Algae and Biodiesel

ALGAE

Sohar UniversityFaculty of EngineeringCivil Engineering ProgramCivil 4130Prepared By:

Abrar Al- Shibli 102540Khalid Al Mawali 091500Azza Al Toqi 090557Samira Al Qayoudhi 100255Shaima Al Kindy 100074Asma Al Hamdani 1009361Outlines:

Algae definitionType of Algae Impact of Harmful Algal Bloom Algae production

What is Algae?Types of AlgaePlanktonic algae

Filamentous algae

Attached-erect algae

Where do Algae growImpacts Of HarmfulAlgal Bloom

Public Health Impacts

Human sickness and death from eating tainted seafood results in lost wages and work days. Costs of medical treatment and investigation also are an important part of the economic impact caused by such events.

2. Recreation and Tourism impacts

algae can adversely affect recreation and tourism in local areas by reduseing the quality of the coastal environment through: massive fish mortalities That lead to dead fish accumulating on beaches, the closure of recreational fisheries, the promulgation of noxious odors from Macro algae decomposing on beaches, the discoloration of water, and mortalities of protected species and modification of their habitats. 3.Commercial fishery Impacts

Algae can affect commercial fisheries by causing direct fish mortalities , causing habitat loss leading to lower ecosystem carrying capacity, forcing managers to establish closures, increasing the costs of processing harvested shellfish, and causing consumer demand to contract.

Domestic case study:

HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM RESEARCH IN OMAN LOCATION:

In the Sultanate of Oman with its coast line over 3000 km the losses reported for some years have accounted hundred tons of dead fish [8]. Among the wide range of temporal changes of physical, chemical, and biological variables featuring the Omani coastal ecosystems, the seasonal variability is one of the most pronounced.

The reason being is that seasonal changes are driven by: a vigorous system of monsoonal winds. The winter (Northeast) monsoon affects the region from December to March.The summer (Southwest) monsoon is developed from June to September. Omani ecosystems are subjected to different modes of physical forcing. The summer monsoon makes an upwelling along the south-eastern coast facing the western Arabian Sea.

Figure 1: Dashed and dotted line demarcates the location of the Ras Al Hadd frontal zone (1). Dashed lines (2-4) indicate direction of the main currents (in summer through fall period). (2): inflow of the Indian Ocean Water mass, (3): outflow of the (Arabian Gulf) Persian Gulf Water mass, and (4): Oman Coastal Current(East Arabian Current).WATER CURRENT FLOW WITHIN THE SEA OF OMAN:General circulation of the sea consists of three major components, represented by thermohaline-driven flows, wind-driven flows, and mesoscale eddies [9,10]. Distinct differences in the origin of coastal currents (in the Sea of Oman versus the western Arabian Sea, Figure 1) are complemented by differences in the formation of water masses. In summer, for instance, the Sea of Oman is influenced by the outflow of high saline Gulf Water Mass (along the Omani coast) and the inflow of less saline Indian Ocean Surface Water from the northernmost part of the Arabian Sea (along the Pakistani coast). In the meantime, the coast overlooking the western Arabian Sea faces the Oman Coastal Current (also known as the East Arabian Current) coming from the south-western part of the Arabian Sea as the northward extension of the Somali Current [10]. The confluence of these two currents in the region of promontory of Ras Al Hadd forms the frontal zone which acts as a liquid boundary cutting off in some way the Sea of Oman from the open Arabian Sea [11].

CAUSES OF RED TIDE:Sewage outfallsIndustrial outfallsDredging Animal farms Fertilizer factories sources of nutrients(i.e. Nitrates and Phosphates)AquacultureAir pollutionOil pollutionDischarge of ballistic waterSeawater temperatureClimate changeOxygen depletion

SUMMARY ON THE GROWTH OF HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMWorld case study:

The freshwater and ocean blooms have been found to be anthropogenic, directly caused by nutrient pollution of nitrogen and phosphates from agriculture and intensive animal farming fertilizers, and household cleaning products. An EPA report in 2013 concluded that changing environmental conditions such as more algae growth is associated with current climate change, and may negatively impact the environment, human health, and the economy for communities around the world.

Australia:

In fact, Australia was home to the world's first recorded cyanobacterial bloom, which occurred in 1878 in Lake Alexandrina, South Australia. But it is likely that Australia has a much longer history of blooms. Anecdotal reports show that local Aboriginal people were aware the lake could be toxic before 1878.

Why algae grow in Australia ?

* Availability of conditions * High population.

The effects of the problem :

* Odour and unsightly scum. * Human impacts. * Cause major problems for water supplies. * Cause economic problems.Government solutions

Maintaining the flow of water in summer months.

Reduction nutrients entering waterway.

Investing in storm water management.

Develop a basin plan.Algae Production

22Biodiesel FromMicroalgaeAlgae and BiodieselAlgae Biodiesel is a good replacement for standard crop Biodiesels like soy and canolaUp to 70% of algae biomass is usable oilsAlgae does not compete for land and space with other agricultural cropsAlgae can survive in water of high salt content and use water that was previously deemed unusable

What affects oil production?ClimateCold weather reduces algae oil productionOvercast days reduce sunlight and lower oil productionNutrientsDepletion of Nitrogen and SilicateControlling NutrientsNitrogenAids in cell divisionSilicateAids in cell wall productionDepleting NutrientsStarving the algae of these two nutrients reduce the rate of cell divisionOil production remains constantResults in an increase in the oil to mass ratioThree ways to produce biodiesel :Base catalyzed transesterification with alcohol.Acid catalyzed esterification with methanol.Convert the oil to fatty acids. Then acid catalyze to alkyl esters.Base Catalyzed with AlcoholMost common processMost economicalLow pressure (20psi)Low temperature (150oF)No intermediate stepsHigh conversion rate (98%)

Algae production systems today and all the bio products they produce.

cosmeceuticals, skin creams, shampoos, cleansers and personal care products. Algaes use as a natural bio fertilizer, aquaculture an animal feed. Also included are algaes use for biofuel, bioplastics, green chemicals and wastewater treatment.

Conclusion

Algea cause severe economic impacts Algae is a very efficient means of producing biodieselThe oil production from algae farms is feasible and scalableFurther research necessary to unlock full potential of algae