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Efficacy of insecticide treated on packaging materials

against Tribolium castaneum and Trogoderma

granarium Muhammad Ishtiaq Sarwar1 Muhammad Nabeel saleem1 Muhammad Muneeb

Shabbir1 Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq1 Mubashir Tariq1 Atif Suhail1 Muhammad

Mujeeb2 Ateeq-UR-Rehman1 Aqib Manzoor3

1 Department of Entomology University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan

2 Institute of Agriculture and Resource Economics University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan

3 Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan

Corresponding author

Muhammad Muneeb Shabbir

Department of Entomology University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan

Email mianmuneebfsdgmailcom

Article History

Received 24 March 2018

Accepted 13 October 2018

Published 20 December 2018

How to Cite

Muhammad Ishtiaq Sarwar Muhammad Nabeel saleem Muhammad Muneeb Shabbir Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq

Mubashir Tariq Atif Suhail Muhammad Mujeeb Ateeq-UR-Rehman Aqib Manzoor Efficacy of insecticide treated on

packaging materials against Tribolium castaneum and Trogoderma granariumThe international Journal of Biological

Research 2018 1 1-26

Publication License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 40 International License

ABSTRACT

The present studies were carried out to investigate the toxicity of insecticides treated on three packaging

materials against two stored product insect pests Tribolium castaneum and Trogoderma granarium Three

insecticides (Deltamethrin Spinosad and Spinetoram) were applied on three packaging materials

(polyethylene polypropylene and jute) Six concentrations of each insecticide (10 15 20 25 30 and

35ppm) were applied on each packaging material cut into circular pieces of petri dish size After air drying

THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

ISSN Print 2618-1436 ISSN Online 2618-1444

Volume 1 2018 RESEARCH ARTICLE

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the treated pieces of packaging materials were placed in petri dishes Then 30 adults of Tribolium

castaneum and 30 larvae of Trogoderma granarium were released in the petri dishes which were tightly

covered using rubber bands and were placed in incubator at optimum growth conditions Mortality of

insects were observed after 24 48 and 72 hrs The overall maximum percent mortality of T castaneum at

35ppm conc and 72 hours exposure time was 4196 for deltamethrin treated on polyethylene packaging

material 5502 for spinetoram and 4859 for spinosad at the same packaging material dose rate and

exposure time Results of bioassay of insecticide application against Trogoderma granarium the maximum

mortality of T granarium at 35ppm conc and 72 hours exposure time was 8908 for deltamethrin treated

on polyethylene packaging material 8333 for spinetoram and 8666 for spinosad at the same packaging

material dose rate and exposure time

Key words Tribolium castaneum Trogoderma granarium insecticide packaging materials

INTRODUCTION

Throughout the world the most injurious and damaging pests of stored products are Tribolium castaneum

(Mondal 1994) and Trogoderma granarium (Burges 2008) T castaneum (Herbst) red flour beetle is one

of the most important pest of stored grain (Shafique et al 2006) Grain and its quality is greatly affected

by the attack of T granarium (Ahmedani et al 2009) Pest control in stored products is a very major

problem in developing countries During the storage of wheat T granarium (Everts) is responsible for

causing both quantitative and qualitative losses (Prasad et al 1977) T granarium larvae stage is the most

damaging stage whereas the adult stage of T granarium is unable to cause damage (Parashar 2006)

According to literature the Trogoderma granarium is very dangerous for our food The sections of insect in

wheat flour cause reduction in sale of milling industries (Perez-Mendoza et al 2003) Among the

international pests of cereals stored grains fruit and nuts the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum

(Herbst) are most important (Fedina and Lewis 2007) Use of woven bags is one of the low-cost method of

storing grains but this method needs to apply the insecticide (Maina et al 2016) In Sub-Sahara region for

storing maize and some other crops hermetic storage bags were used for past ten decade (Baoua et al

2014) Many companies have applied package-testing programs in order to develop resistance against

insect attack (Mullen 1994) Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags contains two layers of high density

polyethylene (HDPE) surrounded by a polypropylene bag they give an excellent protection against bruchid

seed beetles to cowpea grain in West Africa (Baoua et al 2013) Repellents means having the ability to

repel insect to enter or move across a surface which is treated with these repellents The use of coating of

these repellent on packages is helpful in order to prevent insect infestation at that portion where further

research is to be conducted (Mullen et al 2012) Highland (1978) recorded the progress of repellent

treatments as a priority Different repellent formulations have been tested through the years Natural and

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synthetic combinations were used in the studies of senior authors They include insect growth regulators

neem oil methyl salicylate and DEET derivatives (Mullen et al 2012) EPA was accepted as Provision Gardtrade

in 2009 in which IGR methoprene was used and it is also used in many package applications now a days

Provision GardTM is very useful in order to prevent the Indian meal moth entry

For the stored-product insects present in mills and warehouses insecticides with various liquid formulations

and aerosols were applied for managing pests (Arthur and Campbell 2008) Malathion pirimiphos-methyl

(Actellic) and chlorpyrifos-methyl plus deltamethrin were used in Unites States for protection against

insects of stored grains for long periods (Subramanyam et al 2012)

Spinosad is an insecticide with reduced-risk and have low mammalian toxicity it is basically the

fermentation products of an Actinomycete bacterium (Thompson et al 2000) The United States

Environmental Protection Agency permitted spinosad to be used on stored grains in 2005 (Anonymous

2005) Scientific data having enough volume was collected from trails of field and laboratory having various

formulations for field crops which show spinosad effective to control insect pests of stored grains (Vayias

et al 2010)

Deltamethrin and b-cyfluthrin are pyrethroid insecticides these two insecticides are registered by US-EPA

for surface application (Allahvaisi 2012) When the insects are open on treated grains immediate death of

these insects take place and if they are removed their death may be delayed (Athanassiou et al 2010)

Now spinetoram was presented as a different spinosyn insecticide which have more effectiveness and its

speed of action is faster as compared to spinosad (Sparks et al 2008) Natural spinosyns are used for

preparing Spinetoram (spinosyn J and spinosyn L) which is produced by Saccharopolyspora spinosa and

used to make two artificial modifications Mode of action of spinosad and Spinetoram is same and it is also

active by the contact method and ingestion (Dripps et al 2011) Broad research with spinetoram in

contradiction of field pests shows that spinetoram is very usefull against a number of pest species In

fact(Sparks et al 2008) and (Jones et al 2010) noticed that the effectiveness of spinetoram was greater

as compared to spinosad in controlling insect pest of stored grains

The objectives of present studies were

1To evaluate the effectiveness of insecticide treated on packaging materials against Tribolium castaneum

and Trogoderma granarium

2To find out the suitable packaging material which gives good result of an insecticides against stored insect

pests

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present studies were conducted at Grain Research Training and Storage Management Cell

Department of Entomology University of Agriculture Faisalabad during 2016-2017

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COLLECTION AND REARING OF INSECTS

Two insect species of stored grains ie Tribolium castaneum and Trogoderma granarium were obtained

from lab strain Insect population of Tribolium castaneum and Trogoderma granarium were taken after 2-

3 weeks post eclosion from laboratory cultures Then provide optimum growth conditions in incubator

such as 30plusmn2ordmC temperature and 65plusmn5 relative humidity T castaneum was dispose to sterilized flour T

granarium was dispose on uncontaminated wheat grains This uniform population were subjected for

experimentation

PACKAGING MATERIALS

This experiments were conducted using three types of packaging materials ie Polyethylene Polypropylene

and jute bags These packaging materials were cut into discs of petri dish size (9cm) These discs of

packaging materials were treated with insecticides and plant extracts After treatment these discs were

placed in petri dishes and insects were released on these treated discs

BIOASSAY TO EVALUATE THE TOXIC EFFECT OF INSECTICIDES TREATED ON PACKAGING MATERIALS

AGAINST TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM AND TROGODERMA GRANARIUM

Three packaging materials (Polyethylene Polypropylene and jute bags) were treated with six

concentrations (10 15 20 25 30 and 35ppm) of deltamethrin spinosad and spinetoram The discs of

packaging materials treated with insecticides were transferred into petri dishes after air drying Thirty

beetles of T castaneum and thirty grubs of T granarium were released in each petri dish Each of six

treatment combinations for each species and type of packaging were repeated three times There was a

control treatment for each insecticides The mortality data were recorded after 24 48 and 72 hours

exposure time If the beetles shows no movements on touching with brush they were considered dead If

the beetles shows no movements on touching with brush they were considered dead

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

After the completion of all bioassays corrected mortality of recorded data was calculated using Abbottrsquos

formula

Corrected Mortality () =Mo() minus Mc()

100 minus Mc() times 100

Mo = Observed mortality Mc = Mortality in Control

STATISTICA 8 was used to analyze the data of mortality and other treatments and their combinations

Significant treatments findings were compared with Tucky-HSD

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Present study was planned to determine the effectiveness of insecticides and plant extracts applied on

different packaging materials against Tribolium castaneum and Trogoderma granarium

EFFECT OF INSECTICIDES TREATED ON PACKAGING MATERIALS AGAINST TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM

Three types of packaging materials (Polyethylene Polypropylene and jute bags) were used Six

concentrations (10 15 20 25 30 and 35ppm) of deltamethrin spinosad and spinetoram against Tribolium

castaneum Results are described in the following sub-headings

SOV DF SS MS F Value

Packaging materials (Pm) 2 25123 12561 18091

Concentrations (C) 5 324447 64889 93455

(Pm) x (C) 10 17800 1780 2564

Error 36 24996 694

Total 53 392366

(Highly significant)

Table No1 Analysis of variance of data regarding mortality of Tribolium castaneum against deltamethrin

in treated packaging materials after 24 hours exposure time

Analysis of variance of data regarding mortality of Tribolium castaneum using different concentrations

of deltamethrin (10 15 20 25 30 and 35ppm) after 24 hours exposure time and three packaging materials

(Polyethylene Polypropylene and jute bags) are given in the table 1 This table shows the packaging

materials and concentrations have highly significant effect on percent mortality of T castaneum The

interaction between packaging material and concentration was also highly significant The overall results

show that the concentrations while packaging materials have significant effect with each other

Packaging materials Mean mortalityplusmn SE

Jute 1573plusmn174 a

Polypropylene 1254plusmn155 b

Polyethylene 1780plusmn255 a

Table No 2 Mean mortality () of Tribolium castaneum against deltamethrin after 24 hours exposure

time by treating different packaging materials

The results regarding mean mortality of Tribolium castaneum after 24 hours exposure time using

different packaging materials are given in the table 2 This table describe that the highest mortality was

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showed at the polyethylene packaging material was 1780 and lowest mortality was 1254 found in

polypropylene material

Table 3 Comparison of mean values of the data regarding percent mortality of Tribolium castaneum using

different concentrations of deltamethrin after 24 hours exposure time

Data showed in table 3 the mortality of Tribolium castaneum at several concentrations of deltamethrin

(10 15 20 25 30 and 35ppm) This table showed the mortality of T castaneum increase by increasing

the concentrations of deltamethrin The highest mortality shown at 35ppm concentration of the

deltamethrin was 2771 The mortality of T castaneum at the other concentrations (10 15 20 25 and

30ppm) was 412 861 1385 1685 and 2097 respectively

Packaging materials Concentrations (ppm) Mean mortalityplusmn SE

Jute 10 561plusmn112 ij

Jute 15 1011plusmn112 fghij

Jute 20 1348plusmn112 defghi

Jute 25 1685plusmn112 cdefg

Jute 30 2134plusmn112 bcd

Jute 35 2696plusmn112 ab

Polypropylene 10 337plusmn112 j

Polypropylene 15 674plusmn112 hij

Polypropylene 20 1123plusmn112 efghij

Concentrations (ppm) Mean mortalityplusmn SE

10 41plusmn060 e

15 861plusmn087 d

20 1385plusmn099 c

25 1685plusmn097 c

30 2097plusmn099 b

35 2771plusmn223 a

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Polypropylene 25 1460plusmn112 defgh

Polypropylene 30 1797plusmn112 cdef

Polypropylene 35 2134plusmn112 bcd

Polyethylene 10 337plusmn112 j

Polyethylene 15 898plusmn194 ghij

Polyethylene 20 1685plusmn112 cdefg

Polyethylene 25 1910plusmn194 bcde

Polyethylene 30 2360plusmn112 bc

Polyethylene 35 3483plusmn405 a

Table 4 Mean Mortality () of Tribolium castaneum after 24 hours exposure time against different

concentrations of deltamethrin applied on different packaging materials

The results regarding the mortality of T castaneum using different concentrations (10 15 20 25 30 and

35ppm) of deltamethrin applied at three packaging materials (Polypropylene polyethylene and jute) are

given Table4 which shows that the 35ppm concentration applied on polyethylene packaging material

caused the highest mortality (3483) The packaging materials of polyethylene and polypropylene at

10ppm concentration caused least mortality (337) The overall results show that by increasing the

concentrations of the deltamethrin there is an increase in the mortality of T castaneum while

polyethylene packaging material showed highest mortality of T castaneum

SOV DF SS MS F Value

Packaging materials (Pm) 2 26290 13145 1809

Concentrations (C) 5 339519 67904 9345

(Pm) x (C) 10 18627 1863 256

Error 36 26158 727

Total 53 410594

(Highly significant)

Table No 5 Analysis of variance of data regarding mortality of Tribolium castaneum against deltamethrin

in treated packaging materials after 48 hours exposure time

Analysis of variance of data regarding mortality of Tribolium castaneum using different concentrations

of deltamethrin (10 15 20 25 30 and 35ppm) after 48 hours exposure time and three packaging materials

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(Polyethylene Polypropylene and jute bags) are given in the table 5 This table shows the packaging

materials and concentrations have highly significant effect on percent mortality of T castaneum The

interaction between packaging material and concentration was also highly significant The overall result

show that concentrations and packaging material have significant effect with each other

Packaging materials Mean mortalityplusmn SE

Jute 2069plusmn178 a

Polypropylene 1743plusmn158 b

Polyethylene 2279plusmn261 a

Table No 6 Mean mortality () of Tribolium castaneum against deltamethrin after 48 hours exposure time

by comparing the different packaging materials

The results regarding mean mortality of Tribolium castaneum after 48 hours exposure time using

different packaging materials are given in the table 6 This table describe that the highest mortality was

showed at the polyethylene packaging material was 2279 and lowest mortality was 1743 found in

polypropylene material

Table 7 Comparison of mean values of the data regarding percent mortality of Tribolium castaneum using

different concentrations of deltamethrin after 48 hours exposure time

Data showed in table 7 the mortality of Tribolium castaneum at several concentrations of deltamethrin

like 10 15 20 25 30 and 35ppm This table showed the mortality of T castaneum increase by increasing

the concentrations of deltamethrin The highest mortality shown at 35ppm concentration of the

deltamethrin was 3295 The mortality of T castaneum at the other concentrations (10 15 20 25 and

30ppm) was 881 1341 1877 2184 and 2605 respectively

Concentrations (ppm) Mean mortalityplusmn SE

10 881plusmn060 e

15 1341plusmn089 d

20 1877plusmn101 c

25 2184plusmn099 c

30 2605plusmn101 b

35 3295plusmn237 a

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Packaging materials Concentrations (ppm) Mean mortalityplusmn SE

Jute 10 1033plusmn114 ij

Jute 15 1495plusmn114 fghij

Jute 20 1839plusmn114 defghi

Jute 25 2184plusmn114 cdefg

Jute 30 2643plusmn114 bcd

Jute 35 3218plusmn114 ab

Polypropylene 10 804plusmn114 j

Polypropylene 15 1149plusmn114 hij

Polypropylene 20 1609plusmn114 efghij

Polypropylene 25 1954plusmn114 defgh

Polypropylene 30 2299plusmn114 cdef

Polypropylene 35 2643plusmn1141 bcd

Polyethylene 10 804plusmn114 j

Polyethylene 15 1379plusmn199 ghij

Polyethylene 20 2184plusmn114 cdefg

Polyethylene 25 2414plusmn199 bcde

Polyethylene 30 2873plusmn114 bc

Polyethylene 35 4023plusmn414 a

Table 8 Mean mortality () of Tribolium castaneum after 48 hours exposure time against different

concentrations of deltamethrin applied different packaging materials

The results regarding the mortality of T castaneum using different concentrations (10 15 20 25 30 and

35ppm) of deltamethrin applied at three packaging materials (Polypropylene polyethylene and jute) are

given Table8 which shows that the 35ppm concentration applied on polyethylene packaging material

caused the highest mortality (4023) The packaging material of polyethylene and polypropylene at

concentration 10ppm were caused the least mortality is (804) The overall results show that by increasing

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the concentrations of the deltamethrin there is an increase in the mortality of T castaneum while

polyethylene packaging material showed highest mortality of T castaneum

SOV DF SS MS F Value

Packaging materials (Pm) 2 27540 13770 1809

Concentrations (C) 5 355667 71133 93455

(Pm) x (C) 10 19513 1951 2564

Error 36 27402 761

Total 53 430122

(Highly significant)

Table No 9 Analysis of variance of data regarding mortality of Tribolium castaneum against deltamethrin

in treated packaging materials after 72 hours exposure time

Analysis of variance of data regarding mortality of Tribolium castaneum using different concentrations

of deltamethrin (10 15 20 25 30 and 35ppm) after 72 hours exposure time and three packaging materials

(Polyethylene Polypropylene and jute bags) are given in the table 9 This table shows the packaging

materials and concentrations have highly significant effect on percent mortality of T castaneum The

interaction between packaging material and concentration was also highly significant The overall result

show that the concentrations and packaging materials have significant effect with each other

Packaging materials Mean mortalityplusmn SE

Jute 2941plusmn182 a

Polypropylene 2608plusmn162 a

Polyethylene 3157plusmn267 b

Table No 10 Mean mortality () of Tribolium castaneum against deltamethrin after 72 hours exposure

time by treating different packaging materials

The results regarding mean mortality of Tribolium castaneum after 72 hours exposure time using

different packaging materials are given in the table 10 This table describe that the highest mortality was

showed at the polyethylene packaging material was 3157 and lowest mortality was 2608 found in

polypropylene material

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Table 11 Comparison of mean values of the data regarding percent mortality of Tribolium castaneum using

different concentrations of deltamethrin after 72 hours exposure time

Data showed in the table 11 the mortality of Tribolium castaneum at several concentrations of

deltamethrin (10 15 20 25 30 and 35ppm) This table showed the mortality of T castaneum increase

by increasing the concentrations of deltamethrin The highest mortality was shown at 35ppm concentration

of the deltamethrin was 4196 The mortality of T castaneum at the other concentrations (10 15 20

25 and 30ppm) was 1725 2196 2745 3059 and 3490 respectively

Packaging materials Concentrations (ppm) Mean mortalityplusmn SE

Jute 10 1882plusmn114 ij

Jute 15 2353plusmn114 fghij

Jute 20 2706plusmn114 defghi

Jute 25 3059plusmn114 cdefg

Jute 30 3529plusmn114 bcd

Jute 35 4117plusmn114 ab

Polypropylene 10 1647plusmn114 j

Polypropylene 15 2000plusmn114 hij

Polypropylene 20 2471plusmn114 efghij

Polypropylene 25 2823plusmn114 defgh

Polypropylene 30 3176plusmn114 cdef

Concentrations (ppm) Mean mortalityplusmn SE

10 1725plusmn062 e

15 2196plusmn091 d

20 2745plusmn103 c

25 3059plusmn101 c

30 3490plusmn103 b

35 4196plusmn243 a

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Polypropylene 35 3529plusmn114 bcd

Polyethylene 10 1647plusmn114 j

Polyethylene 15 2235plusmn200 ghij

Polyethylene 20 3059 plusmn 114 cdefg

Polyethylene 25 3294plusmn200 bcde

Polyethylene 30 3765plusmn114 bc

Polyethylene 35 4941plusmn414 a

Table 12 Mean mortality () of Tribolium castaneum after 72 hours exposure time against different

concentrations of deltamethrin applied on different packaging materials

The results regarding the mortality of T castaneum using different concentrations (10 15 20 25 30 and

35ppm) of deltamethrin applied at three packaging materials (Polypropylene polyethylene and jute bag)

are given Table 12 which shows that the 35ppm concentrations applied on polyethylene packaging material

caused the highest mortality (4941) The packaging material of polyethylene and polypropylene at

concentration 10ppm caused the least mortality is 1647 The overall results show that by increasing the

concentrations of the deltamethrin there is an increase in the mortality of T castaneum while

polyethylene packaging material showed highest mortality T castaneum

SOV DF SS MS F Value

Packaging materials (Pm) 2 15104 75752 1636

Concentrations (C) 5 509269 101854 2200

(Pm) x (C) 10 125671 12561 271

Error 36 166608 4628

Total 53 953053

(Highly significant)

Table No 13 Analysis of variance of data regarding mortality of Tribolium castaneum against spinetoram

in treated packaging materials after 24 hours exposure time

Analysis of variance of data regarding mortality of Tribolium castaneum using different concentrations

of spinetoram (10 15 20 25 30 and 35ppm) after 24 hours exposure time and three packaging materials

(Polyethylene Polypropylene and jute bags) are given in the table 13 This table shows the packaging

materials and concentrations have highly significant effect on percent mortality of T castaneum The

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interaction between packaging material and concentration was also highly significant The overall results

show that the concentrations and packaging materials have significant effect with each other

Packaging materials Mean mortalityplusmn SE

Jute 1686plusmn346 a

Polypropylene 487plusmn150 a

Polyethylene 1517plusmn344 b

Table No 14 Mean mortality () of Tribolium castaneum against spinetoram after 24 hours exposure time

by treating the different packaging materials

The results regarding mean mortality of Tribolium castaneum after 24 hours exposure time using

different packaging materials are given in the table 14 This table describe that the highest mortality was

showed at the jute packaging material was 1686 and lowest mortality was 487 found in

polypropylene material

Table 15 Comparison of mean values of the data regarding percent mortality of Tribolium castaneum using

different concentrations of spinetoram after 24 hours exposure time

Data showed in table 15 the mortality of Tribolium castaneum at several concentrations of spinetoram

(10 15 20 25 30 and 35ppm) was in Table442 This table showed the mortality of T castaneum

increase by increasing the concentrations of spinetoram The highest mortality was shown at 35ppm

concentration of the spinetoram was 2510 The mortality of T castaneum at the other concentrations

(10 15 20 25 and 30ppm) was 300 300 263 1723 and 2285 respectively

Concentrations (ppm) Mean mortalityplusmn SE

10 300plusmn166 b

15 300plusmn166 b

20 263plusmn142 b

25 1723plusmn420 a

30 2285plusmn319 a

35 2510plusmn511 a

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Packaging materials Concentrations (ppm) Mean mortalityplusmn SE

Jute 10 338plusmn114 de

Jute 15 562plusmn114 de

Jute 20 338plusmn114 de

Jute 25 2697plusmn114 abc

Jute 30 2922plusmn114 abc

Jute 35 3259plusmn114 ab

Polypropylene 10 113plusmn114 e

Polypropylene 15 113plusmn114 e

Polypropylene 20 338plusmn114 de

Polypropylene 25 225plusmn114 de

Polypropylene 30 1236plusmn114 bcde

Polypropylene 35 899plusmn114 cde

Polyethylene 10 450plusmn114 de

Polyethylene 15 225plusmn200 de

Polyethylene 20 113plusmn114 e

Polyethylene 25 2248plusmn200 abcd

Polyethylene 30 2697plusmn114 abc

Polyethylene 35 3371plusmn414 a

Table 16 Mean mortality () of Tribolium castaneum after 24 hours exposure time different concentrations

of spinetoram applied on different packaging materials

The results regarding the mortality of T castaneum using different concentrations (10 15 20 25 30 and

35ppm) of spinetoram applied at different packaging materials (Polypropylene polyethylene and jute bag)

are given table 16 which shows that the 35ppm concentration applied on polyethylene packaging material

caused the highest mortality (3371) The packaging material of polyethylene at 20ppm concentration

and polypropylene at concentration 10ppm and 15ppm were caused the least mortality is 113 The

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overall results show that by increasing the concentrations of the spinetoram there is an increase in the

mortality of T castaneum while polyethylene packaging material showed highest mortality T

castaneum

SOV DF SS MS F Value

Packaging materials (Pm) 2 311428 155714 1683

Concentrations (C) 5 1200597 240119 2596

(Pm) x (C) 10 197578 19758 213

Error 36 332971 9249

Total 53 2042574

(Significant) (Highly Significant)

Table No 17 Analysis of variance of data regarding mortality of Tribolium castaneum against spinetoram

in treated packaging material after 48 hours exposure time

Analysis of variance of data regarding mortality of Tribolium castaneum using different concentrations

of spinetoram (10 15 20 25 30 and 35ppm) after 48 hours exposure time and three packaging materials

(Polyethylene Polypropylene and jute bags) are given in the table 17 This table shows the packaging

materials and concentrations have significant effect on percent mortality of T castaneum The interaction

between packaging material and concentration was also significant The overall results shows that

concentrations and packaging material have significant effect with each other

Packaging materials Mean mortalityplusmn SE

Jute 2235plusmn477 a

Polypropylene 843plusmn237 a

Polyethylene 2608plusmn530 b

Table No 18 Mean mortality () of Tribolium castaneum against spinetoram after 48 hours exposure time

by treating different packaging materials

The results regarding mean mortality of Tribolium castaneum after 48 hours exposure time using

different packaging materials are given in the table 18 This table describe that the highest mortality was

showed at the polyethylene packaging material was 2608 and lowest mortality was 843 found in

polypropylene material

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Table 19 Comparison of mean values of the data regarding percent mortality of Tribolium castaneum using

different concentrations of spinetoram after 48 hours exposure time

Data showed in table 19 the mortality of Tribolium castaneum at several concentrations of spinetoram

(10 15 20 25 30 and 35ppm) This table showed the mortality of T castaneum increase by increasing

the concentrations of spinetoram The highest mortality shown at 30ppm concentration of the spinetoram

was 3890 The mortality of T castaneum at the other concentrations (10 15 20 25 and 35ppm) was

353 392 588 2706 and 3490 respectively

Packaging materials Concentrations (ppm) Mean mortalityplusmn SE

Jute 10 353plusmn311 e

Jute 15 706plusmn622 de

Jute 20 335plusmn117 e

Jute 25 3412plusmn424 abcd

Jute 30 4235plusmn117 ab

Jute 35 4353plusmn1134 a

Polypropylene 10 235plusmn470 e

Polypropylene 15 000plusmn117 e

Polypropylene 20 353plusmn424 e

Polypropylene 25 824plusmn203 de

Concentrations (ppm) Mean mortalityplusmn SE

10 353plusmn176 b

15 392plusmn218 b

20 588plusmn195 b

25 2706plusmn579 a

30 3490plusmn467 a

35 3843plusmn706 a

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Polypropylene 30 2353plusmn654 abcde

Polypropylene 35 1294plusmn311 bcde

Polyethylene 10 471plusmn203 de

Polyethylene 15 471plusmn203 de

Polyethylene 20 1059plusmn311 cde

Polyethylene 25 3882plusmn1045 abc

Polyethylene 30 4941plusmn622 a

Polyethylene 35 4823plusmn962 a

Table 20 Mean mortality () of Tribolium castaneum after 48 hours exposure time against different

concentrations of spinetoram applied on different packaging materials

The results regarding the mortality of T castaneum using different concentrations (10 15 20 25 30 and

35ppm) of spinetoram applied at three packaging materials (Polypropylene polyethylene and jute) are

given table 20 which shows that the 35ppm concentration applied on polyethylene packaging material were

caused the highest mortality (482371) The packaging material of polyethylene at 20ppm polypropylene

at 10ppm and 15ppm concentration caused the least mortality The overall results show that by increasing

the concentrations of the spinetoram increase the mortality of T castaneum while polyethylene

packaging material showed highest mortality of T castaneum

SOV DF SS MS F Value

Packaging materials (Pm) 2 267241 133620 864

Concentrations (C) 5 2638375 527675 4313

(Pm) x (C) 10 196609 19661 127NS

Error 36 556446 15457

Total 53 3958671

NS (Non-Significant) (Highly Significant)

Table No 21 Analysis of variance of data regarding mortality of Tribolium castaneum against spinetoram

in treated packaging materials after 72 hours exposure time

Analysis of variance of data regarding mortality of Tribolium castaneum using different concentrations

of spinetoram (10 15 20 25 30 and 35ppm) after 72 hours exposure time and three packaging materials

(Polyethylene Polypropylene and jute bags) are given in the table 21 This table shows the packaging

materials and concentration have significant effect on percent mortality of T castaneum The interaction

between packaging material and concentration was non-significant The overall results shows that

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mortality of T castaneum increase by increasing the concentrations while packaging material have

significant effect with each other

Packaging materials Mean mortalityplusmn SE

Jute 3193plusmn649 a

Polypropylene 1787plusmn476 b

Polyethylene 3353plusmn677 a

Table No 22 Mean mortality () of Tribolium castaneum against spinetoram after 72 hours exposure time

by treating different packaging materials

The results regarding mean mortality of Tribolium castaneum after 72 hours exposure time relating the

different packaging material are given in the table 22 This table describe that the highest mortality was

showed at the polyethylene packaging material was 3353 and lowest mortality was 1787 found in

polypropylene material

Table 23 Comparison of mean values of the data regarding percent mortality of Tribolium castaneum using

different concentrations of spinetoram after 72 hours exposure time

Data showed in table 23 the mortality of Tribolium castaneum at several concentrations of spinetoram

(10 15 20 25 30 and 35ppm) This table showed the mortality of T castaneum increase by increasing

the concentrations of spinetoram The highest mortality shown at 35ppm concentration of the spinetoram

was 5502 The mortality of T castaneum at the other concentrations (10 15 20 25 and 30ppm) was

522 683 723 3775 and 5462 respectively

Concentrations (ppm) Mean mortalityplusmn SE

10 522plusmn223 b

15 685plusmn231 b

20 723plusmn301 b

25 3775plusmn650 a

30 5462plusmn525 a

35 5502plusmn723 a

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SOV DF SS MS F Value

Packaging materials (Pm) 2 108085 54042 2273

Concentrations (C) 5 349225 69845 2938

(Pm) x (C) 10 85533 8553 359

Error 36 85576 2377

Total 53 628420

(Highly Significant)

Table No 24 Analysis of variance of data regarding mortality of Tribolium castaneum against spinosad in

treated packaging materials after 24 hours exposure time

Analysis of variance of data regarding mortality of Tribolium castaneum using different concentrations

of spinosad (10 15 20 25 30 and 35ppm) after 24 hours exposure time and three packaging materials

(Polyethylene Polypropylene and jute bags) are given in the table 24 This table shows the packaging

materials and concentrations have highly significant effect on percent mortality of T castaneum The

interaction between packaging material and concentration was also highly significant The overall results

shows that mortality of T castaneum increase by increasing the concentrations and packaging material

have highly significant effect with each other

Packaging materials Mean mortalityplusmn SE

Jute 1404plusmn268 a

Polypropylene 413plusmn122 b

Polyethylene 1311plusmn287 a

Table No 25 Mean mortality () of Tribolium castaneum against spinosad after 24 hours exposure time

by treating different packaging materials

The results regarding mean mortality of Tribolium castaneum after 24 hours exposure time using

different packaging materials are given in the table 25 This table describe that the highest mortality was

showed at the jute packaging material was 1404 and lowest mortality was 413 found in

polypropylene material

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Table 26 Comparison of mean values of the data regarding percent mortality of Tribolium castaneum using

different concentrations of spinosad after 24 hours exposure time

Data showed in table 26 the mortality of Tribolium castaneum at several concentrations of spinosad (10

15 20 25 30 and 35ppm) This table showed the mortality of T castaneum increase by increasing the

concentrations of spinosad The highest mortality was shown at 35ppm concentration of the spinosad was

2023 The mortality of T castaneum at the other concentrations (10 15 20 25 and 30ppm) was 263

263 225 1573 and 1911 respectively

Packaging materials Concentrations (ppm) Mean mortalityplusmn SE

Jute 10 338plusmn297 d

Jute 15 450plusmn297 d

Jute 20 338 plusmn112 d

Jute 25 2360plusmn224 ab

Jute 30 2472plusmn112 ab

Jute 35 2472plusmn4891 ab

Polypropylene 10 113plusmn224 d

Polypropylene 15 113plusmn112 d

Polypropylene 20 225plusmn337 d

Polypropylene 25 225plusmn194 d

Concentrations (ppm) Mean mortalityplusmn SE

10 263plusmn142 b

15 263plusmn142 b

20 225plusmn112 b

25 1573plusmn372 a

30 1911plusmn263 a

35 2023plusmn355 a

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Polypropylene 30 1012plusmn405 bcd

Polypropylene 35 787plusmn112 cd

Polyethylene 10 338plusmn297 d

Polyethylene 15 225plusmn337 d

Polyethylene 20 113plusmn112 d

Polyethylene 25 2135plusmn449 abc

Polyethylene 30 2248plusmn194 abc

Polyethylene 35 2809plusmn297 a

Table 27 Mean mortality () of Tribolium castaneum after 24 hours exposure time against different

concentrations of spinosad applied on different packaging materials

The results regarding the mortality of T castaneum using different concentrations (10 15 20 25 30 and

35ppm) of spinosad applied at three packaging material (Polypropylene polyethylene and jute) are given

table 27 which shows that the 35ppm concentration on polyethylene packaging material caused the

highest mortality (2809) The packaging material of polypropylene at 10ppm and 15ppm concentration

caused the least mortality (113) The overall results show that by increasing the concentrations of the

spinosad there is an increase the mortality of T castaneum while polyethylene packaging material shows

highest mortality T castaneum

SOV DF SS MS F Value

Packaging materials (Pm) 2 157259 78630 1535

Concentrations (C) 5 711520 142304 2779

(Pm) x (C) 10 107900 10790 210

Error 36 184338 5121

Total 53 1161017

(Significant) (Highly Significant)

Table No 28 Analysis of variance of data regarding mortality of Tribolium castaneum against spinosad in

treated different packaging materials after 48 hours exposure time

Analysis of variance of data regarding mortality of Tribolium castaneum using different concentrations

of spinosad (10 15 20 25 30 and 35ppm) after 48 hours exposure time and three packaging materials

(Polyethylene Polypropylene and jute bags) are given in the table 28 This table shows the packaging

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materials and concentrations have significant effect on percent mortality of T castaneum The interaction

between packaging material and concentration was also significant The overall results shows that

mortality of T castaneum increase by increasing the concentrations while packaging material have

significant effect with each other

Packaging materials Mean mortalityplusmn SE

Jute 1549plusmn356 a

Polypropylene 765plusmn204 b

Polyethylene 2078plusmn398 a

Table No 29 Mean mortality () of Tribolium castaneum against spinosad after 48 hours exposure time

by treating different packaging materials

The results regarding mean mortality of Tribolium castaneum after 48 Hours exposure time using

different packaging materials are given in the table 29 This table describe that the highest mortality was

showed at the polyethylene packaging material was 2078 and lowest mortality was 765 found in

polypropylene material

Table 30 Comparison of mean values of the data regarding percent mortality of Tribolium castaneum using

different concentrations of spinosad after 48 hours exposure time

Data showed in table 30 the mortality of Tribolium castaneum at several concentrations of spinosad (10

15 20 25 30 and 35ppm) This table showed the mortality of T castaneum increase by increasing the

concentrations of spinosad The highest mortality was showed that at 35ppm concentration of the spinosad

was 3059 The mortality of T castaneum at the other concentrations (10 15 20 25 and 30ppm) was

235 314 549 1961 and 2667 respectively

Concentrations (ppm) Mean mortalityplusmn SE

10 235plusmn166 c

15 314plusmn156 c

20 549plusmn201 c

25 1961plusmn341 b

30 2669plusmn288 ab

35 3059plusmn576 a

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Packaging materials Concentrations (ppm) Mean mortalityplusmn SE

Jute 10 0005plusmn117 f

Jute 15 4711plusmn407 ef

Jute 20 235plusmn117 ef

Jute 25 2353plusmn424 abcde

Jute 30 2706plusmn117 abcd

Jute 35 3529plusmn715 ab

Polypropylene 10 235plusmn470 ef

Polypropylene 15 000plusmn117 f

Polypropylene 20 353plusmn424 ef

Polypropylene 25 824plusmn203 def

Polypropylene 30 1882plusmn539 bcdef

Polypropylene 35 1294plusmn311 cdef

Polyethylene 10 471plusmn203 ef

Polyethylene 15 471plusmn203 ef

Polyethylene 20 1059plusmn311 def

Polyethylene 25 2706plusmn4249 abcd

Polyethylene 30 3412plusmn311 abc

Polyethylene 35 4353plusmn933 a

Table 31 Mean mortality () of Tribolium castaneum after 48 hours exposure time against different

concentrations of spinosad applied on different packaging materials

The results regarding the mortality of T castaneum using different concentrations (10 15 20 25 30 and

35ppm) of spinosad applied at three packaging material (Polypropylene polyethylene and jute) are given

in table 31 which shows that the 35ppm concentration appleid on polyethylene packaging material caused

the highest mortality (4353) The packaging material of polypropylene at 15ppm and jute bag at 10ppm

concentration caused the least mortality is 000 The overall results show that by increasing the

concentrations of the spinosad there is an increase in the mortality of T castaneum while polypropylene

packaging material shows highest mortality T castaneum

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SOV DF SS MS F Value

Packaging materials (Pm) 2 218040 109020 761

Concentrations (C) 5 2139476 427895 2988

(Pm) x (C) 10 240004 24000 167NS

Error 36 515518 14320

Total 53 3113038

NS (Non-Significant) (Highly Significant)

Table No 32 Analysis of variance of data regarding mortality of Tribolium castaneum against spinosad in

treated packaging materials after 72 hours exposure time

Analysis of variance of data regarding mortality of Tribolium castaneum using different concentrations

of spinosad (10 15 20 25 30 and 35ppm) after 72 hours exposure time and different packaging materials

(Polyethylene Polypropylene and jute bags) are given in the table 32 This table shows the packaging

materials and concentrations have significant effect on percent mortality of T castaneum The interaction

between packaging material and concentration was non-significant The overall results show that

mortality of T castaneum increase by increasing the concentrations while packaging materials have

significant effect with each other

Packaging materials Mean mortalityplusmn SE

Jute 2570plusmn603 a

Polypropylene 1426plusmn407 b

Polyethylene 2912plusmn644 a

Table No 33 Mean mortality () of Tribolium castaneum against spinosad after 72 hours exposure time

by treating different packaging materials

The results regarding mean mortality of Tribolium castaneum after 72 hours exposure time using

different packaging material are given in the table 33 This table describe that the highest mortality was

showed at the polyethylene packaging material was 2912 and lowest mortality was 1426 found in

polypropylene material

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Table 34 Comparison of mean values of the data regarding percent mortality of Tribolium castaneum using

different concentrations of spinosad after 72 hours exposure time

Data showed in table 34 the mortality of Tribolium castaneum at several concentrations of spinosad (10

15 20 25 30 and 35ppm) The highest mortality shown at 35ppm concentration of the spinosad was

4859 The mortality of T castaneum at the other concentrations (10 15 20 25 and 30ppm) was 322

522 402 2923 and 4779 respectively

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10 322plusmn131 c

15 522plusmn167 c

20 402plusmn270 c

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35 4859plusmn683 a

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18 Prasad H P Bhatia and G R Sethi 1977 Estimation of feeding losses by Trogoderma granarium Everts in wheat Ind J Entomol 39 377-378

19 Shafique M M Ahmad and M A Chaudry 2006 Feeding preference and development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in wheat products Pak J Zool 38 27

20 Sparks T C G D Crouse J E Dripps P Anzeveno J Martynow C V Deamicis and J Gifford 2008 Neural network-based QSAR and insecticide discovery spinetoram J Computer-Aided Mol Design 22 393-401

21 Subramanyam B M Hartzer and D R Boina 2012 Performance of pre-commercial release formulations of spinosad against five stored-product insect species on four stored commodities J Pest Sci 85 331-339

22 Thompson G D R Dutton and T C Sparks 2000 Spinosadndasha case study an example from a natural products discovery programme Pest Manage Sci 56 696-702

23 Vayias B J N G Kavallieratos C G Athanassiou and G Tatsi Insecticidal action of the combined use of spinosad and deltamethrin against three stored product pests in two stored hard wheat varieties Proceedings of the 10th international working conference on stored product protection 2010 921-924