12.CONECTORES

Introducción a la Lectura Comprensiva de Inglés Académico para Medicina Veterinaria

FICHA #12: CONJUNCIONES y CONECTORES LÓGICOS

Se pueden combinar dos o más afirmaciones o cláusulas dentro de un enunciado mayor a través de conjunciones, o bien

combinar afirmaciones expresadas en diferentes enunciados o partes del texto a través de conectores. Los conectores y

conjunciones lógicas cumplen la función de unir o combinar ideas dentro de un enunciado o afirmaciones de diferentes

enunciados o partes del texto, como párrafos. Es fundamental que te familiarices con ellos a fin de que comprendas las

relaciones lógicas entre las ideas del texto, a la vez que las jerarquizas. Según el tipo de combinación, reciben diferentes

nombres. El siguiente cuadro clasifica, explica y ejemplifica las conjunciones/conectores y sus usos:

ADICIÓN SIMPLE CONJUNCIÓN

CONECTOR EJEMPLOS SIGNIFICADO

Also,

in addition

furthermore

moreover

You can pay your fees by credit card. You can also

write a check.

Ming has to register for classes today. In addition, he

has to pay his course fees.

This plant requires sun all day. Furthermore, it needs

rich soil.

As your mayor, I promise to make this city safe for all.

Moreover, I will create more jobs.

Expresan una simple adición.

Tienen el mismo significado de

also y too (también, además)

ADICIÓN ENFÁTICA CONJUNCIÓN


what is more

(más aún, y lo que

más)

as well

(incluso)

besides (this)

(además de esto)

We have succeeded in cleaning up the river. What is

more, we have made it the cleanest in the entire

province.

Ricardo won the award for athletic achievement. He

received academic honors as well.

My brother goes to school full time. Besides this, he

manages to work twenty hours a week.

Presentan una idea que

enfatiza algún aspecto de lo

que se ha dicho anteriormente.

Su significado es similar a: “No

solo eso (lo que acabo de

mencionar) sino también esto

(lo que voy a decir a

continuación) Not only ... but

also …

ADICIÓN INTENSIFICADORA CONJUNCIÓN


in fact

as a matter of fact

actually

Spokane has a lot of rain lately. In fact, it has been

raining all week.

You can take the rest of the pie with you. As a matter

of fact, I wish you would since I am on a diet.

Gretchen has never cared for the color magenta.

Muestran que la idea a

continuación apoyará

fuertemente la idea

mencionada anteriormente.

(de hecho)

Conjunciones y Conectores Lógicos

Actually, it’s one of her least favorite colors.

DE EJEMPLIFICACIÓN CONJUNCIÓN


for example

for instance

Reactions to bee stings can be severe. For example, a

person could experience breathing difficulty.

Some sports involve considerable body contact. Take,

for instance, rugby.

Presentan ejemplos de lo que

se ha mencionado antes.

Presentan un miembro o

instancia típica de un grupo.

especially

in particular

Violence in movies seems to be increasing. Action films

especially appear to be getting more violent.

Learning the use for article use in English can be

difficult. In particular, the use of articles with generic

nouns may be confusing.

Presentan un miembro o

instancia importante de un

grupo.

to illustrate

as an example

The steps to save your computer files are quite simple.

To illustrate, we will save the file you have just

created.

Many great composers have had their share of misery.

As an example, consider the life of Mozart.

Presentan ejemplos extensos

que consisten en una narración

o un proceso.

DE IDENTIFICACIÓN CONJUNCIÓN


namely

(es decir)

specifically (para ser específico)

There is a very important issue before us; namely, we

need to decide how to reduce the budget by one fourth.

I have a question about connectors; specifically, when

do you use “in fact”?

Identifican algo, sea que se

haya mencionado o implicado

anteriormente. Presentan una

elaboración más específica

o detallada.

DE ACLARACIÓN CONJUNCIÓN


that is

(es decir)

in other words (en otras palabras)

The garlic should be minced; that is, you should chop it

into very small pieces.

You can’t go on with this hectic life style. In other

words, you need to learn to relax.

Señalan que algo va a ser

expresado nuevamente de otra

manera o que va a ser

aclarado.


DE SIMILITUD CONJUNCIÓN


similarly

(similarmente)

likewise

(del mismo modo)

in the same way

(del mismo modo)

The lungs of vertebrates absorb oxygen from the air.

Similarly, gills, the respiratory organs of many aquatic

animals, take in oxygen from water.

If you study, you will probably do well in the exam.

Likewise, if you write in a journal every day, you will

probably become a better writer.

Learning to play a musical instrument well requires

practice. In the same way, learning to speak a

second language fluently cannot be accomplished

without practice.

Señalan que dos o más ideas o

situaciones son similares.

DE CONTRASTE CONJUNCIÓN


however

(sin embargo)

in contrast

(en contraste)

on the other hand

(por otro lado)

though

(sin embargo)

no confundir con:

“through”: a través

(preposición),

“thought” (pensó,

pensamiento, pensado)

de “think”

In some creation myths, the sun exists before people

do. In other, however, people create the sun.

The characters in legends may be based on people who

actually lived. In contrast, the characters in fables,

often animals, are fictional.

The proposed new hotel complex will benefit our city.

On the other hand, it will create serious problems

with increased traffic.

This lake is not very good for fishing. It’s great for

swimming and water skiing, though.

Muestran que dos ideas se

contraponen, o que la

segunda idea no es la

esperada en relación con lo

expresado en la primera.

Otras conjunciones:

although, (si bien, aunque)

even though, (si bien,

aunque), whereas

(mientras que)

in fact

(de hecho)

however

(sin embargo)

Early civilizations thought the Herat was the center of

the Universe. In fact, the Earth revolves around the

sun.

Some people think that whales are fish. However,

these animals are actually mammals.

Señalan que la idea a

continuación es contraria a algo

que se mencionó

anteriormente.


DE CONCESIÓN CONJUNCIÓN


even so

(aún así)

however

(sin embargo)

nevertheless (no obstante, con todo,

sin embargo)

nonetheless (no obstante, con todo,

sin embargo)

despite this

(a pesar de ésto)

in spite of

(a pesar de )

on the other hand

(por otro lado)

New York has many urban problems. Even so, it still a

great city.

Most of my meal was excellent. The vegetables,

however, were slightly overcooked.

Native Americans have often had difficulties preserving

their traditions. Nevertheless, they had been able to

pass down old stories about their cultures to the new

generations.

I know mountain climbing can be dangerous. I would

like to try it, nonetheless.

Chifumi has to get up at five to get to school on time.

Despite this, she has never missed a class.

The day was cold and rainy. In spite of the inclement

weather, we decided to take a hike.

Learning a new language can be fun. On the other

hand, it can be frustrating.

Señalan una reserva acerca de

algo. La primera idea es cierta,

pero la segunda idea es

también verdad o debería

considerarse.

DE RESULTADO O EFECTO CONJUNCIÓN


accordingly

(así pues, por

consiguiente)

as a result

(como resultado)

as a result of (this)

because of (this),

(debido a (ésto))

Rain is an important theme in many African religions.

Accordingly, their rituals often focus on rain-making

and rain stopping.

English spelling rules can be confusing. As a result,

some have proposed simplified spelling.

Some people suffer from acrophobia. As a result of

this phobia, they avoid heights.

Canvas is strong material. Because of its strength, it

is used for tents.

Señalan que una idea es in

efecto o resultado de algo. Se

diferencian entre sí

principalmente por sus grados

de formalidad.


due to (this)

(debido a (ésto))

consequently

(en consecuencia)

therefore

(por lo tanto)

thus (así, de este modo)

hence

(de aquí que)

A megaphone is a hollow cone. Due to its shape, it

can amplify sound.

John couldn’t get to the library. Consequently, he

wasn´t able to finish his research.

The plot of this book is not very original. The ending,

therefore, is easy to predict.

Spring water is filtered through permeable rock. Thus,

it is usually fairly clean.

Fluorocarbons have stable carbon-fluorine bonds;

hence they are inert and heat resistant.

The ending of this book is easy to predict because the

plot is not very original.

DE PROPÓSITO CONJUNCIÓN


in order to (do this)

(para ésto)

with this in mind (con ésto en mente)

for this purpose (con este propósito)

We will test your cholesterol levels tomorrow. In order

to check it, we must ask you not to eat anything for

four hours.

Catherine needed to go to the market after work. With

this in mind, she took her grocery list with her.

The candidate for mayor needed to increase her

campaign funds. For this purpose, her manager

scheduled several fund-raising dinners.

Presentan el propósito de la

idea a continuación. También

expresan relación causal.

Otras conjunciones: so as to,

(de manera tal que), in

order that (para que)

Fuente: FRODESEN, J, EYRING, J: Grammar Dimensions 4, Heinle&Heinle, 2000, pág. 203-220. (adaptado, mi traducción).

12.CONECTORES

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