Análisis de la evolución de la intensidad energética en España(Es)/ Analysis of the evolution of...

8/2/2019 Anlisis de la evolucin de la intensidad energtica en Espaa(Es)/ Analysis of the evolution of the energetic intensi

1/16

X Un|~gni Nonl~{fpc W

Mijf|f| kn jmnpcj~lfi knjm fi{ni|fkmk

ninub{flm niN|tmm


2/16

Lukf{c|

Nj tun|ni{n ficugn am |fkc njmecumkc tcu Gmum Gnikfj~ln* lci jm lcjmecumlfi kn Tnkuc

Jfimun|* v n|{ em|mkc ni tmu{n ni |~ {n|f| kcl{cumj Jm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm ni N|tmm)

Ljmpn| tmum ni{niknu |~ npcj~lfi* kfufbfkm tcu Fbimlfc Tunz Muufmbm v Lmujc| Clmm) Jc|

m~{cun| }~fnuni mbumknlnu jc| lcgni{mufc| unmjfzmkc| tcu Bcizmjc \niz kn Gfnum* Gfb~nj

G~cz* v Qmpfnu Jmemiknfum)

Kf|nc v Gm}~n{mlfi |n{n|ncf{ckn|ncbulc

F\\I 5=25'1=52

Nlcicgfl| cu Ninubva{{t?##rrr)ncuninubv)cubficDncuninubv)cubKc~{cu Lmkmpmj* 5'< N*


3/16

Tun|ni{mlfi N| ~im |m{f|mllfi tmum ic|c{uc| tun|ni{mu n|{n tufgnu ficugn kn Nlcicgfl| cu Ninubv* ~imfiflfm{fpm tucgcpfkm lcio~i{mgni{n kn|kn jm ~ifpnu|fkmk* jm ngtun|m v jm mkgfif|{umlfi tejflm

}~n tun{nikn lci{ufe~fu mj knem{n ninub{flc kn|kn ~i mijf|f| nlcigflc ufb~uc|c n fikntni'kfni{n) Jm gf|fi kn Nlcicgfl| cu Ninubv n| ficugmu* cufni{mu v m|n|cumu ni jm {cgm kn knlf|fc'in| kn mbni{n| tejflc| v tufpmkc|* v cgni{mu jm {umi|nunilfm kn lciclfgfni{c v nj fi{nulmgefckn fknm| ni nj gef{c kn jm nlcicgm kn jm ninubm) Tmum l~gtjfu lci n|{m gf|fi Nlcicgfl| cuNinubv unmjfzm ficugn| tnufkflc| kn |f{~mlfi }~n* lci nj ufbcu* fikntniknilfm v tuc~ikfkmkmknl~mkc|* |n cl~tmi kn l~n|{fcin| unjnpmi{n| unjmlfcimkm| lci jm nlcicgm kn jm ninubm)Jm| jinm| kn fipn|{fbmlfi kn Nlcicgfl| cu Ninubv |n lcuun|tcikni lci jc| m|tnl{c| g| un'jnpmi{n| ni jm ml{~mjfkmk kn jm tcj{flm ninub{flm v |~| fgtjflmlfcin| nlcigflm|? mijf|f| kn

jm kngmikm kn ninubm* tcj{flm| kn fiicpmlfi ni gm{nufm ninub{flm* npmj~mlfi kn tcj{flm|ninub{flc'mgefni{mjn|* lmuml{nufzmlfi v npmj~mlfi kn jm |nb~ufkmk ninub{flm* v tuc|tnl{fpmninub{flm m jmubc tjmzc)

Ni nj lm|c kn n|{n tufgnu ficugn* nj {ngm n|lcbfkc n| tc|fejngni{n ~ic kn jc| g| ml{~mjn|v inln|mufc| tmum jm tcj{flm ninub{flm n|tmcjm? nj mijf|f| kn jc| ml{cun| }~n lcikflfcimi jmfi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm v* tcu nikn* jm npcj~lfi kn jm kngmikm ninub{flm) Mj fb~mj }~n tmum g~'lac| c{uc| tm|n|* jm bn|{fi kn jm kngmikm kn ninubm ni N|tmm n| n|nilfmj tmum tcknu l~gtjfulci jc| ceon{fpc| kn jm tcj{flm ninub{flm? gfifgfzmlfi kn jc| lc|{n| kn |~gfif|{uc* unk~llfikn ngf|fcin| lci{mgfimi{n|* v m~gni{c kn jm |nb~ufkmk ninub{flm) Tcu njjc* un|~j{m n|nilfmjni{niknu jc| njngni{c| }~n kn{nugfimi jm npcj~lfi kn jm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm* tmum m| tcknu

kf|nmu jm| n|{um{nbfm| v tcj{flm| mtuctfmkm| tmum |~ lci{ucj)

Nj ficugn fi{uck~ln ~im gn{ckcjcbm icpnkc|m kn mijf|f| kn jm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm* jm kn|'lcgtc|flfi tcu |nl{cun| v nnl{c| !n|{u~l{~umj v kn nlfnilfm&* }~n |n mtjflm {mi{c mj n|{~kfc knjm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm n|tmcjm kn|kn =66> lcgc m jm lcgtmumlfi lci c{uc| tm|n| kn i~n|{ucni{cuic) M tmu{fu kn n|{n mijf|f| |n fkni{flmi jc| ml{cun| }~n gnocu nqtjflmi jm npcj~lfi knjm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm unlfni{n ni N|tmm v }~n* tcu {mi{c* |ci m}~njjc| |ceun jc| }~n |numinln|mufc ml{~mu tmum lci|nb~fu jc| ceon{fpc| bninumjn| kn jm tcj{flm ninub{flm) Nj ficugn* icce|{mi{n* km ~i tm|c g| mj cunlnu unlcgnikmlfcin| n|tnllm| tmum nj kf|nc v mtjflmlfi kntcj{flm| ni n|{n lmgtc)

N|tnumgc| }~n n|{n ficugn* nj tufgnuc kn jc }~n lcimgc| |nm ~im jmubm |nufn* lcilf{n njfi{nu| kn jc| nqtnu{c| ni nj |nl{cu ninub{flc v knj un|{c kn jm |clfnkmk* lci{ufe~vnikc m ~ignocu kf|nc* ni{nikfgfni{c v kf~|fi kn jc| m|tnl{c| nlcigflc| m|clfmkc| m jm| n|{um{nbfm| vtcj{flm| ninub{flm| ni nj gef{c n|tmcj v bjcemj)

Qmpfnu Jmemiknfum v Tnkuc Jfimun|

Kfunl{cun| kn Nlcicgfl| cu Ninubv


4/16

Jm bn|{fi kn jm kngmikm kn ninubm |n unpnjm lmkm pnz

g| lcgc ~i njngni{c ~ikmgni{mj kn jm tcj{flm ninu'

b{flm kn ~i tm|) Jm unk~llfi kn jm kngmikm tnugf{n

mpmizmu* kn jm cugm g| nlcigflm tc|fejn* amlfm jc|

ceon{fpc| kn unk~llfi knj lc|{n kn mtucpf|fcimgfni{ckn ninubm* kn gfifgfzmlfi knj fgtml{c mgefni{mj* v kn

filungni{c kn jm |nb~ufkmk ninub{flm)

M| jc unlciclni jm Mbnilfm Fi{nuimlfcimj kn jm Ninubm c jm îfi N~uctnm) Ni tmu{fl~jmu* jm ifi tun'

{nikn }~n jm nlfnilfm ninub{flm o~nb~n ~i tmtnj ~ikmgni{mj ni nj n|lnimufc ninub{flc n~uctnc* jc

}~n unjmlfcim nqtjlf{mgni{n lci |~| ceon{fpc| ni gm{nufm kn lmgefc ljfg{flc)

Ni nj lm|c n|tmcj* n|{m unk~llfi kn jm kngmikm kn ninubm |n lci|fknum kn|kn g~lac| gef{c| lcgc

jm ljmpn tmum mjlmizmu jc| ml~nukc| fi{nuimlfcimjn| ni gm{nufm kn unk~llfi kn ngf|fcin| kn kfqfkc

kn lmuecic !LC5&* {mi{c m ifpnj fi{nuimlfcimj* ni nj gmulc kn jc| ml~nukc| kn Imlfcin| îfkm|* lcgc m

ifpnj n~uctnc lci jm| unlfni{n| kfunl{fpm| kn lci{ucj kn ngf|fcin| kn LC5) T~n|{c }~n nj |nl{cu ninub'{flc n| ~ic kn jc| tufilftmjn| un|tci|mejn| kn n|{m| ngf|fcin|* jm unk~llfi knj lci|~gc ninub{flc

|nu n|nilfmj tmum jcbumu jc| ceon{fpc| tuct~n|{c|)

Tcu c{uc jmkc* ni N|tmm* nj 14. kn jm ninubm tufgmufm ~{fjfzmkm n| fgtcu{mkm* lmi{fkmk }~n m~gni{m

am|{m nj 66. ni nj lm|c knj tn{ujnc lu~kc v nj bm|) Jm bn|{fi kn jm kngmikm {mgefi n| n|nilfmj tmum

mjlmizmu jc| ceon{fpc| kn ninubm| unicpmejn| fgt~n|{c| tcu jm Lcgf|fi N~uctnm) Kmkc }~n jc| ceon{f'

pc| |n gfkni lcgc tculni{mon kn ninubm imj* ~im unk~llfi kn |~ pcj~gni mlfjf{m jm lci|nl~lfi kn

|{c|) im e~nim bn|{fi kn jm kngmikm kn ninubm {fnin mkng| c{uc| eninlfc| nlcigflc| tmum ~i

tm|* tcu nongtjc ni {ugfic| kn lcgtn{f{fpfkmk c efnin|{mu |clfmj)

[ckc jc mi{nufcu lci{um|{m lci nj njnpmkc m~gni{c kn jm kngmikm ninub{flm ni N|tmm k~umi{n jc|j{fgc| mc| !l~vm| umzcin| |n mimjfzmi ni nj ficugn& n|tnlfmjgni{n m tmu{fu kn =66> v lci ~im lfnu{m

umjni{fzmlfi m tmu{fu kn 5442* {mj lcgc |n g~n|{um ni nj Bulc =)

Ni ~i lci{nq{c lcgc |{n* jm unk~llfi kn kngmikm t~nkn lci|nb~fu|n tcu kc| pm|? unk~lfnikc jm| ml{fpf'

kmkn| lci|~gfkcum| kn ninubm ni {ugfic| me|cj~{c|* c m~gni{mikc jm nlfnilfm ni nj ~|c kn jm ninubm

Jm fgtcu{milfmknj mijf|f| knjm fi{ni|fkmk

ninub{flm

=

Bu`lc =) Kngmikm kn ninubm ni N|tmm !tufgmufm v ìmj&

@~ni{n? Emjmiln| ninub{flc| kn jm FNM !54=4&

4

54444

;4444

04444

14444

=44444

=54444

=;4444

=04444

=604

=605

=60;

=600

=601

=624

=625

=62;

=620

=621

=614

=615

=61;

=610

=611

=664

=665

=66;

=660

=661

5444

5445

544;

5440

5441

h{nt

Ninub m Tufgmufm Ninub m @fimj


5/16

tcu tmu{n kn jm| kf|{fi{m| ml{fpfkmkn|) N|{n |nb~ikc lm|c n| nj }~n |n |~njn lci|fknumu g| kn|nmejn

tcu}~n ic nqfbn jm unk~llfi kn jm ml{fpfkmk nlcigflm* m~i}~n t~nkn ic jcbumu unk~llfcin| me|cj~{m|)

Ni {ugfic| gmlucnlcigflc|* jm cugm amef{~mj kn gnkfu jm nlfnilfm ninub{flm n| m {ump| kn jm fi'

{ni|fkmk ninub{flm !FN&) N|{n fikflmkcu un`nom jm unjmlfi ni{un lci|~gc ninub{flc v nj pcj~gni kn jm

ml{fpfkmk nlcigflm v |n lmjl~jm lcgc nj lclfni{n ni{un nj lci|~gc ninub{flc v nj tuck~l{c fi{nufcu eu~{c

!TFE&) Tcu {mi{c* n| nj fipnu|c kn jm nlfnilfm ninub{flm* |fnikc inln|mufc kf|gfi~fu jm fi{ni|fkmk tmum

gnocumu jm nlfnilfm ninub{flm) \f |n tun{nikn unk~lfu jm kngmikm ninub{flm ni {ugfic| me|cj~{c|* jm|

gnocum| ni jm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm kneni |nu gmvcun| }~n jc| m~gni{c| ni nj TFE)

Jc mi{nufcu nqfbn* |f |n tun{nikn ml{~mu lci{um nj lunlfgfni{c kn jm kngmikm kn ninubm* fkni{flmu jc|

ml{cun| }~n kfufbni jm npcj~lfi kn jm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm) Kn n|{n gckc |nu tc|fejn nqtjflmu v npmj~mu

jm| umzcin| kn lcgtcu{mgfni{c| tm|mkc| v kf|nmu jm| tcj{flm| mknl~mkm| }~n tnugf{mi unk~lfu jm fi{ni'

|fkmk ninub{flm kn ~i tm| lcgc gnkfc tmum mjlmizmu jc| ceon{fpc| vm lf{mkc| kn unk~llfi kn lc|{n* kn

fgtml{c mgefni{mj v kn kntniknilfm ninub{flm) |{n n| nj ceon{fpc ~ikmgni{mj kn n|{n ficugn)

Nqf|{ni c{uc| n|{~kfc| |ceun jm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm ni N|tmm* m~i}~n n|{n ficugn tun|ni{m pmufc|njngni{c| kfnunilfmjn| v icpnkc|c|?

Ni tufgnu j~bmu* |n mimjfzm jm FN {c{mj mj filj~fu {ckc| jc| lci|~gc| ninub{flc| kn jm nlcicgm

v* tufilftmjgni{n* nj |nl{cu kn jm njnl{uflfkmk v nj {umi|tcu{n* }~n untun|ni{mi ~i >4. knj

lci|~gc ninub{flc n|tmcj)

C{um gnocum |fbiflm{fpm kn n|{n ficugn n| jm filj~|fi knj mijf|f| kn jm FN kn jc| acbmun|*

}~n untun|ni{mi ~i tculni{mon g~v njnpmkc knj lci|~gc kn ninubm)

\n mtcu{m ~im gn{ckcjcbm icpnkc|m ni i~n|{uc tm|? ~im kn|mbunbmlfi kn jc| lcgtcini'

{n| kn jm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm tcu |nl{cun|* kf|{fib~fnikc ni{un ~i lcgtcini{n n|{u~l{~umj

!}~n un`nom jm lci{ufe~lfi knj |nl{cu m jm nlcicgm& v c{uc kn nlfnilfm !}~n filj~vn jm

nlfnilfm ni nj ~|c kn jm ninubm tcu tmu{n knj |nl{cu&)

@fimjgni{n* c{um icpnkmk knj ficugn n| }~n mimjfzm jm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm kn jc| |nl{cun| {n'

ifnikc ni l~ni{m |~ ~|c fikfunl{c kn jm ninubm tufgmufm m {ump| kn jm njnl{uflfkmk v nj {umi|tcu{n)

Jm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm n|tmcjm am nqtnufgni{mkc

~im npcj~lfi tnl~jfmu v tclc kn|nmejn ni jc| j{fgc|

mc|) Gfni{um| }~n nj un|{c kn jc| tm|n| kn i~n|{uc

ni{cuic bncbulc v nlcigflc am gmi{nifkc ~im {ni'knilfm knlunlfni{n ni jm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm* jm FN

n|tmcjm am m~gni{mkc |fi tmumu am|{m nj mc 544>*

mc ni nj }~n |n ce|nupm ~im fipnu|fi kn jm {niknilfm)

\fi ngemubc* jc| tm|n| mimjfzmkc| |fb~ni unk~lfnikc |~ FN* tcu jc }~n nj fikflmkcu n|tmcj n| filmtmz

kn mlcu{mu jm| kf|{milfm| kn ~im cugm |fbiflm{fpm m tn|mu kn jc| mpmiln| !Bulc 5&)

M|* ni ni nj mc 5441 jm FN n|tmcjm num ~i =6. |~tnufcu m jm kn jm ^N'=>* jc }~n afzc inln|mufm|

51 {cinjmkm| n}~fpmjni{n| kn tn{ujnc !{nt& g| tmum tuck~lfu ~i gfjji kn n~uc| }~n ni jm ^N'=>)

\f jm nlcicgm n|tmcjm {~pfn|n ~ic| um{fc| kn FN |fgfjmun| m jc| n~uctnc|* jc| macuuc| ni jm lcgtum

kn ninubm m|lniknumi m lnulm knj 5. knj TFE kn 5441* mkng| kn npf{mu|n jm ngf|fi kn ~im bumi

lmi{fkmk kn lci{mgfimi{n|)

Npcj~lfi knjm fi{ni|fkmk

ninub{flm niN|tmm

5


6/16

Tmum ni{niknu n|{m kf|{fi{m npcj~lfi kn jm FN n|tmcjm uni{n m jm kn jm ^N v kn c{uc| tm|n|* |n amln

inln|mufc kn|mbunbmu ni jc tc|fejn nj fikflmkcu* {mi{c tcu |nl{cun| lcgc tcu lcgtcini{n|* {mj lcgc |n

tuctcin ni n|{n ficugn)

5)=) Kn|mbunbmlfi kn jm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm ni N|tmm

Ni nj ficugn |n kn|mbunbm jm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm n|tmcjm ni {un| lcgtcini{n|) Nj tufgnuc n| n|{u~l'

{~umj !N \{u& v unlcbn nj tn|c ni jm nlcicgm kn jm| kf|{fi{m| umgm| tuck~l{fpm|) Nj |nb~ikc n| kn nlfnilfm

!N Fi{& v gfkn jm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm fi{um|nl{cufmj) @fimjgni{n* nj {nulnuc n| kn lci|~gc un|fknilfmj

!N Un|fk&) Jm npcj~lfi kn lmkm ~ic kn n|{c| lcgtcini{n| |n g~n|{um ni nj Bulc {nt#G ni{un 544; v

5441 lcgtni| lci lunln| nj m~gni{c ni{un =66> v 544; kn 6*0 {nt#G) M bumikn| um|bc| nj kn|lni|c kn jm

FN |n knen m jm unk~llfi kn =;*6 {nt#G tcu nj nnl{c n|{u~l{~umj !nj gnicu tn|c ni jm nlcicgm kn mjb~im|

umgm| tuck~l{fpm|&* nj gmi{nifgfni{c ni ifpnjn| |fgfjmun| kn jm| fi{ni|fkmkn| ninub{flm| |nl{cufmjn| !nnl{c

fi{um|nl{cufmj& v nj jfbnuc m~gni{c kn =*< {nt#G tcu nj nnl{c un|fknilfmj !acbmun| v {umi|tcu{n tufpmkc&)

Bu`lc


7/16

\fi ngemubc* l~mikc |n mimjfzm jm npcj~lfi mi~mj* |n lcgtu~nem }~n jm FN {c{mj |fb~n jm gf|gm {umvnl'

{cufm }~n nj nnl{c fi{um|nl{cufmj) N|{c n| m| tcu}~n nj nnl{c n|{u~l{~umj |n lcgtni|m fiflfmjgni{n lci

nj lunlfgfni{c knj lci|~gc ninub{flc kn jm| mgfjfm|) Ic ce|{mi{n* m tmu{fu kn 544;* jc| {un| nnl{c|

lcgfnizmi jm |nikm kn unk~llfi tcu kfnuni{n| gc{fpc| m~i}~n* mj |nu nj lcgtcini{n n|{u~l{~umj

n|tnlfmjgni{n ~nu{n* |~ fi`~nilfm n| g~v gmulmkm ni nj tnuckc {c{mj)

Nj |fb~fni{n tm|c n| lciclnu l~j am |fkc jm filfknilfm kn jc| |nl{cun| ni jm npcj~lfi kn lmkm nnl{c)

Ni jm [mejm = |n g~n|{umi jc| un|~j{mkc| kn jm kn|mbunbmlfi kn jm FN ni N|tmm) N|{m {mejm n| {fj

tmum lcgtuniknu ni lcio~i{c jm| kc| {niknilfm|* jm kn lunlfgfni{c kn jm FN ni{un =66> v 544; v jm kn

kf|gfi~lfi kn jm gf|gm ni{un 544; v 5441) Jm |~gm knj nnl{c n|{u~l{~umj !\{u&* fi{um|nl{cufmj !Fi{& v un'

|fknilfmj {c{mj !Un|fk& n| jm kfnunilfm kn FN ni{un =66> v 544; v ni{un 544; v 5441) Nj nnl{c n|{u~l{~umj

!c fi{um|nl{cufmj& {c{mj n| jm |~gm kn jc| nnl{c| kn lmkm |nl{cu) Ni jm lcj~gim {c{mj |n untun|ni{m jm

|~gm tmum lmkm |nl{cu kn jc| kc| nnl{c|* n|{c n| lgc lmkm |nl{cu mnl{m m jm FN {c{mj) Ni jm lcj~gim

. {c{mj |n unlcbn nj tculni{mon kn jm pmufmlfi {c{mj }~n lcuun|tcikn m n|n |nl{cu)

T~nkn ce|nupmu|n lgc jm gnocum knj lcgtcini{n n|{u~l{~umj |n knen tufilftmjgni{n mj unic ni{un=66> v 544;* lci nj |nl{cu {umi|cugmkcu kn ninubm lci{umuun|{mikc n|{n nnl{c) Ni l~mi{c mj lcg'

[mejm =) Kn|mbunbmlfi kn jm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm ni N|tmm ni{un =66> v 5441 !{nt#G&

@~ni{n? Njmecumlfi tuctfm)

Kn|mbunbmlfi =66>'544; Kn|mbunbmlfi 544;'5441

\{u Fi{ Un|fk [c{mj . {c{mj \{u Fi{ Un|fk [c{mj . {c{mj

Ninubm 0*4> '2*0; '=*>6 '=2. '4*05 '0*>4 '2*=5 ' '>. '4*22 '4*=; '4*65 ;.

Tuck ic gn{jflc| 4*>0 =*;= =*62 5=. '=*5; '4*>1 '=*15 1.

Gm{ [t{n 4*44 4* 4.

Mjfgni{mlfi '=*40 =*>6 4*>< 0. '4*54 '=*;2 '=*02 2.

Tmtnj 4*=5 4*>= 4*0< 2. '4*< 4*4< '4*>4 '>. '4* '=*50 '=*4= '==. '4*>6 4*2< 4*=; '=.

[UMI\TCU[N '=*>1 >*1= ;*5; ;;. '5*4= '=*62 '2 4*6= =*;1 '2.

Un|fknilfmj =*6 =*6 54. '=*= '=*= >.

[t{n un|fknilfmj 4*; 4*; ;. '4*5 '4*5 =.

[C[MJ ';*4 ==*< 5*< 6*0 '=4*1 '=4*> '=*< '55*>


8/16

tcini{n kn nlfnilfm* |ci nj unic v nj {umi|tcu{n jc| tufilftmjn| un|tci|mejn| kn |~ ngtncumgfni{c

ni{un =66> v 544;* kn i~npc lci{umuun|{mkc| tcu nj |nl{cu njl{uflc) M tmu{fu kn 544; nj nnl{c n|{u~l'

{~umj ni jm unk~llfi kn jm FN |n mlni{m* ~ikmgni{mjgni{n knefkc mj |nl{cu fik~|{ufmj !v ni n|tnlfmj m

jc| tuck~l{c| ic gn{jflc| v ml{fpfkmkn| jfbmkm| m jm lci|{u~llfi&* gfni{um| }~n nj nnl{c fi{ni|fkmk

lmgefm |~ {niknilfm? kn i~npc n| jm fik~|{ufm kcikn |n nqtnufgni{m nj lmgefc tufilftmj* tufilftmjgni'{n ni gn{mjn| e|flc|* mjfgni{mlfi v {umi|tcu{n) L~mikc |n mimjfzmi lcio~i{mgni{n jc| kc| nnl{c|

|n ce|nupm }~n* ni{un 544; v 5441* |ci nj |nl{cu njl{uflc v jm fik~|{ufm jc| }~n g| lci{ufe~vni m jm

gnocum kn jm FN* gfni{um| }~n nj |nl{cu {nulfmufc ngtncum)

Jm| ml{fpfkmkn| fik~|{ufmjn| |ci un|tci|mejn| ni e~nim gnkfkm kn jm npcj~lfi kn jm FN ni jc| kc|

tnuckc|* {mi{c ni |~ lunlfgfni{c lcgc ni |~ unk~llfi) Ni tmu{fl~jmu* jm| ml{fpfkmkn| jfbmkm| m jm

lci|{u~llfi |ci jm| }~n g| fi`~vni ni jm npcj~lfi kn jm FN fik~|{ufmj)

\f lcgtmumgc| n|{m| lfum| lci jm| un|~j{mi{n| knj gf|gc n|{~kfc m n|lmjm n~uctnm tckngc| vm kn{nl'

{mu mjb~im| ljmpn| knj kfnuni{n lcgtcu{mgfni{c) Lcgc t~nkn ce|nupmu|n ni jm [mejm 5* jm| gmvcun|

kfnunilfm| n|{i ni jm bumi gnocum kn jm nlfnilfm knj {umi|tcu{n v nj |nl{cu un|fknilfmj m ifpnj n~uc'tnc* v ni nj ngtncumgfni{c kn jm nlfnilfm knj |nl{cu {nulfmufc m ifpnj n|tmcj) [mgefi |n ce|nupm }~n

jm| gnocum| ni jm fik~|{ufm n|tmcjm ic |ci {mi bumikn| lcgc ni N~uctm* tmu{fl~jmugni{n ni jc }~n |n

unnun m jc| tuck~l{c| ic gn{jflc|)

[mejm 5) Kn|mbunbmlfi kn jm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm ni N|tmm v ni jm ^N'=> ni{un =66> v 5441

@~ni{n? Njmecumlfi tuctfm)

^N'=> N|tmm

\{u Fi{ Un|fk [c{mj . {c{mj \{u Fi{ Un|fk [c{mj . {c{mj

Njnl{uflfkmk '0 '>*46 '1*0> 50. ;*60 '=4 '4*0> '=*=; **>6 ; '4*46 '4*6; '4*=0 4. '4*41 '4*46 '4*=2 =.

Gm}~fimufm 4*;; '4*62 '4*>; 5. '4*=4 4* '4*=; 4. '4*=< 4*4; '4*46 =.

Mjfgni{mlfi '4*1> 4*46 '4*22 5. '=*4; '4*=4 '=*=; 6.

Tmtnj '4*2> 4*51 '4*;0 =. '4*=6 4* '=.

Gmknum '4*54 4*.

Lci|{u~llfi '4*=4 4*44 '4*46 4. 4*42 4*=> 4*5< '5.

[nq{fj '4*>< '4*40 '4*>6 5. '4*1= '4*>4 '=***26 4*;= '


9/16

5)5) Filj~|fi kn jc| lci|~gc| fikfunl{c| ni jm fi{ni|fkmkninub{flm

Am|{m nj gcgni{c n| tc|fejn lcilj~fu }~n nj {umi|tcu{n v nj |nl{cu njl{uflc lcikflfcimi jm npcj~lfi v

nj ifpnj kn jm| FN kn jc| tm|n| v* ni tmu{fl~jmu* jm FN n|tmcjm) N|{c| |nl{cun| |ci jc| kc| tucpnnkcun|

kn |nupflfc| ninub{flc| tcu mi{cicgm|fm v* tmum njjc* lci|~gni bumikn| lmi{fkmkn| kn ninubm tuf'

gmufm) Jc| lci|~gfkcun|* tcu |~ tmu{n* mtnim| lci|~gni kfunl{mgni{n ninubm tufgmufm v |m{f|mlni

|~| inln|fkmkn| ninub{flm| |ceun {ckc lci tuck~l{c| imjn|* lcgc jm njnl{uflfkmk v jc| lmue~umi{n|)

Tcu {mi{c* tmunln unjnpmi{n lcgtjn{mu nj mijf|f| tunlnkni{n lci ~i n|{~kfc kn lgc mnl{mi jc| lci'

|~gc| fikfunl{c| m jm FN kn jc| |nl{cun| !Bulc ;&) Kn n|{m cugm |n t~nkni fkni{flmu gnocu l~jn|

|ci jc| |nl{cun| ljmpn }~n muum|{umi nj lci|~gc kn ninubm ni c{uc| |nl{cun|) Tmum njjc |n am untmu{fkc

nj lci|~gc kn njnl{uflfkmk v jm kngmikm kn {umi|tcu{n tcu |nl{cun|)

Bu`lc ;) FN |nl{cufmj v lci|~gc| fikfunl{c|

@~ni{n? Njmecumlfi tuctfm

Bu`lc >) Mtcu{mlfi kn lmkm |nl{cu m jm unk~llfi kn jm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm

lcuunbfkm ni{un =66> v 5441


^im pnz lmjl~jmkc| jc| i~npc| fikflmkcun| kn FN |n mtjflm jm gn{ckcjcbm kn kn|mbunbmlfi kn ikf'

ln| tmum nj tnuckc =66>'5441 !Bulc >&) Ni{un =66> v 5441 jm FN |n am unk~lfkc tcu jm tukfkm kn

tn|c knj |nl{cu mbulcjm ni jm nlcicgm !50. knj {c{mj&* tcu jm gnocum kn jm nlfnilfm kn jc| gn{mjn|


10/16

e|flc| ! v 544>) Kn anlac* m tn|mu kn |~ gnocum ni jc| j{fgc| mc|* {ckmpm ic ami

tckfkc lcgtni|mu jm gmjm npcj~lfi mi{nufcu)

Tcu |~ tmu{n* jm| mgfjfm| {fnikni m ngtncumu jc| um{fc| kn FN {mi{c tcu jc }~n lci|~gni ni jc| acbmun|

lcgc tcu nj {umi|tcu{n) Jc| km{c| g~n|{umi }~n jm kngmikm kn ninubm kn jc| acbmun| |n am gcknumkc

c mj gnic| lunln m ~i uf{gc gnicu }~n nj TFE) Gfni{um| {mi{c* nj {umi|tcu{n tufpmkc am lunlfkc m ~im

{m|m gnkfm mi~mj knj ;. k~umi{n nj tnuckc !|cjc unk~lfnikc |~ lci|~gc ni 5441&* v jc am anlac ~i'kmgni{mjgni{n m {ump| kn jc| pnal~jc| tmu{fl~jmun|)

@fimjgni{n* nj |nl{cu |nupflfc| am fgt~j|mkc mj mjzm jm FN lci|fknumejngni{n tnuc* ni lci{um|{n lci jm

fik~|{ufm* n|{c |n tuck~ln kn cugm g~v fi{ni|m m tmu{fu kn 544>)

Jm| tufilftmjn| lcilj~|fcin| mlnulm kn jm npcj~lfi kn

jm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm ni N|tmm |ci?

\n tuck~lni kc| m|n| kfnunilfmkm| ni jm npcj~lfikn jm FN ni N|tmm) Ni{un =66> v 544;* jm FN m~gni{

g~lac* uni{n m jm kf|gfi~lfi n~uctnm* gfni{um|

}~n ni{un 544; v 5441 jm FN |n unk~ln tuci~ilfmkmgni{n* ni jinm lci jc }~n |~lnkn

ni jm ^N'=>) Jm npcj~lfi n|tmcjm lci{um|{m lci jm| {ncum| kn kn|gm{nufmjfzmlfi* }~n

tunpi ~i ~nu{n kn|lni|c kn jm FN fik~|{ufmj v kn jc| |nupflfc|) Nj mijf|f| kn jm FN ni ~i

tnuckc g| mgtjfc !=604'5441& g~n|{um |~ln|fpm| m|n| kn gm{nufmjfzmlfi v kn|gm'

{nufmjfzmlfi)

Nj nnl{c n|{u~l{~umj n| nj tufilftmj fgt~j|cu kn jm npcj~lfi kn jm FN ni N|tmm* |ceun {ckc

m tmu{fu knj mc 544;* gfni{um| }~n ni N~uctm n| nj nnl{c fi{um|nl{cufmj nj }~n gmvcuf{mufm'

gni{n gmulm jm| kfnunilfm|) Nj ifpnj kn mbunbmlfi kn jc| km{c| tckum n|{mu n|lcikfnikc

lmgefc| n|{u~l{~umjn| kni{uc kn lmkm |nl{cu* tcu jc }~n ic |n t~nkn npmj~mu nj nnl{c knjlmgefc {nlicjbflc |ceun jm npcj~lfi kn jm FN)

Un|tnl{c m jm npcj~lfi kn jc| |nl{cun| v |~ fi`~nilfm ni jm npcj~lfi kn jm FN ni nj tnuckc lci|fknum'

kc* jc| km{c| g~n|{umi }~n jm gmvcu tmu{n kn |~ lci|~gc ninub{flc pfnin kn jc| tucpnnkcun| ninub'

{flc| !{umi|tcu{f|{m| v njnl{uflfkmk& v |~| mj{nuim{fpm| tmum gnocumu jm nlfnilfm ninub{flm |n lni{umi

ni jm bn|{fi kn n|m kngmikm) C{um| lcilj~|fcin| knj mijf|f| |nl{cufmj |ci?

Nj |nl{cu njl{uflc n| nj }~n g| gnocum jm FN ni N|tmm) N|{c |n knen mj ~nu{n filun'gni{c kn jm bninumlfi lci bm| v ninubm| unicpmejn|* }~n l~euni nj lunlfgfni{c kn

jm kngmikm) Jc| un|~j{mkc| g~n|{umi }~n nj |nl{cu lci|fb~n bninumu g| !jm kngmikm

lunln ~i 12. ni nj tnuckc& lci|~gfnikc gnic| ninubm tufgmufm !jc| fi|~gc| {mi |cjclunlni ~i 5>.&)

Tufilftmjn|un|~j{mkc| knjmijf|f|


11/16

Jm fik~|{ufm v nj {umi|tcu{n n|{i g~v mjfinmkc| lci jm npcj~lfi knj fikflmkcu {c{mj) Jm fi'k~|{ufm gnocum |~ nlfnilfm ninub{flm* tnuc ni jm ^N'=> jc| um{fc| tun|ni{mi ~im gnocu

npcj~lfi) Jm ljmpn n|{ ni nj ngtncumgfni{c kn jm nlfnilfm ninub{flm ni{un =66> v 544;*

}~n mjnom mj fikflmkcu kn jm |nikm n~uctnm)

Jc| |nl{cun| {nulfmufc v un|fknilfmj tun|ni{mi {niknilfm| kn ngtncumgfni{c kn |~ FN* uni{nm jm| ic{mejn| gnocum| ni jm ^N'=>) N|{c tckum knenu|n m ~i tucln|c kn lcipnubnilfm amlfm

jm ^N'=> ni {ugfic| kn n}~ftmgfni{c)

Nj |nl{cu un|fknilfmj n| nj gmvcu lci|~gfkcu kn ninubm ni N|tmm !>4. knj {c{mj& n fi`~vn

ni jm FN m {ump| knj lci|~gc ni jc| acbmun| v ni nj {umi|tcu{n)

Jm filj~|fi kn jc| lci|~gc| fikfunl{c| ni lmkm |nl{cu {uftjflm nj lci|~gc kn jc| |nl{cun| kn

mbufl~j{~um v jm mjfgni{mlfi* knefkc m |~| ~nu{n| kngmikm| kn {umi|tcu{n)

Ni bninumj* jc| ml{cun| }~n |n lci|fknumi g| unjn'

pmi{n| m jm acum kn nqtjflmu jm npcj~lfi kn jm FN |ci jc|

lmgefc| n|{u~l{~umjn| ni jm nlcicgm !tufilftmjgni{n

jm {nulfmufzmlfi&* nj lmgefc {nlicjbflc* jm |~|{f{~lfi

kn lcge~|{fejn|* jc| tunlfc| kn jm ninubm v |~ unb~jm'

lfi* nj nnl{c |m{~umlfi v jm| tunnunilfm| kn jc| lci'

|~gfkcun|) M lci{fi~mlfi |n tun|ni{mi jc| }~n n|{n

ficugn* ni ~ilfi kn jc| un|~j{mkc| ce{nifkc|* knin lcgc tufilftmjn| ml{cun| }~n ami lcikflfcimkc

jm npcj~lfi kn jm FN ni N|tmm k~umi{n jc| j{fgc| mc|)

;)=) N|{u~l{~um kn jm nlcicgm n|tmcjm

Nj mj{c tculni{mon kn pmjcu mmkfkc eu~{c !PME& tuck~lfkc tcu jm lci|{u~llfi v jm mbufl~j{~um ni unjmlfi

m c{uc| tm|n| n~uctnc| amln }~n N|tmm |nm n|{u~l{~umjgni{n g| fi{ni|fpm ni ninubm) M n|{m mj{m

fi{ni|fkmk lci{ufe~vn {mgefi nj {umi|tcu{n kn jc| gm{nufmjn| kn lci|{u~llfi* ~i anlac }~n amef{~mj'

gni{n ic |n lci|fknum)

Ni nj tnuckc mimjfzmkc jm mbufl~j{~um vm ngtfnzm m unk~lfu jm FN tcu nj nnl{c n|{u~l{~umj v n| tunpf|fejn

}~n cl~uum jc gf|gc m tmu{fu knj mc 5441 tmum jm lci|{u~llfi* lcipnubfnikc m| amlfm jm n|{u~l{~um

nlcigflm kn jc| tm|n| n~uctnc| g| mpmizmkc|) ^i anlac kn|{mlmejn n| }~n ni nj mc 5440 jm FN

|n unk~oc {mi{c ni jm fik~|{ufm }~n tnugf{f lcgtni|mu jm gmjm npcj~lfi kn n|{n |nl{cu am|{m 544;)Mkng|* jc| km{c| g~n|{umi }~n jm nlcicgm n|tmcjm lcilni{um |~| ml{fpfkmkn| ni |~e|nl{cun| kn

gnicu pmjcu mmkfkc* lcgc jm |fknu~ubfm m|clfmkm m jm lci|{u~llfi) Tnuc filj~|c ni ml{fpfkmkn| gnic|

fi{ni|fpm| ni ninubm* lcgc nj |nl{cu |nupflfc|* jm ml{fpfkmk nlcigflm |n lcilni{um ni m}~njjm| umgm|

}~n inln|f{mi unjm{fpmgni{n g| ninubm !ac|{njnum ni n|{n lm|c&)

;)5) Lci|{u~llfi kn fiumn|{u~l{~um| v pfpfnikm|

Ni{un =66> v 5441 jm fipnu|fi tejflm ni nkflfc| |n am g~j{ftjflmkc tcu lfilc v jm kn jm fibnifnum

lfpfj tcu l~m{uc) Kni{uc kn n|{m j{fgm* jm lci|{u~llfi kn fiumn|{u~l{~um nuucpfmufm am |~t~n|{c nj

55. kn jm fipnu|fi {c{mj v jm kn lmuun{num| v pm| ~uemim| am untun|ni{mkc nj ;4.) N|{m| lfum| kmi

@ml{cun|nqtjflm{fpc| knjm npcj~lfi knjm fi{ni|fkmkninub{flm

;


12/16

~im fknm knj filungni{c kn jm kngmikm kn gm{nufmjn| m|clfmkc| m jm lci|{u~llfi) Ni l~mi{c m jm|

pfpfnikm|* ni nj tnuckc lci|fknumkc |n am filungni{mkc g~v |fbiflm{fpmgni{n nj tmu}~n nqf|{ni{n)

Jm luf|f| ni jm lci|{u~lllfi* }~n lcgfnizm ni 5441* nqtjflm e~nim tmu{n kn jm unk~llfi kn jm FN m

tmu{fu kn n|n gcgni{c)

;) v 5441)

;);) Gfq kn bninumlfi njl{uflm

Jc| km{c| g~n|{umi }~n nj |nl{cu njl{uflc am |fkc un|tci|mejn kn ~im e~nim tmu{n kn jm gnocum kn jm

FN ni nj tnuckc mimjfzmkc) N|{c |n knen m jm ~nu{n tnin{umlfi knj bm| im{~umj* }~n tm|m knj 5. kn jm

bninumlfi ni =66> mj . ni

5441) Jm kngmikm kn njnl{uflfkmk lunlf ~i 12. tnuc jc| lci|~gc| kn ninubm tufgmufm |cjc jc aflfnuci

ni ~i 5>.) Nj mc 5440 n| n|tnlfmjgni{n jjmgm{fpc tcu |nu ~i jm mtcu{mlfi kn jm ninubm afku~jflm?

kmkc }~n n|{m ~ni{n ninub{flm {fnin ~im nlfnilfm knj =44. |nbi jm| lcipnilfcin| n|{mk|{flm|* jm

gnocum kn jm FN ni nj |nl{cu njl{uflc ~n ni{ciln| g~v tuci~ilfmkm)

;)>) Tunlfc| ninub{flc|

Jm npcj~lfi kn jc| tunlfc| kn jc| lmue~umi{n| tmum m~{cgclfi v knj bm| im{~umj {mgefi mv~kmi m

ni{niknu jm npcj~lfi kn jm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm n|tmcjm* n|tnlfmjgni{n m tmu{fu kn 5440)

Ni{un |nt{fngeun kn 544> v gmuzc kn 5440 jc| tunlfc| knj bm| tmum nj |nl{cu fik~|{ufmj m~gni{muci

~i


13/16

Ni nj Bulc 0 |n g~n|{um jm npcj~lfi kn jc| fikflmkcun| }~n untun|ni{mi jc| ml{cun| kn|luf{c| ni

ikfln lci em|n =66>) Lcgc jm pmufmlfi kn jm mtcu{mlfi knj bm| v jm| ninubm| unicpmejn| m jm bnin'

umlfi kn njnl{uflfkmk n| {mi bumikn !|n g~j{ftjflmi tcu 54 v tcu =5* un|tnl{fpmgni{n&* mj fb~mj }~n jm

fipnu|fi tejflm ni fiumn|{u~l{~um| !|n g~j{ftjflm tcu ;&* ic |n g~n|{umi ni nj bulc)

Nj mijf|f| tun|ni{mkc ni n|{n ficugn |ceun jm

npcj~lfi kn jm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm v |~| ml{c'

un| nqtjflm{fpc| cunln fi{nun|mi{n| tf|{m| |ceun

jm| tc|fejn| tcj{flm| tejflm| }~n t~nkni mtjflmu'

|n tmum ml{~mu |ceun nj lunlfgfni{c kn jm kngmikm ninub{flm) Tcj{flm| }~n* ni ~i |ni{fkc g| mgtjfc*ami kn fi{nutun{mu|n lcgc gnkfc tmum lci|nb~fu jc| ceon{fpc| kn m~gni{c kn jm |nb~ufkmk ninub{flm*

unk~llfi kn ngf|fcin| lci{mgfimi{n|* c kf|gfi~lfi kn jm ml{~um ninub{flm)

Nj ficugn fkni{flm lcgc tufilftmjn| un|tci|mejn| kn jm npcj~lfi inbm{fpm kn jm FN n|tmcjm !m|

lcgc kn |~ tc|{nufcu gnocum kn|kn 5440&?

Jm n|{u~l{~um nlcigflm* ni tmu{fl~jmu jm lci|{u~llfi kn pfpfnikm| n fiumn|{u~l{~um|

Jm kngmikm un|fknilfmj !filj~fkc nj {umi|tcu{n tufpmkc&

Nj gfq kn bninumlfi njl{uflm Jc| tunlfc| ninub{flc|

C{uc| ml{cun|* lcgc jm ljfgm{cjcbm c jm afkum~jflfkmk* }~nkmi npfkni{ngni{n ~num knj mjlmiln

kn jm| tcj{flm| tejflm|) Ic ce|{mi{n* ni jm gnkfkm ni }~n nj lmgefc ljfg{flc t~nkn {ninu lci|n'

l~nilfm| inbm{fpm| |ceun n|{c| m|tnl{c| ni N|tmm* ameu umzcin| }~n o~|{f}~ni jm fi{nupnilfi

tejflm ni n|{n lmgtc)

Nj n|{~kfc ic am |fkc lmtmz kn fkni{flmu nnl{c| kn kn|jclmjfzmlfi gnkfmi{n nj lcgnulfc fi{nuim'

lfcimj* if |i{cgm| ljmuc| kn |m{~umlfi ni nj lci|~gc un|fknilfmj* }~n t~nkmi lci{ufe~fu m nqtjflmu

jm npcj~lfi kn jm FN) [mgtclc |n ce|nupm ni N|tmm }~n jm lci{ufe~lfi knj lci|~gc un|fknilfmj

emon mj m~gni{mu jm uni{m* m~i}~n | |n ce|nupm ~i m~gni{c knj {umi|tcu{n v ~im emomkm knj lci|~gc

ninub{flc kn jm fik~|{ufm)

Bu`lc 0) Npcj~lfi kn ml{cun| kn{nugfimi{n| kn jm npcj~lfi kn jm FN


Lcilj~|fcin| vunlcgnikmlfcin|>


14/16

N|{c| ml{cun| kn{nugfimi jm| tcj{flm| m mtjflmu tmum unk~lfu jm kngmikm kn ninubm ni N|tmm* |fnikc

n|tnlfmjgni{n unlcgnikmejn?

Kfufbfu jm ml{fpfkmk nlcigflm amlfm ml{fpfkmkn| kn mj{c pmjcu mmkfkc v emoc lci|~gc ninu'b{flc

@clmjfzmu jm| tcj{flm| kn macuuc v nlfnilfm ninub{flm ni nj |nl{cu un|fknilfmj v ni nj {umi|'tcu{n* tcu |~ bumi filfknilfm ni jm FN n|tmcjm

Lci{fi~mu ni jm |nikm ml{~mj kn filungni{c kn jm| ninubm| unicpmejn|* v kn |~|{f{~lfi knjlmuei tcu nj bm| ni jm bninumlfi njl{uflm

^{fjfzmu jc| tunlfc| ninub{flc| lcgc fi|{u~gni{c kn lci{ucj kn jm kngmikm)N| unlcgnikmejn tcinu ~i im|f| n|tnlfmj ni kc| kn n|{m| mllfcin| v kn cugm lcgefimkm? nj macuuc v

jm nlfnilfm ni nj |nl{cu un|fknilfmj v knj {umi|tcu{n* v jm ~{fjfzmlfi kn jc| tunlfc| ninub{flc|)

Jm| tcj{flm| kn macuuc v nlfnilfm ni nj |nl{cu un|fknilfmj v ni nj {umi|tcu{n |ci lcgtjnom|) Jm kf|tnu'

|fi v tn}~nc {mgmc kn jc| mbni{n|* jm tclm fi`~nilfm knj mijf|f| nlcigflc ni jm {cgm kn knlf|fc'

in|* c jm lcgtjnofkmk {nlicjbflm* amlni }~n amef{~mjgni{n nj tc{nilfmj kn macuuc ni n|{c| |nl{cun| ic

|n amvm tckfkc mtucpnlamu mknl~mkmgni{n) T~n|{c }~n jm| lmgtmm| kn lcilfnilfmlfi c nk~lmlfi

|cjc ufikni u~{c| ni nj gnkfc v jmubc tjmzc|* |ci inln|mufm| tcj{flm| g| mbun|fpm| tmum jm unk~llfi

kn jm kngmikm ni n|{c| |nl{cun|) Ic ce|{mi{n* |{m| ami kn npf{mu ni jc tc|fejn ~i nnl{c unec{n }~n

unk~lfum jm nnl{fpfkmk kn jm| gf|gm|)

^im tc|fejn |cj~lfi tmum muci{mu n|{m lcgtjnofkmk t~nkn n|{mu ni jm lcgefimlfi kn fi|{u~gni{c|)

Tcu ~im tmu{n* gnkfmi{n jm ~{fjfzmlfi kn jc| tunlfc| ninub{flc| lcgc |nmjn| kn jmubc tjmzc tmum jc|

lci|~gfkcun| v {mgefi tmum npf{mu nj nnl{c unec{n) Jc| tunlfc| ami {nifkc ni n|{c| j{fgc| mc|* kn

anlac* ~im ljmum fi`~nilfm ni nj lci|~gc) Tcu c{um* gnkfmi{n lkfbc| kn nkflmlfi c n}~ftmgfni{c}~n tnugf{ni m{momu g~lac| kn jc| tucejngm| kn knlf|fi ni jc| lci|~gfkcun|) V imjgni{n* gnkfmi{n

~i kn|muucjjc {nlicjbflc* n|tnlfmjgni{n ni nj {umi|tcu{n* }~n tnugf{m cunlnu |cj~lfcin| kn macuuc v

nlfnilfm m ~i lc|{n umzcimejn)

N|{m| ml{~mlfcin|* lcgc vm |n am lcgni{mkc* kneni n|{mu mlcgtmmkm| kn ~i m~gni{c kn jm tnin'

{umlfi kn ninubm| jfgtfm| ni nj gfq njl{uflc* n|tnlfmjgni{n {nifnikc ni l~ni{m jm lmkm pnz gmvcu

lci{ufe~lfi kn jm njnl{uflfkmk mj |~gfif|{uc ninub{flc* v kn ~im kfunllfi mknl~mkm kn jm n|{u~l{~um

nlcigflm knj tm|)

@fimjgni{n lmen un|mj{mu }~n jm npcj~lfi tc|f{fpm kn jm fi{ni|fkmk ninub{flm* nqtnufgni{mkm ni N|'

tmm ni jc| j{fgc| mc|* ic knen fipf{mu m jm lcgtjmlnilfm) [ckmpm amv ~i fgtcu{mi{n lmgfic tcuunlcuunu tmum mtucqfgmuic| m jc| ifpnjn| n~uctnc|) Ni {ckc lm|c* n|{m npcj~lfi ic| g~n|{um }~n ~i

lmgefc ni jm {niknilfm kn jm kngmikm kn ninubm n| tc|fejn |f |n mtjflmi jm| tcj{flm| mknl~mkm|)

N|{n ficugn am tun{nikfkc lci{ufe~fu m jm fkni{flmlfi kn jm| gf|gm|) Macum n| inln|mufm jm pcj~i{mk

tcj{flm* o~i{c m ~i e~ni kf|nc unb~jm{cufc* tmum tcinujm| ni tul{flm)


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Kc~{cu Lmkmpmj* 5 '

Análisis de la evolución de la intensidad energética en España(Es)/ Analysis of the evolution of...

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Transcript of Análisis de la evolución de la intensidad energética en España(Es)/ Analysis of the evolution of...