Abad et al 2005

Tortonian ostracodes of Southwestern Europe

Ostracodes tortoniens du Sud-Ouest de l’Europe

Manuel Abad a,*, Francisco Ruiz a, José Gabriel Pendón b,M a Luz González-Regalado a, Josep Tosquella a

a Departamento de Geodinámica y Paleontología, Universidad de Huelva, Avda. de las Fuerzas Armadas, s/n 21071, Huelva, Spainb Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Huelva, Avda. de las Fuerzas Armadas, s/n 21071, Huelva, Spain

Received 13 November 2002; accepted 15 December 2003

Available online 15 August 2005

Abstract

This paper analyzes the lithostratigraphic features and the ostracode associations of the Tortonian deposits located in the western andcentral sectors of the Guadalquivir basin (S Spain). Eight facies associations are defined (FA-1 to FA-8), being deposited in fluvial to upperbathyal paleoenvironments. The ostracofaune confirms the Tortonian age of these deposits, where three ostracode associations are defined: (a)infralittoral (i.e. Urocythereis favosa, Cytheretta orthezensis, Callistocythere spp.); (b) circalittoral (i.e. Costa batei, Celtia quadridentata,Echinocythereis scabra, Pterygocythereis ceratoptera/jonesii); and (c) outer platform/talus (Henryhowella asperima; Cytherella spp.; Krithespp.). A comparison with the Tortonian associations of southwestern France and Portugal permits to define a common ostracod zonation forsouthwestern Europe for this period.© 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

Résumé

Dans ce travail, les associations de faciès et d’ostracodes des dépôts tortoniens du bassin du Guadalquivir (S Espagne) sont étudiées. Huitassociations de faciès sont distinguées (FA-1 à FA-8), caractéristiques de milieux fluviatiles à épibathyales. L’âge tortonien de ces sédimentsest confirmé par l’ostracofaune, laquelle peut être subdivisée en trois associations : (a) infralittoral (i.e. Urocythereis favosa, C. orthezensis,Callistocythere spp.) (b) circalittoral (i.e. Costa batei, Celtia quadridentata, Echinocythereis scabra, Pterygocythereis ceratoptera/jonesii) ;et (c) plateforme externe/épibathyal (Henryhowella asperima, Cytherella spp., Krithe spp.). Les données des dépôts tortoniens de France etPortugal ont permis de faire une zonation commune d’ostracodes du Sud-Ouest de l’Europe pour cet étage.© 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Ostracodes; Facies; Tortonian; SW Spain

Mots clés : Ostracodes ; Faciès ; Tortonian ; SO Europe

1. Introduction

The biostratigraphical utility of ostracods has been con-trasted since Cambrian times (i.e. Bate and Robinson, 1978;Oertli, 1985; Colin and Lethiers, 1990). These microcrusta-ceans are especially important in regional correlation of ner-itic areas where the main planktonic markers (foraminifers,

calcareous nannoplanckton) may be absent. In these shallowareas, it is desirable to define several zonations covering thedifferent (paleo-) environments (Llano, 1981; Brouwers,1990; Zorn, 1997).

In the Upper Neogene (Tortonian-Pliocene) of southernEurope, these zonations have been tentatively delimitated inthe Central and Eastern Mediterranean basins (Sissingh, 1972,1976) and the Western Mediterranean basin (Carbonnel,1969). On the Atlantic margin, the Tortonian ostracode dis-

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 9592 19874, fax: +34 9592 19440.E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Abad).

Geobios 38 (2005) 563–573

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0016-6995/$ - see front matter © 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.12.006

tribution was only in the Landas basin (SW France; Moyes,1965) and the Tajo and Algarve basins (Portugal; Nasci-mento, 1988), although not zones were defined for this region.

In this paper, we analyze the Tortonian ostracode associa-tions of the central and western sectors of the Guadalquivirbasin (SW Spain). Results were compared with those obtainedin Portugal and France, in order to establish the major ostra-code zones of the neritic and upper bathyal paleoenviron-ments in southwestern Europe during this period.

2. Tortonian paleogeography of Southwestern Spain

During the Tortonian, the main seaways connecting theMediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean were (Fig. 1): (a)the secondary Betic Corridor, extending in a SW-NE direc-tion through the Guadalquivir Basin (S Spain); and (b) themost important Rifian Corridor, located northern Morocco.In these passages, evidences of physical constriction wasfound around 7.16–7.24 Myr ago (Krijgsman et al., 1999;Kouwenhoven et al., 2001) finishing with an isolation of theMediterranean Sea from the surrounding major oceans (theMessinian Salinity Crisis; Hsu et al., 1973) owing to ongoingtectonic processes and glacio-eustatic sea-level fluctuations(Garcés et al., 1998).

The upper Neogene sedimentary history of the Guad-alquivir Basin is characterized by the sedimentation of a widevariety of lithostratigraphic units in a foreland basin locatedbetween a passive margin (the Iberian Massif) to the north,and the active Betic Ranges to the south. Deposition alongthe northern passive margin of this basin starts with a varietyof facies, according to their geographical situation. In thewestern sector, the sedimentary record is thin, being com-posed by both clastic and calcarenite deposits (Clauss andGonzález-Regalado, 1993; Baceta and Pendón, 1999). Thecentral sector is characterized either by only clastic depositsor calcarenite deposits, whereas the eastern areas presentmainly marly lithology (Sierro et al., 1995).

In these sedimentary rocks, investigations about ostra-codes were mainly focused in the Messinian-Lower Plioceneinterval (Benson, 1976; Ruiz and González-Regalado, 1996).Nevertheless, a scarce attention was dedicated to the Torto-nian associations (Borragan, 1966; Berggren et al., 1976). Thispaper tries to alleviate this partial lack.

3. Methodology

In the Guadalquivir Basin, four sections from the centralsector (Fig. 2A–D) and three sections from the western sector

Fig. 1. Tortonian paleogeography of southern Spain.Fig. 1. Le Sud de l’Espagne au Tortonien.

564 M. Abad et al. / Geobios 38 (2005) 563–573

(Gibraleón, Niebla and Paterna del Campo) were selected forthis study, all of Tortonian age (zone N16 of Blow; Baceta andPendón, 1999; Pendón et al., 2001). Lithostratigraphy of eachsection was studied and the different facies associations weredescribed. In addition, micropaleontological sampling wasundertaken, according to the main facies observed in the field.

For each micropaleontological sample (250 g dry weight),the wash residue up to 63 µm was examined and all ostra-codes present were picked. Results are compared with theostracode faunes observed in Tortonian sediments of Portu-gal (Nascimento, 1988) and southwestern France (Moyes,

1965).An ostracode association includes the species observedin these two last areas and, to the less, in one of the areasanalyzed (central or western) of the Guadalquivir Basin.

4. Results and discussions

4.1. Facies: description, ostracode faunesand interpretation

Eight main facies associations have been distinguished inthe sections studied. The first five associations (FA-1 to FA-5)

Fig. 2. Geographical and geological setting of the two sectors studied. A–D: sections.Fig. 2. Carte de situation et géologie des coupes étudiées. A–D : coupes.

565M. Abad et al. / Geobios 38 (2005) 563–573

were found only in the central sector (Fig. 3), whereas FA-7(Niebla Formation; Baceta and Pendón, 1999) is exclusive ofthe western sector (Fig. 4) and the two remaining (FA-6 andFA-8) are present in both sectors. In these sediments, 108 spe-cies of ostracodes were found and up to 2200 individuals werepicked.

4.1.1. Unfossiliferous conglomerates and coarse sands(FA-1)

This facies association consists of quartzite clast-supportedconglomerates, forming single flow units with erosive bases.A typical feature is the presence of both coarsening and fining-upward units, as well as rubefacted clasts. No fossils were

found within these facies. These characteristics suggest a flu-vial origin (debris flow, lag deposits, channel fill) for this asso-ciation (Miall, 1984).

4.1.2. Cross-bedded conglomerates and coarse sands(FA-2)

This association is composed of alternating conglomer-ates and coarse sands (< 0.5 m thickness) with a clast-sizeaverage between 0.5 and 1 cm, granule clast-sized andarranged into trough cross-bedding. These deposits are inter-bedded between conglomerate bodies belonging to associa-tion FA-1. Ostracodes are absent in these facies. These rocks

Fig. 3. Lithostratigraphy, facies associations (FA) and sedimentary sequences of the sections selected in the central sector of the Guadalquivir basin.Fig. 3. Lithostratigraphie, associations de facies (FA) et séquences sédimentaires des coupes sélectionnées dans le secteur central du bassin du Guadalquivir.


may be originated from alluvial streams, causing the infill ofminor channels and/or bar construction.

4.1.3. Unfossiliferous yellow coarse–medium sands (FA-3)These sediments comprise yellow coarse–medium sands

(1–3 m thickness) disposed either in massive horizons, coarsesandy-X-bedding, trough-X-bedding and planar-X-bedding.These unfossiliferous facies are laterally related to other faciesassociations (FA-1 and FA-4) and may represent the final con-sequence of alluvial processes consisting of planar flows dur-ing both low and upper flow regimes.

4.1.4. Fossiliferous conglomerates and coarse sands(FA-4)

These deposits are constituted by alternating conglomer-ates and sands, locally cemented, showing a crude horizontallamination accompanied of a normal/reverse grading of theclasts. Pectinids (Chlamys), cirripeds, fragments of echino-derms (Clypeaster) and moulds of gastropods (Conus, Turri-tella) are frequent. Sporadic ostracodes (Urocythereis favosa,Aurila zbyszewskii, Cytheretta rhenana rhenana) were foundnear the limit with the upper association FA-8. This fossilrecord is indicative of a coastal, shallow marine environment(Yassini, 1979; Ruiz et al., 1997).

4.1.5. Fossiliferous yellow coarse–medium sands (FA-5)This facies association includes coarse–medium sands, fre-

quently cemented with a crude horizontal lamination. Troughcross-bedded sands are laterally located upon a basal uncon-formity, associated to lag deposits. The main paleontologicalfeature is the presence of cemented lumachellic accumula-tions (15–100 cm thickness) of the nummulitid Heteroste-gina gomez angulensis, commonly found with large echino-derms (Clypeaster) and ostreids.

Ostracodes are well represented in some isolated samples,with frequent individuals of A. zbyszewskii, C. rhenanarhenana and U. favosa. This microfossiliferous assemblagesuggests inner platform conditions, deeper than associationFA-4 due to the abundance of nummulitids. These samplescontain high percentages of adults (71–100%) and closedcarapaces (43–65%), two features of very energetic environ-ments with moderate to high rates of sedimentation (Oertli,1970; Whatley, 1988). Near the transition with the upper asso-ciation FA-8, these species are accompanied by Pterygo-cythereis jonesii, Celtia quadridentata and Costa batei.

4.1.6. Fossiliferous sands and silts (FA-6)These facies consist of yellow quartzite sands and silts,

either loose or early cemented, including some conglomer-

Fig. 4. Lithostratigraphy, facies associations (FA) and sedimentary sequences of the sections selected in the western sector of the Guadalquivir basin.Fig. 4. Lithostratigraphie, associations de facies (FA) et séquences sédimentaires des coupes sélectionnées dans le secteur occidental du bassin du Guadalquivir.


atic and microconglomeratic levels. They are arranged, afteran erosional bottom, into thickening and coarsening upwardsequences, of meter scale, with cross-bedding and parallel-and ripple-lamination. Occasionally, some levels may presentlumachellic concentrations of Heterostegina gomez-angulensis. Ostracodes are abundant (Table 1: > 25 species/sample; > 90 individuals/100 g), being represented by fre-quent valves and carapaces of Aurila spp., Callistocytherecanaliculata, Callistocythere oertlii, Loxoconcha punc-tatella, Senesia triangularis postriangularis and Xestoleb-eris paisi. Baceta and Pendón (1999) identified these depos-its as the product of an open shallow marine environment(10–15 m depth) probably attached to deltaic and/or beachsystems, confirming an early interpretation of Viguier (1974).

4.1.7. Sandy calcarenites (FA-7)These carbonate-siliceous deposits (Niebla Formation;

Baceta and Pendón, 1999) consist of coarse calcarenites/calcirudites (grainstone–rudstone) lacking micrite matrix andcomprising a lot of coarse sand-sized quartz. The carbonatefraction includes reworked fragments of bivalve shells (mainlyOstreidae and Pectinidae), red algae, heterosteginids, andsmall benthic foraminifers (Elphidium), with remains of bryo-zoans, echinoderms and serpulids as minor constituents. Noostracodes were observed in the samples analyzed. These sedi-ments could be deposited in high energy beaches (shorefacefacies), because of the coarse grain-size of the sediments andthe high fragmentation of the bioclastic components.

4.1.8. Grey silts and shales (FA-8)These facies are composed by massive gray clays, which

are unconformably disposed over the remaining facies asso-ciations. These fine deposits are included in the GibraleónClays Formation (Civis et al., 1987), with a distinctive glau-conitic level near the base in the two studied sectors. Bivalves(Palliollum, Amussium), condrichtians (Isurus, Odontaspis,Carcharocles) and echinoderms (Schizaster) are the mainmacrofossils.

Near the base, C. batei, Ruggieria nuda, Cytherella spp.and Krithe soustaensis are the most representative ostra-codes, being progressively replaced by Henryhowella asper-rima, Krithe pernoides and Parakrithe spp. According to theforaminiferal assemblages (Civis and Sierro, 1987; González-Regalado and Ruiz, 1996), the glauconitic level was depos-ited in a circalittoral environment (50–100 m depth), with anincreasing depth towards the top (external platform–uppertalus).

4.2. Cyclicity

In the central sector of the Guadalquivir Basin, the lateralcorrelation of the facies associations permit to define a com-posite section showing an interesting cyclicity (Fig. 5). Eightsedimentary sequences may be distinguished, although thetwo lowest are not present in the sections studied. Thesesequences are characterized by the presence of erosive, lag

marine deposits (associations FA-4 and FA-5) near the basefollowed of the remaining alluvial/littoral/neritic associa-tions. This model is only interrupted in the upper sequence,coinciding with the presence of deeper deposits (associationFA-8). According to Sierro et al. (1992), the seven lowermostsequences would be included in a Transgressive System Tract,whereas the glauconitic and pelagic clays would represent aHighstand System Tract. Both systems may be correlated toCycle 3.2. of Haq et al. (1987).

This cyclicity may represent the local response to the dex-tral rotation of the Guadalquivir foreland basin during thisperiod, with the displacement of the depocenters to the north-west (Sanz de Galdeano, 1989). In the Late Tortonian, tec-tonic uplift of this corridor has been documented by Krijgs-man et al. (1999, 2001). A major lowering of the sea level,another possible cause for these changes, was not confirmedduring this period in the Betic Corridor (Hodell et al., 2001).

4.3. The ostracod faunes

4.3.1. Biostratigraphical notesOf the 108 species identified in the Tortonian samples from

southern Spain, sixteen (i.e. C. orthezensis, C. rhenanarhenana, L. punctatella, Sagmatocythere grateloupiana) havea long stratigraphical range comprising from the Aquitanianto the Pliocene in southwestern Europe (Moyes, 1965; Yassini,1969; Nascimento, 1988). At present, some of them live inthe neritic/bathyal environments of this region and the adja-cent Mediterranean, such as Costa batei or H. asperrima(Yassini, 1979; Ruiz et al., 2000).

A first biostratigraphical approximation may be made withthe coexistence of a group of species (Cytherella confuse,Cytherella consueta, Neocytherideis linearis, Krithe papil-losa) confined to the Aquitanian–Tortonian interval togetherwith some taxa (Acantocythereis hystrix, Aurila vascoensis,Costa punctatissima, K. pernoides) that appear during theTortonian (Table 2). The Tortonian age of this assemblage isconfirmed by the presence of several species restricted to thisperiod in southwestern Europe. The most representative spe-cies are Aurila semilunata, A. zbyszewskii, C. canaliculata,Callistocythere vigneauxi and Carinocythereis galilea, whichmay be used as biostratigraphical markers for this period inthis zone.

4.3.2. Ostracoda and Tortonian paleoenvironmentsAn approximate paleoecological reconstruction of the Tor-

tonian paleoenvironments of southern Spain can be fact inagreement with the ostracod data contributed of Moyes(1965), Carbonel (1980), Nascimento (1983), Carbonel (1985)and Lachenal (1989). The majority of the species collected inthe two sectors analyzed in the Guadalquivir Basin inhabitedmainly in the infralittoral environments (associations FA-4,FA-5 and FA-6), at depths down to 50 m. In these shallowareas, several groups of species may be distinguished:• Some species inhabited on phytal environments (algae,

phanerogams). This group is composed by Xestoleberis


Table 1Ostracod abundance and diversity in the samples studiedAbondance et diversité des ostracodes dans les échantillons étudiés.


glabrescens, Cyamocytheridea reversa, Hemicytheruravidens or C. orthezensis.

• Surrounding these vegetated areas, the peryphital areaswere colonized by ornate species of Semicytherura (S.inversa), Callistocythere (C. canaliculata, C. oertlii, C.vigneauxi) and Sagmatocythere (S. grateloupiana, S. napo-liana). These species may be occasionally accompaniedby individuals of the genus Aurila, which segregate mucusand adhere to the stems and/or rhizomes (Whatley, 1976).

• The ostracode association of sandy substrates were mainlyformed by U. favosa, Nonurocythereis seminulum, Pon-tocythere elongata and heavily ornate forms of Aurila (A.punctata, A. zbyszewskii). Most of these species are fed ofthe discrete particles (detritus, bacteria) collected by pro-cessing the bottom sediments.In addition, some opportunistic species would be present

in any of there three paleoenvironments. Some species ofLoxoconcha and Semicytherura may be included in this newinfralittoral group.

The circalittoral association (50–150 m depth) was mainlycomposed by Costa batei, C. quadridentata, Echinocythereisscabra, Pterigocythereis ceratoptera/jonesii, Falunia rug-osa, Bosquetina carinella and R. nuda. These species arewell represented near the base of the association FA-8,whereas Parakrithe dactylomorpha, H. asperrima, C. con-sueta, Ruggieria tetraptera and Costa tricostata character-ize the upper levels sampled. This change would indicate the

transition toward new external platform/upper bathyal pale-oenvironments (150–300 m depth; Ruiz and González-Regalado, 1996).

In the two sectors studied, Tortonian lower bathyal depos-its are absent, although they have been observed in the ElCuervo section, located in the South of Sevilla Province(Fig. 2). This ostracode association is composed of Cyther-ella vulgata, H. asperrima, Xestoleberis prognata, Krithespp., Parakrithe spp., Bradleya dyction and Oblitacythereisruggierii (Berggren et al., 1976).

4.3.3. Tortonian ostracode zonation of southwesternEurope

If we compare this distribution and the data extracted ofMoyes (1965); Nascimento (1983, 1988), an ostracode zona-tion may be proposed for this region (Fig. 6). This zonationwould include three zones:• Infralittoral. This zone is characterized by C. orthezensis,

Cytheretta simplex, Hermanites haidingeri, Hiltermanni-cythere sphaerulolineata, Mutilus labiatus, N. linearis,Paracytheridea triquetra and U. favosa.

• Circalittoral. This zone is recognized by the joint presenceof B. carinella, Costa batei, E. scabra, Paracypris politaand, occasionally, R. tetraptera.

• Outer platform/Upper bathyal. The main species that com-pose this zone are H. asperrima, K. soustaensis and C.

Fig. 5. Composite section of the central sector of the Guadalquivir basin.Fig. 5. Coupe composite du secteur central du basin du Guadalquivir.


Table 2Biostratigraphical and paleogeographical distribution of the ostracode species found in the Tortonian sediments of southern Spain. Grey: species selected for theTortonian zonation. G1: Central sector of the Guadalquivir basin; G2: Western sector of the Guadalquivir basin; P: Portugal; F: FranceBiostratigraphie et distribution géographique des ostracodes recueillis dans les sédiments tortoniens du Sud de l’Espagne. Gris : espèces sélectionnées pour lazonation du Tortonien. G1 : secteur central du basin du Guadalquivir ; G2 : secteur occidental du basin du Guadalquivir ; P : Portugal ; F : France.


tricostata, accompanied of several species of Cytherellaand Parakrithe.

5. Conclusions

The analysis of seven Tortonian sections of the Guad-alquivir Basin permits to delimitate: (a) eight facies associa-tion, characterized by their lithological, stratigraphical andfaunal features; and (b) three ostracode associations belong-ing to three different paleoenvironments (infralittoral, circali-ttoral and external platform/upper bathyal). A comparativecorrelation with the Tortonian ostracod faunas of France andPortugal permits to perform a common zonation for south-western Europe during this period.

Acknowledgements

This work has been economically supported by a FPU grantawarded by the MECD of the Spanish Government. Finan-cial support of the Junta de Andalucia (P.A.I.), Group RNM-238, and the Plan Propio of the Huelva University are alsoacknowledged.

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