medium <as ,he( ad3us,ed ,o usi(g 1 >

sodium hdro!ide solu,io(.

Analytical Methods

7ell %o(%e(,ra,io( <as de,ermi(ed usi(g o,i%al

de(si, &alue o-,ai(ed - a 7amse% se%,ro

ho,ome,er /Model M5"10 a, 6"" (m. DT

%o(%e(,ra,io( a(d ,he me,a-oli,es i( ,he

rea%,io( mi!,ures <ere de,e%,ed a(d measured

- a gas %hroma,ograh /H7) ,e H789"A)

Agile(,) *A0 euied <i,h a mass se%,ros

%o de,e%,or a(d a %aillar %olum( /#" m L

".#2 mmL".25 m) Agile(,) *A0. The i(3e%,or

,emera,ure <as se, a, 25" 7 <hile ,he ,em

era,ure rogram used <as 4" 7 for 1 mi()

follo<ed - a ram of 1" 7mi( ,o 12" 7) a(d a

se%o(d ram of 12 7mi( ,o 2#2 7 for 1 mi(.

=elium <as used as ,he mo-ile hase a, a flo<

ra,e of 1.# mlmi(. All ,he e!erime(,al da,a

reor,ed i( ,he rese(, <ork are ,he mea(

&alues of ,he e!erime(,al da,a o-,ai(ed from

,<o or ,hree e!erime(,s <i,h a mea( s,a(dard

de&ia,io( of 5?. Moreo&er) ,he ,o,al sulfur

%o(,e(, of rea%,io( mi!,ures a(d kerose(e <as

de,ermi(ed - a ,o,al sulfur a(al;er /EDN$0.

Determination of Appropriate Conditions

of BDS Process Using Response Surface

Methodology

$eso(se surfa%e me,hodolog /$*M0 is a

%olle%,io( of useful ma,hema,i%al a(d s,a,is,i%al

,e%h(iues for modeli(g ro-lems usi(g ua(

,i,a,i&e da,a o-,ai(ed from a (um-er of

aroria,e e!erime(,s. The desired reso(se

is i(flue(%ed - se&eral &aria-les a(d ,he

reso(se is o,imi;ed usi(g a( o-3e%,i&e

fu(%,io( C2". ( ,his regard) ,hree imor,a(,

arame,ers of D* ro%ess) i(%ludi(g -io%a,als,

%ell de(si, /AO %ellml0) oil hase fra%,io( /0)

a(d ,he i(i,ial DT %o(%e(,ra,io( /7) m<0

<ere %hose(. The() a %e(,ral %omosi,e desig(

<as alied ,o ,he o,imi;a,io( ro-lem. To

ha&e desig( oi(,s) <hi%h had (o de%imal) ,he

&alue of arame,er P i( ,he $*M <as %hose( ,o

-e 2. This e!erime(,al desig( i(%luded ,<e(,

e!erime(,s for e&alua,i(g ,he model %oeffi%ie(,s from <hi%h eigh, oi(,s of fa%,orial

desig() si! a!ial oi(,s) a(d a %e(,er oi(, <i,h

si! reli%a,io(s <ere o-,ai(ed. This reli%a,io(

a, ,he %e(,er oi(, allo<ed es,ima,i(g e!eri

me(,al error for a -e,,er fi,,i(g. The resul,s of

,he roosed se, of e!erime(,s are summari;ed

i( Ta-le 1.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Identification of Strain HN

( ,he rese(, s,ud) 1 morhologi%all dis,i(%,

mi%ro-ial %olo(ies <ere isola,ed. (e of ,he

isola,es) i(i,iall (amed =>) had ,he ma!imum

desulfuri;a,io( a%,i&i, /65"? of DT0 a(d <as

fi(all %hose( for fur,her s,udies. The 16*

ri-o,i(g a(d BA*T( a(alsis of ,he 62 -ase

airs <ere erformed a, ,he >a,io(al 7e(,er for

io,e%h(olog (forma,io( />70 ser&er) <hi%h

%o(firmed ,he ide(,i, of orga(ism) i.e. a s,rai(

of Bacillus cereus %alled Bacillus cereus =>.

Bacillus cereus -elo(gs ,o ,he grou of

Baciliacea orga(isms) <hi%h are rod shaed)

sore formi(g) gramosi,i&e) a(d mo,ile. igure

1 sho<s ,he gro<,h of => s,rai( used i( ,he

rese(, s,ud.

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+2 ,

Ta!le 1- ./perimental runs proposed !y the 0S' method

$u(/A0: 7ell De(si,

/%ellml0 L1"

/0: il hase

fra%,io(

/70: (i,ial DT %o(%e(,ra,io(

/m<0Desulfuri;a,io( /?0

1 2 ".# 5"" 55.9

2 # ".5 5" 56.1

# 1 ".5 5" #.6

4 # ".5 5" 4.2

5 4 ". 1""" 56.4

6 # ".5 5" 69.9

2 ".# 1""" 58.#

8 # ".5 5" 5#.#

9 # ".5 5" 2.8

1" # ".5 25" #1.2

11 # ".5 5" #.6

12 2 ". 1""" 56.6

1# 4 ".# 1""" 42.9

14 5 ".5 5" 62.#

15 # ".5 125" 5.8

16 # ".9 5" 56.1

1 2 ". 5"" 52.8

18 4 ".# 5"" 58.9

19 4 ". 5"" 54.#

2" # ".1 5" 6".2

&igure 1- roth of Bacillus cereus #$ during

cultiation at +0 3C ./perimental conditions-

atmospheric pressure and incu!ator stirring at 150

rpm6

Effect of Parameters

( ,he $*M) effe%,i&e &aria-les a(d ,heir roer

ra(ge ha&e ,o -e k(o<(. Therefore) ,hree -asi%

arame,ers su%h as -io%a,als, %o(%e(,ra,io()

oil hase fra%,io() a(d i(i,ial DT %o(%e(,ra,io(

<ere %hose( C19) 21. The i(flue(%es of ,hese

arame,ers o( ,he desulfuri;a,io( of DT <ere

ss,ema,i%all e!ami(ed o(e a, a ,ime. All ,he

assas <ere %arried ou, i( 1"" ml Erle(meer

flasks. Dode%a(e a(d DT <ere used as ,he oil

sol&e(, a(d model sulfur %omou(d rese%,,i&el. The D* <ere %arried ou, - i(%u-a,i(g a,

#" 7 a(d 18" rm for 48 hrs.

Effect of Biocatalyst Cell Density

(e of ,he mos, imor,a(, arame,ers i( ,he

D* ro%ess is -io%a,als, %ell de(si,. A high

%ell de(si, %a( redu%e oera,i(g %os,s. Thus i, is

imor,a(, ,o de,ermi(e ,he ma!imum -io

%a,als, %ell de(si, C22. To e!ami(e ,his effe%,)

a (um-er of e!erime(,al ru(s <ere %arried ou,

"

".#

".6

".9

1.2

1.5

" 5 1" 15 2" 25 #"

7 / y g e n e m a n d 8 7 9

8 : 0 0 n m 9

Culti2ation time 8hr9

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, ++

i( 1"" ml Erle(meer flasks <i,h oil hase

fra%,io( a(d DT i(i,ial %o(%e(,ra,io( of ".5 a(d

5"" m rese%,i&el. ( ,hese e!erime(,s) %ell

de(si, &aried from 1×1" ,o 5×1"

/%ellml0

<i,h 1×1" i(%reme(,s. The o-,ai(ed e!eri

me(,al resul,s are rese(,ed i( igure 2. As %a(

-e sse() higher desulfuri;a,io( %a( -e o-,ai(ed

a, higher %ell de(si,. This %ould -e due ,o ,he

i(%reased (um-er of %ells) a(d ,hus more

-io%a,als, -ei(g a&aila-le for DT mole%ules.

=o<e&er) a, a %ell de(si, larger ,ha( #×1"

/%ellml0) ,he er%e(,age of desulfuri;a,io( falls.

This %a( -e e!lai(ed - ,he mass,ra(sfer

limi,a,io(s a(d i(a-ili, of some %ells ,o -e i(

%o(,a%, <i,h ,he orga(i% hase. ( fa%,) ,he ra,ea, <hi%h DT %a( -e %o(&er,ed - %ells is higher

,ha( ,he mass ,ra(sfer ra,e of DT from ,he

orga(i% hase i(,o ,he %ells. Therefore) ,he mass

,ra(sfer of DT from orga(i% hase i(,o ,he %ells

%o(,rols ,he o&erall ro%ess. ( ,his regard) ,he

e!is,e(%e of a( o,imum &alue of ,he -io%a,als,

loadi(g has -ee( reor,ed i( ,he li,era,ure C2#)

24.

&igure 2- .ffect of cell density on the percentage of

desulfuri;ation ./perimental conditions- C <T=>00

ppm" 7&P=06>" atmospheric pressure" T =+0 3C" and

incu!ator stirring at 150 rpm6

Effect of Oil Phase Fraction (OFP)

D* is ,i%all k(o<( as a ,<ohase aueous

oil ro%ess due ,o ,he <a,er reuireme(, for

-io%a,als,s. Therefore) ,he reuired amou(, of

<a,er is a ke arame,erO ,o ,his e(d) ,he

i(flue(%e of ,he oil hase fra%,io( o( ,he de

sulfuri;a,io( fra%,io( <as %arefull s,udied. (

,he rese(, <ork) ,he fra%,io( of oil hase

&aried from ".1 ,o ".9 <hile ,he ,<o o,her

arame,ers <ere ke, %o(s,a(, /i.e.) C DT Q 5""

m a(d %ell de(si,Q #×1" %ellml0. The

e!erime(,al resul,s o-,ai(ed are rese(,ed i(

igure #. As %a( -e i(ferred from ,his figure) ,he

desulfuri;a,io( of DT de%reases as ,he &olume

er%e(,age of orga(i% sol&e(, i(%reases) <hi%h is

full i( agreeme(, <i,h o,her s,udies reor,ed i(

,he li,era,ure C1) 18) 25. This %a( -e due ,o ,he

high hdroho-i%i, of DT. , should -e (o,ed

,ha, ,he ,ra(sor, of DT mole%ules i(,o ,he oil

<a,er i(,erfa%e is esse(,ial for ,he desulfuri;a

,io( rea%,io(s.

&igure +- .ffect of oil phase fraction 87&P on the

percentage of desulfuri;ation ./perimental condi?

tions- C <T=>00 ppm" atmospheric pressure"

T =+0 3C" cell density=+

10@ 8cellml" and incu!ator

stirring at 150 rpm6

Effect of Initial DBT Concentration

The effe%,s of i(i,ial su-s,ra,e %o(%e(,ra,io( o(

,he er%e(,age of desulfuri;a,io( are sho<( i(

igure 4. Differe(, DT %o(%e(,ra,io(s from 25",o 125" m< <i,h a 25" m i(%reme(, <ere

reared) <hile ,he -io%a,als, %o(%e(,ra,io(

a(d ,he oil hase fra%,io( <ere se, ,o -e #×1"

/%ellml0 a(d ".1 rese%,i&el. igure 4 %learl

sho<s ,ha, <i,h a( i(%rease i( ,he DT %o(%e(

,ra,io( i(%reases ,he er%e(,age of desulfuri;a

,io( due ,o ,he e(ha(%eme(, i( ,he DT

diffusio( ,o ,he oil<a,er i(,erfa%e. , is <or,h

(o,i(g ,ha, ,his -eha&ior has -ee( re&iousl

reor,ed - o,her resear%hers usi(g &arious

"

1"

2"

#"

4"

5"

6"@"

" 1 2 # 4 5 6

e s u l f u r i ; a t i o n 8 B 9

Cell ensity 8cellml9 L 1"@

"

1"

2"

#"

4"

5"

6"

@"

" ".2 ".4 ".6 ".8 1


7&P

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+4 ,

,es of mi%roorga(isms C18) 21.

&igure 4- .ffect of initial <T concentration on the


tions- 7&P=061" atmospheric pressure" T =+0 3C" cell

density=+

10@ cellml" and incu!ator stirring at 150

rpm6

Correlation of Experimental Data

The e!erime(,al resul,s <ere a(al;ed -

sof,<are Desig( E!er,R 8.".1 a%kage. E&alu

a,i(g ,he sig(ifi%a(, model) ,he mos, effe%,i&e

arame,ers a(d ,heir ossi-le i(,era%,io(s <ere

o-,ai(ed - usi(g ,he ,e%h(iue of a(alsis of

&aria(%e /A>SA0 as sho<( i( Ta-le 2.

A uadra,i% model %ould -e sui,a-le a(d)

,herefore) i, <as %hose( for ,he su-seue(,

a(alsis of ,he e!erime(,al da,a. As %a( -e

see( i( Ta-le 2) ,he o-,ai(ed e!erime(,al

resul,s i(di%a,e ,ha, redi%,a-ili, of ,he model

is a, a %o(fide(%e le&el of 91?. Therefore)

reso(se fu(%,io( redi%,io(s <ere i( reaso(

a-le agreeme(, <i,h ,he e!erime(,al da,a <i,h

a( R2 &alue of ".912) <hi%h %learl sho<ed ,ha,

less ,ha( 9? of ,he ,o,al &aria,io(s %ould (o, -ee!lai(ed - ,his model. Moreo&er) as ,he isher

,es, / &alue0 <as fou(d ,o -e 25. <i,h a

&er lo< ro-a-ili, &alue / &alue "."""10) ,he

uadra,i% regressio( model %ould -e &alid. This

i(di%a,ed ,ha, o(l "."1? of ,he model

redi%,io(s <ere due ,o ,he (oise. The redi%,edR

2 &alue of ".5# is i( reaso(a-le agreeme(,

<i,h ,he ad3us,ed &alue of ".86". ( addi,io()

,he &alue of adeua,e re%isio( of reso(se)

<hi%h <as 21.185 /larger ,ha( 40) i(di%a,ed ,ha,

,he model %ould -e aroria,e for des%ri-i(g

,he rese(, D* ro%ess. The fi(al %orrela,io(

o-,ai(ed for ,he rese(, er%e(,age of de

sulfuri;a,io( %a( -e e!ressed -:

2 2

(%) 56.48 1.57

4.74 4.99 6.34 2.56

Desulfurization A

B C A B

= + −

+ − +

/10

<here) A) B) a(d C are ,he %ell de(si,) oil hase

fra%,io() a(d ,he i(i,ial DT %o(%e(,ra,io(

rese%,i&el.

igure 5 sho<s ,he ari, lo, of ,he

e!erime(,al a(d redi%,ed &alues of ,he

er%e(,age of desulfuri;a,io(. , is see( ,ha, ,he

redi%,ed a(d e!erime(,al &alues are dis,ri-

u,ed %lose ,o ,he diago(al li(e sho<i(g a

reaso(a-le agreeme(, -e,<ee( ,he redi%,ed

a(d e!erime(,al &alues of ,he er%e(,age of

desulfuri;a,io(. 7o(sideri(g Eua,io( 1) ,he

sig(ifi%a(, ,erms are ,hree li(ear effe%,s of all

,he arame,ers a(d ,he (o(li(ear effe%,s of ,he

-io%a,als, %ell de(si, a(d ,he oil hase

fra%,io(. ur,hermore) ,here are (o i(,era%,io(s

-e,<ee( ,he arame,ers -e%ause all ,he ossi

-le effe%,s of a( ,<o arame,ers are (o,sig(ifi%a(,.

Ta!le 2- 0esults of A$7CA

Source Sum of SDuares egree of &reedom 'ean SDuare & alue p?alue pro!E &

Model 225.24 5 445."5 25. "."""1

$esidual 241.8# 14 1.2

Ba%k of fi, 2"2.2 9 22.4 2.8# ".1#2

ure error #9.6# 5 .9#

R2

Q ".912") Ad3R2

Q ".86") reR2

Q ".5#) Adeua,e re%isio(Q 21.185

"

2"

4"6"

8"

1""

" 2"" 4"" 6"" 8"" 1""" 12"" 14""


<T concentration 8ppm9

8/11/2019 03 1080 rev. 5 ver 2.0.0





, +>

&igure >- Predicted ersus actual alues of the


tions- atmospheric pressure" T =+0 3C" and incu!ator

stirring at 150 rpm6

Optimization of Desulfurization

The o,imi;a,io( of ,he rese(, D* ro%ess for

o-,ai(i(g ,he er%e(,age of ,he ma!imum

-iodesulfuri;a,io( <as erformed. To ,his e(d)

,he o,imum %o(di,io(s of ,he D* <ere

de,ermi(ed as follo<s: -io%a,als, %ell de(si,Q

#.6×1" /%ellml0) oil hase fra%,io(Q ".2) a(d

i(i,ial DT %o(%e(,ra,io(Q 1"86 m<O ,hese

%o(di,io(s ro&ided a er%e(,age of desulfuri;a

,io( of ".91. Moreo&er) ,he o,imum %o(di

,io(s redi%,ed - $*M <ere also &erified -

%arri(g ou, ,hree addi,io(al e!erime(,s. This

amou(, of oil hase fra%,io( a, ,he o,imum

%o(di,io(s ro&ides a grea, ad&a(,age. , should

-e (o,ed ,ha, fe< mi%roorga(isms <ere a-le ,o

ro&ide a high er%e(,age of desulfuri;a,io( of

DT a, oil hase fra%,io(s larger ,ha( ".1. This

fi(di(g %a( -e &er imor,a(,) -e%ause o(e of

,he esse(,ial ro-lems of i(dus,rial D* ro%ess

is ,he large &olume of <a,er.

Kinetic Rate Expression

The -io%a,als, <hi%h <as i( ,he s,a,io(ar

hase <as used ,o e&alua,e ,he ki(e,i% ra,e

e!ressio(. ( fa%,) -io%a,als, %o(%e(,ra,io(

remai(ed almos, u(%ha(ged duri(g ,he rea%,io(

,ime. The arame,ers of ro%ess <ere se, a,

o,imum %o(di,io(s es,ima,ed - $*M. The()

,he effe%,s of oera,i(g ,emera,ure o( ,he

desulfuri;a,io( <ere e!ami(ed. These e!eri

me(,al resul,s are sho<( i( igure 6.

&igure :- .ffect of temperature on the percentage of

desulfuri;ation ./perimental conditions- C <T=>00

ppm" atmospheric pressure" T =+0 3C" 7&P=061" cell

density=+

10@ 8cellml" and incu!ator stirring at

150 rpm6

The ge(eral n,horder o<erla< rea%,io( ra,e

e!ressio( <as %hose( ,o %orrela,e ,he e!eri

me(,al da,a. , <as fou(d ,ha, ,he -es, &alue of

n for ,his ro%ess %ould -e 1. Therefore) ,he ra,e

e!ressio( for ,he D* of DT %a( -e e!ressed

as:

DBT DBT

dC kC

dt

−= /20

12.792.715expk

R T

− =

/#0

<here) C DT) t ) a(d k are DT %o(%e(,ra,io(

/m<0) ,ime /hr0) a(d rea%,io( ra,e %o(s,a(,

/hr1

0 rese%,i&el. R a(d T rerese(, ,he u(i&er

sal gas %o(s,a(, /k'mol.G0 a(d ,emera,ure /G0

rese%,i&el. The %omariso( of DT degrada

,io( e!erime(,al resul,s a(d ,hose redi%,ed -

,he firs,order rea%,io( ra,e e!ressio( is sho<(i( igure . The mea( a-solu,e de&ia,io( of ,he

model redi%,io(s from ,he e!erime(,al da,a is

5?. Moreo&er) e&alua,i(g ,he %orrela,io( -e

,<ee( ,emera,ure a(d ,he er%e(,age of de

sulfuri;a,io( sho<s a grea, ad&a(,age. This

mi%roorga(ism is a-le ,o desulfuri;e DT o&er

,he ,emera,ure ra(ge of #" ,o 4" 7O addi,io(

all) a( i(%rease i( ,he rea%,io( ,emera,ure

i(%reases ,he degrada,io( of DT as ,he model

sulfur %omou(d. Thus ,he sulfur%o(,ai(i(g

25."

#5."

45."

55."

65."

@5."

25." #5." 45." 55." 65." @5." 85."

e s u

l f u r i ; a t i o n 8 B 9 "

P r e d i c t e d

esulfuri;ation 8B9" Actual "

2"

4"

6"

8"

" 12 24 #6 48 6" @2 84

e s u l f u r i ;

a t i o n 8 B 9

t 8hr9

#"

#5

4"

Tem+era,ure /70

8/11/2019 03 1080 rev. 5 ver 2.0.0






+: ,

s,reams do (o, (eed a( e!,ra %ooli(g ,o ,emer

a,ure lo<er ,ha( 4" 7. Therefore) ,his ,hermo

hili% -a%,erium %a( -e ui,e romisi(g.

&igure @- Comparison of the <T degradation

e/perimental data ith those predicted !y first?

order reaction rate e/pression ./perimental condi?

tions- C <T=105: ppm" atmospheric pressure"

T = 40 3C" cell density=+

10@ 8cellml" 7&P=061" and

incu!ator stirring at 150 rpm6

Desulfurization of Kerosene

i(all) ,he -iodesulfuri;a,io( of kerose(e)

<hi%h has some similari, <i,h ,he simula,ed

ligh, fuel oil) <as %arried ou, ,o e&alua,e ,he

%aa-ili, of ,his mi%roorga(ism ,o degrade real

oil samles. The -io%a,als, %ell de(si, a(d oil

hase fra%,io( <ere %hose( a%%ordi(g ,o ,he

o,imum %o(di,io(s o-,ai(ed - $*M) <hile ,he

i(i,ial ,o,al sulfur %o(,e(, of kerose(e <as 2###

m<. The roer,ies of kerose(e rodu%ed -

sfaha( refi(er used i( ,he rese(, s,ud are

summari;ed i( Ta-le #. As %a( -e (o,i%ed) ,he

ra(ge of -oili(g oi(, of ,he kerose(e used is

15"22 7. The mai( sulfur %omou(ds of fueloil i( ,he kerose(e -oili(g ra(ge are -e(;o,hio

he(e a(d i,s alkla,ed deri&a,i&es. The H7M*

a(alsis %o(firmed ,he rese(%e of -e(;o,hio

he(e a(d i,s alkla,ed deri&a,i&es su%h as 5

me,hl -e;o,hiohe(e a(d #me,hl -e(;o,hio

he(e i( ,he rese(, kerose(e. esides) some

o,her sulfur %omou(ds su%h as 1dode%a(e

,hiol <ere also o-ser&ed i( ,he kerose(e. Af,er

2 hr) ,he ,o,al sulfur %o(,e(, of kerose(e <as

redu%ed ,o 155 m. 7o(sideri(g ,he high

i(i,ial ,o,al sulfur %o(,e(, of kerose(e) i, seems

,ha, ,his mi%roorga(ism %ould -e romisi(g for

,he desulfuri;a,io( of DTO ho<e&er) i, ro-a-l

does (o, ossess ,he a-ili, ,o desulfuri;e o,her

,es of sulfur%o(,ai(i(g %omou(ds.

Ta!le +- Properties of (erosene feedstoc(

Property

alue

De(si, /kgm#0 95

Sis%osi, a, 2" 7 /ma.s0 1.46

Aroma,i% %o(,e(, /Sol.?0 18

To,al a%id (um-er /mg G=g0 "."18

(i,ial -oili(g oi(, /...0) 7 1#

5? 19

1"? 18#

#"? 195

5"? 2"9

"? 225

9"? 245

95? 254

i(al -oili(g oi(, /...0) 7 269

CONCLUSIONS

( ,he rese(, <ork) a( e!erime(,al i(&es,iga

,io( <as %o(du%,ed o( ,he -iodesulfuri;a,io( of

a model solu,io( of DT as <ell as u(,rea,ed

kerose(e <i,h a high ,o,al sulfur %o(,e(, -

usi(g a (a,i&e isola,ed -a%,eria Bacillus cereus

=>. The effe%,s of &arious oera,i(g arame,ers

o( ,he desulfuri;a,io( of DT <ere e!ami(ed. ,

<as fou(d ou, ,ha,:

1

The remo&al of DT from ,he model solu,io( /DT i( dode%a(e0 %a( -e %arried ou,

- ,his ,e of mi%roorga(ism. The ield of

D* i(%reases <i,h a( i(%rease i( ,he %ell

de(si, u ,o #×1") a de%rease i( ,he )

a(d a( i(%rease i( ,he i(i,ial DT %o(%e(

,ra,io(.

2 DT %a( -e desulfuri;ed from ,he model

solu,io( <i,h a( aroria,e amou(, of

-io%a,als, %ell de(si, a(d a, rela,i&el

lo< ,emera,ure a(d a,mosheri% res

"

2""

4""

6""

8""

1"""

12""

" 2" 4" 6" 8"

< T c o n c e n t r a t i o n 8 p p m

9

t 8hr9

redi%,ed 7o(%e(,ra,io( -Gi(e,i% EAua,io(

E!+erime(,al $esul,s

Tem+era,ureQ 4" /°70

8/11/2019 03 1080 rev. 5 ver 2.0.0





, +@

sure. Moreo&er) -iodesulfuri;a,io( of DT

o-es ,he seudofirs,order ra,e e!res

sio( i( ,erms of sulfur %o(%e(,ra,io(.

# (,rea,ed kerose(e <i,h a high ,o,al sulfur

%o(,e(, i( %omariso( <i,h DT %ould also

-e sligh,l desulfuri;ed.

4 The resul,s of ,he $*M sho<ed ,ha, a

uadra,i% %orrela,io( %ould -e roosed for

,he i(flue(%es of -io%a,als, %ell de(si,)

) a(d ,he i(i,ial DT %o(%e(,ra,io( o(

,he desulfuri;a,io( of DT.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The au,hors are &er gra,eful for ,he fi(a(%ial

suor, ro&ided - *harif (i&ersi, of Te%h(olog /Tehra() ra(0.

NOMENCLATURE

D* iologi%al desulfuri;a,io(

BA*T( asi% lo%al alig(me(, sear%h ,ool

DT Di-e(;o,hiohe(e

... i(al -oili(g oi(,

H7 Has %hroma,ograh

=D* =drodesulfuri;a,io(... (i,ial -oili(g oi(,

>7 >a,io(al %e(,er for -io,e%h(olog

i(forma,io(

D !ge( dema(d

il hase fra%,io(

$*M $eso(se surfa%e me,hodolog

$D $i-osomal da,a-ase ro3e%,

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