Anteproyecto de Polilla

7/23/2019 Anteproyecto de Polilla

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UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL DE BOLIVAR

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS RECURSOS

NATURALES Y DEL AMBIENTE

ESCUELA DE INGENIERIA AGRONÓMICA

ANTEPROYECTO DE TESIS

TEMA:

VALIDADCIÓN DE ALTERNATIVAS TECNOLÓGICAS PARA REDUCIR EL

DAÑO DE POLILLAS (Tecia solanivora opertutela) EN TUBERCULOS

SEMILLAS DE PAPA ( Solanum tuberosum) EN EL BARRIO SAN ANTONIO,

CANTON SAN MIGUEL, PROVINCIA BOLIVAR.

AUTOR.

......................................................................................

DIRECTOR DE ANTEPROYECTO DE TESIS:

ING. AGR. .................................................................

GUARANDA _ ECUADOR

2011



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CONTENIDO

I. INTRODUCCIÓN.

II. JUSTIFICACIÓN.

III. OBJETIVOS.

IV. HIPÓTESIS.

V. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA.

VI. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS.

VII. BIBLIOGRAFÍA.

ANEXOS.

I. INTRODUCCIÓN.

La p!"!!a #$a%&'a!%&(a )& !a papa* +Tecia solanivora opertutela), &, $-a )& !a,



p/"-("pa!&, p!a#a, 0$& a%a(a a &,%& %$/($! &- C&-%/ A'/"(a* V&-&3$&!a*

C!'"a* E($a)/ 4 5!%"'a'&-%&* &- !a, I,!a, Ca-a/"a. E,%a p!a#a &, $- /"&,#

p%&-("a! pa/a !, )&'6, pa7,&, 0$& ($!%"8a- papa. +Ga!!&#, 4 S$0$"!!* 199:;.

La ('&/("a!"3a("<- )& !, %$/($!, =a >a("!"%a) !a ("/($!a("<- )& !a p!a#a 4 &!

p,%&/"/ &,%a!&("'"&-% )& !a '",'a. P/ &!!* >$& -&(&,a/" /&8",a/ &! 'a/(

!&#a! )& !a, p!7%"(a, >"%,a-"%a/"a, )& 8a/", pa7,&, &- $- p/"'&/ %a!!&/ )&

p/&8&-("<- +&- P&/5; 4 C-%/! +&- E($a)/ 4 C!'"a; (-%/a +Tecia

solanivora opertutela), /&a!"3a) &- L"'a. P&/5 &- ,&p%"&'/& )& 2??1.

La p!"!!a #$a%&'a!%&(a ( Tecia solanivora opertututela)* &, $-a p!a#a 0$& )7a a)7a a)0$"&/& 'a4/ "'p/%a-("a pa/a !, p/)$(%/&, )& papa* (a$,a-) )a@,

)&8a,%a)/&, a ,$, ($!%"8, 4 a'&-a3a-) ,&/"a'&-%& ,$ (apa(")a) )& !#/a/ $-

'&)" )& 8")a ,,%&-"!&. +V&!6,0$&3* 2??2 M-%&,)&(a* 2??;

La Tecia solanivora "-#/&,< a !a p/8"-("a )&! Ca/(=" &- 199:* a %/a8, )& $-a

"'p/%a("<- )& ,&'"!!a - (&/%">"(a)a p/8&-"&-%& )& C!'"a. E- &,& '",'

a@ ,& "-"("< &! &,%$)" )& )",%/"$("<- #&#/6>"(a* '&)"a-%& %/a'pa, (->&/'-a ,&$a!* (->"/'6-),& !a p/&,&-("a 4 >6("! a)ap%a"!")a) )& !a p!a#a &-

!$#a/&, (- a!%"%$)&, )&,)& 2? a 1?? '.,.-.'. +Ga!!&#, 4 S$0$"!!* 199:;.

E! %$/($! )& papa +Solanum tuberosum;* &, $- )& !, >a(%/&, )& 'a4/

"'p/%a-("a pa/a !a p/)$(("<- a#/7(!a. U-a ,&'"!!a )& $&-a (a!")a) a$'&-%a !a

p/)$(("<-* p/)$(%"8")a) 4 p%"'"3a &! $, )& "-,$', )&") a $-a 'a4/

$-">/'")a) )& &'&/#&-("a 4 8"#/ )& p!a-%a,. +V&!6,0$&3* 2??2 M-%&,)&(a*2??;.

E! ($!%"8 )& !a papa ,& '$!%"p!"(a 8&#&%a%"8a'&-%& a %/a8, )& %$/($!,,&'"!!a*

&,%a >/'a )& '$!%"p!"(a("<- &, $-a 8&-%aa 4a 0$& p&/'"%& 'a-%&-&/ !a,

(a/a(%&/7,%"(a, )& !a 8a/"&)a)* p&/ %a'"- p$&)& ,&/ $- 8&=7($! pa/a !a

)",&'"-a("<- )& p!a#a, 4 &->&/'&)a)&,. E! %$/($!,&'"!!a )&& p,&&/ $&-a,

(-)"("-&, #&-%"(a,* >7,"(a,* >","!<#"(a, 4 ,a-"%a/"a, pa/a /&p/)$("/ p!a-%a,.



+V&!6,0$&3* 2??2 M-%&,)&(a* 2??;.

+INIAPDICYT J&8a--" S$0$"!!;* =a ,&@a!a) 0$& ,& =a #&-&/a) $-a

a!%&/-a%"8a "!<#"(a pa/a ('a%"/ a !a p!"!!a )& !a papa* $- %/aa )&,a//!!a)

&- !a p/8"-("a )& Ca/(=". S&#5- S$0$"!! &,%& -$&8 p/)$(% &, >/$% )& !a

"-8&,%"#a("<- /&a!"3a)a (- &! ap4 )& /#a-",', "-%&/-a("-a!&, (' !a

M(-"#=% 4* &- ($'p!"'"&-% )& !a p!7%"(a )&! INIAP* 0$& ,& /"&-%a a #&-&/a/

%&(-!#7a, 0$& ,&a- a'"#a!&, (- &! a'"&-%& 4 - %<"(a, pa/a !, ,&/&,

=$'a-, p$&,* &! a($!a 8"/$, &, $- p/)$(% "!<#"( 0$& ,& ap!"(a a !a ,&'"!!a

)& papa 4 (-%/!a a !a p!"!!a &- ,$ &,%a) !a/8a!.

II. !USTIFICACIÓN

La, !a/8a, )& !a p!"!!a )a@a- !, %$/($!, &- (a'p 4 a!'a(- &,%, ,& =a(&-



a'a/#, & "-,&/8"!&, pa/a (-,$' ,&'"!!a. P/ &,%a /a3<- !a &,%/a%&#"a )&

(-%/! &,%6 /"&-%a)a a 'a-%&-&/ !a p!a#a &- p!a("-&, aa,* p/&8&-"/ &! )a@ 4

&8"%a/ !a '"#/a("<- )& !a p!a#a )&! (a'p a! a!'a(- 4 )&! a!'a(- a! (a'p. U-

p/#/a'a )& &,%/a%&#"a, "-%&#/a '&)")a, )& (-%/! ($!%$/a!* &%!<#"(* "!<#"( 4

0$7'"( +PALACIOS 199K;. E! p/&,&-%& &,%$)" &,%6 /"&-%a) a $- (-%/!

"!<#"( &- a!'a(-.

La p!"!!a )& !a papa &, $-a p!a#a 0$& (a$,a #/a-)&, p/)")a, &(-<'"(a, a !,

p/)$(%/&, )& papa a>&(%a),* )a@a-) ,&8&/a'&-%& !, %$/($!, &- &! (a'p

=a,%a &- $- ?* (-,&($&-%&'&-%& )",'"-$4&-) ,$ (a!")a) 4 a(aa-)

%%a!'&-%& (- !, %$/($!, 0$& ,& &-($&-%/a- &- a!'a(&-a'"&-%.

La p!a#a !!&#a (- >a("!")a) a !, (a'p, )& !, a#/"($!%/&, %/a-,p/%a)a )&-%/

)& !, %$/($!,,&'"!!a &- >/'a )& =$&8* !a/8a p$pa 4 a! ,&/ $- !&p")<p%&/

&! a)$!% ,& )&,p!a3a &- &! 6/&a ("/($-)a-%& '$!%"p!"(6-),& 4 )">$-)"-),&

/6p")a'&-%& &- %)a !a 3-a.

P/ ,&/ $-a p!a#a -$&8a &- !a 3-a =a4 )&,(-("'"&-% )& !, a#/"($!%/&, ,/&,$, (a/a(%&/7,%"(a,* ('p/%a'"&-% 4 (-%/!* p/ ! 0$& ,& %'a- !a, '&)")a,

a)&($a)a, pa/a &! 'a-& )&! ($!%"8 a>&(%a) /&($//"&-) a !a $%"!"3a("<-

"-%&-,"8a )& "-,&(%"(")a, 0$7'"(,* 0$& p-& &- #/a8& /"&,# !a ,a!$) )& !,

a#/"($!%/&,* ,$, >a'"!"a, 4 &! a'"&-%&. A)&'6, )& /&a!"3a/ p/6(%"(a, "-a)&($a)a,

a! 'a-&a/ %$/($!, a>&(%a), (' aa-)-a/!, &- !, (a'"-, %a/!, &-

!a, 0$&/a)a,* (-%/"$4&- a "-(/&'&-%a/ !a p!a("<- 4 )",&'"-a("<- )& !a p!a#a.

Pa/a >/&-a/ !a p/pa#a("<- )& &,%& p/!&'a ,& )&& &'p/&-)&/ a(("-&,

"-'&)"a%a, )a)a !a 'a#-"%$) )&! )a@ 0$& (a$,a* pa/a ! ($a! ,& =a(& -&(&,a/"

&'p!&a/ %&(-!#7a, a &! &->0$& )& 'a-& "-%&#/a) )& p!a#a, 0$& a '6, )&

a4$)a/ a! (-%/! )& !a p!a#a (-%/"$4a a )",'"-$"/ !a (-%a'"-a("<- p/

p/)$(%, 0$7'"(

E- -$&,%/ pa7, !a %/a-,>&/&-("a )& $-a %&(-!#7a a! a#/"($!%/ ,& =a &'p!&a) &!

,",%&'a (-8&-("-a! "'p!"(a-) $-a %/a-,>&/&-("a 8&/%"(a!* &- !a ($a! ,&



:

(-,")&/a a! a#/"($!%/ (' $- /&(&p%/ pa,"8 0$& )&& ,&/ !!&-a) (-

/&('&-)a("-&, ,!$("-&, pa/a ,$, p/!&'a, &- 8",%a )& !a "-&>"(a("a )& &,%&

')&!* p/p-&', (a'"a/ =a("a $-a '&%)!#7a pa/%"("pa%"8a.

III. OB!ETIVOS.



K

".1 O#$%&' G%*%+-.

• Va!")a/ !a, a!%&/-a%"8a, %&(-!<#"(a, pa/a /&)$("/ &! )a@ )& !a, p!"!!a,

( Tecia solanivora opertututela )* &- %$/($!,,&'"!!a, )& papa.

".2 O#$%&' E/%'.

• A-a!"3a/ %)a !a "->/'a("<- /&(p"!a)a.

• D&%&/'"-a/ !a '&/ a!%&/-a%"8a %&(-!#7a, pa/a /&)$("/ )a@, &-

%$/($!,,&'"!!a,.

• R&)$("/ &! -"8&! )& )a@ (a$,a) p/ !a p!"!!a )& !a papa &- !a,

('$-")a)&, )& !a, 3-a, pap&/a,.

• R&a!"3a/ %/a-,>&/&-("a )& %&(-!#7a a %/a8, )& $- )7a )& (a'p.

• D&%&/'"-a/ !a /&!a("<- B&-&>"(" C,%.



VI. 3IPÓTESIS.

• C- $-a &,%/a%&#"a )& !a, a!%&/-a%"8a, %&(-!<#"(a, '&)"a-%& p$!"(")a)

+D7a )& (a'p (- a#/"($!%/&,;* ,& &>&(%"8"3a/6 &! (-("'"&-% )& !a

p/&8&-("<- 4 (-%/! )& !a p!"!!a #$a%&'a!%&(a +T. solanivora opertulella;

&- %$/($!,,&'"!!a.



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V. REVICIÓN DE LITERATURA.

4.1. E- C5/-%$ 6% - P-'-- 6% - P/.

E! ('p!& )& !a, p!"!!a, )& papa* &,%6 (->/'a) p/ %/&, &,p&("&, )& !a

>a'"!"a G&!&(="")a& +L&p")p%&/a; P. operculella, T. solanivora y S. plaesiosema.

E,%a, p!"!!a, $-% a! #$,a- !a-( +P/&'-%/4p&, 8/a; /&p/&,&-%a &- !a

a(%$,!")a) $- )& !a, p!a#a, '6, p&!"#/,a, pa/a &! ($!%"8 )& !a papa &- &! E($a)/

+Ba//a#6- 4 (!.* 2??;.

S! &- &! a@ 2??2* (T. solanivora) (a$,< : '"!!-&, )& )<!a/&, &- p/)")a, &- !a p/8"-("a )&! Ca/(=" +P!&% 4 Ba//a#6-* 2??;.

La, !a/8a, )& &,%a >a'"!"a #&-&/a!'&-%& ,- >"%<>a#a, p&/ ,$&!&- 8a/"a/ &-

=6"%,. A!#$-a, ,- '"-a)/a, )& =a, %a!!,. O%/a, =a(&- #a!&/7a, &- !,

#/a-, (Sitotroga cerilla) %$($!, (e. g T, solanivora). U-a, p(a, >/'a-

a#a!!a, (e.g Gnorismochema sp) ,- ,a-)$(=&/, (e.g Pectinophora

gossypiella) +T/"p!&=' 4 J=-,-* 2??;.

La >a'"!"a G&!&(="")a&* %"&-& a'p!"a )",%/"$("<- &- &! '$-). S$, a)$!%, ,-

'"(/!&p")p%&/, )& (!/ 'a//<- #/", (!a/. E! pa!p !a"a! &,%a /&($/8a)

=a("a a//"a (- &! %&/(&/ ,&#'&-% )",%a! !a/# +p$)"&-) ,&/ '$4 (/%a, &-

a!#$-a, &,p&("&,; 4 %&/'"-a) &- p$-%a. La, a!a, a-%&/"/&, ,- !a-(&!a)a, 4 '6,

a-#,%a, 0$& !a, p,%&/"/&,* 0$& ,- %/ap&3")a!&, (- &! 'a/#&- &%&/-

#&-&/a!'&-%& ,"-$, &'a/#"-a) a )&! 6p"(& +Ga!8&, 4 V"!!a* 19K;.

E- &! (a, )& !a, p!"!!a, )& !a papa* !a (->$,"<- &- !a ")&-%">"(a("<- )& P.

operculella, T. solanivora 4 S. plaesiosema &, !a a,& )&! )&,(-("'"&-% )&!

&,%a) a(%$a! )& &,%a, p!a#a, &- &! E($a)/ )-)& !a, %/&, &,p&("&, &,%6- p/&,&-%&,.

P/ (-,"#$"&-%&* !a, p/6(%"(a, )& (-%/! p$&)&- ,&/ "-a)&($a)a, )&") a !a

"!#7a )">&/&-%& )& (a)a &,p&("& +Ba//a#6-* 2??;.



11

4.2.1. B'-8.

E! a)$!% )& T. solanivora &, $-a p!"!!a )& (!/ pa/) ,($/ a #/", 0$& p/&,&-%a

&- !a, a!a, a-%&/"/&, $-a, !7-&a, #/$&,a, !-#"%$)"-a!&, 0$& ,& "-%&//$'p&- &- !a

3-a '&)"a* &- )-)& ,& )",%"-#$& $- p$-% -&#/ '$4 'a/(a). P$&)& a!(a-3a/

! 1. '' )& &-8&/#a)$/a a!a/ +Ba//a#6-* 2??;.

S& =a (-,%a%a) 0$& &",%& $- )&'a/(a) )"'/>",' ,&$a! /&!a("-a) (- &!

%a'a@ )&! a)$!% 4 ,$ (!/a("<- !a =&'/a &, '6, #/a-)& 0$& &! 'a(=

+H&//&/a* 199;. La )$/a("<- )&! ("(! "!<#"( &,%6 &- >$-("<- )& !a %&'p&/a%$/a.

E! %"&'p 0$& &,%a p!"!!a p&/'a-&(& &- !, &,%a), "-'a)$/, p$)& !!&#a/ a + 1* ; )7a, a 2? ?C. A $-a %&'p&/a%$/a )& 1? ?C !a p$pa - !!&#a a ($'p!"/ ,$

("(!. L$&# )& &'&/#&/ )&! =$&8* !a, !a/8a, )& &,%a p!"!!a pa,a- p/ ($a%/

&,%a), "-%&/'&)",. La, !a/8a, /&("- &'&/#")a, ,- )& (!/ !a-(* '")"&-)

ap/"'a)a'&-%& )& 1* '' )& !-#"%$). C$a-) ,& "-"("a &! $!%"' &,%a)* !a

!a/8a 8a/7a )& (!/a("<- a 8&/)$,(a a'a/"!!&-%a =a,%a 0$& >"-a!'&-%& a-%&, )&

aa-)-a/ &! %$/($!* %'a $-a (!/a("<- /,a)a (- %-a!")a)&, 8"!6(&a, &-

&! )/, +Ba//a#6-* 199 T//&,* 199 H&//&/a* 199;.

4.2.2. C5/+&5'%*&.

E! a)$!% )& T. solanivora %"&-& a(%"8")a) -(%$/-a. S$ 8$&! &, (/%* a /a, )&!

,$&!. E,%a &,p&("& ('5-'&-%& ,& p,a ,/& &! ,$&!* )&a )& !a, =a,* &-%/&

!a, #/"&%a, &-%/& !, ,a(, )& papa &- !, a!'a(&-&,. E- &! (a'p ,& !(a!"3a- &-

!, /)&, )& !, ($!%"8, 4 ,& #$a/&(&- a &! >!!a&* 'a!a, ="&/a, a/$,%,+Pa!a(",* 199K;. E! a%a0$& )& &,%a p!a#a p$&)& ,&/ %a-% &- (a'p (' &-

a!'a(&-a'"&-%* /&(-("-),& =a,%a &! ''&-% 0$& &! %$/($! )& papa &, &!

5-"( =,p&)&/ )& &,%a p!"!!a +T//&,* 199;. La !a/8a ,& a!"'&-%a "-"("a!'&-%&

&-("'a )& !a p"&! )&! %$/($!* a/a !$&# a//&-a/ '6, p/>$-)a'&-%& 4 >/'a/

#a!&/7a, ,"-$,a, +T//&,* 199;. La, =&/")a, (a$,a)a, p/ !a, !a/8a, /&,$!%a- &- &!

&-(#"'"&-% )&! %$/($! p/ &! "-(/&'&-% )& !a %/a-,p"/a("<- & "->&(("<-

,&($-)a/"a p/ '"(//#a-",',* ! 0$& p/8(a p/)")a )& p&, 4 (a!")a) )& !,



12

'",', +Ra'a-* 19?;.

4.". L P-'-- A*6'* (S. plaesiosema)

S. plaesiosema >$& )&,(/"%a /"#"-a!'&-%& )& A$,%/a!"a &- 1919* p,%&/"/'&-%&

>$& ("%a)a &- Ca!">/-"a &- 19K 4 P&/5 &- 191 +Va!&-("a* 19;. L, p/"'&/,

/&p/%&, )& ,$ p/&,&-("a &- &($a)/ ,- )& 2??1 +Ba//a#6-* 2??;. A(%$a!'&-%&

&,%a &,p&("& &, %7p"(a )&! 6/&a a-)"-a 4 ,& &-($&-%/a %a'"- &- P&/5. B!"8"a 4

C!'"a +Pa!a("* 199K;.

4.".1. B'-8

La )$/a("<- )&! ("(! "!<#"( )& S. plaesiosema &,%6 %a'"- &- >$-("<- )& !a

%&'p&/a%$/a. La !a/8a p&/'a-&(& &- &! %$/($! )& :? + 2; )7a, +2? ?C; a 22: +

1; )7a, +1? ? C;. S& !& p$&)& /&(-(&/ >6("!'&-%& p/0$& ($a-) !a p!"!!a &,%6

&- p,"("<- )& /&p,* !a, a!a, a-%&/"/&, '$&,%/a- !a, p$-%a, )& (!/ 'a//<-

(!a/ (- $-a 'a-(=a %/"a-#$!a/ )& (!/ -&#/ &- !a pa/%& '&)"a. E! a)$!%

a!(a-3a !, 1:* '' )& &-8&/#a)$/a a!a/ +Va!&-("a* 19 Ba//a#6-* 2??;. La!a/8a p/&,&-%a ("-( "-,%a/&,. E- &! p/"'&/ "-,%a/ '")& 1 '' )& !-#"%$) (- $-a

(!/a("<- !a-(a (/&',a. D&! ,&#$-) a! 0$"-% "-,%a/ p/&,&-%a ("-( >/a-a,

!-#"%$)"-a!&, / p5/p$/a* %/&, )/,a!&, 4 ), !a%&/a!&,. E! 8"&-%/& &, 8&/)&

"-%&-,. E- &! $!%"' "-,%a/ a!(a-3a !, 1 '' )& !-#"%$) +Ba//a#6-* 2??;.

4.".2. C5/+&5'%*&.

E! a)$!% )& S. plaesiosema %"-& a(%"8")a) -(%$/-a. E- &! a!'a(- ,& /&>$#"a &-

!$#a/&, ,($/, 4 &- &! (a'p ,& ($!%a &-%/& &! >!!a& (&/(a )&! ,$&! +A-)/&Q 4

(!* 1999* Ba//a#6-* 2??;. La, !a/8a, )& &,%a p!"!!a a//&-a- !, %a!!, a>&(%a-)

&! >!$ )& ,a8"a &- !a, p!a-%a, 4 =a(&- #a!&/7a, "//&#$!a/&, &- !, %$/($!, %a-%

&- (a'p (' &- a!'a(&-a'"&-% +A-)/&Q* 1999;.



1

4.9. L /-'-- 6% - P/ (P. operculella)

P. operculella &, a(%$a!'&-%& $-a &,p&("& )& )",%/"$("<- (,'p!"%a 0$& ,&

/"#"-< &- !a A'/"(a, +Va!&-("a* 19;. E, a(%$a!'&-%& !a &,p&("& )& '6, a'p!"a

)",%/"$("<- a -"8&! '$-)"a!* ,& !& &-($&-%/a &- %)a, !a 3-a )& A'/"(a* E$/pa*

>/"(a* A,"a 4 A$,%/a!"a )-)& ,& ,"&'/a papa. E, $-a &,p&("& %7p"(a )& !a, 3-a,

(6!")a,* p&/ %a'"- ,& !& &-($&-%/a &- 3-a, a!%a,* (' &- &! 6/&a a-)"-a

+Pa!a("* 199K;. E- &! E($a)/ &, (-,")&/a $-a p!a#a )& aa "-%&-,")a). D$/a-%&

%/aa, /&a!"3a), &- !a, p/8"-("a, (&-%/a!&, +T$-#$/a=$a* C%pa"* B!78a/ 4

C="'/a3;* )& )&#a, 8","%a)a, &- $- p&/") )& 12 '&,&, + $-" 2??: a

J$-" 2??K; ,! $-a ,& p/&,&-%< "->&,%a("<- p/ P. operculella. D& !a '",'a'a-&/a )& 9 (a'p, 8","%a), &-%/& $-" )& 2??: 4 $-" )& 2??K* ,! $-

(a'p $"(a) &- !a p/8"-("a )& T$-#$/a=$a 8","%a) )$/a-%& !a p(a &- 0$& ,&

/&#",%/aa $-a aa p/&("p"%a("<-* p/&,&-%< $- )a@ )& '6, )&! ? &- &! >!!a&

+Da-#!&, 4 (!* ,&/ p&/,;.

4.9.1. B'-8

La )$/a("<- &- &! &,%a) !a/8a! )& P . operculella &, )& ? )7a, + ; a 2? ?C a 1??C* P. operculella - !!&#a a (-(!$"/ ,$ ("(! "!<#"(. L, a)$!%, %"&-&- &!

($&/p p!a%&a) 4 %"&-&- (&/(a )& 1 '' )& &-8&/#a)$/a. La, a!a, a-%&/"/&, ,-

)& (!/ #/", 'a//<- (- %/&, pa/&, )& p$-%a, &- !a 3-a '&)"a* 0$& a !a

)",%a-("a ,& a,&'&a- a $-a +Ba//a#6-* 2?? O/%&#a 4 F&/-6-)&3* 199;. La,

!a/8a, pa,a- p/ ($a%/ "-,%a/&,. E- &! p/"'&/ "-,%a/ '")& (&/(a )& 1 '' )&

!-#"%$) 4 p/&,&-%a $-a (!/a("<- !a-(a !&(=,a =a,%a &! %&/(&/ "-,%a/. E- &!5!%"' "-,%a/* !a !a/8a !!&#a a '&)"/ 1? ''. E, !a-0$&("-a (- %-a!")a)&,

/,a)a, +Ba//a#6-* 2??;

4.9.2. C5/+&5'%*&

C' !a, ), %/a, &,p&("&,* &,%a, p!"!!a, 8$&!a- p/"-("pa!'&-%& )$/a-%& !a

-(=&. D$/a-%& &! )7a ,& &,(-)&- a !, )&,&(=, )& ,$&!* a !a, =a, )&



1

!a, p!a-%a,. E,%a p!"!!a (a,"-a )a@, a! >!!a&* %a!!,* p&("!, 4 %$/($!,.

I-"("a!'&-%&* !a !a/8a )a@a !, /%&, %&/'"-a!&,* $-"-)!, (' ="!, )& ,&)a a!

a!"'&-%a/,& )& !a pa/%& 8&/)& )& !a, =a,* p&-&%/a 4 '"-a !, p&("!, (a$,a-)

)a@, 'a-(=a, "//&#$!a/&, %/a-,pa/&-%&,. C$a-) !a "->&,%a("<- &, a!%a* &! )a@

+(' a//&-a)/; )&"!"%a a !a, p!a-%a, =a,%a (a,"-a/* &- (a,, &%/&',* !a

'$&/%&. E- &! %$/($!* &! )a@ "-"("a! &, ,$p&/>"("a! 4 p,%&/"/'&-%& &- !a

5!%"'a >a,& )&! )&,a//!! )& !a !a/8a &, p/>$-)a +O/%&#a* 199;.

C76+ 1. D$/a("<- &- )7a, )& !, )">&/&-%&, "-,%a/&, )& !, &,%a), )& !a, %/&,

&,p&("&, )& p!"!!a (T. solonivora, P. operculella, y S. plaesiosema) a1? 4 2? ?C.

La, &,%a)7,%"(a, &,%6- (a!($!a)a, a pa/%"/ )& $-a >$-("<- )& )",%/"$("<- E/!a-#.

E/%'% I*&+ T%5/%+&7+

(0C)

P+5%6' V+'*

S.tfangolias

H$&8 1?

2?

.

1?.

.

1.La/8a 1?

2?

1?.

?.

.?

.? p$pa 1?

2?

K9.2

1.2

.2

.?

T. solanivora

H$&8 1?

2?

2.19

1?.?

2.

1.La/8a 1?

2?

K1.

2?.:

KK.?

1.P$pa 1?

2?

1K.:

1.2

P. operculella

H$&8 1?

2?

.

9.1

1.

?.1KLa/8a 1?

2?

1?:.K

.1

2?.:

1?.P$pa 1?

2?

1.?

2.1F$&-%& Da-#!&, 4 (!* 2??

;. E-8 T<+5' 6% - P-'-- 6% - P/

C' 4a ,& )" a-%&,* !a %&'p&/a%$/a &, $- >a(%/ "'p/%a-%& 0$& (-%/!a &!



1

)&,a//!! )& !a, &,p&("&, )& p!"!!a, )& !a papa. La /&,p$&,%a )">&/&-%& )& !a,

%/&, &,p&("&, a !a %&'p&/a%$/a +C$a)/ 1; ,& %/a,!a)a a !a )">&/&-%& )",%/"$("<-

a!%"%$)"-a! )& !a, %/&, &,p&("&, )& p!"!!a, +F"#$/a 1* Da-#!&, 4 (!.* 2??;. S.

plaesiosema &,%6 '&/ a)ap%a)a a !, (!"'a, >/7,* p&/ %!&/a %)a, !a,

%&'p&/a%$/a, 12 &- $- /a-# )& !, 1? a !, 2? C. P. operculella &, '6, ,&-,"!& a

!a, (-)"("-&, )& >/7 (- /&!a("<- a !a, %/a, ), &,p&("&,. T. solanivora p/&,&-%a

$- pa%/<- "-%&/'&)" &-%/& !a, %/a, ), &,p&("&, +Da-#!&, 4 (!* 2??;. E,%a

"->/'a("<- &, '$4 "'p/%a-%& pa/a &! 'a-& "-%&#/a) )& &,%a, p!a#a, p/0$&

-, p&/'"%& p/&)&("/ !a, 3-a, )-)& ,& &-($&-%/a '6, "->&,%a("<- )& ("&/%a,

&,p&("&, )& p!"!!a, 4 a,7 a)p%a/ !a, '&)")a, )& (-%/!.

=. M%6'6 E>'&%*&% P+ E'&+ %- D? /+ - P-'-- %* %- A-5<*

D$/a-%& &! '-"%/& /&a!"3a) &- 'a4 )& 2??: =a,%a $-" )& 2??K &- !a,

p/8"-("a, )& C%pa"* T$-#$/a=$a* B!78a/ 4 C="'/a3 ,& (-,%a%< 0$& &!

)a@ p/)$(") &- (a'p, &8a!$a), +N ; )-)& =a4 p/&,&-("a )& p!"!!a,

a)$!%a, &, a +ap/. K;. E- (-%/a,%&* &! )a@ ,&/8a) &- )&#a,

"->&,%a)a, p$&)& !!&#a/ &- a!#$-, (a,, a $- 1?? )& p/)")a, +Ca/p" 4 (!.*2??K O,. p&/,.;. M&)")a, ap!"(a)a, &- &! (a'p (' &! ap/0$& a!%* $, )&

,&'"!!a &- $&- &,%a) 4 $, a)&($a) )& a#/0$7'"(, =a- )&',%/a) ,&/

&>"(a(&, &- &! (-%/! )& !a p!"!!a )$/a-%& !a p&/'a-&-("a )& !a papa &- &! (a'p.

A (-%"-$a("<- ,& =a/6 $-a /&>&/&-("a a ("&/%a, &,%/a%&#"a, ,&#$")a, p/ !,

p/)$(%/&, pa/a (-%/!a/ a !a, p!"!!a, &- !a )&#a.

=.1. C*&+- @75'

L, "-,&(%"(")a, &- p!8 0$& %"&-&- (' p/"-("p" a(%"8 &! Ca/a/"! +%"p S&87-;

4 (' p/"-("p" a(%"8 &! Ma!a%="- +%"p Ma!a%="- 2 PM* Ma!a%="- ?

PM; ap!"(a), &- ,&( a $-a (-(&-%/a("<- )& p$&)&- p/%&#&/ !a ,&'"!!a )&

papa +P$'",a(= 4 S=&/Q)* 2??2;. La ap!"(a("<- )& &,%, "-,&(%"(")a, ,& /&a!"3a

&,p!8/&a-) &! p/)$(% &- (apa, >"-a, ,/& !a, papa,* %/a%a-) &- ! p,"!&

0$& (a)a %$/($! &,% ($"&/% (- &! p/)$(% +P$'",a(= 4 S=&/Q)* 2??2;.



1:

S" !a "->&,%a("<- )& !a ,&'"!!a !!&#a a 1* ,& p$&)& /&a!"3a/ $-a ap!"(a("<- )&

p/)$(%, 0$& %&-#a- (' p/"-("p" a(%"8 !a >,>a'"-a +(' p/ &&'p! &!

Ga,%7-;. S& /&('"&-)a $-a pa,%"!!a pa/a ("-( 0$"-%a!&, )& ,&'"!!a )& papa. E!

$, )& Ga,%7- &, '$4 p&!"#/,* 4 &, -&(&,a/" ,!"("%a/ a,&,/a'"&-% pa/a

ap!"(a/ &,%& '%) 4 ,&#$"/ &,%/"(%a'&-%& !, p/(&)"'"&-%, )& !a &%"0$&%a

+P$'",a(= 4 S=&/Q)* 2??2;.

D&") a! $, "-)",(/"'"-a) )& p/)$(%, 0$7'"(, pa/a &! (-%/! )& !a p!a#a* ,&

)&%&/'"-< 0$& &/a -&(&,a/" &-(-%/a/ $- p/)$(% "#$a! )& &>"("&-%&* )&! ($a! ,&

$%"!"(&- ),", aa, 4 0$& ,&a '&-, (-%a'"-a-%& a! a'"&-%& +C=a'// 4 (!.*

2??2;. S& )&& %&-&/ &- ($&-%a 0$& %), !, p!a#$"(")a, ,- %<"(, 4 ,$ 'a! $,&, p&!"#/, pa/a &! ='/&* a-"'a!&, 4 a'"&-%& +T//&,* 199;.

=.2. U 6% P-*& R%/%-%*&%

La &,%/a%&#"a pa/a &! $, )& /&p&!&-%&, (-,",%& &- )&%&-&/ a $-a p!a#a &- ,$

5,0$&)a )& $- /&($/, 8a!", +F,%&/ 4 Ha//",* 199K;. La, p!a-%a, /&p&!&-%&,

(- $%"!")a) "-,&(%"(")a ,- a0$&!!a, 0$& =a- )&,a//!!a) ,$,%a-("a, )&-'"-a)a,a!&!0$7'"(,* (' '&(a-",' )& )&>&-,a >/&-%& a! a%a0$& )& "-,&(%,. E,%,

('p$&,%, p$&)&- a(%$a/ (' a%/a4&-%&,* &,%"'$!a-%&,* %"-a,* /&p&!&-%&,

"-="")/&, )& !a a!"'&-%a("<- 4 )& !a 8"p,"("<- +Ca,%a@&/a* 199;.

E",%&- p!a-%a, 0$& %"&-&- !/&, >$&/%&, 0$& a=$4&-%a- a !a, p!"!!a,. E-%/& !a,

p!a-%a, /&p&!&-%&, %&-&', '$@a (Minthostachys mollis), &$(a!"p% (Eucalyptus

globulus)* '!!& !a-%a-a (Lantana spp.). D&&- ,&/ ,&(a)a, a ,'/a*%/"%$/a)a, 4 ap!"(a)a, &- (apa, &-%/& !, %$/($!, 4 ,/& &!!, +Pa!a(", 4 (!.*

199K;. S& p$&)&- $,a/ &- !$#a/&, )-)& - =a4 a($!8"/$, ($a-) ,& %/a%a )&

papa pa/a (-,$'.

=.". C*&+- B'-8'

E! (-%/! "!<#"( &, $- )& !, p/"-("pa!&, ('p-&-%&, )&! 'a-& "-%&#/a) 4



1K

,& )&>"-& (' !a ,$'a )& a(("-&, &'p/&-)")a, pa/a >a8/&(&/ !a a(("<- )&

pa/6,"%,* )&p/&)a)/&, 4 pa%<#&-, &- &! (-%/! )& $-a p!a#a +R(=a 4 (!.*

199?;. acillus thuringiensis I,="Qa%a 4 &! 8"/$, P. operculella #/a-$!8"/$,

P=pGV* =a- ',%/a) ("&/% "% )&-%/ )& &,%a &,%/a%&#"a )& (-%/!.

=.9. C*&+- * B. &7+'8%*' +. 7+&'

. thuringiensis &, $-a a(%&/"a #/a' p,"%"8a. La 'a4/7a )& !a a(%"8")a) )& .

thuringiensis &,%6 a,("a)a (- !a, %"-a, p/%&"-a(&a, !(a!"3a)a, &- !a,

"-(!$,"-&, pa/a,p/a!&, )&! ($&/p* %a'"- (-(")a, (' (/",%a!&,

pa/a,p/a!&,. E!!a, ,- p/)$(")a, a! ''&-% )& !a &,p/$!a("<- +La(&4 4 (!.*2??1;. U-a 8&3 )"#&/")a p/ &! "-,&(%* &,%a "-(!$,"<- (/",%a!"-a ,& ,!$"!"3a &- &!

"-%&,%"-* !"&/a-) p/%&7-a, !!a'a)a, &-)%"-a,. E,%a, p/%&7-a, ,-

a(%"8a)a, p/ !a, p/%&a,a, )&! "-%&,%"- 4 a! "-%&/a(%$a/ (- &! &p"%&!" )&!

"-%&,%"- (a$,a- $-a )",/$p("<- &- !a "-%&#/")a) )& !a '&'/a-a p/8(a-)

>"-a!'&-%& !a '$&/%& )&! "-,&(% +G"!! 4 (!.* 1992;. E- &! '&/(a) &",%&-

p/)$(%, ""-,&(%"(")a, a a,& )& . thurigensis 0$& p$&)&- ap!"(a/,& &-

a,p&/,"-&, &- &,p!8/&. La, >/'$!a("-&, ('&/("a!&, %"p D"p&!* N&Q BT2X* T$/"!a8* a,p&/a)a a !, %$/($!, a-%&, )&! a!'a(&-a'"&-% /&)$(&-

,"#-">"(a%"8a'&-%& !, )a@, +O/%&#a 4 F&/-6-)&3* 199;.

=.9. C*&+- * %- P/GV

E! P=pGV &, $- 8"/$, 0$& p&/%&-&(& a! #-&/ Granulovirus )& !a >a'"!"a

aculoviri!ae +ICTV* 2???;. E, $- 8"/$, &-%'pa%<#&- &-)'"( 0$& ,&&-($&-%/a -a%$/a!'&-%& &- !a, p!a("-&, )& p!"!!a, +Sp/!&)&/ 4 (!* 2??K;. La

p/"'&/a ,&/8a("<- )& $- 8"/$, "->&(%a-) a !a/8a, )& P. operculella ,& /&a!"3<

=a(& ? a@, &- A$,%/a!"a (- 'a%&/"a! "!<#"( p/8&-"&-%& )& S/" La-a

+S%&"-=a$, 4 Ma/,=* 19:K;. D&,p$, )& &,%* &! P=pGV =a ,") a",!a) &- 8a/"a,

pa/%&, )&! '$-) +R&&)* 19:9 B/)/4 4 P/&%/"$,* 19K Ra'a- A!(63a/*

19 /,(=&!* 199 W&))a' &% a!.* 1999; E- !a a(%$a!")a) &- pa7,&, (' P&/5*

B!"8"a* C!'"a* T5-&3 4 E#"p% &",%&- p!a-%a, )& p/)$(("<- !(a! )& &,%&



1

8"/$, pa/a ap!"(a/! &- (a'p 4 &- a!'a(&-a'"&-% +W&))a' 4 (!. 1999;. E,%&

8"/$, a(%5a (' $- "-,&(%"(")a &,%'a(a! & "->&(%a p/"-("pa!'&-%& &! ($&/p

#/a, )&! "-,&(%. P$&)& ap!"(a/,& &- >/'a !70$")a &- p!8 +O/%&#a* 199;. L,

"-,&(%, a>&(%a), p/ &! P=pGV &="&- (a'", &- ,$ (!/a("<- 4

('p/%a'"&-%. La ,$p&/>"("& )& !a !a/8a (a'"a p/#/&,"8a'&-%& a $-a

(!/a("<- '%&a)a. E,%& (a'" )& (!/ &, a('pa@a) p/ $- p/#/&,"8

)&"!"%a'"&-%* "-a(%"8")a) 4 >!a(")&3 )& !a !a/8a. E- "-)"8")$, "->&(%a),* &",%&

$-a 'a/(a)a !"0$&>a(("<- )& !, %&"), "-%&/-, )&,p$, )& !a '$&/%& +Laa/"> 4

(!* 2??;. S& ! (-,")&/a (' $- (a-)")a% p/'",/" pa/a /&&'p!a3a/ a!

(-%/! 0$7'"( )&-%/ )& $- 'a-& "-%&#/a) )& p!a#a, (-%/!a-) a P.

opercullela +Sp/!&)&/ 4 (!.* 2??;. E- 8",%a )&! "% 0$& =a- %&-") !, 8"/$,)&-%/ )& !, p/#/a'a, )& MIP 4 p/0$& &, &! &->0$& )& &,%a "-8&,%"#a("<-* ,&

=a/6 $- /&($&-% )& ! 0$& ,- !, 8"/$, &-%'pa%<#&-,* ,$ ') )& a(("<- 4

5!%"'a, "-8&,%"#a("-&, /&a!"3a)a,.

=.4. V'+7 E*&5/&8%*

La ('pa/a("<- )& !, &-%'pa%<#&-, (- !, p&,%"(")a, 0$7'"(,(-8&-("-a!&, &, 8",%a &(!$,"8a'&-%& )&,)& !a p&/,p&(%"8a )& ,$ &>"(a("a 4

(,% p&/ ($a-) !, &-&>"(", a'"&-%a!&, 0$& "-(!$4&- !a ,&#$/")a) pa/a

=$'a-, 4 %/, /#a-",', 0$& - ,- &! !a-( a &!"'"-a/* !a /&)$(("<- )& !,

/&,")$, )& !, p&,%"(")a, p/&,&-%&, &- !a ('")a & "-(/&'&-% )& !a a(%"8")a) )&

!a 'a4/7a )& !, &-&'"#, -a%$/a!&,* (-,%a%a', 0$& ,$, 8&-%aa, ,-

-$'&/,a, +La(&4 4 (!.* 2??1;.

L, &,%$)", ,/& 8"/$, 0$& a%a(a- a !, a/%/<p), ,- '$4 "'p/%a-%&, p/0$&

&",%&- a!/&)&)/ )& ??? 8"/$, 0$& %"&-&- !a (apa(")a) pa/a "->&(%a/ &,p&("&, )&

"-,&(%, )& 8a/", </)&-&, +ICTV* 2???;. M$(=a, )& &,%a, &->&/'&)a)&, ($//&-

-a%$/a!'&-%& &- "-,&(%, )& "'p/%a-("a a#/7(!a. P/ %a-%* !, 8"/$, ,- a#&-%&,

p/'",/", (' "-,&(%"(")a, "!<#"(, &- p/#/a'a, )& (-%/! +E8a-, 4

E-%Q",%!&* 19K;. L, 8"/$, ,- pa%<#&-, "-%/a(&!$!a/&, !"#a),. S& &-($&-%/a-

&- %) %"p )& /#a-",', 8"8"&-%&, 4a ,&a- P/(a/"%a, E$(a/"%a,.



19

A(%$a!'&-%& ,& (-(&- a!/&)&)/ )& ??? &,p&("&, )& 8"/$, )& "-,&(%,

&-%'8"/$, 0$& )">"&/&- a -"8&! )& &,%/$(%$/a +ICTV* 2???;. S"- &'a/#* &,

,! /&p/&,&-%a $-a >/a(("<- '7-"'a )& !a ")"8&/,")a) 8"/a! 0$& &",%&. D& =&(=

,& &,%"'a 0$& (a)a &,p&("& a(%&/"a-a* 8&#&%a! a-"'a! a!&/#a 8a/", %"p, )&

8"/$, +W&))a' 4 (!.* 2??;.

=.;. M6 6% '*

La /$%a p/"'a/"a )& "-#/&, )&! 8"/$, a! =,p&)a-%& &, !a 87a )&! %/a(% a!"'&-%"("*

&,p&("a!'&-%& pa/a !a, !a/8a, 4 !, a)$!%,. D&,p$, )& !a "-#&,%"<-* &! a!"'&-% ,&

'$&8& )"/&(%a'&-%& a! "-%&,%"- a-%&/"/ )6-),& !, ,"#$"&-%&, pa,,. La, pa/%7($!a, 8"/a!&, 0$& !!&#a/- a! "-%&,%"- '&)" )& !a, !a/8a, ,& )",$&!8&- p/ !a

a(("<- )&! $# )"#&,%"8 a!%a'&-%& a!(a!"- +pH )& 9. a 11.;* /&,$!%a-) &- !a

!"&/a("<- )& !a pa/%7($!a 8"/a! 8"/"<- ! ($a! (-,%"%$4& !a "->&(("<- p/"'a/"a.

E,%a pa/%7($!a 8"/a! ,& >$,"-a (- !a '&'/a-a )& !a, (!$!a, )& !a, '"(/

8&!!,")a)&, )&! "-%&,%"- 4 !, -$(!&(6p,"), p&-&%/a- &- &! ("%p!a,'a )& !a,

(!$!a, )-)& ,& )&,p/&-)& !a (6p,")& 4 ,& !"&/a &! ADN 4 ('"&-3a !a/&p!"(a("<- )&! 8"/$,. La p/#&-"& )&! 8"/$, ,& !"&/a &- &! =&'(&! 4 pa,a )& $-a

(!$!a a %/a* (-8"/%"&-) a! "-,&(% &- $- ,a( )& 8"/$, +L&($-a* 199 E8a-, 4

E-%Q",%!&* 19K;.

=.=. U-&'5 I*%&'8'*% S#+% %- U 6% '+7 E*&5/&8%* P+ %-

C*&+- 6% - P-'-- 6% - P/

E- S$/ A'/"(a !a 'a4/7a )& !, (&-%/, )& "-8&,%"#a("<- ,& =a- )&)"(a) a

%/aaa/ 5-"(a'&-%& (- &! a($!8"/$, P=pGV +Sp/!&)&/ 4 (!.* 2??

Sp/!&)&/* 2?? S%&! 4 (!.* 2??2 C/"3"&/ 4 (!.* 2??1;. E- &! !a/a%/" )&

B"0$7'"(a )& !a P-%">"("a U-"8&/,")a) Ca%<!"(a )&! E($a)/ +PUCE; &-

a,("a("<- (- &! I-,%"%$% >/a-(, )& I-8&,%"#a("<- pa/a &! D&,a//!! +IRD; ,&

&,%6- !!&8a-) a (a 8a/", !7-&a, )& "-8&,%"#a("<- a(&/(a )&! $, )& 8"/$,

&-%'pa%#&-, pa/a &! (-%/! )& !a, %/&, p!"!!a, )& !a papa* &,p&("a!'&-%& T.



2?

solanivora 4 S. plaesiosema p/ ! ($a! &",%&- p(, &,%$)",. E,%a,

"-8&,%"#a("-&, "-(!$4&- #/a-)&, !7-&a, 1; B"p/,p&(("<- )& 8"/$,

&-%'pa%<#&-, +W&))a' 4 (!. 2??;* 2; Ca/a(%&/"3a("<- '!&($!a/ 4

$!%/a&,%/$(%$/a! )& 8"/$, &-%'pa%<#&-, +C=&8a,(* 2??:;* ; Ca/a(%&/"3a("<-

"!<#"(a )& !, 8"/$, &-%'pa%<#&-, +O/&* 2??:;* ; D&,a//!! )&

>/'$!a("-&, )& "p&,%"(")a,.

U- )& !, 'a4/&, a8a-(&, a!(a-3a), &, &! )&,($/"'"&-% )& $- -$&8 8"/$,

&-%'pa%#&- a! 0$& ,& !& =a !!a'a) A-(="!"" )&") a 0$& >$& &-(-%/a) &-

!a/8a, )& T. solanivora &- !a 3-a )& A-(="!""* (a-%<- Sa!(&)* p/8"-("a )&

C%pa" +C=&8a,( 4 (!.* 2??:;. E,%& 8"/$, - &, (!$"). T"&-& $-a (6p,")& )&2 -a-<'&%/, )& )"6'&%/ 0$& ,& &-($&-%/a (->/'a) p/ %/&, p/%&7-a, )&

p&,, '!&($!a/&, )& 91* 4 K "!)a!%-, +C=&8a,(* 2??:;.

S$ #&-'a &,%6 (-,%"%$") p/ %/&, >/a#'&-%, )& ARN )& (a)&-a ,"'p!& &-%/&

* 2*K 4 1*K "!a,&,. E! p/&,&-%& %/aa &, pa/%& )& $-a ,&/"& )&

"-8&,%"#a("-&, 0$& ,& &->(a- &- p/a/ !a &>"("&-("a )& 8a/", &-%'8"/$, pa/a

(-%/!a/ a !a, p!"!!a, )& !a papa +T. solanivora 4 S. plaesiosema; &- (-)"("-&,)& (a'p 4 )& ('pa/a/!&, (- 8a/", p/)$(%, &",%&-%&, &- &! '&/(a).

=.. U 6%- V'+7 G+*7-' ( Baculovirus phthorimaeae) /+ // 6%

*75 // 6% %5'--.

E! 8"/$, )& + aculovirus phthorimaeae; ,& p$&)& '$!%"p!"(a/ &- >/'a ,&-("!!a

+CIP. 1992; 4 >/'$!a/ pa/a ,&/ ap!"(a) &- >/'a !70$")a 4 &- p!8 +'&,(!a-)(- %a!(;* ,& !& $,a p/"-("pa!'&-%& pa/a p/%&#&/ %$/($!, &- a!'a(-. La

>/'$!a("<- !70$")a &, pa/a %$/($!, )& (-,$' 4 !a >/'$!a("<- &- p!8 pa/a

papa,&'"!!a. E! 8"/$, 0$&)a &- !a ,$p&/>"("& )&! %$/($! 4 )&& ,&/ "-#&/") p/

!a, !a/8a, )& !a p!"!!a. N (-%/!a !a/8a, 0$& 4a ,& &-($&-%/a- &- &! "-%&/"/ )& !a

)&! %$/($!. E! %/a%a'"&-% )&& =a(&/,& ,/& %$/($!, ,a-, ! '6, p/-%

p,"!&. S$ $%"!"3a("<- &- &! (a'p &, '6, /&,%/"-#")a* )&") a ,$ &,(a,a

p&/,",%&-("a p/ &>&(% )& !a /a)"a("<- $!%/a8"!&%a. E,%& 8"/$, &, "-&>"("&-%& (-%/a



21

!a, !a/8a, )& Symmetrischema tangolias.

VI. MATERIALES Y MTODOS.

;.1. MATERIALES.



22

;.1.1. U#''*.

E! p/&,&-%& %/aa )& "-8&,%"#a("<- ,& /&a!"3a/6 &- &! a//" Sa- A-%-"* Ca-%<-

Sa- M"#$&!* P/8"-("a B!78a/.

;.1.2. SITUACIÓN GEOGRHFICA CLIMHTICA.

A-&'&76 2.2? '. ,. -. '.

L&'&76 ?1 ? S

L*8'&76 K9 ?1 9 Z

T%5/%+&7+ 5>'5 2: C

T%5/%+&7+ 5*'5 K C

P+%'/'&'* /+5%6' *7- :?.?? ''.

3%-'*' 9? +=L; a@

375%66 +%-&' :

J I*&'&7& T+% 6% M+ (S* !< 6% C'5#)

;.1.". KONA DE VIDA.

D& a($&/) (- !a (!a,">"(a("<- )& !a, 3-a, )& 8")a )& H!)/"#$&* L* +19K9; E!

,"%" (//&,p-)& a !a 3-a )& 8")a )&,/%"(a* (!"'a %&'p!a).

;.1.9. MATERIAL EPERIMENTAL:

S& $%"!"3a/6 ($a%/ a!%&/-a%"8a, %&(-!<#"(a, + Ba($!a 8"/$,* Ma/(* Sa!( 4 P$'"-;'a%&/"a! p/(&)&-%& )& !a (a,a ('&/("a! E($a 0$7'"(a 4 )& !a 3-a.

;.1.4. MATERIALES PARA REGISTAR DATOS EN ALMACEN DE PAPA.

•

L"/&%a )& ap$-%&,



2

• L6p"3

• Ma/(a)/&,

• Ha, )& pap&! -

• Ba($!a 8"/$,

• Ma/(

• Sa!(

• P$'7-

;.1.;. MATERIALES DE OFICINA.

• V&=7($!

• C'p$%a)/a

• I'p/&,/a

• C6'a/a >%#/6>"(a

• Ca!($!a)/a

• E,>&/,

• Pap&! B-)

• R&#!a* B//a)/

• M&3a )& %/aa 4 &-%/& %/,

;.2. MTODOS:



2

;.2.1. FACTORES EN ESTUDIO:

Fa(%/ A Papa,. A1 00

B1 Ba($!a 8"/$,.

Fa(%/ B A!. T&(-!<#. B2 Ma/(.

B Sa!(.

B P$'"-.

B T&,%"#.

;.2.1.1. TRATAMIENTOS.

S& (-,")&/a/6 $- %/a%a'"&-% a (a)a $-")a) &p&/"'&-%a!* ,&#5- &! ,"#$"&-%&

)&%a!!&

T/a%a'"&-%, C<)"# D&%a!!&

T1 A1B1 Papa [ Ba($!8"/$,

T2 A1B2 Papa [ Ma/(

T A1B Papa [ Sa!(T A1B Papa [ P$'7-

T A1B Papa [ T&,%"#

;.". PROCEDIMIENTO



2

• T"p )& )",&@ B!0$&, C'p!&%, a! A3a/ &- A//&#! Fa(%/"a! 1

• N5'&/ )& L(a!")a)&, 1

• N5'&/ )& T/a%a'"&-%,

• N5'&/ )& R&p&%"("-&,

• N5'&/ )& U-")a)&, Ep&/"'&-%a!&, 1

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