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SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

aEdoAaATflN ANa ClNplifaATflN lc TeE CATeEaoAi lc pANTfAdl aE CrBA maradáso jácheleNI qeméesta dáacomoOI dalassá ptefanoPI merráa blena4I Bertá dáuseééeR ABpToACT qhe `athedêal çf pantiagç de `uba çveêlççks the maêque `eséedesI the main élaòa çf the cityK cêçm NROOI yeaê çf the fiêst buildingI it undeêwent cçntinuçus changesI enlaêgementsI êecçnstêuctiçnsK qhe cçnstêuctiçn technique is a haêd wççd fêame EacanaFI dêçwned in stçne masçnêy wallsI ended with a cçlçnial êççf cçveêingK qhis system allçws yçu tç defend against eaêthquakesI whichI tçgetheê with huêêicanesI çccuê almçst eveêy yeaêK qhe dçme was built accçêding tç the technique named cuje çê embarradoI clay inteêwçven with thin bêanches çf êeedK qhe main cedaê wççd skeletçn cçnsists çf 4M meêidian aêchesI linked with a seêies çf éaêallelsI finished with a lead shellK fn the lçng êunI huêêicane afteê huêêicane and eaêthquake afteê eaêthquakeI the dçme needed tç be “êeéaiêed” many timesI always in emeêgency cçnditiçns and with limited financial êesçuêcesK qç éêeseêve itI élumb élates and a miñtuêe çf cçncêete and a bêittle wiêe mesh have been éutted çn itK At the éêesentI the êestçêatiçn çf the cathedêal and çf the dçme is at wçêkI taking éaêt in a `aq oegiçne qçscana élanI in cçllabçêatiçn with lkd jedinaI aimed at the sçcial and aêchitectuêal êehabilitatiçn çf the cathedêal itself and çf its neighbçuêhççdK qhis is a lçwJcçst élanI andI at this stageI an attemét at veêifying the actual cçnditiçn çf éêeseêvatiçn çf the ancient building technique is caêêied çutI in çêdeê tç develçé if it is éçssible tç find a cçêêect way fçê the éêeseêvatiçn çf the timbeêed and clay stêuctuêeI cçnsideêing the shçêt `uban êesçuêcesK heówordsW tood aomeI Numerácal jethodI Cuba NK TeE CATeEaoAi fN BofEc

NKNK eistory qhe fiêst `huêch in `uba was built in cebêuaêy NRNOK aiegç selaòqueò chçse the city çf Baêacça as the site fçê the fiêst settlement çn the islandI and the fiêst `athedêalK aue tç the gêçwing iméçêtance çf pantiagçI in NROO mçée Adêian sf çêdeêed that the cathedêal çf Baêacça be mçved tç that cityK cçuê steés seéaêate the çêiginal cçnstêuctiçn fêçm the cuêêent çneK qhe building cçméleñ was destêçyed seveêal times because çf huêêicanesI eaêthquakesI assaultsI fiêes and lççting by éiêatesK qhe çêiginal mud and stêaw chuêch was êeélaced in NROS with a new stçne cçnstêuctiçn lçcated in mlaòa jayçêI tçday’s maêque `éséedesK qhe secçnd eastJwest çêiented building was enlaêged and built in masçnêyK qhe êecçnstêuctiçn çf the thiêd `athedêal began in NSVMK As a cçnsequence çf the ieóes de fndáaI it was decided that a thêee aislesI nçêthJsçuth çêiented cathedêalI abçut PV metêes lçng and N4 metêes wideI wçuld be built xNzI suêêçunded by a cemeteêyK eeêe yçu can çbseêve the fiêst antiJseismic stêuctuêeI made çf a wççden fêame dêçwned in wallsK fn NTSS the building was seêiçusly damaged by an eaêthquakeK qhe cçnstêuctiçn çf the new building staêted çnly in NUMSI due tç disagêeements between the péanish cêew and the pantiagç Aêchbishçéêic xOz abçut the tyée çf stêuctuêe tç adçétK qhe wçêk was caêêied çut eméiêically by masteê medêç ceênandeòI fçllçwing the aêchitectuêal and stêuctuêal indicatiçns N Assçciate mêçfessçêI aeéaêtment çf `çnstêuctiçns and oestçêatiçnsI rniveêsity çf clçêenceI ftalyI

micheleKéaêadisç]unifiKit O Assçciate mêçfessçêI aeéaêtment çf `çnstêuctiçns and oestçêatiçnsI rniveêsity çf clçêenceI ftalyI

giacçmçKteméesta]unifiKit P mhaI aeéaêtment çf `çnstêuctiçns and oestçêatiçnsI rniveêsity çf clçêenceI ftalyI stefançKgalassi]unifiKit 4 fnstêuctçêI aeéaêtment çf `çnstêuctiçns and oestçêatiçnsI rniveêsity çf clçêenceI ftalyI elenaéeêêia]viêgiliçKit R AêchitectI aeéaêtment çf `çnstêuctiçns and oestçêatiçnsI rniveêsity çf clçêenceI ftalyI giuseééeKbeêti]unifiKit

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çf `uban licensed engineeê sentuêa Buceta and licensed naval engineeê Augustin de wabalaK ft was abçut PV metêes lçng and N4 metêes wideI nçêthJsçuth çêientedI but within the same aêea bçundaêiesK qhe stêuctuêe was cçméçsed çf five naves seéaêated by éillaês whçse inteênal stêuctuêe was made çf a wççden fêameI dêçwned in a system çf lçadJbeaêing masçnêy bêicks çê stçnesK DeorconesD EéillaêsF êise fêçm the gêçund ué tç the êççfI like a shié inveêted hull cçméçsed by ‘tárantes’ Etie êçdsF and DvágasD EbeamsF xPzK auêing the cçnstêuctiçn çf the Caéálla jaóor the dçme was damagedK A êeinfçêcement çf the main suééçêting aêches was cêeated by means çf eñteênal buttêessesK fn NURO the jçnument was hit by ançtheê eaêthquakeK qhe “gran temblor” damaged all beaêing wallsI the aêches çf the aisles and bçth the tçweêsK fn the êeéçêt çf the aééçinted technician cçmmandeê çf the bngineeê `çêésI Alejandêç BuêgçsI yçu can find çbseêvatiçns cçnfiêming the cuêêent cêacking éatteên çf the system çf aêches and cçlumns suééçêting the uééeê dêumJdçme systemX this êeéçêtage highlights that twç çf the fçuê aêches suééçêting the medáa naranja Ethe çnes facing nçêth and westF weêe damaged with fêactuêes at the keystçne and in many çtheê sectiçnsK qhe aêch çn the west side was veêtically disélaced by abçut twç inchesI andI as a cçnsequenceI the dçme vçlume lçst in veêticality x4zK Afteê a êeview çf the damagesI gçveênçê çêdeêed a êestçêatiçnK Aêchitect gK BK mçêtuçndç élanned the êeélacement çf the beams çf the dçmeI damaged by the eaêthquake and wateê infiltêatiçnsI and additiçnallyI êeélaced the çld êççf with a new çne made çf òinc élates xRzK fn the last decades çf the nineteenth centuêyI çêdinaêy êeéaiês weêe caêêied çut çn the çuteê éaêt çf jedáa NaranjaK qhese êeéaiês cçnsisted in êeélacing the êççf çê tç éêevent çtheê wateê infiltêatiçnK fn the eaêly twentieth centuêyI the cathedêal undeêwent a seêies çf stylistic changes that had majçê cçnsequences fçê the stêuctuêeK qhe fiêst çne was the mçdificatiçn çf the base gêçundI wheêe tunnels weêe eñcavated tç lçdge cçmmeêcial activitiesK fn the NVOMs the mçst iméçêtant and êeéêesentative buildings in the city centeê undeêwent a seêies çf stylistic changes by aêchitect `aêlçs pegêeêaK ln peétembeê N4thI NVNRI the aêticle entitled "aos élanos admárables" Eqwç admiêable élansFI was éublished in the jçuênal bl Cubano iábreK lne çf these éêçjects cçnceêned with the êemçdeling çf maêque `éséedesI and alsç included the êestçêatiçn çf the `athedêalK qhe inteêventiçns cçnsisted in the êemçval çf bçth the eñteênal buttêesses which weêe cçnnected with the thêusting aêches undeê the dçmeI and the ventilatiçn inlets in the atticsK qhese mçdificatiçns had iméçêtant cçnsequences fçê the stêuctuêeW the ventilatiçnI necessaêy fçê humidity absçêétiçn in wççden elementsI was blçcked and the delicate lateêal aêeaI essential tç iméêçve and incêease this absçêétiçnI was cçméêçmisedK fn NVPOI the tçweês and the êççf weêe gêeatly damaged by a high intensity eaêthquakeK Althçugh the dçme was nçt damagedI it was decided tç cçveê its wççden stêuctuêe thêçugh a R cm deeé cçncêete layeêK fn the fçllçwing yeaêsI twç significant events çccuêêedK qhe fiêst çne tççk élace çn aecembeê PNstI NVSTI when a fiêewçêk fell çn the dçme éêçvçking a fiêe in the inteênal easteên sideK qç eñtinguish it highJéêessuêe wateê was éuméed çn the stêuctuêeI causing the decay çf the wççdK fn OMNM an eaêthquake çf RKR magnitude was êecçêdedI with the eéicentêum lçcated neaê BacçnaçK fn the sçutheast and nçêthwest facing meêidian aêches sçme cêacks aééeaêedK qhey weêe éatched by a suéeêficial êevêtmentI withçut stêengthening the aêchK NKOK Architectonical and structural description qhe cathedêal çf pantiagç de `uba stands çn a éçdium abçut 4 feet high fêçm stêeet levelK qhe basilican élan çf the fabêic is aééêçñimately RUKR metêes lçng and PPKR metêes wide ETM ˜ 4M péanish aêmsFI divided intç five baysK ln eitheê side çf the nave theêe aêe twç aislesX thçse cçntiguçus tç the nave aêe abçut half its width while the çuteê twç aêe çne thiêd çf the width çf the naveK fn the back twç additiçnal vçlumes çn bçth sides cçêêeséçnd tç the hçme çf the mastçê and Aêchdiçcesan museumK qheêe aêe five entêancesI çne fçê each nave and twç çn the sidesI tçééed by êçund aêchesK qhe aisles aêe fuêtheê divided by êçund aêches çn çblçng cçlumnsK At the heaêt çf the iatán cross theêe is the squaêish chancelK ft is a steé higheê than the chuêch gêçund levelI seéaêated fêçm the nave by a têiuméhal êçund aêch êesting çn éieêsI wheêe the main dçme is settledK qhe çutside design çf the façade fçllçws the inteêiçê distêibutiçnK ft is flanked by twç squaêe tçweêsI cçntained in the sectiçn çf the çuteê aislesI PN metêes highI and a êising seêies çf çveêlaééing squaêed bçdiesI cçméleted by a dçmeK qhe back elevatiçn éêesents NVth centuêy building chaêacteêisticsK qhe fêçnt is 4 metêes êising fêçm stêeet levelI cçméçunded çf a centêal bçdy cçveêed by twç éitched êççftçé and twç lateêal çnes which aêe fêamed by a flat elementK All çf the `athedêal’s elevatiçn suêfaces aêe élasteêed in a stêaw yellçw cçlçêI while the back elevatiçn still éêeseêves the NVth centuêy cçating çf the éêeviçus buildingI with a êusticatiçn çf squaêeI daêk gêey cçlçêed stçnesK qhe geneêal style çf the cathedêal is eclecticI because çf the mçdificatiçns made by aêchitect `aêlçs pegêeêa in the uu centuêyK

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NK3K ptructure and materials qhêçughçut its histçêyI pantiagç de `uba was hit by éeêiçdic stçêms and eaêthquakesI that made it necessaêy tç invent antiJseismic building techniquesK ft was chçsen tç adçét a cçnstêuctiçn methçd based çn a lçad beaêing light fêame called “`çlçnial pystem” xSzK ft cçnsists in éçlesI çê gêçués çf wççden éçles inseêted in the gêçund as a fçundatiçnI êising ué tç an hçêiòçntal fêame wheêe the cçveêing system is élacedK qhe veêtical elements élay an active êçle in the stêuctuêeI because they têansmit the lçads çf the êççf and hçêiòçntal stêuctuêes tç the gêçundK qhe hçêiòçntal fêame is fçêmed by a system çf edge beams Enamed vágasI solerasF cçnnected each çtheê by wççden ties EtárantesFI used in êççfsI in çêdeê tç blçck the hçêiòçntal squaêed base çf the êççf and éêeventing the çéening çf the whçle stêuctuêeK jçêeçveêI aiming tç fçêm a cçllabçêative fêame with a tightening functiçnI these elements aêe cçmbined with séecific kinds çf bçndsK qhis têilithic fêame fçêms an isçstatic stêuctuêal system that dçes nçt têansmit any thêust çn the eñteênal wallsK qhe timbeê fêame cçnceétiçn çf the ‘`çlçnial system’ and the cçnnectiçns between the timbeê elements aêe deêived fêçm the shié cçnstêuctiçnI which was a éaêticulaê péanish eñéeêtiseK cinallyI the skeletçn is dêçwned in masçnêy walls which functiçn çnly as “cuêtain walls” althçugh they élay an active suééçêting êçleK qheêe aêe diffeêent tyées çf wallsI such as the stçne masçnêy and the bêick çê miñed technique wallsK ptçne masçnêy walls aêe the çldestX they aêe made çf field sandstçne filled with lime mçêtaê and sandK qhe thickness çf this kind çf wall is fêçm RM centimetêes tç N metêeI due tç the laêge siòe çf the stçnesK vçu can find this tyéçlçgy in the çldest éaêt çf the fabêicI such as the back and lateêalJending wallsK qhe bêick walls date fêçm cçlçnial éeêiçd Efêçm usf tç ufu centuêyFK qhese bêicksI PO cm lçngI NR wide and R cm thickI aêe biggeê than the éêesent çnesK vçu can çbseêve the use çf this technique in the dçme séêingeêsK OK TeE alME

OKNK Architectural description qhe êectangulaê vçlume geneêated by the éillaês is UK4 metêes lçngI TKO metêes wide and O4KO metêes high ENM ˜ UKR ˜ OR péanish aêmsFK qhe abutments aêe P ˜ O metêes and O ˜ O metêesK As well as the lçad beaêing stêuctuêe çf the main systemI the dçme skeletçn is suééçêted by a têilithic system tççK fn fact inside the éillaês theêe aêe éêçbably dêçwned wççden horconesK qhe ‘basket’ dçmeI which cçveês a séan çf abçut U metêesI is T metêes high and it is cçncluded with a lanteên PKR metêes highK qhe dçuble shell dçme fêçm the inside shçws eight êibsI while the main fêame is made çf 4M çgee cedaê wççden aêches whçse sectiçns aêe S ˜ OM cmK ln the inside such beams aêe stiffened with a system çf ciêculaê tie beams EcigK PF élaced alçng the éaêallelsX the sectiçn çf this elements measuêes P centimetêes in height and O in widthI distant NU centimetêes çne fêçm the çtheêK qhe link with the main stêuctuêe is éêçvided by nçn êigid fiñed cçnstêaintsK qhe intêadçs çf the main beams is stiffened by an çctagçnal wççden chain EcigK NFX theêe is éêçbably ançtheê çne çn the uééeê sideK

cigK N tççden chain cigK O tççden élanking fn the çuteê éaêt the cçveêing system is cçnstêucted çf a wççden élanking EcigK OF measuêing O ˜ NO ˜ 4M cm séiked tç the main tie beamsK qhis élanking staêts fêçm the level çf the eñteênal êççfI in cçêêeséçndence with the çuteê dçme shellK qhe masçnêy fçêms a sçlid system with the wççden main aêches çf the dçmeK fn factI the bçttçm eñtêadçs çf the fêame is enclçsed in the stçne masçnêyK qhe uééeê layeê is a lead shell N millimetêe thickI séiked tç the undeêlying layeêX a R cm thick cast cçncêete

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and wateêéêççfed mesh layeêI finishes the dçme eñteênallyK qhe decçêative chalk suééçêt is cuje undeêlay EcigK 4FI fiñed by êivets çn the eight inteênal wççden êibsK qhis technique cçnsisted çf inteêtwined bêanches çf élant fibêesI cçveêed with fêagmented stçne mateêial bçnded with lime mçêtaêI which wçuld cêumble withçut damage fçê the main stêuctuêe duêing an eaêthquakeK

cigK 3 tççden ciêculaê tie beams cigK 4 Cuje undeêlay OKOK aecay of the dome and the springers qhe dçme éêesents decay éathçlçgies çwing tç adveêse enviêçnmental and climatic cçnditiçnsI and tç the seismicity çf the teêêitçêyI cçmbined with the lack çf maintenanceK qyéical têçéical cçnditiçns aêe a tçêêid climate alteênating with êainy seasçnsX sç the annual mean teméeêatuêe is abçut OS°` with the UMB medium humidity êatiçK jçêeçveêI eaêthquakes affect the stability çf buildingsK bñteênallyI the timeJwçên éçlyesteê membêane has lçst its wateêéêççfing caéacityK fn the eñteêiçê caé çf the dçme a têansveêsal cêack has aééeaêedK cacing the sçuthJeastLnçêthJwest diêectiçn it alsç affects the base dêum çf the lanteênK cinallyI in the sçuthJwest sideI the dçme is bulgedK ft seems the stêuctuêe êibs aêe têying tç cçme çut even if hindeêed by the eñteênal cçveêingK fnwaêdsI bçth sçuth çêiented éillaês çf the dçme diveêge by abçut R centimetêes fêçm the élumb line Ecçnsideêing a tçtal height çf S metêesF sçuthwaêdsK Befçêe the inneê façade was çéenedI the eight aêches éêesented significant semiciêculaê fêactuêes cçêêeséçnding tç the lanteên baseK qçdayI thanks tç the latest suêvey investigatiçnsI we aêe deteêmining the inneê cçnditiçns çf the main and secçndaêy wççd fêameK qhe 4M main aêches dç nçt éêesent any diffused mechanical decayI eñceét the çnes élaced in cçêêeséçndence with the sçuthJeastLnçêthJwest meêidianK tateê and cçndensatiçn have damaged the stêuctuêeI and due tç a high humidity êatiçI the stêuctuêally active sectiçn was êeduced tç less than RMBK qheêe aêe nç signs çf stêuctuêal failuêe in the çctagçnal base chainK Beams élaced alçng the ciêculaê éaêallels shçw diffused jçint weaknessI due tç the failuêe çf stêuctuêal êiveting and teêmites attackK qhe mçst damaged aêea is the basket lçweê base and the aêchesK fn factI heêe masçnêy cçllects the êainwateê enteêing thêçugh diffeêent éaêts çf the cçveê duêing êainy seasçnsK qhe humidity cçncentêatiçn causes a change in mçistuêe equilibêium çf the wççd séeciesI thus causing the éêçlifeêatiçn çf bêçwn êçtK qhe cuje suééçêting stuccç decçêatiçns éêesent a state çf mechanical degêadatiçn in which vegetal fibêes aêe cçméletely damaged by teêmitesK

cigK R cêactuêes çn the nçêtheên wall – schemeI éictuêe

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cigK S cêactuêes çn the westeên wall cigK T hinematic disélacements qhe mçst affected suééçêting walls aêe thçse çn the nçêth and west sidesK qhe nçêtheên çne éêesents a visible symmetêical cêacking éatteên EcigK RFK ft staêts fêçm the eñteênal side and êises with a 4R degêee inclinatiçn fçê çne lineaê metêeI adjusting in an hçêiòçntal éçsitiçn in the centêe çf the wallI êeaching the hiééed êççfK qhe fêactuêe éasses thêçugh the suééçêting wall and it has been visible since the çéening çf the dçmeK qhe cêacking éatteên leads us tç hyéçthesiòe an “aêch effect” êegaêding the cçllaése çf the centêal éaêt çf the wallI éêçbably caused by the veêtical disélacement çf the éillaêsK qhe dischaêging aêch inside the westeên wall is cêacked in fçuê éçints EcigK SFW the twç main cêacks aêe in cçêêeséçndence with the aêch key stçne and the çtheê çnes aêe aééêçñimately in cçêêeséçndence with the haunches çn the sçutheên and nçêtheên sidesK qhe fçuê fêactuêes éêesent a 4R degêee inclinatiçn çutwaêdsI which is tyéical çf an “aêch effect”K qhe situatiçn is cçmélicated because çf a few centimetêes wide fêactuêes éêesent in the nçêtheên and sçutheên uééeê side éaêtsK qheêe is a discçntinuity between cçntiguçus wallsK qheêe is alsç a wall bulge tçwaêds the inside çf the êççmI in cçêêeséçndence with the fçêe mentiçned eñteênal bulge çf the dçmeK qhe sçutheên suééçêting wall dçes nçt éêesent any wide fêactuêesK ft just shçws sçme light 4R° inclinatiçn signs çn the mçêtaêI that allçw yçu tç undeêstand the mçvement çf the fabêic tçwaêds the west sideK

OK3K hinematical displacements Ein progressF Accçêding tç the abçve mentiçned decay éathçlçgies we hyéçthesiòe a kinematical mçtiçn çf the dçme similaê tç a êçtçJtêanslatiçnal mçvement EcigK TFK oevealing factçês aêe the chalk and êib cêacks in the inteênal west side çf the dçmeI visible until the demçlitiçn çf the inneê shellK puch an hyéçthesis is availed by the histçêic dçcumentatiçn çf an eaêthquake in NURPK At that time the uééeê dêum was bêçught dçwn as a êesult çf bêeakage in the nçêth and west aêchesK As a cçnsequence a widening and cavingJin çf the dêum haééenedI and then a slight slçéing fêçm east tç west side tççK qhe uééeê and lçweê clçsing êing chain staêted tç êçtate in çééçsite diêectiçnsI the fiêst çne cçunteêclçckwiseI the secçnd clçckwiseK As a êesultI the mass çf the lanteên was decentêaliòedI and staêted weighting çn the westeên aêchesI causing the abçveJmentiçned fêactuêesK 3K NrMEofCAi ANAiYpEp tith the aim tç demçnstêate çuê hyéçtheses with êegaêd tç the causes çf the damageI we analyòed the stêuctuêe by means çf the finite element sçftwaêe ptêausTK kçtice that numeêical êesults éêçvide çnly an indicatiçn çn the weakness òçnes çf the stêuctuêeI as a lineaê elastic behaviçê çf the mateêials has been cçnsideêedK qhe cçde dç nçt êeéêçduce the çêthçtêçéic wççd as well as the êeal masçnêy behaviçêK 3KNK cirst mathematical model qhe fiêst mçdel êeéêçduces the cçmélete éillaêsJsquinchesJdçme system fiñed at the base and lateêally jçinted with dçlly bindsI tç éêevent lateêal têanslatiçns and tç simulate the inteêactiçns with the çtheê éaêts çf the building which have nçt been mçdeledK qhe basket has been mçdeled using beam elementsI cçnnected by êçtatiçnal and lçcal têanslatiçnal end êeleased jçintsK qhe base is jçinted with cylindêical hingesK

RNP

qhis analysis was caêêied çut cçnsideêing thêee lçad cçnditiçnsW NK dead lçadI gêavity lçadX OK huêêicane xTz Ethe êefeêence wind éêessuêe is an e4 paffiêJpimésçn euêêicane tind pcaleK qhe cçnsideêed éaêameteês aêe the basteên `uban aêea with sçuthJeast main wind diêectiçnI and PMM kLmO wind éêessuêeFX PK eaêthquake xUz Ethe elastic êeséçnse séectêum is êefeêêed tç the pantiagç aêeaI êeduced çf RMB in u EwesteênF diêectiçn and çf RMB in v EsçutheênF diêectiçnFK Accçêding tç the lçad cçnditiçns numbeê N and OI a lineaê static analysis has been madeX accçêding tç the thiêd çneI a dynamic analysis has been madeK PKNKNK oesults of the fárst analóses `çnceêning the wind analysisI the éêessuêeLdeéêessiçn wind design éatteên was cçheêent with the êeal çneI but the values çf the disélacements and the stêesses cçuldn’t be taken by that kind çf wççden stêuctuêeK pç it is suêe that the wind cannçt have been the cause çf such decay cçnditiçnsK iççking at the glçbal stêuctuêal analysisI yçu can see that the éeak stêess values çf the wççden skeletçn EcigK VF aêe aêçund NPM jma bçth çf cçméêessiçn and çf tensiçnK qhey highlight that the mçst cêitical éçints çf the stêuctuêeI subjected tç high tensile stêessesI aêe lçcated çn the uééeê éaêt çf the dçmeI eséecially in the sçuthJeastLnçêthJwest meêidianI wheêe theêe is a fêactuêe visible fêçm the çutsideK qhe masçnêy tensile stêesses EcigK UF aêe éêesent eñactly at the tçé çf the éillaêsI in theiê inteêiçê sidesK puêvey investigatiçn cçnfiêms that twç çf these éillaês diveêge fêçm theiê élumb lineK Anyway the values çf such stêesses can be cçnsideêed acceétableI cçêêeséçnding tç MKV jma çf tensiçn and P jma çf cçméêessiçnK qhe values çf the disélacements aêe cçheêent with the êeal çnesK fn the viêtual mçdelI at the bçttçm Ein the jçints between the wççden elements and the masçnêyF they measuêe a few centimetêes tçwaêds the çutside in the sçuthJwesteên side and cçnsequently tçwaêds the centêe çf the dçme in the nçêthJeasteên sideK

cigK U ```P êesults çf the bêick stêuctuêe cigK 9 ```P êesults çf the wççden stêuctuêe 3KOK iast analyses fn çêdeê tç çbtain a mçêe êealistic stêuctuêal êeséçnse tç the static and dynamic lçad casesI we have alsç built a cbj mçdel çf the whçle buildingK qwç diffeêent situatiçns have been cçnsideêedI aimed at establishing a cçméaêisçn between the êeal stêuctuêe case which éêesents a wççden fêame EhorconesF inside the wallsI and a secçnd case in which such elements aêe nçt éêesentI substituting them by masçnêy bêicks tç çbtain a building made çnly çf masçnêyK qhêee stêuctuêal analyses weêe caêêied çut çn bçth the cbj mçdelsI the same çnes caêêied çut çn the éêeviçus mçdelK At fiêst the lineaê static analysis has been madeI cçnsideêing a dead lçad cçnditiçnI êeéêesented by the weight çf the stêuctuêe and the lçads çf the êççfX then a dynamic analysisI using the séectêum deduced fêçm the indicatiçns çf `uban êegulatiçnsI has alsç been madeK qhe gçal çf the cuêêent analysis is tç éêçve the validity çf çuê hyéçtheses abçut the causes çf the decay éathçlçgiesK PKOKNK ptatác analósásI wood-and-masonró model iççking at the masçnêy bêicksI yçu can see that a cçméêessiçn stêess çf MKV jma is éêesent eñactly at the tçé çf the éillaêsI in theiê inteêiçê sidesK qhe disélacements and stêesses çf the wççden elements çf the dçme aêe çbviçusly biggeê than the çnes detected in the masçnêy bêicksI but anyway in the measuêe çf a few centimetêesK te aêe cçnvinced that such a éhençmençn is due tç the biggeê stiffness

RN4

çf the masçnêy êeséect tç the çne çf the wççden stêuctuêeK fn factI the mçdel with horcones shçws that mçst çf the veêtical lçad is cçncentêated çn these elements and then bêçught tç the gêçundK vçu can êealiòe that çbseêving that the éeak values çf cçméêessiçnI êanging fêçm RKU jma tç NKR jmaI aêe lçcated aêçund the base çf the wççden elements EcigK NMFK

cigK NM wççdJandJmasçnêy mçdelW stêess ww EwççdF PKOKOK ptatác analósásI overall masonró model qhe stêuctuêal êesults çbtained fêçm the analysis çf the mçdel in which the wççden horcones have been êeélaced with a mateêial similaê tç masçnêy aêe much diffeêentK eeêeI yçu can nçtice hçw the veêtical stêesses aêe mçêe distêibutedW fçê eñaméleI the base çf the éillaês which suééçêts the dçme is intense celesteJblue cçlçêedI which means a MKSV jma cçméêessiçn stêessI incêeasing tçwaêds the bçttçm wheêe the éeak value çf NK4V jma çf cçméêessiçn is highlighted EcigK NOFK pçmething like this can alsç be çbseêved in the cçncêete êeinfçêcement inseêted in the twç tçweês çn the fêçnt façadeK qhe mçdel which cçnsideês the éêesence çf the wççdenJhorcones shçws that the mçst cêitical éçints çf such éillaês aêe çn the tçé çf themI wheêe the highest cçméêessiçn stêess êeaches the value çf MKVV jma EcigK NNFK ft is alsç éçssible tç highlight this éhençmençn çbseêving the values çf disélacements çbtained in bçth the mçdelsI cçméaêing themX abçve all if yçu take a lççk at the aêches çf the naveK fn fact yçu can nçtice hçw the masçnêy stêuctuêes EaêcadesFI the inteênal suééçêts being lackingI may be éêçne tç mçve mçêe than in the case çf the mçdel with the horconesI which suééçêt the êççf lçads diêectlyK

cigK NN wççdJandJmasçnêy mçdelW stêess ww cigK NO all masçnêy mçdelW stêess ww

cigK N3 wççdJandJmasçnêy mçdelW disélacement aw cigK N4 all masçnêy mçdelW disélacement aw

RNR

PKOKPK aónamác analósásI wood-and-masonró model qhe natuêal fêequency analysis çf the stêuctuêe has been made cçnsideêing eighty vibêatiçn mçdes tç çbtain a tçtal éaêticiéant mass aêçund eighty éeê centK qhe êesult çf the analysis was the çne we eñéectedW the seismic waveI çnce set çff in uv diêectiçnI çnce in vu diêectiçnI is betteê absçêbed in the mçdel with the horconesI êatheê than in the allJmasçnêy çneK qwç lçad cçmbinatiçns assçciating the effects given by the eaêthquake with the çnes given by gêavity lçads weêe builtK lbseêving the images EcigK NRF shçwing the hçêiòçntal disélacements Euv élane accçêding tç çuê glçbal êefeêence systemF yçu can immediately deduce the significant cçntêibutiçn given by the wççden elements which belçng tç a fêame with elastic and êesistant éêçéeêties inside the masçnêy stêuctuêe and which stêengthen the aêcade çf the nave éaêticulaêlyK

cigK NR wççdJandJmasçnêy mçdelW disélacement auv cigK NS all masçnêy mçdelW disélacement auv

cigK NT wççdJandJmasçnêy mçdelW stêess ww EwççdF

cigK NU wççdJandJmasçnêy mçdelW stêess ww cigK N9 all masçnêy mçdelW stêess ww fn fact yçu can nçtice that the behaviçuê çf the aêches subjected tç the seismic actiçn éeêéendiculaê tç theiê élanes is wçêse in the mçdel withçut horcones EcigK NSFK tith êegaêd tç the stêesses it is cleaê that in the mçdel with horconesI these elements absçêb mçst çf the stêess which stêetches the fibêes veêtically EcigK NTFI sç that the masçnêy is less stêessed EcigK NUFK ln the cçntêaêyI in the allJmasçnêy mçdelI the masçnêy must absçêb all the stêesses EcigK NVFK

RNS

4K ClNCirpflNp qhe cathedêal and dçme êestçêatiçn is nçw at wçêkI and tçgetheê with the lfácána del Conservador de la CáudadI we aêe in the final steé çf diagnçstic çf the wççden stêuctuêe çf the dçmeK qhanks tç the éêesence çf an inteênal metallic and an eñteênal wççden scaffçlding we can get infçêmatiçn cçntinuçuslyK puch diagnçstic infçêmatiçn allçws us tç çbseêve accuêately the diffeêent diseases and theiê lçcaliòatiçnK qhe êesults çf the dynamic analysis cçnfiêm çuê hyéçtheses abçut the causes çf the decay çf the dçmeK qhe éaêts çf the mçdel which aêe subjected tç high tensile values çê high disélacement values éeêfectly cçêêeséçnd tç the mçst damaged éaêts çf buildingK jçêeçveêI it has been demçnstêated the êeal meaning çf the horcones in such a stêuctuêeX inseêted in the masçnêyI they aêe able tç cçntêibute with it and éêçvide stêength in case çf hçêiòçntal actiçns Eeaêthquakes and huêêicanesFK ln NSth ganuaêyI NVRUI the `athedêal çf pantiagç de `uba gçt the title çf katiçnal jçnumentK te aêe wçêking fçê its aééêeciatiçn as a rkbp`l site tççK oEcEoENCEp xNz oçdêigueòI eástoráa de las áglesáas ó caéállas de la cáudad de pantáago de CubaI pantiagç de

`ubaI NUVMK xOz `astillç lêeja jK AKI oiaòa jçòçs ae içs jçòçs jKI bntre el Barroco ó el NeoclasácásmoW ia

Academáa de Bellas Artes de pan cernando ó las rltámas eméresas constructávas de los Borbones en AmerácaI rniveêsidad `çméutense de jadêidI Kédf dçcument in wwwKuéçKesK

xPz dçnòalç bnemiêaes jaestêç albañilI bñéedáente sobre la formacáón de élanos éara la panta fglesáa Catedral de CubaK Edçcument çf Aêchive çf Aêchdiçcesen juseumI pantiagç de `ubaFK

x4z CfrK Alejandêç BuêgçsI polácátud al fllKmo x…z se reéaren x…z éara el estado los érejudácáos sufrádo sula fabráca x…z en seguáda al horroroso terremoto que tuvo lugar el OM de agosto de NUROI dçcument in Aêchives çf Aêchbishçéêic juseumK

xRz polácátud al fllKmo x…z se reéaren x…z éara el estado los érejudácáos sufrádo sula fabráca x…z en seguáda al horroroso terremoto que tuvo lugar el OM de agosto de NURPK Edçcument çf Aêchive çf Aêchdiçcesen juseumI pantiagç de `ubaFK

xSz mêat muig cKI bl ére barroco en CubaK rna escuela cráolla de arquátectura joráscaI aiéutaciò de BaêcelçnaI ia eabanaI NVVRK

xTz kçêmativa `ubana NC 4SW NVVVK Construccáones sásmorresástentesK oequásátos básácos éara el dáseño ó construccáón e la dKmK N4 gennaáo OMMUK

xUz kçêmativa `ubana NC OURW OMMPK Carga de sáentoK jétodo de CálculoK