05-Teoria de Iluminacion de Tuneles

8/13/2019 05-Teoria de Iluminacion de Tuneles

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Teora de Iluminacin de Tnel


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Introduccin: Por qu iluminar un tnel

durante el da?Niveles de Luminancia

Iluminacin CBL y Simtrica

Cmo determinar Lth ?

Concepto L20

Concepto Lseq

Reporte CEN

Tabla de contenidos


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Concepto L20

Concepto Lseq

Reporte CEN

Tabla de contenidos


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Introduction


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Introduction


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Introduction


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Efecto de Oyo negro

Introduction


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Distancia de parada

S.S.D.

Definition of the Point of Attention : the driver looksahead to a point at a distance which is equal to hisstopping distance.


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Umbral y zona de Transicin

Lth : Tareas visuales (dada una velocidad

mxima) Detectar obstaculos a la SSD desde la entrada

del tnel

Permitir que el conductor reaccione en tiempo

Lth et Ltr : fenomeno de adaptacin

Adaptacin Espacial Adaptacin Visual Temporal (alto nivel bajo nivel)


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Concepto L20

Concepto LseqReporte CEN

Tabla de contenidos


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Concepto L20


Tabla de contenidos


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Tpica seccin longitudinal de un tnel de una va

Transitionzone

Thzone

Access zone Interiorzone

Exitzone

Portal

TunnelLength

Exit

Directionof traffic

Thzone

Accesszone

Transitionzone

Interiorzone

Exitzone

L20

Lth

Ltr

Lin

Lex

SSD

L

uminance


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Umbral y zona de Transicin


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Zona Interior


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Zona de Salida


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Concepto L20


Tabla de contenidos


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Contraste

Lo Ev Lb

C= 100%Lo - Lb

Lb


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Contrast of luminance

Negative contrast (C < 0)(Obstacle darkerthan the background)

Positive contrast (C > 0)(Obstacle brighterthan the background)


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Positive or negative contrast


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Symmetrical lighting


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Counter Beam Lighting (C.B.L.)

Lb

Ev0.6

Ev Lb


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Los obstculos se hacen visibles

por contraste negativo



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Concepto L20


Tabla de contenidos


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Lth = Valor de Luminancia en la primera mitadde la zona de umbral.

in the drivers conical field of view

En base a los niveles de luminancia fuera deltnel, a la SSD, en el campo de visin cnico delconductor

Disponibles diferentes mtodos


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Lth L20 via k

CIE 88-2004 entrega los valores k:

k = Lth / L20



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Zona de Acceso Luminance L20


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Primer mtodo :Evaluacin de L20

Cmo saber el valor de L20

?


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Estimacin del porcentaje de cielo


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Estimacin del porcentaje de cielo


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Normal Snow Normal Snow Normal Snow Normal Snow

Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High Low High

Brightness

situation in

field of

view

Stopping

distance

60 m

4 000 5 000 4 000 5 000 2 500 3 500 3 000 3 500 1 500 3 000 1 500 4 000

Stopping

distance

100 m to

160m

4 000 6 000 4 000 6 000 4 000 6 000 4 000 6 000 3 000 4 500 3 000 5 000 2 500 5 000 2 500 5 000

Average luminance L20 in a 20 conical field of view in cdm!

1) 1) 1) 1) 2) 3) 2) 3)

"#$

4) 4)

%ercentage of s&'

2#$ 10$ 0$

Luminacia Promedio L20 en cd/m


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Segundo mtodo :

Calculando el valor de L20

Cmo saber el valor de L20 ?


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L20 diagram - Stopping distance : 230 m

- orientation : S-W

Calculation of L20 value


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L20 = LC + LR + LE +Lth

Donde:

LC = luminancia de cielo = % de cielo

LR = luminancia de calzada = % de calzada

LE = luminancia entorno = % de entorno

Lth = luminance de entranda = % de entrada

Con + + + = 1

Despreciable

Calculation of L20 value


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Rock Buildings Snow Vegetation

N 8 3 3 8 15 (V, H) 2

10 (V)

15 (H)

5 (V)15 (H)

Driving

direction

LC

(sky)

kcd/m

LR

(road)

kcd/m

2

LE (environment)

kcd/m

2 6

NOTE : V refers to vertical, and H to horizontal surfaces

S

E - W

16 5 1 4

212 4

Los valores tpicos de luminancia paradiversas superficies


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Mtodo L20

Speed (km/h)

60 km/h80 km/h120 km/h

k = Lth / L20

0.050.060.10

CIE 88

2004*

*CEN TR: L20 methodology

No difference betweenSYM and CBL System!

!

!!!

M d L20


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Calculation of L20 valueStopping distance : 230m - Orientation : S-W

CIE 88-2004:LthSYM & CBL:6220 .0.1=622 cdm

% Values

Sky (14) 25 3500Road (4.5) 41.9 1900

Buiding (5) 6.7 340

Meadows (2) 24 480

Entrance 2.4

Total 100 6220

L 20

Mtodo L20

T bl d t id


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Concepto L20


Tabla de contenidos


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11q.C

1LL

cm

mth

=

( )atm

seqwsatm

m

++

=

ws

ws LLL

L

Calculation of thresholdluminance

Contrast


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Contrast

Reference obstacle: 0,2m x 0,2m ; = 0,2

r

rorinsicint

L)L(LC =

r,p

r,po,p

perceived

L

)L(LC

=

from the stopping distance


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El contraste percibido difiere delcontraste intrnseco debido a:

El velo de luz debido a la luz que se dispersa

1. en la atmosfera en la lnea de visin,2. en el parabrisas (incluyendo la refleccin de

luz reflejada desde el tablero de instrumentos) y

3. en el ojo (de fuentes fuera de la lnea de visindispersa en la fovea)


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dashboard

w n screen

road surface

object

atmospheric losses

atmospheric contributionlosses in windscreen

Drivers eye

atmospheric light inwindscreen

light from surroundings

Light veil


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Perceived luminance of the object:

Lo,

p=wsatmLo,intrinsic+wsLatm+Lws+Lseq

Latmand Lseqmeasured from outside of the vehicle.

Transmission factors Light scattered in the eye


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Lr, p=wsatmLr,intrinsic+wsLatm+Lws+Lseq

The effect of scattered light in the eye on

vision can be expressed by the equivalentveiling luminance Lseq.

Perceived luminance of the road:


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When no local data is available, we canassume:

atm = 1,0

ws = 0,8

Latm and Lws

Veiling levels High Medium Low

Atmospheric veiling

(cd/m2) 300 200 100Windscreen veiling

(cd/m2)200 100 50


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Utilizamos las ms altas luminanciasque podran darse durante al menos75 horas del da al ao comoreferencia para determinar Lseq

Lseq


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Lseq

can be determined:

by measurements on site: with special luminance meters equipped with

a "glare lens" measuring Lseqor

with glare evaluation meters inside the car;

by a graphical method based on the

Holladay-Stiles formula

Graphical method


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Polar diagram showing zones in which theluminance produces equal amounts of

stray light at the centre

Graphical method


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The polar diagram should be superimposedover the image using the following angularrelationships:

Angle ofopening ()

2,0 3,0 4,0 5,8 8,0 11,6 16,6 24,0 36,0 56,8

Ring Centre 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Lseq evaluation diagram


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Examples of luminances at tunnel portals

Driving Direction(Northern

hemisphere)

Lc (sky)Kcd/m

Lr (road)kcd/m

Le (environment) kcd/m

Rocks Buildings Snow Meadows

N 8 3 3 8

15 (V)

15 (H) 2

E-W 12 4 2 610 (V)

15 (H)2

S 16 5 1 45 (V)

15 (H)2


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11q.C

1

LL

cm

mth

=

( )atmws

veqwsatmws

m

LLLL

++

=

Calculation of threshold luminance

Lseq method makes the difference between

SYM and CBL !


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Minimum required perceived contrast : Cm

- 28% is recommended

- mostly negative for:

qc > 0,06

= 0,2


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Contrast revealing coefficient: qc

SYM : qc = 0,2

CBL : qc = 0,6


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Example of tunnel design with

the perceived contrast method



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Lijmatrix for Lseqevaluation (kcd/m)


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SECTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SUM

1 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 6.20 4.10 8.00 NC 58.30 kcd/ M2

2 5.36 8.00 8.00 8.00 6.20 3.50 2.00 5.00 7.70 53.76 kcd/ M2

3 0.00 6.40 8.00 8.00 3.20 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.20 34.80 kcd/ M2

4 0.00 5.50 5.00 5.00 2.60 2.70 2.70 2.65 2.55 28.70 kcd/ M2

5 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 27.00 kcd/ M2

6 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 NC 24.00 kcd/ M2

7 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 NC 24.00 kcd/ M2

8 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 27.00 kcd/ M2

9 0.00 1.20 3.25 4.37 2.95 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 22.37 kcd/ M2

10 0.80 0.80 4.80 8.00 4.40 2.00 2.00 0.80 2.00 25.60 kcd/ M2

11 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 7.40 3.80 2.00 2.90 5.60 53.70 kcd/ M2

12 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 6.20 3.80 7.10 NC 57.10 kcd/ M2

Lij= 436.33 kcd/ M2

Average luminance over each ring section

Ring number


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SECTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SUM

1 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 5.06 3.38 6.5 NC 47.44 kcd/ m

2 4.39 6.50 6.50 6.50 5.06 2.90 1.70 4.10 6.26 43.91 kcd/ m

3 0.1 5.22 6.5 6.5 2.66 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.66 28.74 kcd/ m

4 0.1 4.5 4.1 4.1 2.18 2.26 2.26 2.22 2.14 23.86 kcd/ m5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 22.50 kcd/ m

6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 NC 20.00 kcd/ m

7 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 NC 20.00 kcd/ m

8 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 22.50 kcd/ m

9 0.1 1.06 2.7 3.596 2.46 2.1 2.18 2.26 2.34 18.80 kcd/ m

10 0.74 0.74 3.94 6.5 3.62 1.7 1.7 0.74 1.7 21.38 kcd/ m

11 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.02 3.14 1.7 2.42 4.58 43.86 kcd/ m12 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 5.06 3.14 5.78 NC 46.48 kcd/ m

359.46 kcd/ m

wswsijije LLL +=

ws= 0,8

Lws= 100cd/m

Lseq= 5,1 10-4 x 359,46 kcd/m = 183 cd/m


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Diagram of luminancel l l th i


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TRANSITION ZONES80 km/h

0.5 SD Lth

2 x Linterior (!)

(s)THRESHOLD ZONE

stopping dist.

level along the various zones


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Traffic flow classificationCIE 88 - 2004

Traffic flow * One WayTraffic

Two waytraffic

High > 1500 > 400

Low < 500 < 100

* peak hour traffic, vehicles per hour per lane


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StoppingDistance(m)

LONG TUNNELS

Traffic flow

Low Heavy

160m60m

63

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Luminance values in cd/m in theinterior zone (long tunnels)


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StoppingDistance(m)

VERY LONG TUNNELS

Traffic flow

Low Heavy

160m60m

2,51

4,52

Luminance values in cd/m in thesecond part of the interior zone

very long tunnels

Luminancia sobre las Paredes


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Up to at least a height of 2m above road level

L Walls 0,6LRoad

Luminancia en la zona de salida


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SD 20m

Lint

5 x Lint

Exit

Luminancia en la zona de salida


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La luminancia de da en la zona de salida seincrementa linealmente en una longitud iguala la SD (antes del portal de salida), desde el

nivel de la zona interior a un nivel cincoveces mayor que la de la zona interior a unadistancia de 20 m del portal de salida .


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Parting zone lighting


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IF - tunnel is part of an unlit road and V > 50 km/h

- Lnight > 1 cd/m in the tunnel

- Different weather conditions at the entrance

and at the exit of the tunnel.

iluminacin nocturna de la zona de separacin serecomienda:

Length: 2 x S D

Luminance level : min.1/3 Lint

Stopping distance


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s)(fg2uSD u

t

2

o+=

u = traffic speed in m/secto = reaction time (1 sec)

g = gravity accelerationf = friction coefficient tire-pavements = slope of the road in %

Diagram of friction coefficient


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0(2

0("

0()

0(#

0(6

0(*

"0 )0 #0 60 *0 +0 ,0 100 110 120 1"0 1)0

- speed . &mh /

0riction

c

oeffici

entf

r' pavement

et pavement

Daytime lighting of short tunnels

1 Length of tunnel


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1. Length of tunnel

2. Is exit fully visiblewhen viewed fromstopping distance infront of tunnel ?

3. Is daylight penetrationgood or poor ?

4. Is wall reflectance high(>0.4) or low (< 0.2) ?

5. Is traffic heavy (*)or light?

(*) or includes cyclistsor pedestrians.

yes no yes no

good poorgood poor

light

highlow low

lightheavy heavy

no daytimelighting

normalthreshold zonelighting level

50% of normalthreshold zonelighting level

high


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CEN - L20 methodology


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Speed (km/h) k = Lth/ L20


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Traffic flow One Way Traffic Two Way Traffic

High > 1500 > 400

Medium 500 - 1500 100 - 400

Low < 500


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Low Medium Heavy

160 m 5 cd/m 10 cd/m 15 cd/m

100 m 2cd/m 4 cd/m 6 cd/m

60 m 1 cd/m 2 cd/m 3 cd/m

Stopping

Distance

S.D.

Traffic flow

Interior zone luminance levels

CEN - Traffic weighted L20 method


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Traffic Intens

Traffic type M A M A M A

Tunnel class 4 3 3 2 2 1 (guidance

High Medium Low

Classification of tunnels

A = motorized traffic onlyM = mixed traffic including bicycles



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Stopping Distance SD ( 60 100 160

tunnel class

4 0.05 0.06 0.10

3 0.04 0.05 0.07

2 0.03 0.04 0.05

1no requirements (only orientation lighting)

Recommended values of k



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Stopping Distance SD (m) 60 100 160

tunnel class

4 3 6 103 2 4 6

2 1.5 2 4

1 NR 0,5 1,5

Luminance in interior zone



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tunnel class U0 Ul

4 0,4 0,7

3 0,4 0,6

2 0,3 0,5

1 - -

Luminance uniformities



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Tunnel class

4 LW LR2 and 3 LW 60 % of LR

1 LW 25 % of LR

Wall Luminance (up to 2m)

CEN - Lighting of short tunnels


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H 3

4

5

A B

For LTP < 20%, artificial lighting always neededFor LTP > 50%, artificial lighting never neededFor the 20% < LTP < 50% situations, additional requirements

Look Through Percentage

LTP = 100*(EFGH)/(ABCD)



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8ehicle

19) : 196m

"0$ visi;le

Motorized traffic only, visibility of a car

Lighting needed when critical object cannot beseen for more than 30% (red > 30% yellow)



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%edestrianc'clist

09# : 19+m

#0$ visi;le

Lighting needed when critical object cannot beseen for more than 50% (red > 50% yellow)

Mixed traffic, visibility of pedestrian / cyclist

Table method for straight tunnels



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Speed Stopping

1istance

Artificial

1a'time

Lighting

Approaching

road

slope 0

Approaching

road

slope 2

Approaching

road

slope )

yes L > 120 m L > 100 m L > 80 mmaybe 50m 80 m

maybe 90m 80 m

maybe 120m 70 m

maybe 150m


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Speed Stopping

1istance

Artificial

1a'time

Lighting

5urve

raduis

5urve

raduis

yes L > 20 m L > 50 m

maybe 20m 50 m L > 70 m

maybe 30m 90 m

maybe 40m 100 mmaybe 50m


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Gracias por su atencin!

05-Teoria de Iluminacion de Tuneles

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