Aproximación crítica a la concepción sobre competitividad urbana: el caso de la ciudad de León,...

7/23/2019 Aproximacin crtica a la concepcin sobre competitividad urbana: el caso de la ciudad de Len, Guanajuato.

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Tmgvdrsgfnf fd AunmnountcKnipus Ldm

Fgvgsgm fd Kgdmkgns [ckgnlds y JuinmgfnfdsIndstrn dm Kgdmkgns [ckgnlds

Nprcxginkgm krtgkn n ln kcmkdpkgm scbrd kcipdtgtgvgfnfurbnmn? dl knsc fd ln kgufnf fd Ldm, Aunmnountc

Vdsgs pnrn cbtdmdr dl arnfc fd Indstrc dm Kgdmkgns [ckgnlds

Prdsdmtn[gfnrtn Fdignm Ldm Rcfraudz

Fgrdktcr? Fr. Ounm Nmtcmgc Rcfraudz AcmzldzLdktcr? Fr. Fnmgdl Vnald _nicrn

Ldktcr? Fr. Mdtznjunlkyctl Lpdz Elcrds

Ldm, Aunmnountc[dptgdibrd 20>6


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2

Rdsuidm

Dstd prcydktc fd gmvdstgankgm mnkd fdl gmtdrs pcr admdrnr um fdbntd scbrd ln

vnlgfdz y vgnbglgfnf fd sgtunr ln gfdn fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn kcic um kcipcmdmtd

kcmsustnmkgnl nl fdsnrrcllc fd lns kgufnfds. Kcm um nurn fd ldagtgigfnf y bnoc ln

tutdln fd cranmgsics egmnmkgdrcs gmtdrmnkgcmnlds, gmstgtukgcmds dkcmigkns y

pcltgkns, ns kcic fd acbgdrmcs mnkgcmnlds y lcknlds8 dl fgskursc fd ln

kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn sd jn kcmedrgfc kcic um pumtnl pnrn prcicvdr lns

gmvdrsgcmds, admdrnr dipldc, gmkgfgr dm dl krdkgigdmtc dkcmigkc y, dm

kcmsdkudmkgn mnturnl, gmkdmtgvnr dl fdsnrrcllc y bgdmdstnr fd lns sckgdfnfds.

[gm dibnrac, dm ln nmttdsgs fd dstn mckgm vdmturcsn y dxkdsgvnidmtd kcmegnfn dmdl idrknfc kcic enktcr fd fdsnrrcllc, subynkdm pcsgkgcmds nmtnamgkns qud mc slc

fdsdstginm ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn pcr sdr um kcipcmdmtd supldidmtnrgc fdl

dsqudin mdclgbdrnl fcigmnmtd, qud n vnrgns fknfns fd su negnmznigdmtc mc jn

rdfgtunfc dm bdmdegkgcs sckgnlidmtd dxtdmfgfcs8 sgmc qud tnibgm kudstgcmnm y fnm

pgd nl kcmtgmuc fdbntd scbrd lns vns fgedrdmkgnfns y cbodtgvcs mc mdkdsnrgnidmtd

pnrnldlcs dmtrd krdkgigdmtc dkcmigkc y fdsnrrcllc.

Ln kcmfdskdmfgdmtd, pusglmgid, rdstrgmagfn u cblganfn pcsturn fd lcs acbgdrmcs

lcknlds, fnfc dl dmtcrmc alcbnl d gmidrscs dm dsn vcragmd mdclgbdrnl rdecrinfcrn,

jn prcpgkgnfc nsuigr ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn kcic umn kcmfgkgm sgmd qun mcm

pnrn lldvnr fdsnrrcllc y prcardsc n sus kgufnfds. Dstc mdkdsnrgnidmtd pcfrn

admdrnr umn prdckupnmtd fgstcrsgm dm ln prcpulsgm y dmtdmfgigdmtc fdl fdsnrrcllc,

tcfn vdz qud lcs gmtdrdsds fd lns lgtds dkcmigkns y pcltgkns (mnkgcmnlds y

iumfgnlds8 prciulanfcrns y bdmdegkgnrgns fd ln nrtgkulnkgm fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf fd

lns kgufnfds), dm su admdrnlgfnf, mc jnm kcmvdragfc kcm dl fd lns sckgdfnfds.

Kcm dl prcpsgtc fd dodiplgegknr dstn fgskrdpnmkgn tdrgkn y prktgkn dmtrd

kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn y fdsnrrcllc, dl prdsdmtd fckuidmtc dmentgzn dl kcmtdxtc fd

Ldm, Aunmnountc, d gmtdmtn prdsdmtnr um pnmcrnin fd lcs pcsgblds rgdsacs y


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kcmtrnfgkkgcmds qud rdkndm scbrd umn kgufnf fd ln pdrgedrgn y fdl pdlgarc fd nsuigr

fktglidmtd um npnrdmtd scegsin, kuyns kcmsdkudmkgns pnrn dl kgufnfnmc kcim

pudfdm sdr mdurlagkns.

Pnlnbrns klnvd? kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn, mdclgbdrnlgsic, krdkgigdmtc dkcmigkc,

fdsnrrcllc, sgstdins-iumfc, Ldm, Aunmnountc.


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6

Lgstn fd aregkns y tnblns

Aregkns

Fgninmtd fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn ;7Kcmfgkgcmnmtds fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn 6>Mgvdlds fd ln Dkcmcin-Iumfc 57Pcrkdmtnod fd pcblnkgm urbnmn y rurnl dm dl iumgkgpgc fd Ldm 7:Dvclukgm fd ln pcbrdzn pcr gmardscs dm dl iumgkgpgc fd Ldm, Aunmnountc >00Dvclukgm fd lcs arnfcs fd inragmnkgm urbnmn pcr NADB dm Ldm >06Dvclukgm fd lcs arnfcs fd inragmnkgm urbnmn pcr NADB dm ln _I fd Ldm >06Kcipcrtnigdmtc fd ln GDF dm Aunmnountc >7:7-20>; >>;Fgstrgbukgm fd ln GDF pcr dmtgfnf edfdrntgvn dm Ixgkc dmtrd >777 y 20>; >>1Kcipcrtnigdmtc fd ln GDF dm Ixgkc dmtrd >7:7 y 20>; >>7

Vnblns

Icidmtcs fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn 66Pcsgkgm kcipdtgtgvn pcr kgufnf, >7:0->77: :>Pcsgkgm kcipdtgtgvn pcr kgufnf, >7::->77: :2

Kgufnfds is kcipdtgtgvns fd Ixgkc, >7::-200; :2Pcsgkgm dm dl mfgkd fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf prcidfgc 200; :6Pcsgkgm dm dl mfgkd fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf dm knfn umc fd lcs kuntrc kcipcmdmtds 200; :6Pcsgkgm dm dl mfgkd fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf prcidfgc 2001 :4Pcsgkgm dm dl mfgkd fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf dm knfn umc fd lcs kuntrc kcipcmdmtds 2001 :5Pcsgkgm dm dl mfgkd fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf prcidfgc 20>>-G :1Pcsgkgm dm dl mfgkd fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf dm knfn umc fd lcs kuntrc kcipcmdmtds 20>>-G ::Pcsgkgm dm dl mfgkd fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf prcidfgc 20>>-GG :7Pcsgkgm dm dl mfgkd fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf dm knfn umc fd lcs kuntrc kcipcmdmtds 20>>-G :7Pcsgkgm fd Ldm, Aunmnountc, dm lcs mfgkds fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn fdl KGFD 70[gtunkgm kcipdtgtgvn fd ln zcmn urbnmn fd Ldm 2001 7>[gtunkgm kcipdtgtgvn fd ln zcmn urbnmn fd Ldm 20>0 7;[gtunkgm kcipdtgtgvn fd ln zcmn urbnmn fd Ldm 20>2 76

Pcsgkgm fd lns kgufnfds idxgknmns dm dl GKTA (2001-200:, 20>0, 20>>) 74Pcblnkgm urbnmn y rurnl fdl iumgkgpgc fd Ldm, Aunmnountc, dmtrd >740 y 20>0 7:Pcblnkgm tctnl fd Ldm rdspdktc n ln pcblnkgm fd Aunmnountc dmtrd >740 y 20>0 77Rdsultnfcs KCMDUNL 20>0 pnrn dl iumgkgpgc fd Ldm, Aunmnountc >02mfgkd fd Inragmnkgm Trbnmn pnrn Ldm y ln _I fd Ldm (2000, 2004 y 20>0) >04Fdmumkgns dm intdrgn nibgdmtnl dm Ldm dmtrd >776-20>> >01Knrnktdrstgkns sckgcdkcmigkns dm lcknlgfnfds urbnmns fdl iumgkgpgc fd Ldm 20>0 >07Knrnktdrstgkns sckgcdkcmigkns dm lcknlgfnfds urbnmns fdl iumgkgpgc fd Ldm 2000 >>0Gmvdrsgm Dxtrnmodrn Fgrdktn dm dl dstnfc fd Aunmnountc dmtrd >7:7 y 20>; >>>GDF dm Ixgkc fd >777 n 20>;, fgstrgbugfn pcr dmtgfnf edfdrntgvn, pcsgkgm y pcrkdmtnod >>6GDF dm Ixgkc fd >777 n 20>;, fgstrgbugfn pcr sdktcr, icmtc y pcrkdmtnod >>4GDF dm Ixgkc fd >777 n 20>;, fgstrgbugfn pcr pns fd crgadm, icmtc y pcrkdmtnod >>5Lgstn fd lcs pnsds kcm inycr rdagstrc fd GDF c dmtrnfn mdtn fd knpgtnlds dmtrd 2007 y 20>2 >>:GDF dm Ixgkc dmtrd >7:7 y 20>2. Kcipnrntgvc fd kgerns fdl BI y ln [dkrdtnrn fd Dkcmcin >>7


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4

mfgkd

Gmtrcfukkgm ....................................................................................................................................... 5

Knptulc >.- Plnmtdnigdmtc fdl prcbldin ................................................................................... >>

Prdaumtns fd gmvdstgankgm ....................................................................................................... 24

Cbodtgvcs fd ln gmvdstgankgm .................................................................................................... 24

Oustgegknkgm ................................................................................................................................. 21

Jgptdsgs ...................................................................................................................................... 27

Knptulc 2.- Kcmkdptunlgznkgm fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn dm um kcmtdxtc fd prdvnldmkgnfdl mdclgbdrnlgsic dkcmigkc ...................................................................................................... ;0

Knptulc ;.- Fdbntd y kcmtrnpcsgkgm tdrgkn n ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn............................. 6;

Dmecqud nmtnamgkc gmstgtukgcmnl ............................................................................................. 6;

Dmecqud nmtnamgkc rnfgknl ...................................................................................................... 64

Ln kgufnf kcic idrknmkn egktgkgn ........................................................................................ 46

Knptulc 6.- Nmlgsgs y kudstgcmnigdmtc fd ln pdrspdktgvn fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn kcicicfdlc pnrn dl fdsnrrcllc .............................................................................................................. 41

Krdkgigdmtc dkcmigkc / Fdsnrrcllc........................................................................................ 4:

[gstdins-Iumfc ......................................................................................................................... 5;

Mudvn Fgvgsgm Gmtdrmnkgcmnl fdl Vrnbnoc ............................................................................... 57

Knptulc 4.- Dvnlunkgm y nmlgsgs fd ln pcsgkgm fd Ldm, Aunmnountc, dm mfgkds fdkcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn y kcmtrnstnkgm kcm gmfgknfcrds fd fdsnrrcllc fd ln kgufnf............ 1;

Ixgkc? um Dstnfc mdclgbdrnl.................................................................................................... 16

Dstntus fd Ldm, Aunmnountc, dm lcs mfgkds fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn pnrn kgufnfdsidxgknmns .................................................................................................................................... 1:

Gmfgknfcrds fd Fdsnrrcllc pnrn dl iumgkgpgc fd Ldm, Aunmnountc,................................... 76

Kcmklusgcmds ................................................................................................................................. >>:

Lgstn fd rdedrdmkgns ...................................................................................................................... >;>

Nmdxcs ........................................................................................................................................... >;4


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5

Gmtrcfukkgm

Dm ln nktunlgfnf ds knfn vdz is kcim cbsdrvnr c tdmdr nkkdsc n ln publgknkgm

fd fgstgmtcs dstufgcs c nmlgsgs scbrd ln pcsgkgm kcipdtgtgvn fd lns diprdsns,

pnsds, dstnfcs y kgufnfds. Ln nrauidmtnkgm is rdkurrdmtd scbrd ln vnlgfdz y

mdkdsgfnf fd dstd tgpc fd gmstruidmtcs rdegdrd qud, kcm bnsd dm ln dvnlunkgm fd

um kiulc fd mfgkds, pcfrm subrnynrsd lns fdbglgfnfds y pctdmkgnlgfnfds fd

fdtdrigmnfn kcldktgvgfnf. Fgkjc fd ctrn inmdrn, kcmtnr kcm fgspcsgtgvcs tglds fd

gmecrinkgm pnrn dstnbldkdr pumtcs fd kcipnrnkgm dmtrd umn umgfnf dspdkegkn

erdmtd n lns ctrns (kic sd sgtn dm rdlnkgm kcm y/c qu kcipdtgtgvn ds dmtrd um

arupc dspdkegkc c sdldkkgcmnfc).

[d dstgin qud, bnoc ln sgigdmtd fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf diprdsnrgnl, qud sd scstgdmd

dm dl prgmkgpgc fd cptgigznr lcs prckdscs fd prcfukkgm y dstgiulnr umn gmsdrkgm

is degkgdmtd dm lcs idrknfcs8 n egmnlds fd ln fknfn fd lcs ckjdmtn y prgmkgpgcs fd

lcs mcvdmtn jnbrn gmgkgnfc um krdkgdmtd gmtdrs pcr fgsdnr rdpcrtds fd

gmvdstgankgm, kcm um dmecqud is dstrukturnfc c sgstdintgznfc, qud igfgdsdm ln

kcmfgkgm fd kcipdtdmkgn fd pnsds (erdmtd n ctrcs n dsknln rdagcmnl y/c iumfgnl),

dmtgfnfds edfdrntgvns (dm um ibgtc mnkgcmnl) y kgufnfds (yn sdn fd stns dm um

kcmtdxtc gmtdrmnkgcmnl c fd lns igsins dm umn fdinrknkgm dstntnl kcmkrdtn).

Fcs fknfns fdspus, sd nprdkgn qud, ln gfdn idfulnr fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn

kcmsgstd dm vnlcrnr ln kcmfgkgm qud aunrfnm lns kgufnfds, dm trigmcs fd sclgfdz

dkcmigkn, infurnkgm gmstgtukgcmnl, gmerndstrukturn urbnmn, sdrvgkgcs, rdkurscs,

dmtrd ctrcs gmfgknfcrds8 erdmtd n um kcmalcidrnfc is niplgc, qud lns pcsgkgcmn fd

nkudrfc n su knpnkgfnf pnrn ln ntrnkkgm fd gmvdrsgcmds, admdrnkgm fd dipldc,

prcfuktgvgfnf d gmklusgm dm ln rdf iumfgnl fd eluocs kcidrkgnlds8 gmtdrknibgc fd

bgdmds, icfdrmgznkgm knpgtnlgstn, lgbdrnlgsic dkcmigkc y fdickrnkgn lgbdrnl.

Dm su admdrnlgfnf y fd inmdrn sukdsgvn, ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn jn nfqugrgfc um

niplgc arnfc fd ldagtgigfnf, ludac qud fgstgmtns gmstgtukgcmds ecrinlds (fd knrktdr


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gmtdrmnkgcmnl kcm rdscmnmkgns mnkgcmnlds) ecidmtnm su rdldvnmkgn y pdrtgmdmkgn y

jnm lcarnfc gmelugr dm dl mgic c pdridnr dm lcs rnzcmnigdmtcs kctgfgnmcs fd

nknfigkcs, eumkgcmnrgcs fd acbgdrmc, diprdsnrgcs y kgufnfnmcs. Dm dstd sdmtgfc,

lcs mfgkds fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf fd lns kgufnfds sd vnlcrnm, fd nkudrfc kcm lcs

prcictcrds fd dstcs dodrkgkgcs, kcic um pnridtrc fd kcmfgkgm, arnfc fd

dvclukgm c, dm pnlnbrns llnmns, kcic ln aun pnrn lcs acbgdrmcs, nutcrgfnfds y/c

tcinfcrds fd fdkgsgm scbrd qu sd dst jnkgdmfc bgdm y qu fdbd kcrrdagrsd.

Dl idmsnod kdmtrnl sd dmtdmfdrn, suidragfcs dm dstn lagkn, scbrd ln sgamgegknkgm

qud, dm dl inrkc fd ln alcbnlgznkgm dkcmigkn, lns kgufnfds fdbdm sdr

kcipdtgtgvns dm nrns fd nlknmznr bdmdegkgcs pnrn sus jnbgtnmtds, dxprdsnfcs pcr

idfgc fdl krdkgigdmtc y fdsnrrcllc lcknl. Kcm ctrns pnlnbrns, dmkuibrnr ln gfdn fdkcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn kcic icfdlc gipulscr fdl prcardsc fd lns kgufnfds. Dm

smtdsgs, c nl rdfukgr dstd krgtdrgc, lc nmtdrgcr sd trnfukgrn dm ln suadrdmkgn qud dmtrd

is kcipdtgtgvn ds umn kgufnf is mgvdlds fd fdsnrrcllc nlknmznr.

[gm dibnrac, n kcmtrnkcrrgdmtd tdrgkn kcm dstn nprdkgnkgm, dm dl fdbntd rdkgdmtd

scbrd dl fdsnrrcllc (dm umn, fd sus vnrgnfns enkdtns) dxgstd umn tdmnz krtgkn n ln

prcickgm fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn, nl dmtdmfdrln dm umn vn gmkcipntgbld n lns

mdkdsgfnfds sckgnlds8 ds fdkgr, kgrkumskrgtn, is bgdm, n ln kcipcsgkgm fd lcs

idrknfcs alcbnlds y dl prcydktc mdclgbdrnl y kcic pnrtd gmjdrdmtd fdl sgstdin

knpgtnlgstn dm su pdrinmdmtd mdkdsgfnf fd nutc-dxpnmsgm.

N pdsnr fd qud, kcm dl pnsc fdl tgdipc, lcs mfgkds c dstufgcs fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf

urbnmn suinfc c gmtdarnfc fgedrdmtds dldidmtcs fd knrktdr sckgnl c fd fdsnrrcllc

juinmc, dl dxtdmsc kiulc fd fdegmgkgcmds scbrd dl kcmkdptc igsic kcmkdmtrn sus

prgcrgfnfds dm ln prcfuktgvgfnf y ln admdrnkgm fd lcs nibgdmtds nfdkunfcs pnrn ln

eldxgbglgfnf prcfuktgvn, ln nkuiulnkgm fd knpgtnl y ln rdfukkgm n ln dxpcsgkgm fd

rgdsacs pnrtgkulnridmtd pnrn lns diprdsns trnsmnkgcmnlds.


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Dl prdsdmtd trnbnoc fd tdsgs tgdmd kcic cbodtgvcs prgicrfgnlds, dm um prgidr mgvdl,

scidtdr n fgskusgm lcs prdkdptcs kdmtrnlds scbrd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn, dm um

nmlgsgs kcipnrntgvc y fd kcmtrnstnkgm dmtrd qugdmds dsargidm nrauidmtcs n envcr

y dm kcmtrn8 dm um sdaumfc plnmc, sg ln igsin pudfd dmtdmfdrsd kcic um knigmc

ptgic qud kcmvdron dm fdsnrrcllc8 y, pcr ltgic, rdspdktc n lns giplgknkgcmds

fgrdktns fd pcmfdrnr n ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn kcic rdedrdmtd dm lns pcltgkns

pblgkns fd ln dsknln lcknl y kcic umgfnf fd nmlgsgs pnrn dl fdsnrrcllc fd ln kgufnf

fd Ldm, Aunmnountc.

Dl fckuidmtc dst fgvgfgfc dm kgmkc knptulcs. Dl prgidrc, kcmkdrtnfc pnrn dl

plnmtdnigdmtc fdl prcbldin fd gmvdstgankgm, fgspdrsn lns gfdns kdmtrnlds scbrd ln

nrtgkulnkgm fdl tdin fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf dm tcrmc n lns urbds y kic, nl igsictgdipc, dmkudmtrn um icvgigdmtc cpcsgtcr, tnmtc dm umn lmdn fd mdankgm nl

scidtgigdmtc fd lns kgufnfds n prckdscs prcpgcs fdl idrknfc kcic n ln gfdn krtgkn

fd qud sdn prcpulscrn fdl fdsnrrcllc. Dm dstd npnrtnfc sd fgspcmdm lcs cbodtgvcs

fdl dstufgc, n pnrtgr fd ln jgptdsgs qud ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn giplgkn scidtdr n

ln kgufnf fd Ldm n prckdscs prcpgcs fdl idrknfc, qud dm um nibgdmtd dkcmigkc

mdclgbdrnl y fdsfd ln pdrgedrgn, admdrnm rgdsacs fd gipnktc sckgnl nfvdrsc nl gipulsc

fdl fdsnrrcllc lcknl.

Dl sdaumfc knptulc dxplcrn lns prgmkgpnlds fdegmgkgcmds fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn,

fdsfd su bnsd tdrgkn jnstn lns knrnktdrstgkns qud sd jnm noustnfc nl trigmc dm

Ixgkc y dl dxtrnmodrc. [d prdtdmfd sgtunr n ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn dm um kcmtdxtc

fd prdfcigmgc fdl prcydktc dkcmigkc mdclgbdrnl, qud, dm ln prktgkn, jn trntnfc fd

fgsigmugr dl pnpdl prctnamgkc fd lcs Dstnfcs-mnkgm pnrn ecrtnldkdr n ctrcs nktcrds

alcbnlds, dm lcs qud lns kgufnfds sd kcmegaurnm kcic lcs tdrrgtcrgcs dstrntagkcs

nrtgkulnfcrds pnrn ln icvglgfnf gmtdrmnkgcmnl fdl knpgtnl. [d fgstgmaudm lcs ntrgbutcs

fd idfgkgm fd ln knlgfnf kcipdtgtgvn fd lns kgufnfds, dm trigmcs fd su cedrtn

tdrrgtcrgnl, tkmgkn, juinmn y intdrgnl8 ns kcic su knpnkgfnf tnmagbld pnrn

pcsgkgcmnrsd dm ln rdf iumfgnl rdkdptcrn fd gmvdrsgcmds.


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Dl knptulc tdrkdrc vgsluibrn fcs lmdns fd cpcsgkgm n ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn.

Tmn, kntnlcanfn kcic dmecqud nmtnamgkc gmstgtukgcmnl, scstgdmd qud lns kgufnfds

mc scm lns qud kcipgtdm dmtrd s, sgmc lns diprdsns qud nj sd nsgdmtnm. Ctrn, c

dmecqud nmtnamgkc rnfgknl, dxprdsn umn nmttdsgs kcmtumfdmtd, nl fgstgmaugr qud

dm dl nem pcr rdstgtugr y kcmsclgfnr dl pcfdr fd lns klnsds fcigmnmtds, dl prcydktc

mdclgbdrnl subyuan n lns kgufnfds n prckdscs fd kcipdtdmkgn fgstgmtgvcs fdl

knpgtnlgsic alcbnl. Tm nspdktc nfgkgcmnl dm dstd npnrtnfc dst vgmkulnfc n ln

nidmnzn qud lns kgufnfds, sdam lns tdmfdmkgns cbsdrvnblds fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf

urbnmn, sdnm dipuonfns n kcmvdrtgrsd dm umn idrknmkn egktgkgn.

Dl kunrtc knptulc pnrtd fdsfd um ndoc fdbntd rdspdktc nl nrqudtgpc qud dlkrdkgigdmtc dkcmigkcpdr sdkcmfukd nl fdsnrrcllc fd lns sckgdfnfds. Ln sdiglln

fd lcs prcarnins mdclgbdrnlds sd jn nsgfc n dstn pdrkdpkgm, ludac fd ubgknr nl

krdkgigdmtc dkcmigkc kcic dl cbodtgvc kdmtrnl fd lcs acbgdrmcs, kcm ln

kcmsgaugdmtd giplgknkgm fd um knibgc kunlgtntgvc scbrd dl nlknmkd y kcmtdmgfc fd

ln mckgm fd fdsnrrcllc dkcmigkc y sckgnl. Fd dstn ecrin, dm dstd dspnkgc sd

gmtdmtn fgstgmaugr kcmkdptunlidmtd dmtrd krdkgigdmtc y fdsnrrcllc pnrn tdmdr

inycrds dldidmtcs fd fgskusgm scbrd sg lc prgidrc kcmfukd n lc sdaumfc y fd qu

inmdrn lc jnkd.

Tmn sdaumfn pnrtd dm dstd sdaidmtc prdtdmfd fgadrgr lns sgamgegknkgcmds dsdmkgnlds

fdl icfdlc fd [gstdins-Iumfc, kcm dl prcpsgtc fd vnlcrnr sg ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf

urbnmn ds pnrtd fd um tcfc gmtdarnfc y fd um dsqudin qud ln Dkcmcin-Iumfc

knpgtnlgstn jn negnmznfc. N ln pnr, dl dmecqud fd [gstdins-Iumfc jnkd mensgs dm

ln krtgkn n lcs icfdlcs fdsnrrcllgstns, dmtrd lcs qud pcfdics nnfgr n ln

kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn, y ln suadrdmkgn qud ln nktunl kcipcsgkgm adcaregkn

iumfgnl dst slgfnidmtd fdlgigtnfn dmtrd um kdmtrc jdadimgkc, um sdaumfc mgvdl

fd kcmtdmkgm dm ln sdigpdrgedrgn y ln pdrgedrgn inragmnfn8 dm dl qud lns kgufnfds

pufgdsdm kcmstgtugrsd kcic dl dslnbm is sdmsgbld bnoc umn mudvn fgvgsgm

gmtdrmnkgcmnl fdl trnbnoc.


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Dl qugmtc y ltgic knptulc nspgrn n trnslnfnr ln kcmercmtnkgm tdrgkn qud suskgtn dl

tdin fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn nl tdrrdmc kcmkrdtc fd ln kgufnf fd Ldm,

Aunmnountc. Dl npnrtnfc gmgkgn kcm umn brdvd fdskrgpkgm fdl kcmtdxtc mnkgcmnl, dl

kunl, sd nsuid, ds fgktnfc pcr prktgkns dkcmigkns mdclgbdrnlds. Dm ctrns

pnlnbrns, dl Dstnfc idxgknmc kcic um Dstnfc mdclgbdrnl, tnmtc dm dl dodrkgkgc

kctgfgnmc kcic dm dl gipdrntgvc rdecrigstn.

Kcm ln nfvdrtdmkgn qud dm Ixgkc dl npnrntc kcmkdptunl dm tcrmc nl mdclgbdrnlgsic

jn lcarnfc nrrcanrsd kcic nlac fnfc d gmkudstgcmnbld, dm umn sdaumfn pnrtd fd

dstd knptulc sd rdvgsn ln klnsgegknkgm fd Ldm dm lcs mfgkds fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf

urbnmn pnrn kgufnfds idxgknmns. Ds fdkgr, kic sd pcsgkgcmn n ln kgufnf erdmtd nlcs idrknfcs lcknlds y alcbnlds8 y, dm dsdmkgn, kulds scm sus fdbglgfnfds y

pctdmkgnlgfnfds urbnmns fd nkudrfc nl ldmaunod dkcmigkc prdvnldkgdmtd fd

kcipdtgtgvgfnf.

Pcr ltgic, dm kcmtrnstd kcm lc nmtdrgcr, sd prdsdmtnm umn sdrgd fd gmfgknfcrds scbrd

nlaumns pgdzns klnvd pnrn nkdrknrmcs nl dmtdmfgigdmtc fd ln kcmfgkgm fd fdsnrrcllc

dm Ldm. Dstc, kcm ln egmnlgfnf fd fdskgernr c kcmklugr sg ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn,

pnrn dl knsc fd ln kgufnf fd nmlgsgs, ds umn eriuln c mc pnrn dl fdsnrrcllc lcknl.

Dm suin, dstn tdsgs pdrsgaud gmkdmtgvnr dl fdbntd scbrd lns kcmfgkgcmds fd

fdsnrrcllc dm Ldm y scidtdr n ougkgc fd sus ldktcrds ln pdrtgmdmkgn fd ln

kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn pnrn kgufnfds dstrukturnlidmtd fbglds, dm um inrkc

dkcmigkc alcbnl kcm prddigmdmkgn mdclgbdrnl, qud jn nrrconfc dsknsns vgktcrgns

sckgnlds rdkcmckgblds y sntgsenktcrgns.


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Knptulc >.- Plnmtdnigdmtc fdl prcbldin

Dm lns ltgins fcs fknfns, fd inmdrn prcardsgvn y adcaregknidmtd dxtdmfgfn, dl

tdin fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn sd jn gmsdrtnfc dm dl fdbntd kcmtdipcrmdc scbrd

dl fdsnrrcllc. Fd tnl sudrtd, ds erdkudmtd cbsdrvnr qud dl fgskursc nknfigkc y

pcltgkc (kuyn amdsgs sd sgtn dm um ibgtc gmtdrmnkgcmnl kcm subsdkudmtds

rdpdrkusgcmds mnkgcmnlds y lcknlds) prciulaud y ldagtgid ln gfdn scbrd ln mdkdsgfnf

fd admdrnr kdmtrcs urbnmcs kcipdtgtgvcs, qud sdnm knpnkds fd gmkcrpcrnrsd nl knrrgl

fd ln alcbnlgznkgm y ln icfdrmgfnf, kcm dl prcpsgtc fd cbtdmdr krdkgigdmtc

dkcmigkc trnfukgfc dm umn vgacrgznkgm fd ln knlgfnf fd vgfn y bgdmdstnr pnrn sus

rdsgfdmtds.

Fd nkudrfc kcm lcs prcictcrds fd ln gfdn fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn, umc fd lcs

nrauidmtcs kdmtrnlds rdspdktc n su rdldvnmkgn dm lns fgskusgcmds scbrd fdsnrrcllc

rnfgkn dm umn tdmfdmkgn gmscslnynbld? pnrn 20>0 ln igtnf fd ln pcblnkgm iumfgnl

rdsgfn dm kgufnfds> y sd prcydktn qud pnrn lcs prxgics trdgmtn ncs tcfns lns

rdagcmds fdl iumfc sdnm prdfcigmnmtdidmtd urbnmns (Mnkgcmds Tmgfns-Jnbgtnt,

20>0). Ds dm lns kgufnfds, dm ln sdkudmkgn fd dstn oustgegknkgm tdrgkn, fcmfd sd

kcmsclgfnm nkudrfcs pnrn dstnbldkdr rdfds diprdsnrgnlds8 sd pcsgbglgtn ln

gmmcvnkgm y tdkmclcan8 sd krdn ln gmerndstrukturn fd sdrvgkgcs fgvdrscs y sd

kcmkdmtrn ln fgspcmgbglgfnf fd knpgtnl juinmc, sckgnl y egmnmkgdrc, qud jnr pcsgbld

dl fgmnigsic fd ln mudvn dkcmcin fdl kcmckgigdmtc (Knbrdrc, 2007? >0).

Kcm bnsd dm um dsqudin sgiglnr c kcm knrnktdrstgkns prcpgns fd rdvgsgm fdl

kcipcrtnigdmtc diprdsnrgnl, dsn igsin rdldvnmkgn fd lns kgufnfds lns kcmvgdrtd

dm um suodtc prcklgvd n um dskrutgmgc pcridmcrgznfc y kcipnrntgvc. Dstc ds, n ln

rdvgsgm pdrgfgkn scbrd ln knpnkgfnf qud pcsddm dm dl prckdsc fd admdrnkgm yfgeusgm fd kcipdtdmkgns, su pnrtgkgpnkgm dm dl dmtcrmc alcbnlgznfc y ln krdnkgm

fd nibgdmtds prcpgkgcs pnrn dl fdsnrrcllc fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf fd sus nadmtds

dkcmigkcs y sckgnlds (Knbrdrc, 200;? >>). Dstn pnrtgkulnrgfnf fd dvnlunkgm fd lns

>Dm Ixgkc, is fd trds kunrtns pnrtds fd ln pcblnkgm (Knbrdrc, 20>;).


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kgufnfds envcrdkg dl dspnkgc pnrn ln kcmedkkgm fd lcs nmlgsgs d mfgkds fd

kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn.

Ongid [cbrgmc (200;), qugdm n ln vdz lc rdskntn fd Ocs Acmzldz y Nmtcmgc Inrgn,

scstgdmd qud ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf ds um kcmkdptc rdlntgvc qud nlufd n ln knpnkgfnf fd

umn dmtgfnf pnrn pdmdtrnr dl idrknfc dm dl qud cpdrn, yn sdn gmtdrmc c dxtdrmc.

Fgkjn dmtgfnf pudfd sdr umn diprdsn, gmfustrgn, kgufnf, rdagm c pns. Dm dsd

sdmtgfc, ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf fd umn kgufnf ds ln knpnkgfnf fd sus umgfnfds

prcfuktgvns pnrn scstdmdr y dxpnmfgr ln bnsd dxpcrtnfcrn lcknl jnkgn lcs idrknfcs

mnkgcmnl d gmtdrmnkgcmnl y dldvnr sgiultmdnidmtd dl mgvdl fd vgfn fd su pcblnkgm

rdsgfdmtd([cbrgmc, 200;? >00).

Kcm dl scpcrtd dm lcs pcstulnfcs fdl dstnfcumgfdmsd Igkjndl D. Pcrtdr rdlntgvcs n

lns vdmtnons kcipdtgtgvns, kcmkdbgfcs dm ln fknfn fd lcs ckjdmtn fdl sgalc

pnsnfc8 ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn dst rdlnkgcmnfn kcm lcs pnrnfgains fd ln tdcrn

fdl kcidrkgc gmtdrmnkgcmnl (kcic pglnr fd ln kcmkdpkgm fd krdkgigdmtc dkcmigkc

fd lns dmtgfnfds), n knusn fdl pnpdl krdkgdmtd fdl prckdsc fd alcbnlgznkgm, pdrc

tnibgm nfnptnfc pnrn dl dstufgc dkcmigkc fd lns rdagcmds y kgufnfds. Dm ctrns

pnlnbrns, ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf fd umn dmtgfnf dxgstd kunmfc lcarn scstdmdr y dxpnmfgr

su pnrtgkgpnkgm dm lcs idrknfcs gmtdrmnkgcmnlds, nl tgdipc qud kcmsgaud dldvnr dl

mgvdl fd vgfn fd su pcblnkgm (Enomzylbdr, >7::? >;, kgtnfc dm [cbrgmc, 200;? 77).

Ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf dst gmtrmsdknidmtd kcmkdrmgfn kcm ln prcfuktgvgfnf,

gmtdrprdtnfn kcic ln rdlnkgm dmtrd dl prcfuktc qud sd cbtgdmd y dl kcmoumtc fd

idfgcs c enktcrds qud sd dipldnm pnrn su prcfukkgm. Lc qud sgamgegknrn qud ln

prcfuktgvgfnf sd kcmstgtuyd kcic dl gmfgknfcr fdl arnfc fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf fd lns

diprdsns (c dmtgfnfds) y fd ln degkgdmkgn y degknkgn fdl sgstdin dkcmigkc

(Acmzldz y Inrgn, >7728 dm [cbrgmc, 200;). Dm kcmsdkudmkgn, dmtrd is

prcfuktgvn sdn umn dmtgfnf, dm dstd knsc umn kgufnf, is kcipdtgtgvn ds.


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[dam dstd dsqudin, lns ecrins is rdprdsdmtntgvns fd kcipdtdmkgn dmtrd

kgufnfds dstnrnm dmecknfns dm? >) gmvdrsgcmds prgvnfns8 2) gmvdrsgcmds y ecmfcs

pblgkcs pnrn dldvnr dl stckh(dxgstdmkgn c fgspcmgbglgfnf) fd sntgsenktcrds kcldktgvcs8

;) idrknfcs pnrn sus prcfuktcs8 6) pcblnkgm, trnfukgfn dm knpgtnl juinmc,

gmardscs, pcfdr pcltgkc y niplgnkgm fd ln fdinmfn lcknl8 y 4) cranmgznkgm fd

dmkudmtrcs fd nltc mgvdl (fdmcigmnfcs dm gmals kcic jnllinrh dvdmts9 dvdmtcs

fd inrkn c fgstgmtgvcs) ([cbrgmc, 200;? 75).

Pnrn [cbrgmc, ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn sd gmskrgbd dm lns kcrrgdmtds c pnrnfgains

fd ln fgidmsgm dspnkgnl y fdsnrrcllc rdagcmnl, ln kunl tgdmd um nmfnignod tdrgkc

scstdmgfc dm lns dskudlns mdcklsgkn y, pnrtgkulnridmtd, fd ln dkcmcin

gmstgtukgcmnl. Ln prgidrn, bnoc dl nmlgsgs fdl idrknfc dmtrd fgstgmtns kgufnfds pcridfgc fdl gmtdrknibgc fd prcfuktcs y sdktcrds prcfuktgvcs. Ln sdaumfn, qud sd

kcmkdmtrn dm lns tdcrns fd lns ictgvnkgcmds fd lcs gmfgvgfucs y dm ln inmdrn dm

qud lns fdkgsgcmds dkcmigkns scm nfcptnfns pcr lns egrins, dmtrd dllns y dmtrd lcs

sdktcrds pblgkc y prgvnfc ([cbrgmc, 200;? ;4).

Kcm rdlnkgm n lcs nxgcins fd ln dkcmcin gmstgtukgcmnl, lns rdns fd dstufgc dm dl

knipc tdrrgtcrgnl fgskurrdm scbrd?

c Udmtnons kcipdtgtgvns pnrn dl krdkgigdmtc dkcmigkc. Kcic stns scm

tdipcrnlds fdbdm rd-gmkdmtgvnrsd idfgnmtd dl fdsnrrcllc tdkmclagkc y umn

sdrgd fd enktcrds rdlnkgcmnfcs kcm ln cedrtn y ln fdinmfn fdl prcfuktc,

vmkulcs dmtrd egrins y dstrntdagns diprdsnrgnlds pnrn dl dxgtcsc fdsdipdc

fd lcs mdackgcs8

c Rddstrukturnkgm gmfustrgnl y su gipnktc dm ln kcmsdkukgm fd dkcmcins dm

dl prckdsc prcfuktgvc.

c Eldxgbglgfnf dm ln prcfukkgm, fdrgvnfn fd ln fdsgmtdarnkgm vdrtgknl fdl

prckdsc prcfuktgvc nmtd ln gmtrcfukkgm fd itcfcs fd prcfukkgm oust-gm-

tgid (oustc n tgdipc) y fd lcs knibgcs dm ln fdinmfn fd lcs prcfuktcs.


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Fgsdc fd prcfuktcs y nktgvgfnfds fd inrhdtgma y kcmtrcl fd knlgfnf c knlgfnf

tctnl ([cbrgmc, 200;? ;4).

Nl rdspdktc y dm sdaugigdmtc kcm lns lmdns trnznfns pcr ln dskudln mdcklsgkn y fd

dkcmcin gmstgtukgcmnl, [cbrgmc y Dmrgqud Knbrdrc (kcic fcs fd lcs pgcmdrcs c

prdkurscrds fd ln dlnbcrnkgm fd lcs mfgkds fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf fd lns kgufnfds

idxgknmns) sd nfjgdrdm n ln vgsgm rdspdktc qud lns kgufnfds kcipgtdm pcr

gmvdrsgcmds qud? admdrnm dipldcs, kcmtrgbuydm nl krdkgigdmtc dkcmigkc lcknl,

kcmtgdmdm umn nltn dlnstgkgfnf-gmardsc fd ln fdinmfn y envcrdkdm ln prcfukkgm sgm

ntdmtnr kcmtrn lns kcmfgkgcmds nibgdmtnlds.

Gaunlidmtd, kcmkudrfnm kcm ln gfdn qud umn vnstn vnrgdfnf fd pcltgkns sd ecriulnnjcrn fdsfd lns lcknlgfnfds y rdagcmds kcm pckn gmodrdmkgn fdl acbgdrmc kdmtrnl, pcr

lc qud ln fdskdmtrnlgznkgm y lcs acbgdrmcs lcknlds kcm vgsgm diprdsnrgnl scm fcs

arnmfds dldidmtcs dm ln kcipdtdmkgn pcr gmvdrsgcmds. Nl tgdipc qud ln inycr

pnrtgkgpnkgm fd lcs acbgdrmcs rdagcmnlds dm dl krdkgigdmtc dkcmigkc lcknl jn sgfc

umc fd lcs arnmfds edmidmcs dm ln kgdmkgn rdagcmnl fdsfd ln ltgin fknfn fdl

rdkgm kcmklugfc sgalc ZZ (Inldkhg, >7718 dm [cbrgmc 200;? 7:).

Dm dstd kcmtdxtc, umn pnrtd fdl fdbntd gmstgtukgcmnl y nknfigkc rdkgdmtd scbrd lns

kgufnfds sd jn kdmtrnfc dm ln rdvgsgm fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn kcic pnrtd fd

lcs dstufgcs scbrd fdsnrrcllc rdagcmnl. Lc qud sgamgegknrn qud dm dl nmlgsgs fd lns

knrnktdrstgkns y kcmfgkgcmds pnrtgkulnrds fd fdtdrigmnfn kgufnf, sus vdmtnons y

pcsgkgm kcipdtgtgvn pnrn ln ntrnkkgm fd gmvdrsgcmds, erdmtd n ctrns dm dl ibgtc

mnkgcmnl d gmtdrmnkgcmnl, sd fgspcmdm lns pcsgbglgfnfds fd niplgnr lns bnsds fdl

fdsnrrcllc.

[uinrgnidmtd, ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn, qud sd dvnln pcr ln kcipcsgkgm fd

fgedrdmtds mfgkds y ln suin fd fgstgmtcs gmfgknfcrds (dm ntdmkgm prgcrgtnrgn n ln

prcfuktgvgfnf y lcs dldidmtcs rdedrgfcs fd ln vgsgm fd ln dskudln fd dkcmcin


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gmstgtukgcmnl), jn nfqugrgfc, kcm su fgspcsgtgvc kcmkdptunl d gfdclagkc, umn

oustgegknkgm c ldagtgigfnf pnrn kcmsgfdrnrln kcic pnrnfgain fd fdsnrrcllc.

Mc cbstnmtd, dstn vgsgm suskgtn, nl idmcs pnrn dl gmtdrs fd dstn gmvdstgankgm, fcs

kudstgcmnigdmtcs u cpcsgkgcmds tdrgkns pumtunlds? pcr umn pnrtd, n) ln pdrtgmdmkgn

fd scidtdr n lns kgufnfds n um dxnidm fdskrgptgvc fd su kcmfgkgm, erdmtd n ctrns

dm um kcmtdxtc alcbnl, pnrn jnkdr n lns igsins ntrnktgvns c, sg sd pdrigtd dl trigmc,

vdmfgblds, n lns fdinmfns, gmtdrdsds c dxgadmkgns fdl idrknfc y dl knpgtnl

trnsmnkgcmnl (bnoc lcs pglnrds fd prcfuktgvgfnf d gmvdrsgm? nkuiulnkgm fd knpgtnl),

kcm umn prcpdmsgm n ngslnrlns dm ln tcin fd fdkgsgcmds, sgm ln tutdln fdl Dstnfc8 y,

pcr ln ctrn, b) lns pcsgblds kcmtrnfgkkgcmds tdrgkns, nibgdmtnlds y pcltgkns dmtrd lc

qud pdrsgaud ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf (krdkgigdmtc dkcmigkc y tnsn fd anmnmkgn) y sugmkgfdmkgn dvgfdmtd, tnmagbld y idfgbld dm dl fdsnrrcllc sckgnl y juinmc.

Nibcs plnmtdnigdmtcs nmtnamgkcs c gmkcipntgblds n ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn

pnrtdm fdsfd dl rdkcmckgigdmtc qud dl nibgdmtd dkcmigkc iumfgnl dst gmidrsc y

fcigmnfc, fdsfd jnkd ;4 ncs, fd lc qud sd jn fnfc n kcmckdr kcic

mdclgbdrnlgsic, ds fdkgr, umn tdcrn fd prktgkns pcltgkc-dkcmigkns qud negrin

qud ln idocr inmdrn fd prcicvdr dl bgdmdstnr fdl sdr juinmc, kcmsgstd dm mc

rdstrgmagr dl lgbrd fdsnrrcllc fd lns knpnkgfnfds y fd lns lgbdrtnfds diprdsnrgnlds fdl

gmfgvgfuc, fdmtrc fd um inrkc gmstgtukgcmnl knrnktdrgznfc pcr fdrdkjcs fd prcpgdfnf

prgvnfn, eudrtds idrknfcs lgbrds y lgbdrtnf fd kcidrkgc (Jnrvdy, 2001? :).

Kcm dl scpcrtd tdrgkc fd Igltcm Ergdfinm (nknfigkc fd ln Tmgvdrsgfnf fd Kjgknac

y Prdigc Mcbdl fd Dkcmcin dm >715) y ln prnxgs pcltgkn n pnrtgr fd >717->7:> kcm

dl nskdmsc nl pcfdr fd Inranrdt Vjntkjdr y Rcmnlf Rdnanm dm fcs fd lns mnkgcmds

lfdrds dm dl kcmkgdrtc gmtdrmnkgcmnl, Arnm Brdtnn y Dstnfcs Tmgfcs,

rdspdktgvnidmtd8 dl mdclgbdrnlgsic, dmtrd ctrns kcsns, jn kdmtrnlgznfc (c sd jn

nprcpgnfc) fdl fdbntd scbrd fdsnrrcllc y, n trnvs fd gmstgtukgcmds nfjdrdmtds, kcic

dl Bnmkc Iumfgnl (BI) c dl Ecmfc Icmdtnrgc Gmtdrmnkgcmnl (EIG), fgsdnfc lcs

lgmdnigdmtcs fd pcltgkns dkcmigkns alcbnlds, bnoc um f gskursc pcltgkc


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prcidtdfcr, qud nsgdmtn dl fcain qud qugdm ntgdmfn sus rdkcidmfnkgcmds

nlknmznr um mgvdl supdrgcr (Kcrcmnfc, 20>2).

[cbrd dstd tdrrdmc mdclgbdrnl adrigmn ln kcmkdpkgm fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn, pdrc

nl igsic tgdipc mcs nbrd lns vns pnrn dsbcznr d gmkcrpcrnr lns fcs cbodkgcmds

dxpudstns dm prrnecs nmtdrgcrds. Dm ln prgidrn vdrtgdmtd c kudstgcmnigdmtc

pcfrnics suadrgr trds gfdns admdrnlds fd gmvdstgankgm? g) dmecqud nmtnamgkc

gmstgtukgcmnl, gg) dmecqud nmtnamgkc rnfgknl y ggg) ln kgufnf kcic idrknmkn egktgkgn.

Dm dl dmecqud nmtnamgkc gmstgtukgcmnl scbrdsnld ln pcsturn fdl dkcmcigstn

dstnfcumgfdmsd Pnul Hruainm, qugdm inmgegdstn su rdkjnzc n ln gfdn fd

kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn, nl scstdmdr qud ln kcipdtdmkgn sd crgagmn dmtrd diprdsns ymc dmtrd pnsds. Nfdis, pumtunlgzn qud lns kgufnfds mc kcipgtdm umns kcm ctrns,

yn qud slc cpdrnm kcic luanrds fcmfd sd lcknlgznm lns diprdsns qud kcipgtdm

dmtrd s (Hruainm, >776? ;>).

Dm tnmtc, dm dl dmecqud nmtnamgkc rnfgknl (qud dmkgdrrn umn fgedrdmkgnkgm fd rnz),

sd gmklugrn n Mgh Vjdcfcrd, Onigd Pdkh y Mdgl Brdmmdr, qugdmds fgstgmaudm y fnm

ecrin nl kcmkdptc fd urbnmgsic mdclgbdrnl, dl kunl kciprdmfd knrnktdrstgkns

kcic? gmtdrvdmkgm pblgkn y prgvnfn idfgnmtd arnmfds prcydktcs nrqugtdktmgkcs8

nplgknkgm n ln acbdrmnmzn urbnmn fd krgtdrgcs fd degknkgn y degkgdmkgn prcpgcs fdl

sdktcr prgvnfc8 gipcrtnmkgn fd ln ginadm fd lns kgufnfds kcic rdklnic n lcs

gmvdrscrds8 nplgknkgm fd umn pcltgkn fd krdkgigdmtc n tcfn kcstn, kcm ln

subcrfgmnkgm fd kudstgcmds fd oustgkgn sckgnl y idfgcnibgdmtnl, ns kcic ln

klnsgegknkgm fd lns kgufnfds dm odrnrquns fd nkudrfc kcm krgtdrgcs fd

kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn (Vjdcfcrd, Pdkh y Brdmmdr8 2007).

Nsgigsic, dl adarnec brgtmgkc Fnvgf Jnrvdy kudstgcmn qud lcs acbgdrmcs lcknlds

sd jnm vgstc cblganfcs n nsuigr gmgkgntgvns prcpgns fd diprdsns prgvnfns pnrn

ecidmtnr ln kcipdtdmkgn dmtrd rdagcmds idtrcpclgtnmns, kcm ln krdnkgm fd um

dmtcrmc envcrnbld pnrn dl knpgtnl prgvnfc (Fdl Clic y Rdmfudlds8 2006). Pcr su


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pnrtd, [nrn Acmzldz (2001) dstgin qud lns kgufnfds sd jnm kcmvdrtgfc dm lcs

dskdmnrgcs prgvgldagnfcs fd lns mudvns ecrins fd acbdrmnmzn mdclgbdrnl c ln

kcmkdrtnkgm dmtrd nktcrds pblgkcs y prgvnfcs.

Dstn pcsturn dinmnrn, dm pnrtd, fd umn vgsgm inrxgstn qud sd kcmkdmtrn dm

cbsdrvnr? rdlnkgcmds fd prcfukkgm fdsgaunlds qud sd fdsnrrcllnm dmtrd rdagcmds y

pnsds8 tdcrn fd ln fdpdmfdmkgn y dxplgknkgm fdl trnslnfc fd dxkdfdmtds,

pclnrgznkgm y mdckclcmgnlgsic8 tdcrn fdl sgstdin iumfgnl y fdsnrrcllc fdsgaunl fd

gmtdrknibgcs idrknmtglds y ln tdcrn fd ln knusnkgm(sgk) kgrkulnr y nkuiulntgvn, qud

fn luanr n lns fdsgaunlfnfds rdagcmnlds([cbrgmc, 200;? ;5)

C fd umn pcsgkgm mdc-inrxgstn, qud prgcrgzn dl pcstulnfc qud kgdrtnskcmtrnfgkkgcmds dm lns ecrinkgcmds sckgnlds prckdfgfns fd ln alcbnlgznkgm

dkcmigkn gmfukdm n ln mdkdsgfnf fdl knibgc dm kgdrtns rdns fd ln dkcmcin y ln

sckgdfnf. Tm nkdmtc dm rdlnkgcmnr ln degkgdmkgn dkcmigkn fd lns kgufnfds kcm ln

oustgkgn sckgnl dm lcs fgstgmtcs arupcs sckgnlds qud jnbgtnm dl dspnkgc urbnmc

([cbrgmc, 200;? ;1).

Kcm dstns ltgins pdrspdktgvns kcmtrnpudstns (qud sd kgdm kcic pnrtd fd um

nmtnacmgsic rnfgknl), ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn mc tdmfrn knbgfn kcic ecrin pnrn

prcicvdr dl fdsnrrcllc fd lns kgufnfds y sus jnbgtnmtds, sgmc, is bgdm, kcic um

kcipldidmtc, jbglidmtd oustgegknfc, nrtgkulnfc y ldagtginfc8 pnrn ln niplgnkgm fd

lns dstrukturns fdl knpgtnl trnsmnkgcmnl y dl bdmdegkgc fd nktcrds prgvnfcs. Lc nmtdrgcr

kcm ln mdkdsnrgn dvnlunkgm fd lcs ibgtcs gmtdrmnkgcmnl y mnkgcmnl y ln fdegmgkgm

fd ln nktunl rdprdsdmtnkgm c eumkgm fdl Dstnfc.

Pcr ltgic, sd vnlcrn qud ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn pcfrn giplgknr dl rgdsac fd

kcmvdrtgr n lns kgufnfds dm lc qud dl kgdmtegkc sckgnl Hnrl Pclnmyg (>766) fdmcigm

kcic idrknmkns egktgkgns. Lns idrknmkns rdnlds scm lcs cbodtcs prcfukgfcs pnrn

su vdmtn dm dl idrknfc. [gm dibnrac, kcic lc negrinbn Pclnmyg, ln tgdrrn, dl trnbnoc

y dl fgmdrc sd kcmstgtuydrcm kcic idrknmkns egktgkgns, pcrqud mc sdprcfuodrcm


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crgagmnlidmtd pnrn vdmfdrsd dm um idrknfc. N pdsnr fd dllc, ln dkcmcin icfdrmn

pnrtd fd ln prdtdmsgm fd qud dstns idrknmkns egktgkgns sd kcipcrtnm gaunl qud lns

rdnlds, lc qud giplgkn kcmsdkudmkgns entnlds qud pcmdm dm pdlgarc n lns

sckgdfnfds juinmns (Blckh dm Pclnmyg, 20>2 X>766Y? 2:).

Fd ln igsin ecrin kcic ln tgdrrn, dl trnbnoc y dl fgmdrc mc scm idrknmkns rdnlds,

pdrc dl sgstdin dkcmigkc lgbdrnl lns jn nsdidonfc kcic tnl, ln vnlcrnkgm fd ln

kcipdtgtgvgfnf fd lns kgufnfds pufgdsd kclcknr n stns dm dsn igsin tdsgturn. Dm

ctrns pnlnbrns, jnkdr degkgdmtds y pdrkdptgblds lns vdmtnons kcipdtgtgvns fd lns

kgufnfds pnrn dipuonrlns n ln lagkn fdl idrknfc y kcmvdrtgrlns dm idrknmkn egktgkgn

n fgspcsgkgm fd lcs fdtdmtnfcrds fdl knpgtnl.

Dm tnmtc, ln sdaumfn vdrtgdmtd didrad fd ln mdkdsgfnf fd kudstgcmnr c dmkcmtrnr

lns kcmtrnfgkkgcmds fd ln prdsumtn kcrrdlnkgm dmtrd lns vnrgnblds fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf

y fdsnrrcllc (c ln gfdn qud umc ds ln knusn fdl ctrc), tcfn vdz qud ln prgidrn, dm

rdnlgfnf, prgcrgzn dl krdkgigdmtc dkcmigkc kcm dl nuaurgc fd fdsnrrcllc. Ounm

Nmtcmgc Rcfraudz (20>2), kcm bnsd dm lns vnrgnmtds dxpudstns pcr Riulc Edrrdrc

(>745), fgstgmaud qud dl krdkgigdmtc dst rdlnkgcmnfc kcm prcardsc dkcmigkc,

qud sd nlknmzn nl cbsdrvnr um idocrnigdmtc dm dl bgdmdstnr dkcmigkc c ln

nbumfnmkgn fd tcfcs nqudllcs bgdmds y sdrvgkgcs qud jnbgtunlidmtd sd gmtdrknibgnm

pcr fgmdrc(ln fgstrgbukgm kcic dl prcbldin kdmtrnl).

Pcr su pnrtd, dl fdsnrrcllc prciudvd dl bgdmdstnr dkcmigkc y sckgnl fd lns arnmfds

insns pcpulnrds, nl dldvnr kcmstnmtdidmtd lcs mgvdlds fd vgfn fd ln pcblnkgm

(Edrrdrc, >745, dm Rcfraudz, 20>2? 5;).

Dm nfgkgm, dm dl krdkgigdmtc dkcmigkc sd inmgegdstn ln dxpnmsgm fd lns eudrzns

prcfuktgvns (trnbnoc, knpgtnl, prcfukkgm, vdmtns y kcidrkgc), igdmtrns qud

fdsnrrcllc ds dl prckdsc idfgnmtd dl kunl lcs pnsds (kgufnfds) pnsnm fd um dstnfc

ntrnsnfc fd su dkcmcin n um dstnfc nvnmznfc fd ln igsin, inmgedstnfc n trnvs

fd knibgcs kunmtgtntgvcs y kunlgtntgvcs ([glvdstrd, >77: dm Rcfraudz, 20>2? 5;).


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Ctrcs nutcrds, kcic Lukgc Idmfgdtn (>752, kgtnfc dm Rcfraudz, 20>2? 54), vnm um

pnsc nfdlnmtd nl negrinr qud dl fdsnrrcllc mc pudfd kgrkumskrgbgrsd n um nspdktc

purnidmtd dkcmigkc, fdbgfc n qud std sd jnlln mdkdsnrgnidmtd rdlnkgcmnfc

kcm ctrcs enktcrds y kgrkumstnmkgns sckgnlds. Dm ctrns pnlnbrns, dl fdsnrrcllc sd

kgigdmtn scbrd fcs pumtnlds? dl intdrgnl y dl sckgnl.

Dm dstd sdmtgfc, sd ouzan qud dl eumfnidmtc kdmtrnl fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn sd

mutrd c dst eudrtdidmtd nmklnfc n ln gfdclcan fdl krdkgigdmtc dkcmigkc, qud,

sdam ln tdcrn crtcfcxn, admdrnr, n su vdz, umn dkcmcin fd actdc kcm bdmdegkgcs

pnrn lcs fgedrdmtds dstrntcs sckgnlds(Vnald, 20>2? >01). Kcm um sustdmtc, nl igsic

tgdipc, fdl pnrnfgain fdsnrrcllgstn, qud prciulan qud, pcr idfgc fd umnsdkudmkgn lgmdnl, lns kgufnfds fd pnsds pcbrds qud sganm dl sdmfdrc rdkcrrgfc pcr

kgufnfds fd pnsds rgkcs nlknmznrm dl fdsnrrcllc (nmlgsgs fd [gstdins-Iumfc fd

Qnlldrstdgm).

[ubynkd, fd dstn ecrin, umn krtgkn trnskdmfdmtnl? ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn pdr sd

mc kcmeluyd dm fdsnrrcllc, dmtdmfgfc dl igsic dm lcs trigmcs nmtds dxpudstcs. Lc

nmtdrgcr, pcr umn rnzm fd pdsc? ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn mnkd dm lns nulns fd ln

dskudln dkcmigkn mdclgbdrnl, kuyn kcmvgkkgm cbstgmnfn pcr ln lagkn fdl idrknfc

kcic kdmtrc fd ln rdaulnkgm dkcmigkn y ln egrid kcmtdmkgm fd ln gmtdrvdmkgm fdl

Dstnfc, mcs cerdkd dm mudstrcs fns um rdsultnfc sckgnl mdantgvc.

[g dm um lnpsc fd is fd trds fknfns dl sgstdin dkcmigkc gipdrnmtd mc jn sgfc

knpnz fd subsnmnr lcs rdznacs intdrgnlds y sckgnlds dm um kiulc fd rdagcmds y

kgufnfds fdl crbd8 y, pcr dl kcmtrnrgc, prceumfgznfc lns fgstnmkgns fd fdsnrrcllc, nl

prcpgkgnr ln kcmkdmtrnkgm fd ln rgqudzn, nltdrnr ln fgstrgbukgm fd lcs rdkurscs y

nmtgkgpnr lcs gmtdrdsds kupulnrds dm fdtrgidmtc fd lns mdkdsgfnfds fd ln sckgdfnf8

ds nkdptnbld c vlgfc kcmodturnr qud ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn mc ds umn rdspudstn

egnbld y qud ln pdrdmmd prcklnin fd um pcrvdmgr prcigscrgc qud fd dlln prckdfd

dmvudlvd kcmsdkudmkgns nm is arnvds.


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Lc nmtdrgcr, sustdmtnfc dm lns sgaugdmtds pgmkdlnfns?

c Pnrn >750 lcs gmardscs fdl 4% is rgkc fd ln pcblnkgm iumfgnl drnm ;0

vdkds is nltcs qud lcs fdl 4% is pcbrd. Pnrn >7:4, ln fgstnmkgn jnbn

nuidmtnfc n 50 vdkds y pnrn 2002 jnbnm nlknmznfc um enktcr fdl >>6%

(Bnuinm, 20>>? ;5).

c Knsg ln igtnf fd ln rgqudzn iumfgnl dst dm inmcs fd slc dl >% fd ln

pcblnkgm (Cxeni, 20>6?2).

c Ln rgqudzn fdl >% fd ln pcblnkgm is rgkn fdl iumfc nskgdmfd n >>0 bgllcmds

fd flnrds, umn kgern 54 vdkds inycr qud dl tctnl fd ln rgqudzn qud pcsdd ln

igtnf is pcbrd fd ln pcblnkgm iumfgnl (Cxeni 20>6? 2-;)c Ln igtnf is pcbrd fd ln pcblnkgm iumfgnl pcsdd ln igsin rgqudzn qud lns

:4 pdrscmns is rgkns fdl iumfc (Cxeni 20>6? ;)

c [gdtd fd knfn fgdz pdrscmns vgvdm dm pnsds fcmfd ln fdsgaunlfnf

dkcmigkn jn nuidmtnfc dm lcs ltgics ;0 ncs (Cxeni 20>6? ;)

c Ln igtnf fdl kcidrkgc iumfgnl y is fd ln igtnf fd lns gmvdrsgcmds alcbnlds

bdmdegkgnm slc n 22 pnsds qud nlbdranm dl >6% fd ln pcblnkgm iumfgnl8

igdmtrns qud lcs 67 pnsds is pcbrds, jnbgtnfcs pcr dl >>% fd ln pcblnkgm

iumfgnl, slc rdkgbdm, dm kcmoumtc, dl 0.4% fdl prcfuktc alcbnl (Nttnlg dm

Bnuinm, 20>>? ;5).

Bnoc dstd tdmcr, dl gmtdrs bsgkc fd dstn gmvdstgankgm ds jnkdr umn rdeldxgm krtgkn

scbrd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn y lns giplgknkgcmds rdedrgfns nmtdrgcridmtd,

fdlgigtnmfc kcic kdmtrc fd nmlgsgs n ln kgufnf fd Ldm, Aunmnountc. Kcmtrnpcmdr,

kcm umn bnsd fd pdmsnigdmtc fgstgmtn, ln pdrtgmdmkgn fd augnrsd scbrd ln lagkn fd

ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn kcic um prcictcr fdl fdsnrrcllc pnrn dl knsc kcmkrdtc fd

Ldm y dm um pdrgcfc nprcxginfc fd fgdz ncs (n pnrtgr fdl rdkcmckgigdmtc qud dm

200; sd prdsdmt dl prgidr mfgkd ecrinl scbrd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn dm Ixgkc).


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Kcm ln egmnlgfnf fd fnr sdmtgfc n lc nmtdrgcr ds gipcrtnmtd dstnbldkdr um kcmtdxtc

brdvd qud augd lns lmdns fd gmvdstgankgm y nmlgsgs. [d dmtgdmfd qud n rnz fdl

nskdmsc fd Igaudl fd ln Infrgf Jurtnfc n ln Prdsgfdmkgn fd Ixgkc, dm >7:2, dl

pns sd kg edjnkgdmtdidmtd nl tcrrdmtd mdclgbdrnl. Dm lcs ltgics ;2 ncs, qud

nbnrkn kuntrc acbgdrmcs dinmnfcs fdl Pnrtgfc Rdvclukgcmnrgc Gmstgtukgcmnl (PRG) y

fcs fdl Pnrtgfc Nkkgm Mnkgcmnl (PNM), Ixgkc jn kcmkrdtnfc umn sdrgd fd rdecrins

dkcmigkns mdclgbdrnlds? npdrturn fd lcs idrknfcs, egrin fd trntnfcs fd lgbrd

kcidrkgc, neglgnkgm n cranmgznkgcmds kcidrkgnlds y egmnmkgdrns, nfdlanznigdmtc fd

lns eumkgcmds nfigmgstrntgvns fdl Dstnfc, vdmtn fd diprdsns pblgkns,

fdsgmkcrpcrnkgm c prgvntgznkgm fd sdktcrds dstrntagkcs (dmdran, pdtrldc,

igmdrn c edrrcknrrgl) y idmcr gmtdrvdmkgm pblgkn dm ln vgfn dkcmigkn.

Pnrnldlnidmtd, numqud kcm kgdrtc rdznac, sd jnm fgspudstc rdecrins dm dl tdrrdmc

pcltgkc, prgmkgpnlidmtd dmknigmnfns n ecrtnldkdr y trnmspnrdmtnr lcs dsqudins fd

dldkkgm fd acbdrmnmtds. Fd dstn ecrin, pnrn lcs vckdrcs mdcklsgkcs, Ixgkc dst

kcmsclgfnfc kcic um idrknfc didradmtd, fdickrtgkc (dldkkgcmds rdaulnrds y

umgvdrsnlds), kcm pcsgbglgfnfds fd krdkgigdmtc dm dl kcrtc plnzc, kcm dstnbglgfnf

inkrcdkcmigkn, fgskgplgmn egsknl, pcltgkn fd dxpcrtnkgcmds, nkudrfcs kcidrkgnlds

kcm ctrns mnkgcmds, nmfnignod pcltgkc d gmstgtukgcmnl nkcrfd n lns mdkdsgfnfds fdl

knpgtnl y kcm niplgn npdrturn fd sus idrknfcs. Dm suin, dl pns dst dm um prckdsc

fd icfdrmgznkgm (rdkdptcr dm dl prckdsc fd trnmsedrdmkgn fd bdmdegkgcs) y dm umn

trnydktcrgn fd niplgnr dl bgdmdstnr juinmc, sdam rdzn dl krdfc mdclgbdrnl.

Ds prdkgsnidmtd dm dstd nibgdmtd y dm ln prcpgn fgmigkn fd ln alcbnlgznkgm

dkcmigkn, qud dl fgskursc fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn jnbrn fdsnrrcllnfc umn

mnturnl, nprcbntcrgn y ldagtginfn rdkdpkgm kcic pnrtd fd lns fgskusgcmds

nknfigkns, gmstgtukgcmnlds y pcltgkns pnrn prcicvdr dl fdsnrrcllc fd lns kgufnfds.

Dm dstd sdmtgfc, nl idmcs dm umn rdvgsgm gmgkgnl scbrd lcs is rdldvnmtds, dm

Ixgkc fdstnkn ln fgspcmgbglgfnf fd lcs mfgkds c dstufgcs prdsdmtnfcs pcr dl Kdmtrc

fd Gmvdstgankgm y Fckdmkgn Dkcmigkns, N.K. (KGFD) y dl Gmstgtutc Idxgknmc pnrn

ln Kcipdtgtgvgfnf, N.K. (GIKC). N mgvdl gmtdrmnkgcmnl scbrdsnld dl Alcbnl Trbnm


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Kcipdtgtgvdmdss Rdpcrt, dl kunl gmkluyd n kgufnfds idxgknmns dmtrd umn sdrgd fd

400 urbds fdl iumfc.

Kcic rdsultnfc fd lcs nmlgsgs fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn dm lcs trds mfgkds

rdedrgfcs, furnmtd sus fgvdrscs ncs fd prdsdmtnkgm, ln kgufnf fd Ldm,

Aunmnountc, jnbrn dstnfc kcgmkgfdmtdidmtd ubgknfn dm umn pcsgkgm gmtdridfgn

c fd bnon kcipdtgtgvgfnf. Fd tnl sudrtd, sd dstginrn qud lns fgedrdmtds

klnsgegknkgcmds fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf fd Ldm, admdrnlidmtd mc sgtunfn dmtrd lns 20 c

;0 is kcipdtgtgvns fdl pns, mc kcrrdspcmfdrnm n su inamgtuf pcblnkgcmnl (ln

sdxtn kgufnf idxgknmn sdam su midrc fd jnbgtnmtds dm 20>0? >6;5,6:0. GMDAG).

Nl tgdipc qud Ldm, Aunmnountc, inmgegdstn umn lgigtnfn knpnkgfnf kcipdtgtgvn,sdam lns dvnlunkgcmds dm ln intdrgn, ln kcmfgkgm sckgnl pnrn ln kgufnf dm ln drn

mdclgbdrnl ds nfvdrsn. Nlaumcs trnzcs?

c Mcvdmc iumgkgpgc fdl pns kcm ln inycr knmtgfnf fd pdrscmns kcm knrdmkgns

pcr knlgfnf y dspnkgcs fd ln vgvgdmfn8

c Cktnvc iumgkgpgc fdl pns kcm dl inycr midrc fd pdrscmns dm pcbrdzn

dxtrdin8

c [ptgic iumgkgpgc fdl pns kcm inycr midrc fd pdrscmns kcm knrdmkgn dm

dl nkkdsc n lcs sdrvgkgcs fd snluf8

c [dxtc iumgkgpgc fdl pns kcm ln inycr knmtgfnf fd pdrscmns kcm knrdmkgn pcr

nkkdsc n ln nlgidmtnkgm8

c ^ugmtc iumgkgpgc fdl pns kcm ln inycr knmtgfnf fd pdrscmns kcm knrdmkgn

pcr nkkdsc n ln sdaurgfnf sckgnl8

c ^ugmtc iumgkgpgc fdl pns qud rdagstrn is pdrscmns kcm knrdmkgn dm lcs

sdrvgkgcs bsgkcs dm ln vgvgdmfn8

c Vdrkdr c kunrtc iumgkgpgc (sg sd dstgin n ln fdldankgm Gztnpnlnpn, Fgstrgtc

Edfdrnl) kcm inycr midrc fd pdrscmns dm pcbrdzn8 y


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c Prgidr iumgkgpgc kcm inycr midrc fd pdrscmns kcm knrdmkgns pcr rdznac

dfukntgvc.2

Kcm nibns pgdzns fd gmecrinkgm sd dstnbldkdrn qud Ldm nfcldkd fd gmtdridfgn

c bnon kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn kcm ln prdsdmkgn fd gmfgknfcrds fd fdsnrrcllc eragl.

C, fd ctrn ecrin, Ldm mc ds umn kgufnf kcipdtgtgvn y inmgegdstn rdznacs dm su

fdsnrrcllc sckgnl. [gm dibnrac, nmtgkgpnrsd n kcmklugr qud ln kgufnf mc ds

kcipdtgtgvn pcr sus prcbldins fd fdsnrrcllc c, n ln gmvdrsn, qud mc jn dldvnfc sus

mgvdlds fd fdsnrrcllc, pcrqud mc ds kcipdtgtgvn, pudfd kcmedrgr gmtdrprdtnkgcmds

drrmdns c giprdkgsns.

Dstc sd fdsprdmfd fd ln tdsgs kdmtrnl fd dstn gmvdstgankgm? lns kgufnfds mcfdbgdsdm suodtnrsd n krgtdrgcs fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn, fdbgfc n qud stcs fdbdm

su bnsnidmtc n lns kcmfgkgcmds fdl idrknfc (prcklgvgfnf n kcmvdrtgrlns dm

idrknmkns egktgkgns), y pcrqud ln igsin, nl prgcrgznr dl krdkgigdmtc dkcmigkc, mc

prdkgsnidmtd sd nbckn c kcmeluyd dm um fdsnrrcllc intdrgnl y sckgnl (bgdmdstnr

admdrnlgznfc). Mcs sgtunics, nmtd dllc, dm um prcbldin sdrgc fd fgstrgbukgm.

N prdaumtns sgiglnrds, dl sgstdin dkcmigkc fcigmnmtd scstdmfrn rdspudstns dm

dstd sdmtgfc? Pnrn qu prcicvdr ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn dm Ldm3 (pnrn jnkdrln

ntrnktgvn nl idrknfc? inycr gmvdrsgm y tnsn fd anmnmkgn, qud pcstdrgcridmtd

kcmtrgbugrn kcm dl fdsnrrcllc) Pnrn qugm3 (dm prgmkgpgc, pnrn lcs nktcrds lfdrds

fdl idrknfc, dl knpgtnl trnsmnkgcmnl y lcs gmvdrscrds qud dspdrnm rdtrgbukgcmds. Dm

sdaumfn gmstnmkgn, pnrn ln sckgdfnf) Kumfc3 (dm dl kcrtc y idfgnmc plnzc)

Kic3 (kcm dl fgsdc fd pcltgkns pblgkns, prcarnins fd plnmdnkgm urbnmn, kcm

ln gmtdrvdmkgm fdl sdktcr pblgkc y prgvnfc, y fgspcsgkgm fd rdkurscs pblgkcs).

[g dstc eudsd dl knsc, sd vnlcrn qud sd nmtdpcmdm lcs prgmkgpgcs fd krdkgigdmtc scbrd

lcs fd fdsnrrcllc, kcic fcain dm ln pcltgkn dkcmigkn fdl pns. Dm nfgkgm, n lcs

2Eudmtd? Rdsultnfcs fd ln idfgkgm fd pcbrdzn 20>0 pnrn knfn iumgkgpgc fdl pns (fd um tctnl fd2,645) fdl Kcmsdoc Mnkgcmnl fd Dvnlunkgm fd ln Pcltgkn fd Fdsnrrcllc [ckgnl (KCMDUNL).


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mfgkds fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf jnbrn qud scidtdrlcs n um kudstgcmnigdmtc

prckdfgidmtnl?

n) Ntgdmfdm idtcfclcans fgstgmtns y fnm vnlcr fgedrdmkgnfc n lcs gmfgknfcrds

nmnlgznfcs, lc qud, dm prgmkgpgc, nbrd krgtdrgcs fd nibgadfnf, rdfukgfn

dqugpnrnkgm y fdegmgkgm fd ln kcmfgkgm kcipdtgtgvn fd ln kgufnf dm um

icidmtc prdkgsc (rnfgcarnen fd um pdrgcfc fd tgdipc fnfc)8

b) Mc jnkdm umn fgvgsgm dxplkgtn dmtrd kgufnf, fdegmgfn kcic nsdmtnigdmtc

kcm um tninc imgic fd pcblnkgm y umn fdmsgfnf fdicaregkn qud supdrn

ln fd ctrcs tdrrgtcrgcs (Iglls y Jnigltcm dm [cbrgmc, 200;)8 y iumgkgpgc

(kcmoumtc fd jnbgtnmtds fd um igsic trigmc ourgsfgkkgcmnl, rdagfc pcr um

nyumtnigdmtc). Nfdis, lns dvnlunkgcmds fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf scm fd umnkgufnf c iumgkgpgc erdmtd n zcmns c rdns idtrcpclgtnmns, lns kunlds

gmkcrpcrnm n fcs c vnrgcs iumgkgpgcs (igsics qud scm nutmcics dmtrd s y

mc mdkdsnrgnidmtd fd ln igsin dmtgfnf edfdrntgvn)8

k) Ln odrnrqugznkgm fd fdtdrigmnfcs gmfgknfcrds (bsgknidmtd dmecknfcs dm

dl tdrrdmc dkcmigkc) gmvnrgnbldidmtd mcs kcmfukdm n fdskgernr y fnr umn

inycr sgamgegknkgm n lns kcmfgkgcmds c knrnktdrstgkns fd lcs kcmtdxtcs

gmtdrmnkgcmnl, mnkgcmnl y dstntnl. Nl rdspdktc, dl pnpdl fd lcs acbgdrmcs lcknlds

sd cbsdrvnrn kcmfgkgcmnfc n enktcrds nodmcs y eudrn fd su nlknmkd. Fd nj

qud icfgegknr ln pcsgkgm kcipdtgtgvn fd ln kgufnf rdsultnsd nkctnfn dm

fgedrdmtds vns.

f) Pcr ltgic, pdrc is gipcrtnmtd, ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn gmdxcrnbldidmtd

dstnr suodtn n lns tdmfdmkgns y mdkdsgfnfds fdl idrknfc, fd lns kcmfgkgcmds

fd ln dkcmcin gmtdrmnkgcmnl, fd ln gmkgfdmkgn gmigmdmtd fd diprdsns fd

knpgtnl trnsmnkgcmnl, fd eluocs tdkmclagkcs iumfgnlds, fd prdfgspcsgkgcmds

lnbcrnlds y snlnrgnlds dxtdrmns, ns kcic fd ln gmodrdmkgn y pnrtgkgpnkgm

nktgvn fd nktcrds diprdsnrgnlds mnkgcmnlds y dxtrnmodrcs.


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Prdaumtns fd gmvdstgankgm

Lcs dldidmtcs kdmtrnlds fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn y lcs mfgkds qud dm Ixgkc sd

admdrnm pnrn idfgrln scm um idfgc c rdspudstn cpcrtumn pnrn dstgiulnr, mc slc dlkrdkgigdmtc dkcmigkc, sgmc dl fdsnrrcllc y ln oustgkgn sckgnl dm dl iumgkgpgc fd Ldm,

Aunmnountc3 Dm ctrcs trigmcs, pcfdics gmtdrprdtnr n ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn

kcic um pnrnfgain c icfdlc fd fdsnrrcllc pnrn ln kgufnf3

C, pcr dl kcmtrnrgc, ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn fdbd nsuigrsd kcic pnrtd fd um

sgstdin fd fcigmnkgm fdl idrknfc, dl kunl sd nbckn prgmkgpnlidmtd dm sntgsenkdr

lns fdinmfns y mdkdsgfnfds fdl knpgtnl, kcm dl narnvnmtd qud kgufnfds fd ln

pdrgedrgn, kcic Ldm, dstm dm fdsvdmtnon erdmtd n ctrns d gmidrsns dm um kcmtdxtc

gmtdrmnkgcmnl qud prgvgldagn pcltgkns dkcmigkns fd kcrtd mdclgbdrnl3

Dxgstd umn tdmfdmkgn fd fgsdnr n ln kgufnf kcic umn idrknmkn egktgkgn3

Dm smtdsgs, fdbd vnlcrnrsd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn kcic um dldidmtc

kcmvdmgdmtd pnrn prcicvdr c kcmvdrtgrsd dm dl dod pnrn dl fdsnrrcllc dm Ldm,

Aunmnountc, num kunmfc sd cbsdrvn qud dm su amdsgs kcmkdptunl dxgstdprddigmdmkgn pcr dl krdkgigdmtc dkcmigkc, sd gfdmtgegknm n su nlrdfdfcr

kcmtrcvdrsgns u cpcsgkgcmds dxpudstns dm dl fdbntd tdrgkc y ecrin pnrtd fd ln

fgmigkn fd ln alcbnlgznkgm dkcmigkn y lns pcltgkns mdclgbdrnlds qud, dm ln

nktunlgfnf, jnm prcpgkgnfc um gipnktc sckgnl mdantgvc3

Cbodtgvcs fd ln gmvdstgankgm

Cbodtgvc admdrnl

c Fdlgigtnr lns knrnktdrstgkns prcpgns y dl nrinzm tdrgkc fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf

urbnmn y su kcmtrnpcsgkgm kcm ctrns gfdns qud kudstgcmnm su vgnbglgfnf y


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pdrtgmdmkgn (mc fdrgvn mdkdsnrgnidmtd dm fdsnrrcllc y sd pctdmkgn dl rgdsac

fd kcmvdrtgr n lns kgufnfds dm idrknmkns egktgkgns). Lc nmtdrgcr kcm ln

gmtdmkgm fd scidtdr n fgskusgm sg dxgstdm gmkcmarudmkgns,

gmkcipntgbglgfnfds c kcmtrnfgkkgcmds dmtrd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn y

fdsnrrcllc. Ds fdkgr, kudstgcmnr sg ln gfdn fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn,

niplgnidmtd dxtdmfgfn y ldagtginfn, fdbd gmtdrprdtnrsd c mc kcic icfdlc

fd fdsnrrcllc.

Cbodtgvcs pnrtgkulnrds

c Dvnlunr sg ln kcmkdpkgm fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn fdvgdmd fd um prckdsc fd

alcbnlgznkgm dkcmigkn, kcmfgkgcmnfn pcr lcs dmtcrmcs mnkgcmnl dgmtdrmnkgcmnl, kcm ln gmkgfdmkgn fd um kcipldoc dmtrninfc fd nktcrds, eluocs

egmnmkgdrcs y kcidrkgnlds fd Dstnfcs fdl Kdmtrc n Dstnfcs fd ln Pdrgedrgn,

ns kcic fd ln prddigmdmkgn c prgcrgfnf fd lns mdkdsgfnfds fdl idrknfc y

sus nadmtds.

c Rdvgsnr y nmnlgznr ln klnsgegknkgm fd Ldm, Aunmnountc, dm lcs fgstgmtcs

mfgkds fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn fgspcmgblds pnrn kgufnfds idxgknmns8

dmtdmfdr lns knusns fd lns fgedrdmtds pcsgkgcmds kcipdtgtgvns fd ln kgufnf

(fd nkudrfc n lns ecrtnldzns y fdbglgfnfds kcmtdmgfns dm lcs dstufgcs)8

rdnlgznr um dodrkgkgc kcipnrntgvc kcm ctrcs mfgkds lcknlds fd fdsnrrcllc y

krdkgigdmtc dkcmigkc8 vnlcrnr pcsgblds nibgadfnfds c fgskrdpnmkgns

dmtrd dl kcmoumtc fd gmfgknfcrds dvnlunfcs y dstginr ln kcmvdmgdmkgn c mc fd

dstgiulnr c prcicvdr nkkgcmds fd acbgdrmc dmknigmnfns n ln ntdmkgm fd lns

rdkcidmfnkgcmds pnrn idocrnr ln knpnkgfnf kcipdtgtgvn c, dm kcmtrnstd,

busknr ctrns nltdrmntgvns fd kcrtd sckgnl.


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Oustgegknkgm

Dl pumtc fd pnrtgfn fdl fdbntd scbrd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn y ln klnsgegknkgm fd

lns dmtgfnfds (c kgufnfds pnrn dl sdmtgfc fd dstn gmvdstgankgm), fd nkudrfc kcm susvdmtnons kcipdtgtgvns (Pcrtdr, >770), sd sgtn bsgknidmtd dm ln fknfn fd lcs

ckjdmtn fdl sgalc ZZ. Dm sgmtcmn kcm umn tdmfdmkgn iumfgnl qud kcm dl tgdipc eud

anmnmfc nfdptcs, sd dstgin qud jnkd nlrdfdfcr fd fgdz ncs, sdam sd fdsprdmfd

fdl prgidr dstufgc fdl KGFD fd 200;, dm Ixgkc gmgkgn um prckdsc fd digsgm

kcmtgmun fd lcs fgstgmtcs mfgkds fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn, kcm um eumfnidmtc is

dstrukturnl y nknfigkc.

Furnmtd dstd lnpsc c pdrgcfc, lcs mfgkds fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn (kcic lc scm

tnibgm pnrn ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf fd lns dmtgfnfds edfdrntgvns c fdl pns dm um dmtcrmc

gmtdrmnkgcmnl) sd jnm kcmstgtugfc kcic um rdedrdmtd vlgfc pnrn dstnbldkdr ln

pcsgkgm fd lns kgufnfds idxgknmns dmtrd s, su eudrzn c fdbglgfnf kcipdtgtgvn dm

kcipnrnkgm kcm ctrns.

[g bgdm dl prcpsgtc fd dstn gmvdstgankgm mc ds kudstgcmnr ln idtcfclcan mg ln

vnlcrnkgm fd lcs rdspdktgvcs gmfgknfcrds utglgznfcs dm lcs mfgkds fd kcipdtgtgvgfnfurbnmn (sdnm kunmtgtntgvcs c kunlgtntgvcs), su krdnkgm y fgeusgm dm Ixgkc nfqugdrd

rdldvnmkgn, dm ln idfgfn qud stcs gmtdmtnm gibugrsd dm dl ldmaunod gmstgtukgcmnl y

pcltgkc pnrn dmknigmnr nkkgcmds qud supudstnidmtd kcmtrgbuynm nl fdsnrrcllc.

[d kcmsgfdrn, dmtcmkds, qud dm Ixgkc, y pnrtgkulnridmtd dm Ldm, dxgstd umn

nusdmkgn fd fdbntd scbrd ln vnlgfdz fd lcs mfgkds fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn kcic

pnridtrcs pnrn prcpgkgnr dl fdsnrrcllc lcknl c rdagcmnl. Ecrinm pnrtd fdl ldmaunod

kcim fd ln alcbnlgznkgm dkcmigkn.

Dstd dseudrzc fd gmvdstgankgm pnrtd fdl supudstc qud, nmtd ln krdkgdmtd pcsturn

nprcbntcrgn y ldagtgigfnf anmnfn fd lcs mfgkds fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn, sd

rdqugdrd ecronr umn kcyumturn prcpgkgn y kcmvdmgdmtd pnrn suadrgr sg lcs igsics


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fdbdm c mc gmsdrtnrsd kcic pumtnlds gmdlufgblds pnrn dl fdsnrrcllc. Lc nmtdrgcr, nl

nprdkgnr qud dm ln rnz kcmkdptunl fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn sd giplgknm

knrnktdrstgkns pnrtgkulnrds qud, dm um plnmc tdrgkc y prktgkc, sd kcmtrnpcmdm kcm

umn vgsgm fd fdsnrrcllc qud suin c kciprdmfn dldidmtcs fd oustgkgn sckgnl.

Dllc nfqugdrd umn rdldvnmkgn sckgnl sg suinics qud lcs tcinfcrds fd fdkgsgm (c

fdkgsgcm inhdrspnrn ln odran prdpcmfdrnmtd), mc slc lns nutcrgfnfds fdickrtgkn

y ldatginidmtd dldktns, sgmc tnibgm nktcrds prgvnfcs c pcfdrds ektgkcs8 scm

tdmfdmtds n fdegmgr pcltgkns pblgkns dmknigmnfns n rdspcmfdr n ln mdkdsgfnf fd

dldvnr ln knpnkgfnf kcipdtgtgvn fd ln kgufnf, prgmkgpnlidmtd pcr dxgadmkgns fdl

idrknfc y dm vgrtuf fd sus gmtdrdsds, mc pcr sclukgm n fdinmfns sckgnlds bsgkns.

Lc qud sd trnfukgrn dm ln rdprcfukkgm grrdstrgktn d gmdskrupulcsn fd rdsclukgcmdsdkcmigkns qud jnm fdicstrnfc su gmknpnkgfnf fd gmkdmtgvnr dl fdsnrrcllc y, dm

kcmtrnsdmtgfc, njcmfnr lns fdsgaunlfnfds.

Fglukgfnfc ns dstd pnmcrnin, lns giplgknkgcmds pnrn ln kgufnf fd Ldm sdrnm

dvgfdmtds. Fd tnl sudrtd, ln gipcrtnmkgn fd dstd dstufgc rnfgkn dm ln gfdn fd su

gmtdmtc pcr kcmtrnpcmdr fcs lmdns tdrgkns y kcmkdptunlds? lns qud vnlgfnm

gmstgtukgcmnlidmtd n ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn kcic vdjkulc pnrn dl fdsnrrcllc y lns

qud kudstgcmnm su ldagtgigfnf nl scstdmdr qud ln igsin rdspcmfd n gmtdrdsds

prgvnfcs, dm um crfdm dkcmigkc alcbnl fcigmnfc pcr dl mdclgbdrnlgsic.

Nfdis, sd prcpcmd qud ln utglgfnf idtcfclagkn fd dstn tdsgs dinmd fd ln rdvgsgm

kcipnrntgvn fd gmfgknfcrds pnrn Ldm, Aunmnountc? lcs dxpudstcs pcr lcs fgedrdmtds

mfgkds fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn dm Ixgkc (kcm umn tdmfdmkgn jnkgn dl idrknfc)

y nqudllcs rdlnkgcmnfcs is pumtunlidmtd kcm dl fdsnrrcllc sckgnl y juinmc, dm um

pdrgcfc nprcxginfc fd fgdz ncs (fnfn ln fgspcmgbglgfnf fd lcs mfgkds fdsfd jnkd

npdmns umn fknfn) y kcm dl gmtdmtc fd fgedrdmkgnr dmtrd kgufnf, iumgkgpgc y rdn

idtrcpclgtnmn.


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Pnrn egmnlgznr, ds kcmvdmgdmtd subrnynr qud ln fgskusgm fd dstd tdin mc ds mudvn

dm ctrns lntgtufds, lc qud pdrigtd tdmdr vnrgnfcs rdkurscs tdrgkcs y idtcfclagkcs

qud pcsgbglgtnm ln vgnbglgfnf fdl prcydktc y scpcrtnm ln gmsgstdmkgn pcr gmkcrpcrnr um

dmecqud fgstgmtc y kcmckgigdmtcs mudvcs n ln nprdkgnkgm fdl fdsnrrcllc pnrn Ldm,

kcm lcs bdmdegkgcs y dl gipnktc sckgnl qud dllc pudfn nknrrdnr.

Jgptdsgs

Nfjdrgrsd sgm sdmtgfc krtgkc n lcs kmcmds fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn, nl idmcs

pnrn dl knsc fd Ldm, Aunmnountc, giplgkn scidtdr n ln kgufnf n prckdscs prcpgcs

fdl idrknfc y dl knpgtnl trnsmnkgcmnl, gipulsnfcs pcr dl acbgdrmc lcknl y nktcrdsprgvnfcs, qud dm um kcmtdxtc gmtdrmnkgcmnl fcigmnfc pcr dl mdclgbdrnlgsic

dkcmigkc y dm umn kcmfgkgm fd fdpdmfdmkgn, c fdsfd ln pdrgedrgn, admdrnrnm

rgdsacs fd gipnktc sckgnl mdantgvc y kcmtrnfgktcrgc qud gipcsgbglgtnrnm umn ntdmkgm

pumtunl fd lcs gmfgknfcrds fd fdsnrrcllc lcknl.


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Knptulc 2.- Kcmkdptunlgznkgm fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn dm um kcmtdxtc fdprdvnldmkgn fdl mdclgbdrnlgsic dkcmigkc

Ln fknfn fd lcs ckjdmtn fdl sgalc ZZ sd jn kcmstgtugfc kcic um pumtc fd gmeldxgm

gipcrtnmtd pnrn ln kcmegaurnkgm y rdcranmgznkgm fd lns dstrukturns dkcmigkns ypcltgkns gmtdrmnkgcmnlds, ludac fd qud sd dstgin qud n pnrtgr fd dstcs ncs

kcigdmzn um prckdsc fd kcmsclgfnkgm fdl fdmcigmnfc mdclgbdrnlgsic dkcmigkc,

qud suragrn kcic rdspudstn pcltgkn dstrntagkn n ln fdkrdkgdmtd rdmtnbglgfnf fd lns

gmfustrgns fd prcfukkgm insgvn y ln krgsgs fdl dstnfc fd bgdmdstnr hdymdsgnmc fd

egmnlds fd lcs sdtdmtns (Vjdcfcrd, 2007).

Dmtdmfgfc, dm trigmcs admdrnlds, kcic umn mudvn vdrsgm fdl lgbdrnlgsic klsgkcqud prdtdmfd ln dxpnmsgm fdl idrknfc y dl prgmkgpgc fd kcipdtgkgm dm tcfns lns

rdns fd gmtdrnkkgm sckgnl8 dl mdclgbdrnlgsic, dm umn prgidrn dtnpn, sd knrnktdrgz

pcr ln igmgigznkgm fdl pnpdl fdl Dstnfc y dl fdsinmtdlnigdmtc fd nlaumns vgktcrgns

sckgnldsy, pcstdrgcridmtd, dm um pdrgcfc fd infurnkgm, dm ln rdkcmstrukkgm fdl

prctnacmgsic fdl prcpgc Dstnfc pnrn anrnmtgznr ln lgbrd kgrkulnkgm fdl idrknfc y

rdsclvdr sus rdkurrdmtds krgsgs fd dxpnmsgm (Acmzldz, 2001).

Fd nkudrfc kcm su gfdclcan bsgkn, dl mdclgbdrnlgsic scstgdmd ln krddmkgn qud lcs

idrknfcs nbgdrtcs, kcipdtgtgvcs y mc rdaulnfcs8 ds fdkgr, sgm ln gmodrdmkgn fdl

Dstnfc mg fd nkkgcmds fd kcldktgvcs sckgnlds, rdprdsdmtnrm dl idknmgsic ptgic

pnrn dl fdsnrrcllc sckgcdkcmigkc. Bnoc dstcs prdsupudstcs, lcs pnsds

gmfustrgnlgznfcs pusgdrcm dm icvgigdmtc um kiulc fd pcltgkns dkcmigkns

crgdmtnfns n ecrtnldkdr ln fgskgplgmn fdl idrknfc y ln kcipdtdmkgn (Vjdcfcrd, 2007).

Pnrn Fnvgf Jnrvdy (2001) dl mdclgbdrnlgsic ds, nmtd tcfc, umn tdcrn fd prktgknspcltgkc-dkcmigkns qud negrin qud ln idocr inmdrn fd prcicvdr dl bgdmdstnr fdl

sdr juinmc, kcmsgstd dm mc rdstrgmagr dl lgbrd fdsnrrcllc fd lns knpnkgfnfds y fd lns

lgbdrtnfds diprdsnrgnlds fdl gmfgvgfuc, fdmtrc fd um inrkc gmstgtukgcmnl

knrnktdrgznfc pcr fdrdkjcs fd prcpgdfnf prgvnfn, eudrtds idrknfcs lgbrds y lgbdrtnf

fd kcidrkgc. Dl pnpdl fdl Dstnfc ds krdnr y prdsdrvnr dl inrkc gmstgtukgcmnl


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nprcpgnfc pnrn dl fdsnrrcllc fd dstns prktgkns. Gaunlidmtd, fdbd fgspcmdr fd lns

eumkgcmds y dstrukturns iglgtnrds, fdedmsgvns, pclgkgnlds y ldanlds qud sdnm

mdkdsnrgns pnrn nsdaurnr lcs fdrdkjcs fd prcpgdfnf prgvnfn y anrnmtgznr, dm knsc

mdkdsnrgc idfgnmtd dl usc fd ln eudrzn, dl kcrrdktc eumkgcmnigdmtc fd lcs idrknfcs

(Jnrvdy, 2001? :).

Kcic lc scstgdmd Jnrvdy (2001), ln tdcrn mdclgbdrnl anm rdspdtnbglgfnf

nknfigkn, ludac fd ln kcmkdsgm fdl Prdigc Mcbdl fd Dkcmcin nl eglscec

nustrgnkc Ergdfrgkj vcm Jnydh dm >716 y nl dkcmcigstn dstnfcumgfdmsd Igltcm

Ergdfinm dm >715. N pnrtgr fd dstd icidmtc, ln tdcrn mdclgbdrnl, gmskrgtn n lcs

prgmkgpgcs fd idrknfc lgbrd nkunfcs pcr ln dkcmcin mdcklsgkn (qud didrag dm

ln sdaumfn igtnf fdl sgalc ZGZ pnrn fdsplnznr lns tdcrns klsgkns fd Nfni [igtj,Fnvgf Rgknrfc y Hnrl Inrx), kcidmz n dodrkdr umn gmeludmkgn prktgkn dm umn

vnrgdfnf fd knipcs pcltgkcs (Jnrvdy, 2001? 21).

Dm dstd sdmtgfc, ln kcmsclgfnkgm fdl mdclgbdrnlgsic kcic umn mudvn crtcfcxgn

dkcmigkn rdaulnfcrn fd ln pcltgkn pblgkn n mgvdl dstntnl dm dl iumfc fdl

knpgtnlgsic nvnmznfc, sd prcfuoc dm Dstnfcs Tmgfcs y Arnm Brdtnn dm >717

(Jnrvdy, 2001? 2:). [d vnlcrn qud kcm dl nskdmsc nl pcfdr fd Inranrdt Vjntkjdr,

kcic Prgidr Igmgstrc fdl Rdgmc Tmgfc dm inyc fd >7178 y fd Rcmnlf Rdnanm, kcic

Prdsgfdmtd fd lcs Dstnfcs Tmgfcs fd Nirgkn dm dmdrc fd >7:>8 dl mdclgbdrnlgsic

nfqugdrd rdldvnmkgn dm ln prktgkn pcltgkn y sd kcmsuin n trnvs fd idfgcs

fdickrtgkcs (pnrtgkulnridmtd dldkkgcmds).

Ecrinlgznfns kcm dl fdmcigmnfc Kcmsdmsc fd Qnsjgmatcm fd >7:7, lns pcltgkns

fd lgbdrnlgznkgm dkcmigkn prdkcmgznbnm um noustd dstrukturnl n lns fgstgmtns

dkcmcins mnkgcmnlds bnoc lns sgaugdmtds prdigsns? fgskgplgmn egsknl, lgbdrnlgznkgm

egmnmkgdrn y kcidrkgnl, nbclgkgm fd lns bnrrdrns n ln dmtrnfn fd ln Gmvdrsgm

Dxtrnmodrn Fgrdktn (GDF), prgvntgznkgm fd lns diprdsns fdl Dstnfc, mudvcs icfcs

fd rdaulnkgm, prctdkkgm nl fdrdkjc fd prcpgdfnf y subsgfgnrgfnf dstntnl, dmtrd

ctrns (Fd Inttcs, 20>>).


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Dstd noustd dstrukturnl, qud sgdmtn lns bnsds fdl icfdlc mdclgbdrnl, rdsuin sus

cbodtgvcs admdrnlds dm? gmtdmsgegknr ln fgmigkn fd nkuiulnkgm y krdkgigdmtc

dkcmigkc, rddstnbldkdr dl lgbrd oudac fd lns eudrzns fdl idrknfc y fdvclvdr nl

knpgtnl prgvnfc dl pnpdl prctnacmgstn kdmtrnl. [d scstdmn qud dl hdymdsgnmgsic

cbstnkulgznbn dl krdkgigdmtc dkcmigkc, pcrqud dmtcrpdkn dl pldmc eumkgcmnigdmtc

fd lcs idknmgsics bsgkcs fd umn dkcmcin knpgtnlgstn (Fd Inttcs, 20>>).

Fd dstn ecrin, kcm dl kcigdmzc fd ln fdmcigmnfn rdvclukgm mdclgbdrnl, lcs

prgmkgpnlds prcydktcs fd rdstrukturnkgm sd fdegmgrnm kcm? ln fdsrdaulnkgm fdl

kcmtrcl fdl Dstnfc scbrd ln gmfustrgn8 lns cedmsgvns dm kcmtrn fdl trnbnoc cranmgznfc8

ln rdfukkgm fd gipudstcs kcrpcrntgvcs8 ln kcmtrntnkgm y/c prgvntgznkgm fd lcsrdkurscs y sdrvgkgcs pblgkcs8 dl fdsinmtdlnigdmtc fd lcs prcarnins fd bgdmdstnr

sckgnl8 ln niplgnkgm fd ln icvglgfnf fdl knpgtnl gmtdrmnkgcmnl y ln gmtdmsgegknkgm fd

ln kcipdtdmkgn dmtrd lcknlgfnfds (Vjdcfcrd, 2007).

Kcic subrnynm Vjdcfcrd, Pdkh y Brdmmdr (2007), ludac fd lns krgsgs fd

dmfdufnigdmtc fd kcigdmzcs fd lcs ckjdmtn fdl sgalc ZZ, lcs prcarnins fd

trnmsecrinkgm mdclgbdrnl eudrcm gipudstcs sdldktgvnidmtd pnrn scidtdr n pnsds,

rdagcmds y kgufnfds pdrgergkns y sdig-pdrgergkns n ln fgskgplgmn fd lcs idrknfcs fd

knpgtnl dm tcrmc n um fgskurrgfc fdsnrrcllc rdagcmnl y lcknl.

Dstd rdnlgmdnigdmtc fd lns pcltgkns dm niplgns dxtdmsgcmds fdl iumfc envcrdkg nl

mdclgbdrnlgsic kcic ln ecrin fd dxpnmsgm alcbnlgznfn fdl knpgtnlgsic, fdsfd lns

nrgstns pcltgkn d gfdclagkn. Dm nfgkgm, dl mdclgbdrnlgsic ds kcmsgfdrnfc kcic um

edmidmc fd iltgplds dsknlns (iultg-dsknlnr) dm fcs sdmtgfcs? g) rdkcmstgtuyd

rdlnkgcmds n fgstgmtcs mgvdlds, yn sdnm lcknlds, rdagcmnlds, mnkgcmnlds c

gmtdrmnkgcmnlds, dmtrd nktcrds gmstgtukgcmnlds y dkcmigkcs (dstnfcs lcknlds y

knpgtnl egmnmkgnlgznfc) y gg) sustgtuyd lns lagkns rdaulntcrgns rdfgstrgbutgvns pcr

lagkns kcipdtgtgvns, nl igsic tgdipc qud trnmsegdrd lcs rgdsacs y rdspcmsnbglgfnfds

n lns nadmkgns, nktcrds y ourgsfgkkgcmds lcknlds (Vjdcfcrd, 2007? 2).


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Kcm ln fgspdrsgm mdclgbdrnl y ln inrknfn tdmfdmkgn nl fdbglgtnigdmtc fd lns

eumkgcmds fdl Dstnfc, dl pnpdl c pcsgkgm fd lns kgufnfds jn trnmsgtnfc pcr umn rutn

fd rdfdegmgkgm c rdnfdkunkgm nl kcmtdxtc alcbnl. Dm pnrnldlc n ln infurnkgm fd

lcs prckdscs mdclgbdrnlds, fdsfd prgmkgpgcs fd ln fknfn fd lcs ckjdmtn sd jn

fdstnknfc umn rdkcmegaurnkgm adcpcltgkn (Vnylcr, 2002), knrnktdrgznfn pcr ln

didradmkgn fd lns rdagcmds y kgufnfds kcic tdrrgtcrgcs dstrntagkcs nrtgkulnfcrds y

dl fdbglgtnigdmtc fd lc mnkgcmnl kcic umgfnf dspnkgnl fd nkuiulnkgm fdl knpgtnl

(Ergdfinmm dm Eudmtds, 20>>).

Dl nkcipnnigdmtc n lns prktgkns mdclgbdrnlds fd umn dkcmcin alcbnlgznfn

pcsgbglgt ln grrupkgm fd um sgstdin dm dl qud ln prcfukkgm y fgstrgbukgm fd bgdmdsy sdrvgkgcs sd rdnlgznrn eumfnidmtnlidmtd n pnrtgr fd kgrkugtcs fd kgufnfds

dmlnznfns qud, is qud lcs pnsds, pnsnrnm n sdr lcs nutmtgkcs mcfcs fd kcmdxgm

fd ln rdf (Knbrdrc, 20>>? 7).Nl rdspdktc, Vurch (2001? 2>) scstgdmd qud ln mckgm

fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf sd jn naganmtnfc pcr dl pnulntgmc nuidmtc fd ln icvglgfnf

gmtdrmnkgcmnl fdl knpgtnl y ln npdrturn fd lcs idrknfcs mnkgcmnlds8 ds fdkgr, fdbgfc

n ln alcbnlgznkgm.

Lc nmtdrgcr jnbrn icfgegknfc ln lagkn fd plnmdnkgm, fdsnrrcllc y kgufnfnmn,

fcigmnfn prdvgnidmtd pcr dl Dstnfc-mnkgm, qud supudstnidmtd sd dmkcmtrnrn

rdbnsnfc pcr nlgnmzns fd knrktdr suprnmnkgcmnl y pcr mdkdsgfnfds, fdinmfns d

gfdmtgfnfds qud sd prckdsnm dm dl ibgtc dsdmkgnlidmtd lcknl (Knbrdrc, 20>>).

Dm dstd sdmtgfc, dm ln didradmtd drn mdclgbdrnl alcbnl, dmtrd lns fknfns fd lcs

ckjdmtn y mcvdmtn, sd gmgkgnrn um prckdsc fd crfdmnkgm c klnsgegknkgm fd lns

kgufnfds fd nkudrfc n sus icfcs fd gmtdarnkgm fgedrdmkgnl n lcs eluocs lcknlds,

mnkgcmnlds y iumfgnlds dm dl inrkc fd umn dkcmcin fd nrkjgpglnac (Udltz dm

Eudmtds, 20>>).


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Fd nkudrfc kcm Lugs Eudmtds (20>>), lcs gmvdstganfcrds Ocjm Ergdfinmm y Acdtz

Qclee sdrnm lcs prdkurscrds dm inmgedstnr ln vgmkulnkgm fd ln dkcmcin alcbnl y dl

pnpdl fd lns kgufnfds dm dstd mudvc kcmtdxtc, ns kcic lcs knibgcs dm lns

odrnrquns urbnmns y sus kcmsdkudmkgns sckgnlds y pcltgkns. Nsgigsic, ln tdcrn fd

ln kgufnf alcbnl y su odrnrqugznkgm sd inmgedstnrnm kcic prckdscs fgmigkcs fd

ecrinkgm, kuyn tdmfdmkgn adcpcltgkn sdrn qud lcs mkldcs urbnmcs lukjdm (c

kcipgtnm) pcr pcsgkgcmnrsd dm ln rdf iumfgnl, bnoc dl supudstc fd qud dstc lds

pdrigtgrn rdkgbgr mudvcs dslnbcmds fd egrins alcbnlds y, kcm dllc, gmkrdidmtnr su

krdkgigdmtc, admdrnr um inycr midrc fd dipldcs y, dm fdegmgtgvn, idocrnr dl mgvdl

fd gmardscs fd ln pcblnkgm rdspdktgvn (Eudmtds, 20>>).

Pnrn ln kcmsdkukgm fd lc nmtdrgcr, lns kgufnfds jnm cptnfc pcr vnrgns dstrntdagnskcm dl cbodtgvc fd sdr is ntrnktgvns y pcsgkgcmnrsd dm dsn rdf iumfgnl, dmtrd lns

qud fdstnknm? ln krdnkgm fd fgstrgtcs fd mdackgcs, pnrquds tdkmclagkcs, dmtrdan

fd subsgfgcs y anrnmtns n lns diprdsns c, dm nlaumcs knscs, rdnlgznkgm fd arnmfds

dvdmtcs gmtdrmnkgcmnlds.

Dm dstn lagkn sd gmsdrtn dl tdin fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn, dldvnfn nl rnmac fd

cbodtgvc bsgkc fd lns pcltgkns pblgkns lcknlds8 umn prktgkn cblganfn fd lcs

acbgdrmcs pnrn mc inragmnrsd fd lcs eluocs fd knpgtnl y/c kcic icfdlc c pnrnfgain

fd fdsnrrcllc. Ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn jn sgfc fdskrgtn kcic sgmmgic fd

prcfuktgvgfnf, jnbglgfnf c knpnkgfnf fd prcfukgr bgdmds y sdrvgkgcs8 tkmgkn fd

kcipnrnkgm y klnsgegknkgm, suegkgdmkgn dm ln ntrnkkgm fd GDF y rdtdmkgm fd

diprdsns.

[dam ln tdcrn fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf fd lns mnkgcmds, ecriulnfn pcr Igkjdl Pcrtdr,

ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf ds um prckdsc fd ecrinkgm y trnsigsgm fd kcipdtdmkgns, dl kunl

mc slc fdpdmfd fd enktcrds inkrcdkcmigkcs, sgmc tnibgm fd lns knpnkgfnfds

qud cerdkd dl tdrrgtcrgc pnrn enkglgtnr lns nktgvgfnfds dkcmigkns. [d fdbdm prcfukgr

dm dl dspnkgc kcmfgkgcmds esgkns, tdkmclagkns, sckgnlds, nibgdmtnlds d

gmstgtukgcmnlds envcrnblds pnrn ntrndr y fdsnrrcllnr nktgvgfnfds dkcmigkns


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prcfuktcrns fd rgqudzn y dipldc. Ds dm lcs tdrrgtcrgcs fcmfd sd prcpcrkgcmn n lns

diprdsns lcs enktcrds nvnmznfcs qud idocrnm su pcsgkgm kcipdtgtgvn dm dl

idrknfc gmtdrmnkgcmnl (Pcrtdr, >770).

Fd nkudrfc kcm ln vgsunlgznkgm kcmkdptunl c ln rdldvnmkgn qud sd ld ntrgbuyn n

kgdrtcs enktcrds, ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn, qud nbrdvn fd ln tdcrn fdl kcidrkgc

gmtdrmnkgcmnl, jn sgfc fdegmgfn kcic? ln knpnkgfnf fd lns kgufnfds pnrn ntrndr

gmvdrsgcmds prcfuktgvns (Ldvdr y Vurch, >777)8 ln knpnkgfnf fd umn kgufnf pnrn

knptnr gmvdrsgm y rdtdmdrln (GIKC, 20>2)8 knibgc dm su pcsgkgm dkcmigkn fdmtrc

fd um sgstdin urbnmc mnkgcmnl c gmtdrmnkgcmnl (Bdaa, >777) y/c gmtdrrdlnkgm dmtrd

dl fdsdipdc dkcmigkc lcknl y ctrns inmgedstnkgcmds sckgnlds, pcltgkns y

nibgdmtnlds fd ln vgfn urbnmn (Bcfy, 20028 Pctts, 20028 Jnrfgma, 2004).

Ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn tgdmd su nmtdkdfdmtd dm dl kcmkdptc igsic fd rgvnlgfnf

pnrn ln kcmsdkukgm fd um egm. Pnrn Pcrtdr, kcmsgfdrnfc kcic dl prgidr dstufgcsc

dm dstrukturnr y sgstdintgznr um kudrpc tdrgkc scbrd dl kcmkdptc fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf,

ln igsin kcmsgstd dm? ln knpnkgfnf pnrn scstdmdr d gmkrdidmtnr ln pnrtgkgpnkgm dm

lcs idrknfcs gmtdrmnkgcmnlds, kcm umn dldvnkgm pnrnldln fdl mgvdl fd vgfn fd ln

pcblnkgm. Nrauidmtn qud dl mgkc knigmc slgfc pnrn lcarnrlc sd bnsn dm dl

nuidmtc fd ln prcfuktgvgfnf (Pcrtdr, >770).

Dm tnmtc, ln prcfuktgvgfnf ln fdegmd kcic dl fdtdrigmnmtd prgicrfgnl fdl mgvdl fd vgfn

fd um pns y fdl gmardsc mnkgcmnl pcr jnbgtnmtd. Ln prcfuktgvgfnf fd lcs rdkurscs

juinmcs fdkrdtn lcs snlnrgcs y ln prcfuktgvgfnf prcvdmgdmtd fdl knpgtnl fgspcmd lcs

bdmdegkgcs qud cbtgdmd pnrn sus prcpgdtnrgcs (Pcrtdr, >770).

Fd nkudrfc kcm Vurch, ln gfdn fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf giplgkn ln gfdmtgegknkgm fdl

fdtdrigmnmtd eumfnidmtnl fd ln prcspdrgfnf fd um luanr, dm umn kcibgmnkgm

kcipldon fd nktgvcs rdspnlfnfcs dm fgstgmtns dsknlns adcaregkns8 ln bnsd pnrn dl

krdkgigdmtc sustdmtnbld fd lns dkcmcins icfdrmns (Vurch dm Eudmtds, 20>>).


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Dm um sdmtgfc is niplgc, ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn ds dl arnfc dm dl kunl umn

kgufnf dm kcipnrnkgm kcm ctrns kgufnfds dm kcipdtdmkgn, ds knpnz fd ntrndr

gmvdrsgcmds prcfuktgvns qud sd trnfukdm dm admdrnkgm fd dipldcs d gmkrdidmtc

dm lcs gmardscs, nl tgdipc fd nkrdkdmtnr y kcmsclgfnr sus nidmgfnfds kulturnlds,

ntrnktgvcs rdkrdnkgcmnlds, kcjdsgm sckgnl, acbdrmnmzn y um idfgc nibgdmtd

nfdkunfc pnrn su pcblnkgm rdsgfdmtd (Alcbnl Trbnm Kcipdtgtgvdmdss Prcodktdm

[cbrgmc, 20>0).

N lc nmtdrgcr, Mg Pdmaedg nardan dl kcmtrcl y ckupnkgm fd idrknfcs8 nkuiulnkgm

fd ln nbumfnmkgn y cedrtn fd vdmtnons intdrgnlds n lcs rdsgfdmtds urbnmcs (Pdmaedg

dm [cbrgmc, 20>0). Kcm um eudrtd sustdmtc dm ln tdcrn mdcklsgkn, dl kcmkdptc fd

kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn nlufd n ln knpnkgfnf fd umn kgufnf pnrn pdmdtrnr dm lcsidrknfcs lcknl y fd dxpcrtnkgm, y su rdlnkgm kcm dl krdkgigdmtc dkcmigkc lcknl y

dl gmkrdidmtc dm ln knlgfnf fd vgfn fd sus rdsgfdmtds. Gmtdrdsn ln rdlnkgm dmtrd ln

knpnkgfnf fd pdmdtrnkgm fdl idrknfc y su vgmkulnkgm pdrinmdmtd kcm dl

bgdmdstnr(Igllm dm [cbrgmc, 200;? >00).

Ctrn fdegmgkgm fdstnkn qud ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn ds ln knpnkgfnf fd lns

kgufnfds pnrn prcfukgr bgdmds y sdrvgkgcs pnrn lcs idrknfcs rdagcmnl, mnkgcmnl d

gmtdrmnkgcmnl, nuidmtnmfc fd inmdrn pnrnldln dl gmardsc rdnl y ln knlgfnf fd vgfn

fd ln pcblnkgm y prckurnmfc um fdsnrrcllc sustdmtnbld (Ldvdr y Vurch dm [cbrgmc

200;? >00).

Pnrn [cbrgmc (200;), lcs enktcrds dxplgkntgvcs fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf lcknl fdrgvnm fd

lcs dmecquds scbrd vdmtnons kcipdtgtgvns fd lns mnkgcmds y fd lns prcpcsgkgcmds fd

lns tdcrns fd lcknlgznkgm fd lns nktgvgfnfds dkcmigkns. Nfukd qud Pcrtdr (>77>)

dxplgkn qud lns rnzcmds fd umn kgufnf kcipdtgtgvn dstm kciprdmfgfns fdmtrc fd

lns igsins kcmsgfdrnkgcmds gmkcrpcrnfns dm dl fgninmtd fd kuntrc nrgstns?


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Eudmtd? Pcrtdr, >77> (dm [cbrgmc, 200;? >0;)

Fd nkudrfc kcm [cbrgmc (200;? >>2), lcs enktcrds qud dxplgknm ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf

urbnmn sd rdsuidm dm trds? >) umn fgvdrsgfnf fd vnrgnblds diprgkns sd utglgznm

kcic fdtdrigmnmtds kcipdtgtgvcs8 2) sd nfvgdrtd umn rdlnkgm dmtrd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnfy ln knlgfnf fd vgfn (dmtdmfgfn kcic dl kcmoumtc fd knrnktdrstgkns esgkns,

bgclagkns, psgkclagkns y sckgnlds qud nlknmzn umn pcblnkgm) y ;) dl gmkudstgcmnbld

pnpdl fd lcs acbgdrmcs lcknlds dm dl ecidmtc fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf.

Nl igsic tgdipc, [cbrgmc (20>0? >:) suagdrd qud ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn

rdprdsdmtn ln prgmkgpnl eudmtd fd prcspdrgfnf dkcmigkn dm um sgstdin knfn vdz

is crgdmtnfc nl gmtdrknibgc kcidrkgnl. Dstgin qud dl kcmkdptc nvnmzn fdsfd su

crgdmtnkgm dkcmigkn, kcic prcfuktgvgfnf, fdsrdaulnkgm y eldxgbglgfnf8 jnstn ln

gmklusgm fd dsedrns fd ln sckgdfnf kcic kcjdsgm sckgnl, acbdrmnmzn y fdsnrrcllc

sustdmtnbld.


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Dm nfgkgm, ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn dst lganfn nl prckdsc fd admdrnkgm y fgeusgm

fd kcipdtdmkgns, n ln knpnkgfnf fd lns kgufnfds pnrn pnrtgkgpnr dm dl dmtcrmc

alcbnlgznfc y n ln pcsgbglgfnf fd krdnr nibgdmtds prcpgkgcs pnrn dl fdsnrrcllc fd lcs

nadmtds dkcmigkcs (Knbrdrc, 2001). C, kcic ln prcickgm fd um dmtcrmc sckgnl,

tdkmclagkc, nibgdmtnl d gmstgtukgcmnl prcpgkgc pnrn dl idocr fdsdipdc fd lns

nktgvgfnfds dkcmigkns (Knbrdrc, 20>;? >;).

N dstc jnbr qud kcmsgfdrnr qud, fd nkudrfc kcm ln nrauidmtnkgm fd Bdm-Dlgn, dl

kcmtdxtc fd gmkdrtgfuibrd y knibgc dm dl qud sd fdsdmvudlvdm lns kgufnfds dm dl

dskdmnrgc kcmtdipcrmdc ds lc qud dxplgkn dl suragigdmtc fd ln adstgm dstrntagkn

kcic jdrrnigdmtn pnrn ln kcmfukkgm fd ln nkkgm pblgkn urbnmn (Bdm-Dlgn dm

Knbrdrc, 2004).

[d vnlcrn qud ds dm lns kgufnfds fcmfd sd kcmstruydm lns kcmfgkgcmds y dl nibgdmtd

pnrn ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf y ds dm lcs dspnkgcs urbnmcs dm lcs qud sd lcarn c mc ln

vgmkulnkgm fd lcs gmardfgdmtds qud pcsgbglgtnm ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf. Dm lns kgufnfds sd

dstnbldkdm nkudrfcs fd kccpdrnkgm dmtrd diprdsns, sd vgmkulnm lcs kdmtrcs fd

gmvdstgankgm pnrn ln gmmcvnkgm y dl fdsnrrcllc tdkmclagkc y sd krdn ln

gmerndstrukturn fd sdrvgkgcs fgvdrscs y ln fgspcmgbglgfnf fd knpgtnl juinmc, sckgnl y

egmnmkgdrc qud rdqugdrd ln mudvn dkcmcin fdl kcmckgigdmtc (Knbrdrc, 2001).

Dm dstd dmecqud, ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn sd rdedrgrn, dmtcmkds, n ln knpnkgfnf fd

lns kgufnfds pnrn pnrtgkgpnr dm dl dmtcrmc alcbnlgznfc, fd krdnr nibgdmtds prcpgkgcs

pnrn dl fdsnrrcllc fd ln kcipdtdmkgn fd sus nadmtds dkcmigkcs y sckgnlds. Bnoc

dsn prdigsn, dl pnpdl fd lcs nktcrds aubdrmnidmtnlds, dkcmigkcs, sckgnlds y

pcltgkcs dm dl ibgtc lcknl ds eumfnidmtnl pnrn ln icvglgfnf, ntrnkkgm fd gmvdrsgm

y ctrns nktgvgfnfds prcfuktgvns qud admdrdm rgqudzn, dipldc y idocrds kcmfgkgcmds

fd vgfn pnrn sus jnbgtnmtds (Knbrdrc, 2001).


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Kcmfgkgcmnmtds fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn

Eudmtd? Gngm Bdaa 2002 (dm Fd Inttcs, 20>>)

Ln Cranmgznkgm pnrn ln Kccpdrnkgm y Fdsnrrcllc Dkcmigkc (CKFD) dstgin qud

ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf fd lns kgufnfds fdpdmfdr fd umn sdrgd fd kcipcmdmtds

sustnmkgnlds? acbgdrmcs lcknlds degkgdmtds y bdmdegkgnrgcs fd um nfdkunfc lgfdrnzac

fdl acbgdrmc edfdrnl, qud sdnm knpnkds fd prceumfgznr rdecrins pdrtgmdmtds cmdkdsnrgns8 um mgvdl degkgdmtd fd acbgdrmc rdagcmnl8 um rnmac pcsgtgvc fd rdlnkgcmds

dmtrd fgedrdmtds nktcrds kcic cranmgznkgcmds mc aubdrmnidmtnlds, nsckgnkgcmds,

kinrns diprdsnrgnlds, dmtrd ctrns, qud pudfnm kcnfyuvnr kcm nkudrfcs qud

rdfuzknm lns tdmsgcmds sckgnlds y dmtgdmfnm lns rdnlgfnfds fdl idrknfc (CKFD,

2005).

Dm tnmtc, pnrn Pdtdr Hrdsl dl nvnmkd scbrd dl kcmckgigdmtc diprgkc fd ln

kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn sd jn fnfc n trnvs fd trds fgedrdmtds dmecquds?

G. Bdmkjinrhgma. Cbtdmkgm fd fntcs pnrn um arnm midrc fd vnrgnblds

dkcmigkns, pcltgkns y sckgnlds qud dl nmnlgstn kcmsgfdrn rdldvnmtds

pnrn fdtdrigmnr ln pcsgkgm kcipdtgtgvn fd umn kgufnf. Lns kgufnfds


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pudfdm sdr klnsgegknfns pnrn ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf alcbnl fd nkudrfc kcm

nlaumcs prckdscs dstnfstgkcs fd pcmfdrnkgm, idfgfns qud pdrigtnm

rdedrgrsd n lns ecrtnldzns y fdbglgfnfds fd umn kgufnf kcm rdlnkgm n

lns ctrns kcm lns qud sd kcipnrn.

GG. Nmlgsgs fd Rdardsgm. Tsc fd um rdfukgfc midrc fd vnrgnblds qud

sgrvdm kcic gmfgknfcrds fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn. [d gfdmtgegknm

nqudllns vnrgnblds dkcmigkns y sckgnlds qud sd pudfdm kntnlcanr

kcic enktcrds fdtdrigmnmtds fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn (vnrgnblds

qud fdtdrigmnm dstnfstgknidmtd ln klnsgegknkgm? pumtcs eudrtds y

fbglds fd knfn dkcmcin). Nmlgsgs pcr pdrgcfcs fd tgdipc

(kcipnrnkgm fd ln sgtunkgm pcr pdrgcfcs nmunlds? 2005-2007-20>2,pcr dodiplc).

GGG. Fgvdrsgfnf?

n. Dstufgcs sdam klustdrs. Pnrtd fdl supudstc fd qud, dm ln

nktunlgfnf y dm dl euturc prdvgsgbld, ln nktgvgfnf dkcmigkn ds

fd prgicrfgnl gipcrtnmkgn pnrn qud lns kgufnfds prdtdmfnm

kcmvdrtgrsd dm nktcrds rdldvnmtds dm ln dskdmn gmtdrmnkgcmnl c

pnrn idocrnr su kcipdtgtgvgfnf. Lns dkcmcins urbnmns scm

dvnlunfns pcr su xgtc dm dl fdsnrrcllc fd klustdrs.

b. Klnsd krdntgvn. Nplgknkgm pnrn dkcmcins urbnmns kcm

ecrtnldzns kcipdtgtgvns dm kunlqugdr sdktcr fd nktgvgfnf.

k. Rdagm fd nprdmfgznod. Lcknlgznkgm fd diprdsns qud sdnm

knpnkds fd krdnr y nplgknr mudvcs kcmckgigdmtcs kcm inycr

rnpgfdz qud ctrns dkcmcins urbnmns. (Hrdsl dm [cbrgmc,

20>0).

Pcr su pnrtd, Mg Pdmaedg fdstnkn qud, fdsfd dl pumtc fd vgstn cpdrntgvc, ln

kcipdtgtgvgfnf fd ln kgufnf fdpdmfd fd? g) prcfuktc gmtdrmc brutc tctnl8 gg) midrc

fd sclgkgtufds fd pntdmtds gmtdrmnkgcmnlds8 ggg) fgstrgbukgm fd kcrpcrnkgcmds


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iultgmnkgcmnlds8 gv) vdmtnons fd prdkgc8 v) tnsn fd krdkgigdmtc dkcmigkc8 vg) PGB

pdr kpgtn, vgg) PGB pcr hglidtrc kunfrnfc8 vggg) mgvdl fd dipldc y gx) prcfuktgvgfnf

lnbcrnl (Pdmaedg dm [cbrgmc, 20>0).

Kcm ctrn ptgkn, Austnvc Anrzn fgstgmaud n ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn kcic ln suin

fd fdtdrigmnmtds dkcmigkcs kcm fdtdrigmnmtds dstrntagkcs, fcmfd lcs prgidrcs

sd rdegdrdm n enktcrds fd prcfukkgm, gmerndstrukturn, lcknlgznkgm, dstrukturn

dkcmigkn y nidmgfnfds urbnmns8 y lcs sdaumfcs n dedktgvgfnf aubdrmnidmtnl,

dstrntdagn urbnmn, kccpdrnkgm dmtrd dl sdktcr pblgkc y prgvnfc y eldxgbglgfnf

gmstgtukgcmnl (Anrzn dm [cbrgmc, 20>0).

Nsgigsic, Gngm Bdaa kcmkluyd qud lcs dldidmtcs qud kcmecrinm lns vdmtnonskcipdtgtgvns fd lns kgufnfds scm?

c Dl gipnktc fd lcs knibgcs dstrukturnlds admdrnlds dm ln dkcmcin y dm

lcs rdqudrgigdmtcs fd lcknlgznkgm fd lns fgedrdmtds dtnpns fd prcfukkgm.

c Lcs fdsnrrcllcs tdkmclagkcs y ln krdkgdmtd gipcrtnmkgn fdl kcmckgigdmtc

kcic enktcr fd prcfukkgm.

c Kcic ln tgdrrn, ln prcpgdfnf y lns prgmkgpnlds fdkgsgcmds rdaulntcrgns fd ln

plnmdnkgm nedktnm ln ntrnkkgm fd ln kgufnf y su pcsgbglgfnf pnrn dl

fdsnrrcllc dkcmigkc bnlnmkdnfc.

c Lns gmtdrrdlnkgcmds dmtrd ln kcjdsgm sckgnl y ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf, ns kcic

lns rdlnkgcmds dmtrd dl fdsdipdc fd ln kgufnf y ln dxklusgm sckgnl (Bdaa

dm [cbrgmc, 20>0).


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Kcm bnsd dm su kcmkdptunlgznkgm, lcs icidmtcs fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn sd

fdegmgrnm aregknidmtd fd ln sgaugdmtd inmdrn?

Enktcrds Kcipdtdmkgn Dedktcs

Udmtnons kcipdtgtgvns Ntrnkkgm fd gmvdrsgcmds Fdsdipdc dkcmigkcDiprdsnrgnldsGmstgtukgcmnldsVdrrgtcrgnldsFgstrgbutgvn

PrgvnfnsPblgkns

PrcfuktgvgfnfAdmdrnkgm fd dipldcDstrukturn dkcmigkn lcknl

Dm rdsuidm, dm dl kcmtdxtc alcbnl fd mdclgbdrnlgsic dkcmigkc, dl fgskursc

gmstgtukgcmnl u cegkgnl fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn sd kcmstruyd bnoc ln prcidsn qud

ln igsin gmkdmtgvn ln ntrnkkgm fd gmvdrsgcmds, qud sd trnfukdm dm krdkgigdmtc

dkcmigkc, admdrnkgm fd dipldc, idocrn dm ln knlgfnf fd vgfn, bgdmdstnr sckgnl yfdsnrrcllc. Nl igsic tgdipc qud um kcmoumtc fd kgufnfds kcipdtgtgvns pctdmkgnlgzn

nl pns, gmkrdidmtn sus pcsgbglgfnfds pnrn gmsdrtnrlc dm lcs idrknfcs

gmtdrmnkgcmnlds y prcpgkgn dl fdsplgdaud fd umn dkcmcin mnkgcmnl icfdrmn d

gmmcvnfcrn.


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Knptulc ;.- Fdbntd y kcmtrnpcsgkgm tdrgkn n ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn

Erdmtd n ln kcrrgdmtd tdrgkn d gfdclagkn fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn, kuyns

knrnktdrstgkns prgmkgpnlds eudrcm dxpudstns dm dl knptulc nmtdrgcr, sd fgstgmaudm, nl

idmcs, fcs lmdns cpudstns fd pdmsnigdmtc, lns kunlds gmtdmtnm kcmkrdtnidmtd

kudstgcmnr ln vgnbglgfnf c pdrtgmdmkgn fd scidtdr n lns kgufnfds n prckdscs fd

kcipdtdmkgn. Dm dstd kcmtdxtc, nibcs icvgigdmtcs cpcsgtcrds sd klnsgegknm, pnrn

dedktcs fd dstn gmvdstgankgm, dm dmecqud nmtnamgkc gmstgtukgcmnl (dmknbdznfc pcr

dl dkcmcigstn dstnfcumgfdmsd Pnul Hruainm) y dmecqud nmtnamgkc rnfgknl (bnsnfc

dm rdedrdmtds fd nknfigkcs durcpdcs).

Dmecqud nmtnamgkc gmstgtukgcmnl

Pnrn Pnul Hruainm ln rdtrgkn fd ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf sd jn jdkjc pdrsunsgvn dmtrd

lfdrds fd cpgmgm n trnvs fdl iumfc. Dstgin qud ln gfdn fd qud lns rgqudzns

dkcmigkns fd um pns dstm niplgnidmtd fdtdrigmnfns pcr sus xgtcs dm lcs

idrknfcs iumfgnlds, ds umn jgptdsgs, mc mdkdsnrgnidmtd umn vdrfnf, y dm ln

prktgkn, dm ln kciprcbnkgm diprgkn, dsn jgptdsgs rdsultn llnmnidmtd drrnfn

(Hruainm, >776? ;0).

Dm su nrtkulc tgtulnfc Kcipdtgtgvgfnf? umn pdlgarcsn cbsdsgm, Hruainm dstnbldkd

trds pumtcs bsgkcs? >) lns prdckupnkgcmds scbrd kcipdtgtgvgfnf scm, fdsfd dl pumtc

fd vgstn diprgkc, kcipldtnidmtd gmeumfnfns8 2) fdegmgr dl prcbldin dkcmigkc

kcic fd kcipdtdmkgn gmtdrmnkgcmnl ds ntrnktgvc pnrn iukjns pdrscmns y ;) ln

cbsdsgm rdspdktc n ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf mc ds sclnidmtd drrnfn, sgmc pdlgarcsn.

Nrauyd qud pdmsnr dm trigmcs fd kcipdtgtgvgfnf kcmfukd fgrdktn d gmfgrdktnidmtd

n inlns pcltgkns dkcmigkns dm um niplgc rnmac fd nsumtcs gmtdrmcs y dxtdrmcs

(Hruainm, >776? ;>). Nsgigsic, negrin qud iukjcs lfdrds fdl iumfc jnm

dmkcmtrnfc ln idtecrn kcipdtgtgvn dxtrdinfnidmtd tgl kcic gmstruidmtc pcltgkc.


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Dm su krtgkn n ln kcipdtgtgvgfnf urbnmn, Hruainm nsdv

Aproximación crítica a la concepción sobre competitividad urbana: el caso de la ciudad de León,...

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