Abuso Fetal

6
8/19/2019 Abuso Fetal http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/abuso-fetal 1/6 Pergamon Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 181-186, 1997 Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd Printed in the USA. All rights reserved 0145-2134/97 17.00 + .00 PII S0145-2134 96) 00143-3 FET L BUSE LINDSEY KENT Department of Psychiatry, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Psychiatric Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK JAMES D. D. LAIDLAW Mother and Baby Unit, Queen Elizabeth Psychiatric Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK IAN F BROCKINGTON Department of Psychiatry, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Psychiatric Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK Abstract--The possible occurrence of fetal abuse in expectant mothers has received little attention in either clinical practice or in research. Five cases with reported fetal abuse are presented. Each case suffered from depression and four of the five women had unplanned pregnancies and had considered a termination of pregnancy. Other possible factors associated with fetal abuse included: denial of the pregnancy, ambivalence towards the pregnancy, previous postpartum depression, and relationship difficulties. Enquiry of possible fetal abuse in pregnant women should be made, particularly if a depressive illness is demonstrated. The relationship between fetal abuse and subsequent child abuse remains unclear. Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd Key Words Fetal abuse, Depression, Pregnancy, Child abuse. INTRODUCTION THE POSSIBILITY OF a mother abusing her fetus has received little attention in research or clinical practice, partly due to the disbelief expressed by many that this behavior exists. The concept of fetal abuse encompasses any deliberate behavior that is known by the abuser potentially to damage the fetus. This generally implies direct physical assault, but could also include other behaviors including drug and alcohol misuse. In an attempt to estimate the frequency of fetal abuse, Condon (1987) interviewed 112 pregnant women. He discovered that 8 of women acknowledged the urge to hurt or punish their unborn child. In addition, 4 of fathers also expressed this urge. He described two teenage mothers who hit their abdomen. One, in response to her cohabitee's behavior, thumped it once, as hard as she could, causing bruising to the abdominal wall. Another 15-year-old, who had been refused a termination, regularly punched the fetus through the abdominal wall in response to its movements (Condon, 1986). Received for publication July 24, 1995; final revision received July 19, 1996; accepted August 2, 1996. Reprint requests should be addressed to Dr. Lindsey Kent, Lecturer, Department of Psychiatry, Queen Elizabeth Psychiatric Hospital, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2QZ, UK. 181

Transcript of Abuso Fetal

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Pergamon

Child Abuse & Neglect, Vo l. 21, No. 2, pp. 181-186, 1997

Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd

Printed in the U SA. All rights reserved

0145-2134/97 17.00 + .00

PII S0145-2134 96) 00143-3

F E T L B U S E

L I N D S E Y K E N T

D e p a r t m e n t o f P s y c h i a t r y , U n i v e r s i t y o f B i r m i n g h a m , Q u e e n E l i z a b e t h P s y c h i at r i c H o s p i ta l ,

E d g b a s t o n , B i r m i n g h a m , U K

JAMES D . D . LAIDLAW

M o t h e r a n d B a b y U n i t , Q u e e n E l i z a b e t h P s y c h i a t ri c H o s p it a l, E d g b a s t o n , B i r m i n g h a m , U K

IAN F

B R O C K I N G T O N

D e p a r t m e n t o f P s y c h i a t r y , U n i v e r s i t y o f B i r m i n g h a m , Q u e e n E l i z a b e t h P s y c h i a tr i c H o s p it a l, E d g b a s t o n ,

B i r m i n g h a m , U K

A b s t r a c t - - T h e p o s s i b l e o c c u r r en c e o f f e t a l a b u s e i n e x p e c t a n t m o t h e r s h a s r e c e i v e d l i tt l e a tt e n t i o n in e i t h e r c l i n ic a l

p rac t i ce o r in re s ea rch . F ive ca s es wi th repor ted fe t a l abus e a re p re s en ted . E ach cas e s u f fe red f rom depres s ion and

f o u r o f t h e f i v e w o m e n h a d u n p l a n n e d p r e g n a n c i e s a n d h a d c o n s i d e r e d a t e rm i n a t i o n o f p r e g n a n c y . O t h e r p o s s i b le

fac to rs a s s oc ia ted wi th fe t a l abus e inc luded : den ia l o f the p regnancy , ambiva lence towards the p regnancy , p rev ious

pos tpa r tum depres s ion , and re l a t ions h ip d i f f i cu l t i e s . E nqu i ry o f pos s ib le fe t a l abus e in p regnan t women s hou ld be

made , pa r t i cu la r ly i f a depre s s ive i l lne s s i s demons t ra t ed . T he re l a t ions h ip be tween fe t a l abus e and s ubs equen t ch i ld

abus e rema ins unc lea r . C o p y r i g h t © 1 9 9 7 E l s e v i e r S c i e n c e L t d

K e y W o r d s F e t a l

abus e , Depres s ion , Pregnancy , Ch i ld abus e .

INTRODUCTION

THE POSSIBILITY OF a mother abusing her fetus has received little attention in research or

clinical practice, partly due to the disbelief expressed by many that this behavior exists. The

concept of fetal abuse encompasses any deliberate behavior that is known by the abuser

potentially to damage the fetus. This generally implies direct physical assault, but could also

include other behaviors including drug and alcohol misuse.

In an attempt to estimate the frequency of fetal abuse, Condon (1987) interviewed 112

pregnant women. He discovered that 8 of women acknowledged the urge to hurt or punish

their unborn child. In addition, 4 of fathers also expressed this urge. He described two

teenage mothers who hit their abdomen. One, in response to her cohabitee's behavior, thumped

it once, as hard as she could, causing bruising to the abdominal wall. Another 15-year-old,

who had been refused a termination, regularly punched the fetus through the abdominal wall

in response to its movements (Condon, 1986).

Rece ived fo r pub l i ca t ion J u ly 24 , 1995; f ina l rev i s ion rece ived J u ly 19 , 1996; acc ep ted Au gus t 2 , 1996.

Repr in t reques t s s hou ld be addres s ed to Dr . L inds ey Ken t , L ec tu re r , Depa r tmen t o f Ps ych ia t ry , Queen E l i zabe th

P s y c h i a tr i c H o s p i t al , M i n d e l s o h n W a y , E d g b a s t o n , B i r m i n g h a m , B 1 5 2 Q Z , U K .

181

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182 L. Ke nt, J D D Laidlaw , and I. F. B rockington

I n t w o o f t h e f i v e c a s e s o f f e ta l a b u s e h e r e p o r t e d , a b u s e o f th e c h i l d c o n t i n u e d a f t e r b i rt h .

C o n d o n f e l t i t l i k e l y t h a t a n a b u s e d f e t u s w a s a t h i g h r i s k o f b e c o m i n g a n a b u s e d c h i l d , a n d

h e n c e t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f de t e c ti n g t h is f o r m o f b e h a v i o r ( C o n d o n , 1 9 8 7 ) .

T h e c u r r e n t p a p e r d e s c r i b e s f i v e c a s e s o f fe t a l a b u s e t h a t w e r e d e t e c t e d d u r i n g r o u t i n e

a s s e s s m e n t o f r e f e r ra l s to a s p e c i a l iz e d M o t h e r a n d B a b y U n i t s u s p e c t e d o f s u ff e r i n g f r o m a

p r e g n a n c y r e l a t e d d e p r e s s i v e i l l n e s s . T h i s a s s e s s m e n t i n c l u d e s e n q u i r y r e g a r d i n g t h o u g h t s o f ,

o r a c t ua l p h y s i c a l h a r m t o t h e f e tu s o r s u b s e q u e n t l y b o r n c h i l d . T h e p a p e r a t t e m p t s t o id e n t i f y

p o s s i b l e f a c t o r s w h i c h m a y b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h i s b e h a v i o r .

C A S E R E P O R T S

Case

A 2 9 - y e a r -o l d m a r r i e d w o m a n , w h o w a s 3 2 w e e k s p r e g n a n t , p r e s e n te d w i th a 7 - w e e k h i s t o ry

o f d e p r e s s io n . S h e h a d n o p r e v i o u s p s y c h i a t r i c h i s t o r y , b u t s u f f e r e d m i l d p r e m e n s t r u a l t e n s i o n .

S h e h a d p r e v i o u s l y h a d t w o t e r m i n a t i o n s o f p r e g n a n c y : a t th e a g e o f 1 7 w h e n 1 2 w e e k s

g e s t a t io n , a n d a t th e a g e o f 2 8 w h e n 8 w e e k s g e s t a ti o n . B o t h w e r e b e c a u s e s h e d i d n o t w i s h

f o r c h il d r e n a t th a t t i m e i n h e r l i fe . S h e h a d a f a m i l y h i s t o r y o f d e p r e s s i o n a n d h e r f a t h e r h a d

s u f f e r e d f r o m a l c o h o l i s m . H e r c h i l d h o o d h a d b e e n u n s e t t le d a n d h e r p a r e n t s h a d s e p a r a t e d

w h e n s h e w a s 1 4 y e a r s o l d. S h e h a d l i v e d w i t h h e r m o t h e r u n ti l h e r m o t h e r d i e d o f a d i a b e t ic

c o m a 2 y e a r s l at e r, a n d t h e n r e tu r n e d t o h e r fa t h e r. S h e h a d a s t a b l e e m p l o y m e n t r e c o r d a n d

w a s h a p p i l y m a r r i e d , i n h e r s e c o n d m a r r i a g e .

T h i s p r e g n a n c y w a s u n p l a n n e d a n d s h e h a d i n i t i a l l y c o n s i d e r e d a t e r m i n a t i o n . S h e r e m a i n e d

a m b i v a l e n t a n d d e l a y e d a r r a n g i n g a t e r m i n a t i o n , a n d t h e n d e c i d e d t o c o n t i n u e w i t h t h e p r e g -

n a n c y . S h e s u f f e r e d f r o m n a u s e a f o r th e f ir s t 1 8 w e e k s , w h i c h d i s a p p e a r e d , t o b e r e p l a c e d b y

b a c k a n d h i p p a i n a n d g e n e r a l p h y s ic a l d i s c o m f o r t f r o m t h e 2 2 n d w e e k o n w a r d s . S h e b e g a n

t o f e e l d e p r e s s e d i n t h e 2 5 t h w e e k a n d b e c a m e i r ri ta b l e , l o s t h e r a p p e t i te , a n d s l e p t p o o r l y .

S h e e x p e r i e n c e d p o o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d a n h e d o n i a , a n d s u f f e r e d d i u r n a l v a r i a t io n o f h e r m o o d ,

f e e l i n g w o r s e i n t h e e v e n i n g . S h e b e c a m e w o r r i e d a n d a n x i o u s a b o u t h o w s h e w o u l d c o p e

w i t h l a b o r a n d h o w s h e w o u l d f e e l t o w a r d s t h e b a b y w h e n i t w a s b o r n .

S i n c e b e c o m i n g d e p r e s s e d s he h a d b e e n r e v o l t e d b y th e f e tu s m o v i n g , an d fe l t i t w a s

b e i n g m a l i c i o u s t o w a r d s h e r w h e n i t m o v e d . S h e s p o k e o f i t b e i n g l ik e a n a l i e n a n d

e a t i n g a w a y a t m e . . . l i k e a p a r a s i t e . T h e s e b e l i e f s w e r e n o t o f a d e l u s i o n a l i n t en s i ty . O n

t w o o c c a s i o n s , s h e p u n c h e d h e r a b d o m e n w h e n s h e fe l t f e ta l m o v e m e n t s , b u t n o t h a r d e n o u g h

t o l e a v e an y m a r k s o r b r u is e s . S h e p l e a d e d w i t h h e r h u s b a n d t o h a v e th e f et u s r e m o v e d .

A t t i m e s s h e f e l t s u i c id a l a n d h a d c o n s i d e r e d t a k i n g a n o v e r d o s e o f t a bl e ts . S h e w a s d e l i v e r e d

b y a n e l e c t i v e C a e s a r e a n s e c t i o n a t 3 6 w e e k s g e s t a t i o n . S i n c e d e l i v e r y s h e h a s c a r e d f o r a n d

b o n d e d t o h e r c h i l d w e l l , w i t h o u t a n y s u b s e q u e n t p r o b l e m s .

Case 2

A 4 1 - y e a r - o l d w o m a n p r e s e n te d w i th a 6 - y e a r h i s to r y o f l o w m o o d r e la t e d to l o n g s t a n d in g

m a r i t al p r o b l e m s . S h e c a m e f r o m a s t a b le , h a p p y f a m i l y b a c k g r o u n d a n d w a s d e s c r ib e d a s

e a s y g o i n g . S h e w a s in h e r s e c o n d m a r r i a g e , h a v i n g h a d a d a u g h t e r in h e r fi rs t m a r r i a g e ,

w h i c h h a d e n d e d 1 3 y e a r s e a r l i e r . S h e t h e n m e t h e r c u r r e n t h u s b a n d w h o w a s p r o n e t o v e r b a l

a g g r e s s i v e o u t b u r s ts .

T h i s p r e g n a n c y w a s u n p l a n n e d a n d s h e b e c a m e d e p r e s se d . S h e l o s t h e r a p p e ti te a n d m o t i v a -

t io n , b e c o m i n g l e t h a r g ic , a n d t o o k n o c a r e o f h e r a p p e a r a n c e . S h e h a d s u i c i d a l id e a s a n d

a t t e m p t e d t o p o i s o n h e r s e l f w i th c a r b o n m o n o x i d e b y a p i p e f r o m t h e e x h a u s t o f h e r c ar , b u t

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Fetal abuse 183

w a s p r e v e n t e d f r o m d o i n g s o b y h e r h u s b a n d . S h e w a n t e d t o h a v e a t e r m i n a t i o n , b u t h e r

h u s b a n d w o u l d n o t a l lo w h e r t o d o t h i s. D u r i n g t h e p r e g n a n c y s h e h a d c h o r i o n i c v i l lu s s a m p l i n g

b e c a u s e o f h e r a g e a n d c o n c e r n s a b o u t f e ta l a b n o r m a l i t ie s .

S h e d e n i e d t h e p r e g n a n c y , s a y i ng i n m y m i n d I w a s n ' t p r e g n a n t a n d m a d e n o p r e p a ra t io n s

f o r t h e a r ri v a l o f th e b a b y , s u c h a s b u y i n g b a b y c l o t h e s o r p r e p a r i n g a r o o m f o r th e c h i ld . S h e

f e l t g u i l t y a b o u t b r in g i n g a c h i l d i n t o t h e w o r l d w i th s u c h a d r e a d f u l ( m a r i t a l ) r e l a t i o n s h i p ,

b u t d e n i e d h a t i n g t h e f e t u s . A t t i m e s s h e b e c a m e v e r y d i s t re s s e d a n d h y s t e r i c a l a n d o n

t h r e e o r f o u r o c c a s i o n s p u n c h e d h e r s t o m a c h , l e a v i n g n o m a r k s .

A t 4 2 w e e k s s h e w a s i n d u c e d a n d d e l i v e r e d b y C a e s a r e a n s e c t i o n b e c a u s e o f fe t a l d i s tr e s s

a n d m e c o n i u m s t a in i n g o f t h e fl u id . S h e d i d n o t w a n t th e b a b y t o d i e , s a y i n g e v e n t h o u g h

I d i d n ' t a c c e p t t h e p r e g n a n c y , I s ti ll l o v e d t h e b a b y . A f t e r th e b ir t h, s h e i m m e d i a t e l y b o n d e d

v e r y w e l l t o h e r d a u g h t e r, a n d s a y s s h e ' s t h e b e s t t h i n g t h a t e v e r h a p p e n e d t o m e .

Case

A 2 9 - y e a r - o l d w o m a n p r e s e n t e d w i t h d e p r e s s i o n s t a rt i ng a t 3 w e e k s g e s t a ti o n . H e r u p b r i n g -

i n g h a d b e e n u n r e m a r k a b l e a n d s h e w a s h a p p i l y m a r r i e d . S h e h a d e x p e r i e n c e d a p r e v i o u s

p o s t n a t a l d e p r e s s i o n w i t h a s s o c i a t e d a t t a c h m e n t d i s o r d e r f o l l o w i n g t h e b i r th o f h e r s o n 3 y e a r s

e a r l i e r . T h i s h a d b e e n s e v e r e , a n d h a d l a s t e d 6 m o n t h s . H e r m o t h e r h a d ~ u f f e r e d s e v e r a l

e p i s o d e s o f p o s tn a t a l d e p r e s s i o n .

S h e f e l t d e p r e s s e d , l o s t h e r a p p e t i t e , a n d b e c a m e t e a r f u l a n d a n x i o u s , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e

m o r n i n g s . S h e w a s c o m m e n c e d o n a m i t r i p t y l i n e . S h e d i d n o t w a n t t h e b a b y a n d c o n s i d e r e d a

t e r m i n a t i o n , s a y i n g i t ' s l i k e h a v i n g s o m e t h i n g b a d l o o m i n g o v e r y o u . S h e d i d n o t t a lk t o

t h e f e t u s, t r i e d to d e n y t h e p r e g n a n c y , a n d h o p e d f o r a m i s c a r r i a g e. D u r i n g t h e f ir s t t r i m e s t e r

s h e p u n c h e d h e r s e l f in t h e a b d o m e n f i v e o r s ix t im e s , w h i c h c a u s e d s o m e b r u i s i n g . S h e

r e s p o n d e d t o t h e a m i t r i p t y l i n e a n d h e r s y m p t o m s i m p r o v e d .

F o l l o w i n g t h e d e l i v e r y , s h e i n i t i a l l y b o n d e d t o h e r d a u g h t e r b u t t h e n r e l a p s e d , b e c o m i n g

d e p r e s s e d , t e a r f u l, a n d i r r i t a b le a b o u t 3 w e e k s a f t e r t h e d e l i v e r y . S h e d e v e l o p e d a n a s s o c i a t e d

a t t a c h m e n t d i s o r d e r w h i c h p e r s i s t e d , d e s p i t e t r e a t m e n t , f o r 1 8 m o n t h s .

Case 4

A 2 9 - y e a r -o l d m o t h e r p r e s e n t e d w i t h m u r d e r o u s t h o u g h t s a b o u t h e r 2 - y e a r - o ld s e c o n d

c h i l d , w h o m s h e s a w a s a c o n s t a n t s o u r c e o f t o r m e n t . A f t e r an u n h a p p y c h i l d h o o d , s h e h a d

b e e n t h r o w n o u t o f th e f a m i l y h o m e b y h e r f a t h e r, a n d w a n d e r i n g t h e s t re e t s, h a d b e e n

e x p l o i t e d , r e s u l t i n g i n t h e b i r th o f h e r f i r st c h i l d , a f t e r w h i c h s h e s u f f e r e d p o s t n a t a l d e p r e s s i o n .

S h e h a d m e t t h e f a t h e r o f h e r s e c o n d c h i l d a f t e r j o i n i n g a c h u r c h , b u t t h is m a n d e s e r t e d h e r

a f t e r c o n c e p t i o n . D u r i n g t h e p r e g n a n c y s h e b e c a m e d e p r e s s e d an d d e s c r i b e d t h e f e t u s a s a

c a n c e r g r o w i n g w i t h i n h e r . S h e b e c a m e s o w o u n d u p w i t h h a t re d a n d f r u s t r a t io n t ha t o n

f o u r o c c a s i o n s s h e p u n c h e d h e r s e l f i n t h e s t o m a c h f o r s e v e r a l m i n u t e s . S h e a l s o j u m p e d f r o m

t h e t o p o f a b u n k b e d a t t e m p t i n g t o c a u s e i n j u r y .

A f t e r t h i s c h i l d w a s b o r n , s h e f e l t o v e r w h e l m i n g g u i l t a n d l a te r , a f t e r t h e d e l i v e r y o f h e r

t h i r d c h i l d , r e l i n q u i s h e d t h i s m i d d l e c h i l d f o r f o s t e r i n g , v i s i t i n g h i m r e g u l a r l y .

Case 5

A 2 2 - y e a r - o l d m a r r i e d w o m a n p r e s e n t e d w i t h a l o n g s t a n d i n g h i s t o r y o f d e p r e s s i o n a n d

a n x i e t y t h a t h a d w o r s e n e d d u r i n g t h i s , h e r s e c o n d p r e g n a n c y . S h e h a d b e e n a d o p t e d s h o r t l y

a f t e r h e r b i r t h . A t t h e a g e o f 1 8 , s h e a t t e m p t e d t o c o n t a c t h e r b i o l o g i c a l m o t h e r , b u t w a s

r e j e c t e d b y h e r . A t t h is p o i n t s h e b e g a n t o d e m o n s t r a t e s e l f - m u t i l a t i v e b e h a v i o r i n v o l v i n g

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184 L. Ke nt, J D D Laidlaw , and I F Brockington

s u p e r f ic i a l ly c u t t in g h e r a r m s a n d l e g s, w i t h s e v e r a l i n c id e n t s o f s e l f - h a r m o c c u r r i n g o v e r t h e

s u b s e q u e n t y e a r s .

S h e a d m i t t e d t o h a v i n g c u t a n d p u n c h e d h e r a b d o m e n d u r i n g h e r f ir st p r e g n a n c y , a s sh e

f e l t s h e d i d n o t d e s e r v e a b a b y . S h e h a d d e v e l o p e d a m i l d p o s t n a t a l d e p r e s s i o n a f t e r t h i s

d e l i v e r y .

T h i s p r e g n a n c y w a s u n p l a n n e d a n d s h e h a d s u f f e r e d a t h r e a t e n e d a b o r t i o n a t 9 w e e k s , b u t

t h e fe t u s s u r v i v e d . H o w e v e r , a t 2 0 w e e k s s h e r e q u e s t e d a t e r m i n a t i o n , w h i c h s h e t h e n d e c l i n e d

o n l y h o u r s p r i o r t o t h e p r o c e d u r e . S h o r t l y a f t e r w a r d s s h e b e g a n t o c u t h e r a b d o m e n a n d h e r

a r m s a n d r e p e a t e d l y p u n c h e d h e r a b d o m e n , h o p i n g t o d a m a g e t h e f e t u s . T h e s e a t t a c k s w e r e

o f t e n i n r e s p o n s e t o f e t a l m o v e m e n t s . S h e d e l i v e r e d a h e a l t h y g i r l a t t e r m , b u t t h r o u g h o u t t h e

l a b o r a n d s h o r t ly a f t e r w a r d s s h e h a d r e c u r r e n t w i s h e s o f th e b a b y d y i n g . S h e d e v e l o p e d a

m o d e r a t e a t t a c h m e n t d i s o r d e r in a d d i ti o n t o a w o r s e n i n g o f h e r d e p r e s s i v e s y m p t o m s . T h e

s e l f - m u t i l a t iv e b e h a v i o r c l e a r l y w o r s e n e d d u r i n g e a c h p r e g n a n c y a n d t h e n d e c l i n e d i n f r e q u e n c y

f o l l o w i n g e a c h d e l i v e r y .

D I S C U S S I O N

C l e a r l y t h is r e p o r t o f a s m a l l n u m b e r o f w o m e n p r e v e n t s a n y d e f i n i te c o n c l u s i o n s b e i n g

i n f e r r ed r eg a r d i n g an y e t i o l o g i ca l f a c t o r s . I t i s s u s p ec t ed t h a t f e t a l ab u s e i s u n d e r r ep o r t ed , an d

l it tl e i s k n o w n r e g a r d i n g t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f th i s f o r m o f a b u s e.

T h e c o m m o n e s t f o r m o f a b u s e e n c o u n t e re d i n v o l v e d r e p e a t e d p u n c h i n g o r h it ti n g o f th e

a b d o m e n . I n s o m e w o m e n t h is w a s i n r e sp o n s e t o fe t al m o v e m e n t s , a l so d e s c r ib e d b y C o n d o n

( 1 9 8 6 ) . A l t h o u g h t h e fe t u s is c u s h i o n e d f r o m e x t e r n a l v i o l e n c e b y t h e a m n i o t i c fl u id , p o t e n t i a l

d a n g e r t o t h e f e t u s is c o n s i d e r a b l e n o t n e c e s s a r i l y a s a r e s u l t o f d ir e c t t r a u m a , b u t d u e t o

p o s s i b l e p l a c e n t a l a b r u p t i o n a n d f e t o m a t e r n a l h e m o r r h a g e , w h i c h m a y r e s u l t i n f e t a l a n e m i a ,

o r p o s s i b l y f e ta l d e a t h . A d a m s H i l l i a r d ( 1 9 8 5 ) d e s c r i b e s a w o m a n w h o w a s k i c k e d in th e

s t o m a c h a n d w e n t i n t o p r e m a t u r e l a b o r , a n d a n o t h e r w h o s u f f e r e d a 1 6 - w e e k m i s c a r r i a g e a f t e r

s u c h a n e v e n t . M o r e y , B e g l e i t e r , a n d H a r r i s ( 1 9 8 1 ) d e s c r i b e a w o m a n w h o w a s s t r u c k i n t h e

a b d o m e n b y h e r p a r t n e r , a n d g a v e b i r t h t o a n i n f a n t a t 2 9 w e e k s g e s t a t i o n . D e s p i t e d e l i v e r y

w i t h o u t t r a u m a , t h e i n f a n t s u ff e r e d a n i n t r a v e n t r ic u l a r h e m o r r h a g e , s w e l l i n g o f th e l e f t e y e

a n d b r u i s i n g o f th e a r m , n e c k a n d s h o u l d e r, a l t h o u g h t h is e v e n t c o u l d b e e x p l a i n e d b y p r e m a t u r e

d e l i v e r y o f a d e l ic a t e i n f a n t. T h e i n f a n t d i e d o n t h e s e c o n d d a y p o s t p a r t u m .

M o t o r v e h i c l e a c c i d e n t s a re a c o m p a r a b l e c a u s e o f m a t e r n a l a b d o m i n a l t r a u m a . S t a f f o r d ,

B e d d i n g e r , a n d Z u m w a l t ( 1 9 8 8 ) d e s c r i b e e i g h t c a s e s o f l e th a l i n t ra u t e r in e t r a u m a , a ll w i th

s o m e d e g r e e o f p l a c e n t a l a b r u p t i o n a n d a s s o c i a t e d w i t h o n l y m i n o r m a t e r n a l i n j u ri e s f o l lo w i n g

v e h i c l e a c c i d e n t s . S i m i l a r l y , A g r a n , D u n k l e , W i n n , a n d K e n t ( 1 9 8 7 ) d e s c r i b e n i n e c a s e s o f

f e t a l d e a t h f o l l o w i n g m a t e r n a l i m p a c t w i t h t h e s te e r i n g w h e e l i n m o t o r a c c i d e n t s, a n d C h e t c u t i

a n d L e v e n e ( 1 9 8 7 ) r e p o r t a c a s e o f fe t a l m o r b i d i t y f o l l o w i n g s e a t b e l t t r a u m a . W i l l ia m s ,

M c C l a i n , R o s e m u r g y , a n d C o l o r a d o ( 1 9 9 0 ) e v a l u a te d m a j o r b l u n t a b d o m i n a l t r a u m a in 8 4

t h i rd t r i m e s t e r p re g n a n c i e s . O f t h e s e, t w o c a s e s s u f f e r e d p l a c e n t a l a b r u p t i o n , b u t th e c o m m o n e s t

c o m p l i c a t i o n w a s p r e m a t u r e l a b o r o c c u r r i n g i n 2 8 o f c a s e s w h e r e t h e t r a u m a t i c i n su l t w a s

p r i o r to 3 7 w e e k s g e s t a ti o n . N o c a s e s o f d i r e c t fe t a l in j u r y w e r e n o t e d .

M o s t o f t h e se a d v e r s e e v e n t s i n t h is s t u d y r e f e r to s i n g le e p i s o d e s o f a b d o m i n a l t r a u m a ,

w h i l e t h e m a j o r i t y o f c a s e s s u f f e r e d r e p e a t e d t r a u m a . T h e c h i l d r e n b o r n t o m o t h e r s i n th i s

s t u d y d i d n o t c a u s e a n y p e d i a t r i c c o n c e r n f o l l o w i n g d e l i v e r y .

I n a l l c a s e s i n th i s s tu d y , t h e w o m e n w e r e s u f f e r in g f r o m d e p r e s s i o n a n d a l s o h a d c o m o r b i d

a n x i e t y . C a s e s 2 a n d 3 d e n i e d t h e i r p r e g n a n c i e s t o s o m e e x t e n t , b u t n e i t h e r o f t h e s e t w o w o m e n

o r th e o t h e r s w e r e p s y c h o t i c . P s y c h o t i c d e n i a l o f p r e g n a n c y i n c h r o n i c a l l y m e n t a l l y i ll w o m e n

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Fetal abus e 185

m a y p l a c e t h e w o m e n a n d t h e i r f e tu s e s a t h i g h r i s k o f f e t a l a b u s e ( M i l l e r , 1 9 9 01 ). C o n d o n

( 1 9 8 6 ) , h o w e v e r , f e e l s t h a t p s y c h o s i s i s n o t a m a j o r f a c t o r i n th e e t i o l o g y o f f e ta l a b u s e .

O f t h e p r e g n a n c ie s , f o u r o f th e f i v e w e r e k n o w n t o b e u n p la n n e d a n d t h e se w o m e n h a d

c o n s i d e r e d a te r m i n a t i o n , t w o o f th e m o n l y d e c i d i n g a g a i n s t i t j u s t p r i o r to t h e p r o c e d u r e . T h e y

a ll d e s c r i b e d v a r y i n g d e g r e e s o f a m b i v a l e n c e t o w a r d s t h e i r b a b i e s . R e l a t i o n s h i p d i f f i c u lt i e s w i t h

t h e i r p a r t n e r s p r i o r t o , a n d c o n t i n u i n g t h r o u g h o u t t h e i r p r e g n a n c i e s w e r e d e s c r i b e d b y t h r e e

o f th e f i v e w o m e n . O f th e s e , t w o e v e n t u a l l y s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e i r p a r t n e r s . S u c h d i f fi c u l ti e s

a r e l i k e l y t o c o n t r i b u t e t o d e p r e s s i v e s y m p t o m s .

I n a d d it io n , t h r e e w o m e n h a d s u f f e r e d f r o m p r e v i o u s p o s t p a r t u m d e p r e ss i o n , w h i c h i s m o r e

t h a n w o u l d b e e x p e c t e d in t h e g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n w i t h a p r e v a l e n c e r a t e o f a r o u n d 1 0 t o

1 5 o f w o m e n (C o x , M u r r a y & C h a p m a n , 1 9 93 ; K u m a r & R o b s o n , 1 9 8 4 ) . H o w e v e r , a

p r e v i o u s h i s t o r y o f p o s t p a r t u m d e p r e s s i o n m a y h a v e i n c r e a s e d t h e l i k e l i h o o d o f r e fe r r a l t o a

s p e c i a l i z e d u n i t w i t h a s u b s e q u e n t p r e g n a n c y t h e r e f o r e r e s u l t i n g i n a m o r e s e l e c t e d s a m p l e .

A p o s i t i v e f a m i l y h is t o ry o f d e p r e s si o n w a s a l s o d o c u m e n t e d b y t w o o f th e w o m e n . A n

a d v e r s e s o c i a l e n v i r o n m e n t h a d b e e n e x p e r i e n c e d b y t h r e e o f t he f i v e w o m e n d u r in g c h i l d h o o d ,

i n c l u d i n g p h y s i c a l a b u s e o f a t l e a s t o n e w o m a n .

N o n e o f t h e s e w o m e n g a v e a h i s t o r y o f a l c o h o l o r d ru g a b u s e d u r i n g t h e i r p r e g n a n c i e s .

A l t h o u g h t h e s e b e h a v i o r s m a y b e p e r c e i v e d a s a f o r m o f fe t a l a b u s e , t h e y a r e o f te n p r e s e n t

p r i o r t o p r e g n a n c y a n d m a y n o t i n v o l v e a d i r e c t a t t e m p t t o h a r m t h e f e t u s .

P o s t p a r t u m a t t a c h m e n t d i s o r d e r o f v a r y i n g s e v e r i t y o c c u r r e d i n t h r e e c a s e s . A s f a r a s w e

a r e a w a r e , n o n e o f th e c h i ld r e n b o r n t o t h e s e w o m e n h a v e s u f f e r e d f r o m s u b s e q u e n t c h i l d

a b u s e , b u t i s su e s s u r r o u n d i n g a t t a c h m e n t a n d t h e s u b s e q u e n t w e l l b e i n g o f t h e c h il d a r e

i m p o r t a n t . T h e m a j o r i t y o f th e s e c a s e s h a v e b e e n c o l l e c t e d r e l a t i v e l y r e c e n t l y a n d t h e c h i ld r e n

b o r n t o t h e s e m o t h e r s a r e s t i l l y o u n g i n f a n t s .

D u e t o t h e a p p a r e n t m u l t i f a c to r i a l e t i o l o g y o f t h is b e h a v i o r , i t is u n l i k e l y t h a t a s i n g l e

t r e a t m e n t a p p r o a c h w i l l b e n e f i t a l l . I t i s l i k e l y t h a t b o t h p s y c h o l o g i c a l a n d s o c i a l i s s u e s n e e d

t o b e a d d r e s s e d . D i s c l o s u r e o f fe t a l a b u s e a n d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o d i s c u s s f e e l i n g s i n a s e c u re

e n v i r o n m e n t m a y b e t h e ra p e u ti c , a n d m a y b e o n e r e a s o n f o r t h e r el a t iv e l y g o o d o u t c o m e s

w e h a v e d o c u m e n t e d . A n t i d e p r e s s a n t m e d i c a t i o n , w h e n i n d i c a t e d , m i g h t a l s o b e e x p e c t e d t o

c o n t r i b u t e t o a b e t t e r p r o g n o s i s . F u r t h e r f o l l o w u p o f t h e s e c h i l d re n a n d o t h e r c a s e s o f f e t a l

a b u s e i s n e e d e d t o c l a ri f y t h e i m p o r t a n t p o s s i b l e r e l a ti o n s h i p s w i t h a t t a c h m e n t d i f f ic u l t ie s a n d /

o r s u b s e q u e n t c h i l d a b u s e a n d t o i d e n t i f y b e n e f i c i a l t h e r a p e u t i c f a c t o r s .

I n s u m m a r y , w e w o u l d e m p h a s i z e t h e i m p o r t a n c e a n d p o t e n t ia l v a l u e o f in q u i ri n g a b o u t

p o s s i b l e f e t a l a b u s e i n a n y p r e g n a n c y , n o t n e c e s s a r i l y o n l y d e p r e s s e d w o m e n , a s m o r e i n f o r m a -

t i o n a b o u t t h i s p h e n o m e n o n i s r e q u i r e d .

A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t - - T h e authors wish to thank the anonym ous reviewers for their helpful comm ents and suggestions.

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R e s u m e n - - L a p o s i b l e o c u r r en c i a d e m a l t ra t o f et a l e n m a d r e s e m b a r a z a d a s h a r e c i b id o e s c a s a a t e n c i 6 n ta n t o e n la

p r~ ic ti ca c l f n i c a c o m o e n l a i n v e s t i g a c i 6 n . S e p r e s e n t a n c i n c o c a s o s c o n n o t i f i c a c i 6 n d e a b u s o f e t al . E n t o d o s l o s c a s o s

l a s m a d r e s s u f r f a n d e p r e s i 6 n y e n c u a t r o d e lo s c i n c o c a s o s h u b o u n e m b a r a z o n o p l a n i f i c a d o y l a m a d r e h a b i a

c o n s i d e r a d o l a p o s i b i l id a d d e i n t e r r u m p i r el e m b a r a z o . O t r o s p o s i b l e s f a c t o r e s a s o c i a d o s c o n e l m a l t r a t o f e t a l i n c l u y -

e r o n : n e g a c i 6 n d e l e m b a r a z o , a m b i v a l e n c i a h a c i a e l e m b a r a z o , p r e v i a d e p r e s i 6 n p o s t p a r to y d i f i cu l ta d e n s u s r e l a c io n e s

p e r s o n a l e s. L a i n v e s t i g a c i 6 n d e p o s i b le m a l t ra t o f e ta l e n m u j e r e s e m b a r a z a d a s d e b e s e r l le v a d a a c a b o , d e m a n e r a

e s p e c i a l s i s e h a d e m o s t r a d o l a p r e s e n c i a d e u n a e n f e r m e d a d d e p r e s i v a . L a r e l a c i 6 n e n t r e m a l t r a t o f e t a l y p o s t e r i o r

m a l t r a t o i n f a n t i l p e r m a n e c e p o c o c l a r a .