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05-11CHARLES II (1660 1685)

No firm religious convictionsFond of pleasure, fun and womenMade compromises, so long he provided a stable govt that will allow him to have a nice

lifeParl disagrees (with what?)

Restoration ParlPacked w/ Royalists (not very tolerant)=> Restorarion Settlement+General Pardon: all who had taken part of the trial of K will be trialed (a public displayof the hatred towards the Puritans)+Confiscated lands: those lands taken away from Royalists were to be returned to theirrightful owners, but not those that they had to sell to pay the taxes imposed by Puritans+Religious question is left unsolved by this Parl

Parl votes taxes for K, but the amount voted wouldnt be enough-> Ensure that K would have to call Parl often

1661 Cavalier Parl (packed w/ Royalists)Throughout 3 years -> Clarendon CodeEdward Hyde (Earl of Clarendon) -> minister of Charles I

-> secretary of Charles II in exile-> main minister of Charles II (Lord Chancellor)

Clarendon Code: Official regulation of religion (4 acts)1- Corporation Act 1661Future membership of a town corporation would depend on taken communion w/ theCofE (ensured that they wouldnt be any more Puritans in the HofC(town corp = ruled the borough)2- Act of uniformity 1662All clrgymen had to use the English prayer book in its revised version (drafted by Archof Canterbury)

=> control the services (no Puritans services allowed)1662 Charles attempts some toleration. Promises not to inforce act of uniformity, ofParl agrees3- Conventicle Act 1662

No religious meetings of more than 4 people could be held unless they conform to theCofE4- Five Mile Act 1663Expelled Puritan ministers from the boroughs where they lived or worked and could notget within 5 miles of them, unless they took an oath not to attempt any alteration in theChurch or State

-> they take to the streets and beocme beggars, sometimes performing Puritanrituals on the road

K needs moneyCharles gets married to Catherine of Barganza

-> sterile and very religious-> daughter of K John IV of Portugal

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-> He married for the dowry (la dote) = included lands in Tangier andBombay (besides the money)

Had over 20 illegitimate children (that could never be Ks)

1665 Charles agrees to the sale of Dunkirk (port in France) to Louis XIV (France)-> approved by Parl (since it was difficult to defend it)

French-English policy = agreed on eliminating Holland

1665 1667 2nd Anglo-Dutch War

(again, eliminating the Dutch as commercial rivals)England attacks New Netherlands (dutch colony in NorthAm)

-> Enligsh commander = Ks brother, James Duke of York Lord High Admiral-> Conquers New Netherlands => becomes Engl colony (now, New York)

This war does not provide a definitely blow to the Dutch

-> England is hit by two major events:1- Great Plague 1665Outbreak of bubonic plague. It was worse in ports and big cities

-> the rich went away (moved to countryside)-> The Courtmoves to Oxford

2- Great Fire of London 1666(stopped the plague)Started in a bakers shop and spreadedWas stopped by blowing up whole areas w/ gunpowder (to avoid spreading)Most of the city burned downDiary of Samuel Pepys -> lived across the Thames and from his window he couldsee everything (relevance?)

Sir Chritopher Wren -> rebuilds most of the city churches (also St Pauls cathedral)

=> Charles quickly made peace w/ the Dutch (truce)He couldnt afford a warEngland kept New York

First 7 years of Charles reign (1660-1667) = Clarendon yearsMarked by no religious toleration

K decides to rule w/o Parl and w/ the help of a council of 5 ministers=> The Cabal (the initials of the last names of each minister)3 of them had close links w/ Puritans2 had close links w/ RCs

1667-1673 = Cabal years

Religious toleration (at least on Ks side)

Charles makes a deal w/ Louis XIV, by which France will help against HollandCharles will get 70,000 pounds

-> Charles promises to openly declare his RC

1672 Charles provokes incidents w/ the Dutch

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Declaration of IndulgenceBy which:+The non-conformists were granted freedom to worship in public+RCs were allowed to worship in private=> a K declaration to do away w/ a Parliamentary law (the Clarendon Code)

05-131672 1674 3rd Anglo-Dutch War

Alliance of England + France against HollandCharles II + Louis XIV thought the war would be short (Wrong!)1673 Charles has to recall Parl (lack of money)Parl (against religious toleration!)+votes necessary grants on condition that he cancells the Declaration of Indulgence+ 1673 - Test Act:+all govt officials as well as Army and Navy officers had to take a test to prove theytook communion with CofE

-> James Duke of York openly declares his RC and refuses to take test

Louis XIV desserts Charles and makes peace w/ Holland

-> Charles makes peace w/ Holland (1674) by Treaty of Westminster

Results of the crisis:- The breakup of the Cabal (marks the end of the policy of toleration)- James openly declares his RC (bring a widower, he married the ultra-catholic Italian

princess Modena)- Lord Ashley Cooper, former member of the Cabal, feels so disappointed at K that hewould become the leader of the opposition against Charles

1674 1678 Earl of Danby => Danby years:- Policy of no religious toleration- Friendship towards Holland*- Financial / economic growth

=> K collects a larger revenue from customs duty

Parl -> K has strong opponents in HofC-> advocating religious toleration for non-conformists (Puritans) and Parl

Supremacy (K should share power w/ Parl)

Popish Plot1678 Titus Oates + Israel Tonge said they had discovered a Catholic plot to kill Chuckand put James on the throne (who would restore RC)

-> It wasnt true but the population thought that it actually existed=> revived and spread anti-catholicism

=> Louis XIV withdraws subsidyParl -> a letter by Danby asking Louis for money is shown

=> Danbys downfall (hes dismissed)=> Parl turns against Charles

Catholics are executed = chaos

-> Charles calles new electionsShafsbury wins

*Holland = ProtestantFrance = CatholicMarriage treaty: William of Orange

(ruler of Holland) to James elderdaughter

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1679 1st Whig ParlOpposition against KShafsbury -> leader of HofC

-> policy of exclusion of James-> Proposes the execution of James

- Commons: pass it- Lords: reject it- Commons: insist- Charles: dissolves Parl

Whig Parl passes Habeas Corpus ActProtects physical freedom (no one could be kept under arrest for more than 24 hs

w/o charges being pressed against them)K calls new electionsShafsbury wins by an even larger majority

1680 1681 2nd Whig Parl

Shafsbury demands the exclusion of James and his two daughters (Mary+Anne although they were protestant) from the line of succession

-> Proposes fixing the line of succession on George Duke of Monmouth (eldestillegitimate son of Charles II)=> Implications: Parl decides the line of succ (not God)Passed by Commons

-> Charles suspends the session of Parl for 1 year, in the hopes that he wouldgather the support of the Lords to throw out the bill

-> he gets the support of the Lords- Chuck recalls Parl- HofL rejects the bill- Chuck dissolves Parl

Tense situation in the popCalls for elections again1681 3rd Whig ParlShafsbury wins (again)Charles starts negotiating w/ Shafsbury

-> He promises:- a regiency w/ James living in exile- the ruling of the country would be done by Mary

=> Shafs rejects it

=> Charles makes a new deal w/ Louis XIV- gives Charles enough money to rule w/o ParlLouis feared William of Orange (married to Mary) => he feared an Anglo-Dutchalliance

EXCLUSIONISTS(WHIGS)

Parliamentary supremacyIn favour of religious toleration for non-

conformists (not RC)Connected to trading interests

(traders/bankers)Strong in urban centres

KS SUPORTERS(TORIES)

Royal supremacyStrong CofE

Connected to the landed interests (landowners)

Strong in the field (campo)

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Tory = bandit (in Irish)Whig = scottish rebel who rose against the LowlandsOriginally they were groups within the HofC, not parties

Enormous financial expansion -> Ks at peace

Rye House PlotConsisted in a plan to murder Charles + James when they were going to stop at the RyeHouse Inn

-> and to place George Duke of Monmouth on the throne=> After investigations:

-> many Whigs were involved (executed)-> Shafsbury escapes and goes to exile to Holland (he dies there)

George escapes to Holland

New Royalist counter-attack-> by cancelling many if the towns charters (those that made them

boroughs)Charles converted to RC and died

Highlights of Charles reign- very clever ruler (shrewd)- No religious conviction => wasnt tied to any side, his interests were personal- 2nd + 3rd A-D wars -> success for the English

- Economic expansion (in England + overseas)- Reconstruction of England -> new style of architecture (w/ stone)- Rebirth of arts, letters and science -> the austerity of Puritans is gone

Theatres are reopened- Restoration comedies (simply to entertain) were in fashion- Now with female actresses (!)

Science -> Chuck creates the Royal Society-> Isaac Newton (1st chairman)

Become fashionable:- Drink coffee- Smoke tobacco- Snuff

Writers- John Milton- John Rhydon- Daniel Defoe

They were insults

Imported from the colonies

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05-18JAMES II (1685 1688)

Brother of Charles IILord High Admiral of the Navy (responsible for the conquest of New Netherlands)Publicly declared his RC -> lost his position (as Lord Admiral?)

His daughters were ProtestantsMarried (for the 2nd time) to the ultra-catholic Italian princess ModenaAbrupt and severeMetal powers in decline52 y/o when came to the throneBeliever in divene right of KsPassions in life:

- RC- Ships + Navy- Royal rights- Women

The nation was loyal to the monarchy -> it was better than what they had gone throughw/ the PuritansHe was crown by Coronation Rights of the CofE

-> Promised to:-> Not make any changes to the CofE-> Be Head of Church

Parl -> the Tories win elections-> vote James the necessary amount of money

He appoints judge Jeffreys to the Privy Council-> He orders the trial of Titus Oates (a reaction to the Popish plot)

Punishment:- 3000 lashes- Life imprisionment- Regular exposure in the pillory

Jeffreys starts the prosecution of non-conformistsDuke of Monmouth -> gathered an army in the south of Engl (to crown Monmouth)Earl of Argile -> was going to raise the Highlands -> he fails

-> He arrives at the South and arranges the homelessBattle of Sedgmoor -> Monmouth is defeated

-> captured and executed

Jeffreys is put in charge of punishing the rebels (The bloody Assize)Whoever had been involved will be punished (as traitors)- Over 3,000 will be hanged- Over 800 will be sold as slaves in the West Indies- Revenge on Scotland was planned

James claims he isnt safe-> enlarges his troops from 6,000 to 30,000 on the excuse that there could be

another revolt against himHe appoints RC officials for his guard, Irish officials to the Army and RC ministers

-> goes against the Test Act

=> K is openly breaking the law1685 French warning

He was a limited man

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Louis XIV (on the advice of his last wife) attempts to make all of France RC(he revokes the Edict of Nantes*:

- Hugenot churches have to be demolished- Hugenot ministers have to leave the country- Hugenot children will be raised as RC

=> Hugenots emigrate to Holland-> They were a prominent group (rich, hard-working, skilled) )

James makes England RC again-> Parl demands reduction of the Army

=> James dissolves ParlJames sets up a new court of High Comission (chair = Jeffreys)

-> appoints Catholics to other main positions

=> Opposition of the CofEJames has very little support -> turns to the non-conformists, Penn (a Quaker)K issues the 1st Declaration of Indulgence (Doing away w/ a law, w/o Parl consent)

-> K grants freedom of worship to RC + non-conformists+-> suspended all other penal laws (fines + imprisionment)

Reaction: people think is doubtfully legal, but dont do anything

1688 2nd Declaration of IndulgenceStated the same as the 1st one, but w/ the promise of calling Parl within 6 months tosettle mattersK orders the declaration to be read in all churchesReaction of the clergymen: only read in 6/7 churches

=> openly disobeyArch of Canterbury (= Sancroft) } 6 other bishops will petition K to withdraw thedeclaration on grounds of its illegalityJames orders the arrest of the 7 bishops on the grounds of seditious libelTrialVeredict = not guilty

-> popular rejoicing (even among James troops)Deterioration of the political atmosphere

1688 His wife gices birth to a male heir-> 7 prominent men of Parl are going to send a secret invitation to James son-

in-law (William of Orange) to come to Engl w/ an army and save protestantism (on thegrounds that the child wasnt James)

William feared Louis XIV and his expansionist plans-> he waits-> Louis warns James and offers him an army (James rejects it)-> William arrives in Engl on Nov 5th 1688 and marches towards London

James makes concessions

-> dimisses his RC-> promises to call Parl

*1598 - Henry IV of France accepted the crown on the condition that the FrenchHugenots (calvinists) were granted religious freedom

Seditious = rebellionagainst the authority

Libel = slaunder(calumnias e injurias)

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William offers calling a Parl to settle the dispute-> James refuses until William leaves Engl (who is held captive and allowed to

escape to France)Negotiations are now carried out between Parl and WilliamParl offers making Mary Q, and not W (he threatens w/ going back to Holland)

Convention ParlOffers the crown jointly to W+M (first and only time in history)

Now they are the rules of Holland and K+Q of Engl+Scotland

=> Parl ruling over the succession line made through a doc1689 Bill of Rights

05-20

WILLIAM III + MARY II (1689 1702)

Mary died in 1694

Importance of this reign:1- Marks the end of divine right of Ks2- Marks the beginning of a period of hostility towards France (1689 1815, defeat of

Napolean @ Waterloo)- Rivalry over the control of American colonies

3- Marks the beginning of a period of religious toleration for non-conformists4- Marks the triumph of Whig principles:

- Parliamentary supremacy (James has been taken off the throne)- Religious toleration for non-conformists- Commercial interests

Ks private life still conditioned certain aspects of his reign

William calls electionsParl => Bill of Rights

- Offers crown to W+M- Places a considerable number of limitations (for them and future Ks)

Bill of Rights

Political settlementThe aristocracy defending its own interestsK cannot:

- suspend a law or its inforcement- dispend a law (declare it null+void)- create courts (like the High Comission)- levy money unless it is granted by Parl- tend any laws concerning taxes- have a standing army w/o Parl consent

Right of Protestants to have weaponsFreedom of electionFreedom of speech+debate during Parl sessionsLimit to penal sentencesJurors have to be correctly sworn into the jury

(Jurors = in trials of high treason have to be landowners)Legal protection in penal cases -> no punishment until theres a definite sentence

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Parl has to meet periodicallyFrance -> the English Ks had not given up their claim over FranceEstablish a line of succession (through Mary)

1689 Financial Settlement

1- Annual grants of money (granted by Parl once a year)2- The estimate of expenditure (budget, had to be presented by K)3- Auditing of accounts (Parl will check if the money granted had been used for its

purpose) => stronger financial control in the hands of Parl

1689 Toleration Act

Religious settlementGrants:- Freedom of worship for all except RCs + Unitarians- RCs + non-conformists were still excluded from public office

ScotlandHad its own settlement: Claim of Right (very similar to Bill of Rights)In the North of Scotland, many of the clans refuse to accept W (supported the return ofJames aka the Jacobites)Jacobite movement in the Highlands led by Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee

->March South and meet the southern scottish forces @ the battle ofKilliecrankie (1689)

=> Jacobites win (dundee is killed in the battle)-> Jacobite movement in Scotland is leaderless (lies dormant)

William forces the clan chiefs to take an oath of allegiance (reluctant to take it)The McDonalds of Glencoe arrive late (after the term for taking the oath had expired)

-> they are massacred (Massacre of Glencoe)06-01

Ireland

RC majority -> rebel against the protestant ArmyJames II returns to Ireland 3 months after the deposition

=> Is crowned in Ireland

-> They take control over most of the island (except lster)William crushes the rebellionJames retaliates by calling an Irish Parl (packed w/ RCs)1690 Battle of BoyneThe defeat marks the end of the Jacobite rebellionJames flees to the continentWilliam imposes the Treaty of Limmerick (place of the last battle) 1691

Terms:Catholics:- were debarred from certain professions (e.g. Headmasters)

Clan = extended family w/ a leader who

can call courts + demand military service

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And could not:- vote- sit in Parl- serve in a jury- be members of the Navy/Army

Irish trade is to be controlled directly by EnglandOnly concession: permit Catholic worship

1689 1697 War of English Succession

(aka: Nine Years War, War of the Grand Alliance, War of the League of Augsburg,King Williams War)Start = Anglo-Dutch-Scottish allianceAllied naval superiority (stronger than the French Navy)On land, things did not go that smoothly

France + Jacobites

VsEngland + Scotland + Austria + Spain + Some Italian and German stated

William was not a particularly good generalEnd = Treaty of RyswickWhy?1- They were running out of resources2- Louis XIV already had the Spanish succession in mind

Louis XIV recognized William as rightful heirConquests are restored (Except city of Strasburg, which the French kept)Result = Success for WilliamFrance was interested in expanding to the North, to the Spanish Neteherlands

Internal AffairsWilliam needed money for warMerchants make more money during war (!)

=> Whigs supported the war and came up w/ aplan to get money-> Bank of England (1694)Created as a joint stock companyWhigs will raise 1 million pounds at an 8% interest rate (w/ guaranteed return by the

State)The suscribers became stock holders of the Bank of Engl (supply money for State)William + Whigs are more than happy :D

Bank of England is successful in creating the national debt (still goes on to the presentday)1696 Whigs introduce a system of recoinage

-> introduce paper money (an abstraction of wealth)=> it injects more money into the economy

1695 Bank of Scotland is createdGreater support of the Whigs from William

Whigs: feel more and more powerfulWilliam: has to rely more and more on the Whigs for money

They could onlybecome poor

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When the war is over, William is going to spend long periods abroad in Holland and notreturn to England

1701 Act of Settlement

1- Further define the Protestant succession, exclude the Catholic Stuarts-> Annes last surviving child had died (?)-> Parl will have a saying in defining the line of succession

2- Place a number of limitations on the monarchs

The succession line was set in Frederick+Elizabeths daughter, princess SophiaThe future K or Q cannot be or marry a RCLimitations:- K/Q has to be part of the CofE (husband/wife can be of any other protestant religion)- Parl will not fight Ks wars- K/Q cannot go out of the country w/o Parl consent- Decisions regarding Engl will be taken in Engl by the Privy Council, not abroad- No foreigner can be:

- given titles or lands- member of Parl / office- minister

- Judges cannot be dismissed by impeechment

Spain

By 1700 it was clear that the Spanish dinasty (Habsburg) was coming to an end-> The last member (Charles II) was near his death

So sb had to be chosen K of SpainClaimants:+ Austrian Habsburgs (in the figure of Archduke Charles of Austria)

-> 2

nd

son of Leopold II of Austria (HRE)+ French dauphin (Eldest son of Louis XIV)

It was a geopolitical problemIf Austria got the crown, France would be in the middle (literally-geographically)If France got the Spanish crown, it would be too powerfulWilliam takes part bc this could overturn the balance of powerCharles II was bery offended by the complete disregard of Spain in the negotiations andin his will leaves the throne to a grandson of Louis XIV (Philip of Anjou)Louis XIV accepts the crown on behalf of his grandson

-> Philip V of Spain -> reinstalls the Bourbon dinasty in Spain

Before Act of Succession, Ks powers:- Head of the executive- In charge of foreign affairs- Power to inforce laws- Decision of govt- Chose ministers

- Power of veto (1705 Q Anne, last monarch to veto a law)

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War of Spanish Succession (1701 1713)William starts making preparations for the war

-> makes an alliance Engl+Scotland+Holland-> against France

James II dies in exile

Louis XIV crowns James son James IIIEngl joins the war + William dies leaving the country at war

William+Mary Round-up- End of divine right of Ks- K is still powerful, but Parl gradually increases its power- Advance towards party govt- Religious toleration for non-conformists- Closer relations w/ Scotland- Worse relations w/ Ireland- Marks the beginning of a long confrontation w/ France which will come to an end in

1815 w/ the defeat of France06-03

QUEEN ANNE (1702 1714)

James IIs younger daughterRather pathetic figure when she came to the throne (physically speaking)Married to George of DenmarkShe had lost all of her childrenVery limited woman (in knowledge and interests)Interests:- Religion (Protestantism)- Food- Intimate friendships w/ women

War of Spanish Succession (1701 1713)Anne kept with Williams allianceCommander of the troops = John Churchill, Duke of Mrlborough (a Tory)

-> wife = Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough (Qs lover)Qs Cabinet (ministers)Mainly Tories at firstAs the war drags on, she chooses mainly Whigs (had money for war)

Lord Godolphin -> holds office untill 1710Q doesnt attend the meetings with her ministers. Little by little Godolphin will takeover the role of presiding the Privy Council meetings

=> He sometimes is called Prime Minister (develops the idea of PrimeMinistership)Godolphin calls meeting w/ the most relevant members of the Privy Council -> thesewere calles Cabinet Meertings

CABINET =meeting of theimportant ministers

Jacobites: Followers of James (now thatJames II has died, the followers of his son,James Edward Stuart crowned James III

by the French-)

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Sides of the War:

England

Scotland HollandHanoverAustria

Some German States

VS

FranceSpain and its

possessions (in Europe)[some Italian states,Spanish Netherlands]

BavariaJacobites

England: defend Holland + drive the French out of the Spanish Netherland1704 Battle of BlenheimBig victory for MarlboroughDefeats French + Bavarian army and saves Austria

Portugal joins against Philip VMarlborough fights in Spain to drive the French out(Marlborough = Mambr O.O)Fighting all over Western EuropeThe war goes on until the resources ran outBy 1705 the only Tories in the Cabinet were Marlborough and Godolphin

Internal AffairsUnion w/ Scotland

When James I becomes K, just the crowns unite, Scotland had its own ParlScottish Parl:Several grievances against Will:- Wills neglect (?)- Joined the war w/o consulting- Economically speaking, the Scots got nothing out of being ruled by Engl

English joint-stock companies -> the Scots wanted the same thing.=> They create A Company Of Scotland Trading To Africa And The

Indies (to oppose the West Indies companies)Scots wanted to set up a colony for themselves -> Dariem scheme

=> made a settlement in the golf of Dariem (present day Panama)

It had been left unexplored by the Spaniards because of the dangers itentailedMade 3 unsuccessful settlements and the company went bankrupt

=> They blame England and demand a solution (= a completeunion or a complete separation)

Will had agreed to the union. Q agreed too and appointed a committee to discuss theunionAgainst the union:Scottish Jacobites, high Tories (that rejected Presb) and extremists Presb

1703 The meetings are adjourned

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1704 1706 Scots start pressing for separation saying that after Qs death they willchoose their own K

-> raise a militia in case the Hanovarians are forced over

English retaliation: 1705 Aliens Act

Stated that if by the time of Qs death, her successor was not accepted, all Scots weregoing to be treated as aliens and all Scottish products banned from England=> growing tension

1706 Fresh commission presents a proposal -> Q agrees-> passed by both Parl (London + Edinburgh)

1707 Act of Union w/ ScotlandTerms: united under 1 K, 1 Parl + 1 FlagSpecial coat of arms is designed to represent the two countriesLion = England

Unicorn = ScotlandRose = EnglandThisle (cardo) = Scotland

+ All trading barriers are taken down+ Presb is recognized as the established church in Scotland+ Scot kept its own legal system except those conflicting w/ the union+ Scotland will have representation in the London Parl:

- 45 commons- 16 peers

+ Taxation = Scotland has to pay 1/40 of the land tax+ Compensation for the failure of the Dariem scheme

May 31st 1707 Both Parl accept the terms of the Bill, becoming the United Kingdomof Great Britain and Ireland

Edinburgh Parl dissolves itself

Spanish WarThere are several victories, but there never is a decisive battle1709 unsuccessful peace negotiationLouis XIV was willing to make peaceGrowing discontent over all European countris over the cost of this long war

1709 Q Anne quarrels w/ Sarah Churchill, banishes her from the court-> becomes dependant on Abigail Masham (close conections w/ extreme Tories)

-> advises Q to start reappointing dismissed Tories=> She reappoints Robert Harley -> is made Lord Treasurer

-> dismisses Godolphin + Whigs

Coat of Arms

England Scotland Ireland Union Jack

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1711 Harley starts negotiations w/ France, is stabbed and wounded

Robert St John takes over-> reduces support for Marlborough + carries out different peace negotiations

The emperor of Austria dies -> Archduke Charles becomes the new emperor=> Emperor Charles V (now if Austria + Spain unite, it will be toopowerful)

St John carries out negotiations by which he promises to split the Spanish possessionsbetween France + Austria:Philip V (France) gets Spain + Spanish AmericaCharles V (Austria) gets European possessions (Spanish Netherlands+Northern Italy)England gets a generous reward

Whigs want the war to continue

George of Hanover (Sophias son) is going to be offended by what the Tories are doing=> From this moment onwards he considers the Tories traitors

1713 Treaty of Utrecht+ Philip V is K of Spain and the Spanish possessions+ France + Spain are never to unite+ Austria keeps Sp Netherlands (now Austrian Netherlands, pff) + North of Italy+ France recognizes Anne and her successors+ Dutch are given a better barrier against France+ Britain keeps Gibraltar, Menorca, Novascotia and Newfoundland+ Britain gets the Asiento (the exclusive right of British ships to transport slaves to theSp colonies => acquire the monopoly of slave trade)

Towards the end of Annes reign, St John starts secret negotiations to bring JamesEdward Stuart as K after Annes death(James E Stuart = The Old Pretender -> wants to remain a RC)

Secret plots -> Anne hears about them + dismisses St John. George of Hanover isbrought over

1

st

Aug 1714 George is proclaimed K (George = Protestant)3rd Aug Anne dies

General rejoicingTories are considered Jacobites

06-08Social life of the 18th C (under Anne)Population: 8 millionSparcely populated = no large concentrations of people, w/ the exception of LondonThe majority remained in rural areasMany devoted to agriculture: cattle + farming

Wheat, oats + barley (cebada) => cerealsThe planting system was still that of the feudal times (three-field rotation)

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Livestock: Sheep mainly, cattle, poultry, fish (in coastal towns)Few vegetables (little to none)

Industries: mainly manufacturers related to textiles (mainly woolen)-> domestic system of production -> for the home family

-> rough, low-quality-> linen (in Ireland), silkCoal: extracted superfitially, used for heating and cookingIron: worked in a workshop by the blacksmith, for

- weaponry- cannon / cannonballs- buckles / buttons- cooking utensils

Trade: carried out on ships (long-distance)Searoutes to:- France, Russia, Sweden

- Colonies (the Americas, India, outposts in Africa)Internal trade: on roads -> many were private (= turn pikes, toll roads)

=> safer (had gates + gatekeepers and, sometimes, fences)Highwaymen: robbed people on roads

Britains advantages:- Large coastal area w/ ports- Network of land routes- System of coaches (diligencias)- Rivers

Postal service had already been stablishedLondon: centre of cultureControlled port, court and cultural life of the British IslandsCoffee Houses: prominent men start discussing politics outside Parl

Science!- Copernican theory (heliocentric)- Newtons discoveries (in different fields)- Medicine: still very primitive, basically physiology (anatomy+function of differentorgans)

-> some studies of anatomy-> 1st primitive microscope- End of superstition- End of witch-hunting

GEORGE I (1714 1727)

54 y/oSon of Sophia (descendent of Stuart line)He had his wife locked up in a castle in GermanyDid not encourage social life

Not a popular K

Never learned EnglishCourt life = limited

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Two ladies in waiting = German girls (the maypole + the elephant)Spends a lot of time in Hanover, huntingHe trusted the Whigs (who believed in Parl supremacy)K didnt care about English matters

Minister: Sir Robert Walpole (a Whig, very sinister)- Gives G whatever he wants and concentrates political power in his own hands- Remains as PM for 20 years

Sir Robert WalpoleMember of the lower nobilityEton + CambridgeMarried to the daughter of a timber merchant w/ a huge dowryIn the last years of Ws reign, he was first appointed to HofCKit Kat Club -> political clubAlways in debt

1708 appointed Secretary of War-> Anne dismissed him and put him in the tower for keeping some of the money

(sticky fingers!), he remains there until Qs deathGiven a minor position in govt = Paymaster General of the Forces (surrounded bymoney)

1715 ParlWalpole (member of HofC) leads a vigorous attack against the Tories accusing them of

being JacobitesSt John -> flees the country and becomes secretary to James Edward Stuart

It is discovered that St John was planning a joint invasion w/ the Earl of Mar inScotland -> Walpole accusations seem to be right on the spot

Rebellion of the 15 (15)06-15

1715 Jacobite rebellionPeople behind it: Earl of Mar + James Edward Stuart (brought up in the French Court -RC)Battle of Preston + SheriffmuirBy April 1716 the rebellion is over (Jacobites forces defeated)

Reasons for the failure:- Military incompetence of the Jacobites- Death of Louis Xiv + coming to the throne of Louis XV- The Whigs openly support the Hanovarian succession- James E Stuart refused to abandon his RC

WalpoleIncredibly popular among WhigsProminent figure in ParlThe South-Sea Bubble

=> Promoted to First Lord of the Treasury

He disagrees w/ some of the measures of govt andresigns

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The English had set up a company (The South-Sea Comp) under Q Anne as a joint-stock comp and given the monopoly to SouthAm + Pacific Islands and an importantshare of the slave trade to SpanishAm-> started growing in wealth + offered govt a deal

-> 1720 offered the govt taking over the national debt as a private debt in

exchange for the full monopoly of trade-> the deal is made. Everybody is happy at first -> everyone wants to buysharesMarch 1720 price of 1 share = 100 poundsJune 1720 price of 1 share = 1050 poundsThe price of the shares starts dropping and everyone starts sellingSept 1720 price of 1 share = 300 pounds=> Everyone wants to sell and the company goes bankrupt -> national panic

Walpole comes up w/ a solution:- to restore of the previous income of the company (stabilize the price of the stocks)

- limits criminal investigation to as few as possible (the dirty deals would be coveredup) -> the dealers are very gtateful=> Walpole is made Lord Chancellor

-> remains from 1722 to 1742-> unscrupulous, corrupt

Two maxims in life (attributed to him):- Everyman has his price- Let sleeping dogs lieWhat he did say: Im not a Saint, no Spartan, no reformer

Leading minister for over 20 years-> had more power and influence than any other PM before or after

With the Restoration appeared the Cabinet (presided by K)

Reasons for Walpole staing in power for so long:1. George didnt speak English and didnt care about the British affairs of state2. Kept Ks favour (he gave G everything he wanted)3. K appointed bishops, judges + officers suggested by Walpole

-> W fills the key positions w/ his friends4. W is the head of the majority party in HofC -> he controls it

System if representation - Still that of the Middle Ages

The bulk was in the burgeoisie

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Rotten boroughs: nobody lived there, but still two people sat for it in HofC (some of theboroughs were created over 300 years before)Pocket b oroughs : the ones you could buyVoting: open announcement -> was done publicly

GEORGE II (1727 1760)Walpoles policyHe will try to keep things as they are+ Preserving peace (=/= from before) -> Britain will not take part in the PolishSuccession War+ Encouraging trade (country grows in commercial interests) -> w/o govt intervention+ Keeping taxes low (for the rich)+ Maintaining the status quo

Challenges to Walpoles Power1. Louis XV (an infant) + the regent wanted as little trouble as possible (Foreign policy)

2. 1727 -> Death of George I-> had banished his son from court

When GII comes to power, he dismisses all his fathers ministers Walpole is replaced by an incompetent+ Q Caroline of Anspach will have W reappointed -> he persuades K w/ a largergrant of money on annual basis

3. 1733 -> Excise Bill (tax on specific goods)-> Plan: to introduce excise on goods sold (tobacco + wine)

-> very unpopular (it was payed on the moment of purchase)Counterpart = smuggling was very unpopularWalpole was attacked in Parl and had to withdraw the Bill4. 1736 -> Porteous Riots

2 Scottish smugglers were captured -> found guilty and sentenced to death-> the people started marching + demonstrating against the penalty + Capn

Porteous (Commander of the city guard) opened fire against the crowd (big mistake!)-> Porteous is tried and found guilty-> a reprieve (= indulto) came from London pardoning Porteous -> mobs broke

into the prision and hnaged Porteous-> loss of support of the Scottish MPs to Walpole

Eventually, Edinburgh is only fined5. 1736 -> Gin drinking

Gin was very popular -> caused a serious social problemWalpole attempted to put a stop to it-> Gin Bill: put a duty on Gin and forced retailers to buy a license from govt

=> Riots break out (of course) => Bill is withdrawnW loses the support of everybody concerned w/ the Gin Industry

06-17Further attacks on WalpoleHis credibility is being erodedHes going to be severely criticised on news papers and on stageOperetta -> The beggars opera (incredibly popular)Beggars have a secret organization to arouse pity in the people and get money

theres a corrupt cop that takes part of the org (the cop is dressed as Walpole)Retaliation -> 1737 Licencing Act (a form of censorship)

Common denominator of Hanovarians-> father quarrels w/ son

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Inforced until the 1960sIt limited the presentation of plays to 2 theatresThe new plays needed to get a license from the Lord Chamberlain in order to be

performed

1737 -> Death of Q Caroline (GIIs wife / Ws friend and supporter)

A group of members of the Commons called The Young Patriots (= The Patriot Boys)thought that Britain should have a stronger foreign policy in order to defend different

principles.Leader = William Pitt (The Elder)Believed that England had a great destiny if it concentrated its efforts and energies onits true interests (i.e. colonial trade)

Britain had to do anything possible in order to strenghen its colonial trades-> acquire markets in which English merchants could trade goods

-> Go to war for purely economic reasons (to defend the interests of the

commercial class)

Pitt will make violent attacks to Walpole in HofC, that his supporters will widen (?) his hostility towards W payed off

=> Walpole steps down

1740 1748 Austrian Succession War

Britain will be involved -> against FranceMost powerful European countries: France Holy Roman Empire (Austria)Emperor Charles VI (HRE) dies in 1740

-> had no son (only a daughter)HRE = a loose confederation of different states who recognized as authority theHREmperor (Protector of the Pope)

the crown had become hereditary (K of Austria)Aproximately 1700 states formed part of HRE

The Electors (sometimes 7, sometimes 9) elected (outwardly) the EmperorCharles VI tried to persuade the European rulers to accept his daughter Maria Theresaeither as Empress or, if not, making her Q of Austria and her husband (Francis),Emperor

When CVI dies, these proposals will be left asideWhy? The Elector of Brandenburgh (Frederick the Great of Prusian) wanted to enlargehis possessions and, if possible, overrun Austria

Frederick invades Silesia -> war breaks out originally between Austria andPrusia

France wanted many of the territories controlled by Austria => joins Frederick + PrusiaGeorge II joins Austria (he was also Elector of Hanover)Pitts policy triumphs (a war policy against France)

George II is the last K to command troops (to go to war himself)

While the war is going on, there will be a serious internal crisis in England

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45 Last Jacobite Uprising (The Forty-Five)

Led by Charles Edward Stuart (the Young Pretender / Bonny Prince Charlie) -> JamesEdward Stuarts son / James IIs grandsonLands in Scotland and soon raises the Highlands

Gathers an army and defeats the governor general -> Battle of PrestonpansNow controls Scotland -> he invades England but instead of marching to London, hemarches to ____?____Several Jacobite wins1746 Battle of Culloden

-> Jacobite forces defeated by George IIs son (Duke of Cumberland)-> Jacobites can never recover (they march back to Highlands)

Chales escapes to France -> END OF JACOBITE MOVEMENTThis branch of the Catholic Stuarts dies out

Reasons for the fialure of the 45

+ Jacobitism was only strong in Highlands-> England was more loyal to the Protestant Hanovarians (although Hanovarians

were not popular, they were not hated)

George II will punish Highlands tried to destroy the clan system+ forbid use of the tartan (form of identification)+ clan chiefs will not be allowed to hold courts or demand military service+ school + roads are built to reduce isolation

Meanwhile in Europe...War of Austrian Succession goes onIt drags on until the powers agree to make peace (truce, will not last for long)

Treaty of Eix-La Chapelle+ Return of conquests (Except for Prusia -> keeps Silesia)+ Maria Theresa is recognized as Empress (1st blow that Prusia gives Austria to stop itsexpansion ??)

06-221756 1763 The Seven Years War

Britain/ Prusia vs France/Austria/Russia

At first, military disasters for BritainUntil G appoints Pitt and Newcastle to make a new arrangementPitt will get a chance to put his beliefs to practice

Objectives:+ Secure British supremacy at sea (investing a lot of money on the navy)+ trying to seize as many French possessions and markets as possible+ Keeping Frederick the Great fighting on the field

Frederick the Great- Very intelligent and knew many things- Inclined to the arts- Enlightened despot

- He will modernize the Prusian states:- militarize the states -> introduce a rational organization

Bonny = good looking in Scottish

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-> he creates specific miniters to deal w/ specific areas of the country =>organization according yo the pyramidal structure of the army (response and delegation)

=> develops bureocratic organization of the State -> provides astrong org to Prusian states

Aim of Prusia: to expand at whatever cost-> very well organized army => efficient fighting

Pitt wanted to keep Frederick busy fighting in Europe so Britain could concentrate onacquiring possessions from France

Military conquest- Attack French Senegal and Dakar (carve out an area that will become a British colony

Gambia)- Defeat the French @ Quiveron Bay + Leigos (Africa) => take away territories fromFrance

- Conquer French India -> Robert Clive (a civil servant) conquer of Bengal=> worked for the East India Co. leader of the English

Land Forces in India that will defeat the French forces @ the Battle of Arcot, by whichthe English will control South East India- Conquest of Canada Montreal + Quebec (by 1760 General Wolfe)

The war makes Pitts policy triumphant

1757 1763 War of American Independence

The French help the Americans

Confrontations w/ France and Britain on opposite sides:

Over a hundred years of conflictEnds w/ British superiority

Hannah ArendtRevolution (political)Classical concept (Ancient Greece + Rome):

- Related to astronomy. Cyclical process by which sth started and went round tillit gets back to where it was => going back to its origins=/= Modern concept

Plato

Pure forms of govt+ 1 person ruling for the benefit of all = monarchy

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+ A group of people ruling for the benefit of all = Aristocracy+ Everybody ruling for the benefit of all = Democracy

Impure forms of govt+ 1 person ruling for his own benefit = Tyranny

+ A group of people ruling for their own interests = Oligarchy+ Nobody rules for anybody = Demagogery (?)

Hydric societies -> First city-states=> the power is given to the people that can control the water

Modern concept: not going back, breaking away from the status quo