Arthur N. Guest, aguest@mit Wilfried K. Hofstetter, [email protected]
description
Transcript of Arthur N. Guest, aguest@mit Wilfried K. Hofstetter, [email protected]
August 30, 2010 [email protected]
Interplanetary Transfer Vehicle Concepts for Near-Term Human Exploration Missions
beyond Low Earth Orbit
Arthur N. Guest, [email protected]
Wilfried K. Hofstetter, [email protected]
Paul D. Wooster, [email protected]
DevelopSpace Initiative Inc.
Presentation at AIAA Space 2010
Anaheim, August 30, 2010
August 30, 2010 [email protected]
Overview• This paper analyzes candidate minimalist system designs for potential “flexible-
path” destinations, including the following mission types: – Lunar fly-by– Lunar orbit – Sun-Earth L2 libration point– Geo-synchronous orbit– Near-Earth objects
• The analysis is based on the use of existing in-space propulsion stages (EELV upper stages), along with a heavy-lift launch vehicle, crew entry capsule (such as the Orion vehicle), and small habitation module (along the lines of the Altair crew compartment)
• Overall goal is to identify options for conducting these types of missions with minimum additional development effort
• This project is being undertaken as part of DevelopSpace’s open-source space development activities
– All models, analyses, and supporting documentation is available through http://wiki.developspace.net/ITV and http://svn.developspace.net/svn/itv/
– Material is provided to serve as a basis for further development of these concepts
August 30, 2010 [email protected]
Agenda
• Motivation for human deep space missions
• Mission assumptions and requirements
• Architecture-level analysis
• Detailed discussion of mission designs
• Conclusions and future work
August 30, 2010 [email protected]
Motivation for Human Deep Space Missions
• Human deep space missions to destinations such as a Near Earth Object (NEO) could serve as near-term (this decade) stepping stones to human Mars exploration
• Human deep space missions do not require development of capabilities for Mars entry, descent & landing (EDL) and planetary landing, and are therefore easier to achieve than lunar surface missions
• NEO missions in particular offer deep space operational experience relevant to human Mars missions while also providing significant science return (e.g. samples)
August 30, 2010 [email protected]
Agenda
• Motivation for human deep space missions
• Mission assumptions and requirements
• Architecture-level analysis
• Detailed discussion of mission designs
• Conclusions and future work
August 30, 2010 [email protected]
Mission Assumptions and Requirements
• Basic requirements for the different mission types
• The lunar missions are carried outusing only an entry capsule such asthe Orion Crew Module for habitation
• For the SE-L2, GEO, and NEO missions,an additional habitation module similar tothe ESAS LSAM ascent crew module usused (no propulsion system)
MissionTotal missionduration [d]
Crewsize [-]
InjectionΔv [m/s]
Destination capture
Δv [m/s]
Destinationdeparture
Δv [m/s]
Lunar flyby 7 (3.5/0/3.5) 4 3200 20 (MCC) 20 (MCC)
Lunar orbit 9 (3.5/2/3.5) 4 3200 835 + 20 (MCC) 835 + 20 (MCC)
SE-L2 visit 80 (35/10/35) 4 3200 400 + 50 (MCC) 400 + 50 (MCC)
GEO visit 10.5 (0.25/10/0.25) 4 24302100 (incl. 28.5° plane change)
1470
NEO visit 138 (111/16/11) 3 3291 2193 1746
Orioncrew module
LSAMcrew module
August 30, 2010 [email protected]
Agenda
• Motivation for human deep space missions
• Mission assumptions and requirements
• Architecture-level analysis
• Detailed discussion of mission designs
• Conclusions and future work
August 30, 2010 [email protected]
CEV SM + 1 Centaur V1
CEV SM + 2 Centaur V1
CEV SM + 3 Centaur V1
CEV SM + 4 Centaur V1
CEV SM + 5 Centaur V1
2 x [3 SSME +2 x 4-Segment SRB,
Inline]
2 x [4 SSME +2 x 5-Segment SRB,
Inline]
2 x [3 SSME +2 x 4-Segment SRB,
Side-Mount]
1 x [3 SSME +2 x 4-Segment SRB,
Inline]
1 x [4 SSME +2 x 5-Segment SRB,
In-line]
1 x [3 SSME +2 x 4-Segment SRB,
Side-Mount]
Lunar Orbit
SE-L2
Lunar Flyby
GEO
NEO
1 x [4 SSME +2 x 5-Segment SRB,
In-line]
Centaur V1 Architecture Analysis
August 30, 2010 [email protected]
CEV SM + 1 Delta 4 Heavy Upper Stage
CEV SM + 2 Delta 4 Heavy Upper Stage
CEV SM + 3 Delta 4 Heavy Upper Stage
CEV SM + 4 Delta 4 Heavy Upper Stage
CEV SM + 5 Delta 4 Heavy Upper Stage
Lunar Orbit
SE-L2
Lunar Flyby
GEO
NEO
1 x [3 SSME +2 x 4-Segment SRB,
Inline]
2 x [4 SSME +2 x 5-Segment SRB,
Inline]
1 x [3 SSME +2 x 4-Segment SRB,
Side-Mount]
1 x [4 SSME +2 x 5-Segment SRB,
In-line]
2 x [3 SSME +2 x 4-Segment SRB,
Inline]
2 x [3 SSME +2 x 4-Segment SRB,
Side-Mount]
Delta IV Upper Stage Architecture Analysis
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Agenda
• Motivation for human deep space missions
• Mission assumptions and requirements
• Architecture-level analysis
• Detailed discussion of mission designs
• Conclusions and future work
August 30, 2010 [email protected]
4 Centaur V1 stages3 Centaur V1 stages
2 Centaur V1 stages
1 Centaur V
1 stage
Numerical Earth Departure Analysis
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Lunar Flyby Mission Storyboard
Earth
Lunarorbit
LEO
Earth’smoon
Centaur V1 stages discarded
Launch 1
Trans-lunar coast Trans-Earth coast
Earth entry
Earth landing
Lunar flyby
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Lunar Orbit Mission Storyboard
Earth
Lunarorbit
LEO
Earth’smoon
Centaur V1 stages discarded
Launch 1
Trans-lunar coast Trans-Earth coast
Earth entry
Earth landing
Lunar orbit operations
Science package remains in lunar orbit
Low lunar orbit capture Low lunar orbit departure
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SE-L2 Mission Storyboard
Earth
SE-L2halo orbit
LEO
SE-L2asset
Centaur V1 stages discarded
Launch 1
Trans-SE-L2 coast Trans-Earth coast
SE-L2 captureSE-L2 departure
SE-L2operations
Earth entry
Earth landing
Servicing payload left atthe observation asset
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GEO Mission Storyboard
Earth
GEO
LEO
Centaur V1 stages discarded
Launch 1 Launch 2
Trans-GEO coast Trans-Earth coast
GEO capture
GEO departure
GEO operations
Earth entry
Earth landing
GEOasset
Mission module and sciencepayload remains with asset or is discarded
Capture stage discarded
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NEO Mission Storyboard
Earth
NEOvicinity
LEO
NEO
Centaur V1 stages discarded
Launch 1 Launch 2
Trans-NEO coast Trans-Earth coast
NEO capture
NEO departure
NEO exploration
Earth entry
Earth landing
Capture stage discarded
Mission module and sciencepayload remains at destination
Consumables for trans-NEO coast discarded
August 30, 2010 [email protected]
Agenda
• Motivation for human deep space missions
• Mission assumptions and requirements
• Architecture-level analysis
• Detailed discussion of mission designs
• Conclusions and future work
August 30, 2010 [email protected]
Conclusions• ITV designs based on NASA’s Orion and adapted EELV upper stages
enable near-term human deep space missions
• With a single launch of a heavy-lift launch vehicle (such as a side-mount or in-line shuttle-derived vehicle) lunar flyby, orbit, and SE-L2 missions can be carried out
• With two launches, missions to GEO as well as missions to certain NEOs (similar to the NEO 1999 AO10 2025/26 opportunity) can be carried out
• For lunar flyby and lunar orbit options, only an Orion-like vehicle (possibly also commercially developed), adapted Centaur V1 upper stages, and a heavy-lift launch vehicle are required
• For SE-L2, GEO, and NEO missions, an additional habitation module similar in size to the ESAS LSAM crew module is required for additional pressurized volume and airlock functionality
• With the Orion crew module, the human-rated heavy-lift launch vehicle, and possibly also the habitation module, the minimalist architecture would provide important elements extensible to future human Mars missions
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Suggestions for Future Work
• Further detailed analysis of the mission designs outlined• Including more detailed definition of science payloads, inflatable
structures for the habitat module, and an in-depth analysis of hydrogen (and possibly also oxygen) boil-off
• Detailed analysis of concepts based on a Delta IV Heavy upper stage design adapted for extended use
• Extension of the NEO mission analysis to more NEOs• Analysis of alternative designs for the entry capsule (for
example designs based on commercial crew systems)• Possible entry vehicle mass reductions which may lead to cost
reductions and increased mass margin (or possibly fewer launches)
• The DevelopSpace platform can support these types of follow-on activities – http://www.developspace.net
August 30, 2010 [email protected]
Background: DevelopSpace• DevelopSpace Initiative, Inc. is a not-for-profit, tax-exempt organization
dedicated to advancing human space activities
• We aim to apply open-source principles and development methodologies towards space endeavors
• Our intent is to foster a community actively engaged in advancing knowledge, tools, and systems relevant to expanding humanity into space, and openly sharing the associated information resources to broaden adoption and speed development
• The DevelopSpace platform at http://www.developspace.net/ provides a space-related knowledge base and project hosting infrastructure such as file repositories, wikis, mailing lists, etc., for open-source, space-related projects
• We are open to contributions from all those interested in engaging in the open development space systems and exchange of knowledge related thereto
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Backup Slides
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Science Payloads
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Launch vehicle data
Option Solid Rocket Boosters Core Stage LEO Payload [kg] Source
12 x 4-Segment Solid Rocket
Boosters3 x SSME, Side-Mounted 72000
Presentation to the Augustine Committee
22 x 4-Segment Solid Rocket
Boosters3 x SSME, Inline 74000 ESAS Report
32 x 5-Segment Solid Rocket
Boosters4 x SSME, Inline 97000 ESAS Report
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Mission payloads
Mission CEV Block IIUpgraded CEV
Block IILSAM crew
compartmentAdditional
consumablesScience payload Total payload
Lunar flyby 10797 kg - - - 1650 kg 12847 kg
Lunar orbit 10797 kg - - - 1650 kg 12847 kg
SE-L2 visit - 11379 kg 2455 kg 1301 kg 4196 kg 19731 kg
GEO visit - 11379 kg 2455 kg 0 kg 4196 kg 18430 kg
NEO visit - 11379 kg 2455 kg 2175 kg 1476 kg 17685 kg
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Consumables data
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Launch vehicle shroud volume
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SE-L2 Earth departure
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GEO Mission GEO insertion
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NEO Mission – NEO Insertion