3 FAmato Medidas de mejora de calidad del...

Medidas para le mejora de la calidad del aire

Fulvio Amato

Estructura

• Introducción• Experiencias europeas en Mejora de la CA

• El caso de Barcelona– Medidas en vigor– Medidas necesarias

• Mejoras en Colegios

Contaminantes legislados

RD 102/2011, 28 Gen. 2011Directiva 2008/50/CEDirectiva 2004/107/CE

Superficie afectada y población censada

• Es suficiente que una sola estación mida por encima del valor limite para que toda la zona resulte censada

Formation mechanism

Mineral dust Metals EC POA

•NaturalOrigin

•Anthropogenic

Atmospheric lifetime•Hours to weeks

•Secondary: formation inatmosphere from gas precursors

Removal mechanism•Dry deposition (e.g. sedimentation)

•Primary: direct emissions

•Wet deposition (e.g. rainfall)

Sources of atmospheric aerosols

0

10

20

30

40

0

100

200

300

400

0.1 1 102.5

Mas

s (μ

g m

-3)

Coarse:

Mechanical /evaporation

processes

PrimaryFine:

Combustion processes

Primary & secondary

Combustion sources

Mechanical processes

Fine Coarse

0.01 0.1 1 102.5

PM1

PM2.5

PM10

Nucleation Aitken Accumulation

0

10

20

30

40

Num

ber (

cm-3

x 1

03)

0.01 0.1 1 10

Ultrafine mode

Nucleation

Vapour Condensation

Nucleation mode:

•Secondary: New particle formation

•Primary: vehicle exhaust emissions

Aitken mode:•Growth of particles through condensation & coagulation•Primary emissions

Accumulation mode:•Further growth, contribution to mass

Diameter (μm)

Partícules grulleres >1 µm

0.10 µm

Partícules Ultra-fines <0.1 µm

1.00 µm

Núm

ero

de p

artíc

ulas

Diàmetre

Nucleació Aitken Acumulació Mecànica

Partícules fines <1 µm

0.01 µm

Nucleació

CondensacióVapor

Mecànica

10.00 µm

PM2.5

PM10

PM1

PST

Warneck, 1988Harrison and van Grieken, 1998

Mas

sa d

e pa

rtíc

ules

Materia mineralAerosol marí

Compostos de S y N

Compostos carbonosos

Nano-partícules <0.05 µmCARACTERISTIQUES PM

Barcelona (2003‐2010)

Vehicle Exhaust; 4.4; 30%

Nitrate; 2.8; 19%

Road dust; 0.3; 2%Heavy oil; 0.6; 4%Industrial; 0.5; 3%

Sulfate; 5.6; 38%

Mineral; 0.2; 1%

Sea salt; 0.2; 1%

African dust; 0.3; 2%


Nitrate; 4.0; 16%

Road dust; 2.9; 11%Heavy oil; 0.8; 3%

Industrial; 0.9; 3%

Sulfate; 7.0; 28%

Mineral; 1.9; 7%Sea salt; 1.0; 4%



Nitrate; 4.5; 11%

Road dust; 8.8; 22%Heavy oil; 1.0; 2%

Industrial; 1.0; 2%

Sulfate; 6.7; 17%

Mineral; 5.6; 14%

Sea salt; 4.1; 10%


PM10PM10 PM2.5PM2.5

PM1PM1

Contribución de fuentes a PM

Primary and secondary particles (PM2.5)

Effective Air Pollution Abatement Measures: Experience from Northern

and Central Europe

Roy M. HarrisonUniversity of Birmingham

United Kingdom

ROADMAP year 0 year 4-5

ii. Measures to reduce number of urban vehicles circulating

iii. Measures favoring renewal of urban vehicle fleets (LEZ)

iv. Urban distribution of goods (urban freight distribution) & taxisv. Urban re-design with priority to pedestrians and green areas

i. Improving public transport

vi. Remediation measures

vii. Other non-technological measures

Diesel vehicles• Poor real‐world NOx emissions. Euro

6 NOx seven times the type approval limit (ICCT, 2014)

• Car NOx emissions not improved for over 20 years

• Some Euro VI buses continue to have high in‐use NOx emissions, depending on exhaust temperature (Carslaw et al, 2014)

Source: ICCT, 2014

• EU Diesel market share increased from 36% (2001) to 55% (2013)

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%

Luxe

mbo

urg

Irel

and

Port

ugal

Spa

inFr

ance

Bel

gium

Sw

eden

Gre

ece

Aus

tria

Ital

yU

KG

erm

any

Finl

and

Den

mar

kN

ethe

rlan

dsEU

-27

New Car Market Share

Diesel

Gasoline

Hybrid

Gas

EV

Solutions: Encouraging the use of cleaner cars

• Discouraging diesel cars• Low Emission Zones (LEZs)• Encouraging HEVs PHEVs and gas

vehicles• Mandatory eco‐label

Discouraging Diesel cars

• Car purchase and/or ownership taxes ‐ CO2based in most MS

• Diesel taxation and pump prices – lower than gasoline in most MS.

• Favours purchase and use of diesel cars

• Gap between type approval and real world CO2emissions increased 7% (2001) to 23% (2011)

• Diesel Benefits overstated

Banning Diesel Cars•Greece• 1991 until 2011 – diesel cars banned

in Athens and Thessaloniki• Diesel 20% cheaper than gasoline• Rapid increase in diesel car sales

since ban lifted

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

2001 2006 2011

New Cars: % Diesel

Greece

EU

London2014: Attempts to ban diesel cars from London LEZ dropped due to public opposition

France

•9th February 2015: Mayor Anne Hidalgo presented plan to Council to

• “ban most diesel vehicles from the city by 2020”•This is a LEZ and includes gasoline vehicles

•Only current French LEZ:• Mont Blanc tunnel

Country Number of LEZs Applicable vehiclesNational Framework/

legislation

Austria 3 HGVs Yes

Czech Republic 1 HGVs ‐

Denmark 6 Vehicles > 3.5 tonnes Yes

France 1 HGVs No

Germany >70 All except motorcycles Yes

Hungary 1 HGVs NoItaly >130 Various NoNetherlands 14 HGVs YesPortugal 1 Cars & HGVs No

Sweden 8 Vehicles > 3.5 tonne Yes

UK 2 Various No

LEZs

At mid 2014

Etiquetado DGT (solo tubo de escape)

Sin etiqueta

AÑO EURO

• Turismos y furgonetas ligeras Gasolina hasta 1999, Diesel hasta 2005• Vehículos pesados hasta 2004

Gasolina hasta EURO2, Diesel hasta EURO3

Gasolina EURO3, Diesel hasta EURO4 y 5

Gasolina EURO4, 5, 6, Diesel EURO6

• Turismos y furgonetas ligeras Gasolina hasta 2005, Diesel hasta 2013• Vehículos pesados hasta 2013

• Turismos y furgonetas ligeras Gasolina desde 2006, Diesel desde 2014• Vehículos pesados desde 2014

• GNC, GNL, GLP , HEV, PHEV <40 km

• EV, PHEV >40 km

Efficacy of LEZs

• Difficult to determine• Confounders e.g.

weather, other policy measures, recession

• Little evidence of impact on PM10 andNO2 concentrations outside Germany

• EC/BC reduced

Efficacy of German LEZs

•PM10 <7%↓•Munich (LEZ + HDV ban) PM10 ca.13%↓•NO2 <10%↓•But not all robust studies•Early phases studied

• LEZs apply to cars as well as HDVs

• Generally more stringent than elsewhere

•

Electric car market in Norway

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Norway: New Electric Cars Sales

Norway 5.8%; Netherlands 5.4%; EU-28 0.4% (2013)

Norway electric car market

• Long term fiscal incentives from 1990s

• Incentives added sequentially until the market responded.

• The price difference between EV and petrol car can be €1,000.

• Exempt from• vehicle registration tax• road tolls • VAT (normally 25%)

• Bus lane access• EVs ‐reduced annual tax• Reduced rates on the main

coastal ferries

Conclusions

• Influencing motorists away from diesel unlikely until fiscal incentives change

• Promoting cleaner vehicle technologies requires long term consistent policies

• LEZs need to be stringentand include cars to be effective

• Public information on air quality implications of fuel choice required.

Increasing concerns

• Non‐exhaust contribution to PM mass‐ from wear of brakes, tyres, road surface‐ from resuspension of surface dusts

• These will soon exceed exhaust emissions considerably, but‐ wear emissions can be influenced by choice of materials‐ it may be possible to trap brake dust on the vehicle‐ resuspension is influenced by the aerodynamics of the vehicle

Increasing concerns

• Cooking aerosol‐ Some measurement methods (generally Aerosol Mass Spectrometry) show an appreciable contribution of cooking aerosol to PM2.5 concentrations.

• More research is needed on the differential toxicity of particles of different composition and size distribution, and from different sources.

• Wood smoke contribution to PM mass‐ Now substantial in the UK and many other countries and increased as

more wood burning appliances are installed.‐ Bad for PM and PAH concentrations especially.‐ Fiscal incentives to wood burning in small utility boilers and CHP are bad

for air quality, and benefits for greenhouse gas emissions are probably small (UK imports wood from the United States!).

‐ May well cause PM2.5 levels to increase in coming years.

Berlin LEZ

ZONES DE BAIXES EMISSIONS

10 Estats Membres, 190 ciutats:- DE, NL, UK, NO, SE, DK, CZ, AT, HU, IT

http://www.lowemissionzones.eu/es/

AT (3)Autopistes TirolCZ (1)PragaDE (50)Augsburg, Berlín, Bochum, Bonn, Bottrop, Bremen, Dinslaken, Dortmund, Duisburg, Düsseldorf, Essen, Frankfurt, Friburg, Gelsenkirchen, Halle (Saale), Hannover, Heidelberg, Heilbronn, Herrenberg, Ilsfeld, Karlsruhe, Köln (Colonia), Krefeld, Leipzig, Leonberg, Leonberg, Ludwigsburg, Magdeburg, Mannheim, Markgröningen, Mühlacker, Mühlheim, München, Münster, Neu-Ulm, Neuss, Oberhausen, Osnabrück, Pfinztal, Pforzheim, Pleidelsheim, Pleidelsheim, Recklinghausen, Ratisbona, Reutlingen, Schwäbisch-Gmünd, Stuttgart, Tübingen, Ulm, WuppertalDK (5)Aalborg, Aarhus, Frederiksberg, Copenhague, OdenseGB (3)Londres, Oxford, NorwichIT (42)Roma, Milán, Livorno, Pisa, Módena, Nápoles, Palermo, Parma, Pavía, Pisa, Regggio Emilia, Rimini, Torino, Trento, Varese, Verona, Lodi, Lucca, Montove, Mezzocorona, Mondovi, Nichelino, Novara, Novi Ligure, Orbassano, Perugia, Piacenza, Prato, Ravenna......................NL (13)Ámsterdam, Breda, Delft, La Haya, Eindhoven, Leiden, Maastrich, Rijswijk, Rotterdam, Hertogenbosch, Schiedam, Tiburg, UtrechNO (3)Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim,SE (6)Estocolmo, Gotemburgo, Helsinburg, Lund, Malmo, MolndalFRParis: Testing in 2012

London CC

• From 22 km2, to 41.5 km2

2.6% of the Greater London area.

GB £10 per day if paid bymidnight on the day of travel and £12 if paid by the end of the followingday. Failure to pay results in a fine of £120.

Exempt: Euro 5, electric and plug‐in hybrid vehicles

The impact on air quality has been studied and was unable to identify a clear effect

Gestión de aparcamiento publico

Matriculas pares‐impares

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT SUN MON

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 01 02/01/2017

‐35%‐13%

020000400006000080000

100000120000140000160000180000

‐43%

‐17%

N of cars in the largest central Madrid area 9‐21h

Average NO2/SO2 in 8 air quality monitorig sites in the largest central Madrid 9‐21 h

Austria – fugitive dust• Handling of material (e.g., humidifying of materials and irrigation)• Optimization of the handling of materials (e.g., recycling at the site)• Protection against wind erosion• Encapsulation of stored material• Emission reduction for construction site traffic (e.g., low speed limits for

unpaved roads, cleaning of tires and irrigation of roads)• Low‐emission machinery (e.g., diesel particle filters and electric• machinery)• Training of personnel

Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, Graz, Austria (2009).

Austria – road dust

• Dust suppressants: – Ca‐Mg acetate (CMA)– CaCl2, MgCl2– Polymers, resins and bitumens

CMA is a 25% acetate solution with de‐icer and particle binder properties

37

Road dust Mitigation tests

Aldrin et al., 2008

Norman and Johansson, 2006

Reuter, 2010

Barratt et al, 2012

Finland Alps Norway Sweden Germany UK South EU

Washing 40%weekly

??

CMA 20-30%daily

35%daily

NO effect 40% only at industrial

site

??

MgCl2 30%daily

??

CaCl2 40%daily

??

39

Type of pavement

• Granite pavement was found to be more prone (70% higher) to PM10 production compared to the quartzite pavements (Gustafsson et al., 2009).

• Total wear of a pavement normally decreases with increasing aggregate size.

• Conditions of pavement are also important: fresh abrasion particle emissions from pavements in good condition are quite low. (Gehrig et al., 2010).

• Open porous asphalt– Generally used for noise reduction and reduce runoff

– Can retain particles better than dense structures– Encouraging results in Sweden (http://www.slb.nu/elvf/) and Switzerland (Gehrig et al., 2010)

40

En Barcelona• Planes de Calidad del aire

– Plan AIRE (Ministerio Medio Ambiente)– Pla de Millora de la qualitat del aire (GenCat)– Medidas a escala municipal

1. Mesures sobre el trànsit rodat

2. Mesures sobre sector agropecuari:2.1. Emissions d'amoníac2.2. Combustió de biomassa2.3. Pols agrícola

3. Mesures sobre sector construcció2.1. Pols en obra2.2. Transport de materials2.3. Emissions de vehicles i maquinaria2.4. Emmagatzemant materials i demolició

4. Mesures sobre la industria

5. Mesures portuàries

6. Mesures aeroportuàries

7. Domèstic & residencial

Bases cientifico-tecnicas para el Plan AIRE

SINERGIES

• Les dues estratègies aconseguiran reduir emissions de contaminants• Conscienciació social més ecològica

INTERFERÈNCIES

Qualitat aire sobre clima• Reduir NOX y PM del trànsit pot implicar incrementar CO2 i / o CH4 (ej. regeneració filtres de partícules, gas natural,...)• Reduir SO2 pot implicar increment CO2 (dessulfuració gasos combustió)

Clima sobre calidad del aire• Reduir CO2 del trànsit por implicar incrementar NO2 y PM (ej. subvenció motors diesel para reduir CO2)• Bio ‐ combustibles per fixar C, pot incrementar emissions NOx• Afavorir utilització biomassa per fixar C pot implicar increment emissions de carboni negre (BC, PAH,...).

Major percepció i interès social per el tema climàtic, ha suposat demanda de algunes mesures climàtiques sense coordinació amb qualitat de l’aire!!

SINERGIES I INTERFERÈNCIES AMB ESTRATÈGIES CLIMÀTIQUES

Bases cientifico-tecnicas para el Plan AIRE

El caso de Barcelona

Malla ortogonal bus (30% reduccion km)

Flota autobuses: 1065• 411 Gas natural• 460 SCRT®• 22 Hibridos nuevos• 31 Retrofit hybrid diesel ( fuel savings of 25–30%).• 3 Electricos

Flota de Servicios publicos• Euro I y II remplazados por Euro IV, Euro V, EEV o con filtros de particulas CRT. • Euro III todos con filtros de particulas


Taxi:• 11% hybrid in 2012 (1141 over 10,523 in total). 6% are compressed natural gas‐

fuelled, • 6% are LPG‐fuelled. • 83% of the taxis are Euro IV and Euro V.

Otros• Extension of the bus and metro network: the metro network was extended by a

total of 17 km and new bus service put into operation;• Building of park and ride facilities close to railway stations: the number of spaces

was increased from 19,850 to 30,333;• Public bicycle sharing program ‘bicing’: 6000 units were deployed across the city,

with a total of 52,000 daily users;• Extension of cycle lanes: from 128.9 km in 2006 to 181.5 km in 2011

Desde 2007, centrales termicas de gas natural en lugar de fuel oil.


96% de sistema de calefacción domestica por gas natural


GAS NATURAL

Country NG Vehicles Refuelling stationsPakistan 2790000 2997Argentina 2288161 1931Brazil 1753762 1792

Italy 823000 1022Germany 96349 915France 13538 344Spain 3781 78

The Gas Vehicle Report, November 2013

Wang et al., 1998 ES&T

GAS NATURAL

Pais Zona Medida

Francia Paris Matriculas alternadas

Suecia Gotemburg,Lund, Malmoe, Stoccolma

Low emissionzones (LEZ)

UK Londres Congestioncharge (10 pounds)

Todas regiones Low emissionzones (LEZ)

Italia Roma Zona a trafficolimitato

GAS NATURAL

Vehículos a GN están exentos a las limitaciones de movilidad urbana

Re‐think our cities

• carriles bici (más km, más anchas, más lejos de la calzada)

• Increase green and pedestrian areas

• Situación de sitios vulnerabels(hositales, parques infantiles, escuelas, centros de dia)

Super‐illasEl caso de Barcelona

Espacios verdes en Barcelona

Dadvand et al., 2015

http://airuse.eu/wp‐content/uploads/2013/11/04_B2_PM‐Speciation‐and‐source‐apportionment.pdf

Medidas sugeridas para Barcelona (1/2)

Medidas sugeridas para Barcelona (2/2)

http://airuse.eu/wp‐content/uploads/2013/11/04_B2_PM‐Speciation‐and‐source‐apportionment.pdf

Muchas gracias por su atención!

Geoquímica y calidad del aire

Sunyer et al., 2015 PLOS

IF: 14.4

Estudio piloto de mejora de CA en colegios

• 2 colegios

PAU VILA (fondo) VILA OLIMPICA (trafico)

Air purifiers in Gyms

F7GRS2HEPA H14

F7 (certificado EN 779:2012),H14 (certificado NTP 989:2013) GRS2 (certificado EN 1822:2010)

Carbono negroPAU VILA

Indoor

Particulas ultrafinas

Number size distribution

VOCs

PureAir

PureAir

Fuentes de PM2.5 en escuelas

Amato et al, 2014 (STOTEN)

Dust suppression in unpaved playgrounds with water flushing/aspersion

PAU VILA (background school)

Methods:• Daily samples

PM10 • PM chemistry

(24h)• 1 GRIMM 1.108• CO/CO2

Water flow: 0.8 L m‐2

Once a day (at 7:00)Twice a day (at 9:00 and 13:00)

At the playgroundand at onecontrol site (PalauReial)

Mejoras en arenas• Seleccionar arenas ricas en cuarzo en la fracción <63 µm• controles periodicos de calidad.• Extender las tareas de mantenimiento (renovación y desinfectacion) a los

patios de colegios, donde no suelen llevarse a cabo, a pesar de su gran uso y exposición de los alumnos.

• Realizar un riego periodico por aspersion que aproximadamente 1 L/m2 ya que esto permite reducir en un 25% las concentraciones de PM10 diario durante el día de aspersión.

Muchas gracias por su atención!

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