Asociacion Entre Polimorfismos en El Gen Del Transportador de Dopamina DAT1 y La Respuesta Al...

5/20/2018 Asociacion Entre Polimorfismos en El Gen Del Transportador de Dopamina D...

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YBDSIZWDHMH HI GLWXM ZDGMWDWXIEM HI IWXYHDLW HI QLWFZMHL

MWLGDMGDB IBXZI QLNDELZCDWELW IB IN FIB HINXZMBWQLZXMHLZ HI HLQMEDBM (HMX=) T NM ZIWQYIWXM MNEIXDNCIBDHMXL IB BDLW GLWXMZZDGIBWIW GLB HCDGDX

HI MXIBGDB I KDQIZMGXDSDHMH

Xisds sleitdhm m nm glbsdhirmgdb hi nm Gledsdb hin Qrlfrmem hi Istuhdls hi Qlsfrmhl ibJdlnlfm pmrm lptmr plr in frmhl hi Emfdstir Wgdibtdmi ib Jdlnlfm glb bcmsds ib Fibtdgm

y Jdlnlfm Elnigunmr

_mdhm Dsmjin Futdrriz Gmstdnnl

Gduhmh Ybdvirsdtmrdm Zlhrdfl Cmgdl, Glstm Zdgm

:116



dd

Hihdgmtlrdm

M Hdls plr nms emrmvdnnms qui kmgi ib ed vdhm.

M eds pmhris Gmrnls y _mdhm plr su melr, mplyl y plr griir ib e ib gmhm prlyigtl qui

dbdgdl.

M ed kirembl Gmrnls, plr dbspdrmrei y plr nls kirelsls riguirhls qui fumrhl hi su vdhm.

M Emrm Nmurm, Emrm Istir y Gmrndtls plr ixdstdr.

T m Oiccry, plr kmgir ed vdhm tmb cindz.



ddd

Mfrmhigdedibtls

]udirl mfrmhigir prlcubhmeibti m tlhms mquinnms pirslbms qui kdgdirlb plsdjni nm

gunedbmgdb hi isti prlyigtl, euy ib ispigdmn?

M eds pmhris, plr su gmrdl y mplyl sdb glbhdgdlbis, plr dbgibtdvmrei m istuhdmr y siejrmr

ib e nm siednnm hi nm supirmgdb y plr su ioiepnl hi clrtmnizm mbti nms pruijms hurms hi nm

vdhm.

M ed kirembl Gmrnls, plr sir ub ioiepnl pmrm e ib tlhl sibtdhl, plr ibsimrei in

virhmhirl vmnlr hi nm vdhm, plr sus glbsiols gumbhl dbdgd eds istuhdls ubdvirsdtmrdls y plr

glepmrtdr glbedfl in fustl plr nm jdlnlfm.M Emrm Nmurm, plr istmr glbedfl ib nms juibms y ib nms emnms y plr slplrtmrei.

M Emrm Istir y Gmrndtls, plrqui su prisibgdm is dbhdspibsmjni ib ed vdhm.

M ed blvdl Oiccry, plr su melr, mplyl y sus rifmls gumbhl bl ei glbgibtrmjm ib nm tisds.

M Emylrd y Nimbhrl, plr mhlptmr m ed cmedndm y kmgirnm suym, frmgdms plr sir glel slb,

Emyl iris bdgm, nls qudirl eugkl.

M nm Hrm. Qmtrdgdm Guibgm, tutlrm, plr mgiptmrei glel istuhdmbti hi tisds, plr glbcdmr ib

e y ibsimrei tmbtms glsms qui ei myuhmrlb m sir ubm eiolr prlcisdlbmn y plr sir es

qui ubm tutlrm, ubm glbsioirm y medfm.

Mn Hr. Omdei Clrbmfuirm, plr sir ub ioiepnl m sifudr, glel prlcisdlbmn y glel sir

kuembl, plr su lrdibtmgdb ib isti prlyigtl, plr ibsimrei in iqudndjrdl ibtri trmjmol y

glbvdvibgdm y plr glbtmfdmrei ub plgl hi su mnifrm.

Mn Hr. Cirbmbhl Elrmnis, plr nnivmrei mn nmjlrmtlrdl 9 y ibsimrei nls prdeirls pmsls ib

nmjlrmtlrdl y plr su mplyl ib nm rimndzmgdb hin prlyigtl.

Mn Hr. Nuds Npiz, biurnlfl hin hismrrlnnl, plr jrdbhmrei nm lplrtubdhmh hi trmjmomr glb

sus pmgdibtis, plrqui su fum y rigleibhmgdlbis cuirlb isibgdmnis pmrm eiolrmr nmeitlhlnlfm hi isti prlyigtl.

Mn psdgnlflHledbfl Gmepls, plr su vmndlsm myuhm pmrm mbmndzmr nls hmtls hin prlyigtl, y

su vdsdb, cubhmeibtmn pmrm gunedbmr in istuhdl.

M Cirbmbhl Lrtdz,plr tibirei pmgdibgdm ib in nmjlrmtlrdl, plr griir ib ed gmpmgdhmh, plr

mglepmmrei nls sjmhls m vdsdtmr m nms cmedndms pmrtdgdpmbtis ib isti istuhdl, plr su

vmndlsl tdiepl y prdbgdpmneibti plr su medstmh.



dv

M Nuz Emrm Gkmgb,plr su myuhm tmb vmndlsm y hisdbtirismhm ib in euistril hin prlyigtl.

M eds glepmirls y medfls hin DBDWM, Cir, Eind, Ziji, Mbhriy, Vibhy, Mhrd, Vmrbir y

Sdg`y plr kmgir tmb mfrmhmjnis nls mls qui istuvi ib in DBDWM, plrqui cuirlb euy

deplrtmbtis ib istm itmpm y nls vly m nnivmr sdiepri ib ed glrmzb.

M eds medfls hi Jdlnlfm, plr su dbtirs ib isti prlgisl, plr su glepmm y medstmh

dbdfumnmjni ib nms juibms y ib nms emnms, plr istmr gumbhl nls bigisdt, plrqui isl ei kdzl

vmnlrmr nm virhmhirm medstmh.

Mn pirslbmn hin DBDWM, plr su mplyl.

M nms cmedndms qui pmrtdgdpmrlb ib isti istuhdl, plr su hdsplsdgdb pmrm sir pmrti hi isti

prlyigtl.Mn Qrlfrmem Dbstdtugdb hi Biurlgdibgdms, Ybdvirsdhmh hi Glstm Zdgm (SD 8::-M8-77=), y

mn Glbsiol Bmgdlbmn Qmrm Dbvistdfmgdlbis Gdibtcdgms y Xigblnfdgms (GLBDGDX), plr in

mplyl iglbedgl, in gumn piredtd nm rimndzmgdb hi istm tisds.



v

Istm tisds cui mgiptmhm plr nm Gledsdb hin Qrlfrmem hi Istuhdls hi Qlsfrmhl ib Jdlnlfm

hi nm Ybdvirsdhmh hi Glstm Zdgm, glel riqudsdtl pmrgdmn pmrm lptmr mn frmhl hi Emfstir

Wgdibtdmi ib Jdlnlfm glb bcmsds ib Fibtdgm y Jdlnlfm Elnigunmr

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Ziprisibtmbti hin Higmbl

Kibrditti Zmvibts Slrst, E.Wg. Wdstiem hi Istuhdls hi Qlsfrmhl

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Hdrigtlrm hi XisdsQmtrdgdm Guibgm Jirfir, Qk.H

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Msislr

Omdei Clrbmfuirm Xrdms, Qk.H

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Msislr

Cirbmbhl Elrmnis Elbtirl, Qk.H.

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ HdrigtlrZmedrl Jmrrmbtis Eisb, Qk.H. Qrlfrmem hi Qlsfrmhl ib Jdlnlfm

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Gmbhdhmtm

_mdhm Dsmjin Futdrriz Gmstdnnl



vd

BHDGI

=. Qlrtmhm

:. Hihdgmtlrdm

7. Mfrmhigdedibtls

8. Klom hi mprljmgdb

9. bhdgi

3. Zisueib

Qricmgdl

6. Hisgrdptlris;. Istmhl mgtumn hin glblgdedibtl

;.=. In trmstlrbl plr hcdgdt hi mtibgdb i kdpirmgtdvdhmh

;.:. Hdmfbstdgl y embdcistmgdlbis gnbdgms

;.7. Ipdhiedlnlfm

;.7.=. Qrivmnibgdm

;.7.:. Gursl hin trmstlrbl

;.7.7. Gl-elrjdndhmhis

;.7.8. Glbsiguibgdms

;.7.9. Cmgtlris hi rdisfl

;.8. Cdsdlpmtlnlfm

;.8.=.Mblremndhmhis istrugturmnis y cubgdlbmnis

;.8.:. Biurltrmbsedslris

;.8.:.=. Hlpmedbm

;.8.:.=.= Wbtisds, mnemgibmedibtl, ndjirmgdb

;.8.:.=.:. Zigiptlris hi hlpmedbm;.8.:.=.7. Zigmptmgdb

;.8.:.=.8. Eitmjlndsel

;.9. Xrmtmedibtl hin Hcdgdt hi mtibgdb i kdpirmgtdvdhmh

;.3. Jmsi fibtdgm hin hcdgdt mtibgdlbmn

;.3.=. Kiribgdm

d

dd

ddd

v

vd

dx

xx

x

x

xdd

xdd

xddd

xdv

xdv

xv

xvd

xvd

xvdd

xvdd

xvddd

xdxxx

xx

xx

xxdd

xxdd



vdd

;.3.:. Fibis dbvlnugrmhls

;.3.:.=. Fib HZH8

;.3.:.:. FibHMX=

;.3.:.:.=. Ltrls plndelrcdsels ib in fibHMX=

;.3.:.:.:. Eitdncibdhmtl

;.3.:.:.7. Zinmgdb HMX=-eitdncibdhmtl

;.3.:.:.8. Glbsuel hi Zdtmndbm ib Glstm Zdgm

4. Oustdcdgmgdb

=1. Ljoitdvls

=1.=. Ljoitdvl Fibirmn=1.:. Ljoitdvls Ispigcdgls

==. Emtirdmnis y etlhls

==.=. Zimgtdvls y ndstm hi mjrivdmturms

==.:. Euistril

==.:.=. Qljnmgdb hi istuhdl

==.:.:. Grdtirdls hi dbgnusdb y ixgnusdb

==.:.7. Ibtrivdstm glb nms cmedndms

==.:.8. Ziglniggdb hi nms euistrms

==.7. Etlhl hi ixtrmggdb hi nls gdhls bugnidgls

==.7.=. Qrltlglnl hi ixtrmggdb m pmrtdr hi smbfri

pirdcrdgm

==.7.:. Qrltlglnl hi ixtrmggdb utdndzmbhl Gkinix-=11

==.7.7. Melrtdfumhlris y ltrms slnugdlbis utdndzmhms ib

nm ixtrmggdb

==.8. Gumbtdcdgmgdb y ivmnumgdb hi nm gmndhmh hin MHB==.8.=. Ispigtrlcltleitrm

==.9. Mepndcdgmgdb hin MHB

==.9.=. Mepndcdgmgdb hi SBXZ ib nm rifdb 7YXZ

==.9.:. Mepndcdgmgdb hi nls plndelrcdsels ib in dbtrb 4

y ixb 4

==.3. Inigtrlclrisds hi nls prlhugtls hi mepndcdgmgdb

xxdd

xxddd

xxdv

xxvdd

xxdx

xxxdd

xxxdv

xxxvd

xxxvddd

xxxvdddxxxvddd

xxxdx

xxxdx

xnd

xnd

xnd

xndd

xnddd

xnddd

xnddd

xnv

xnvd

xnvdddxnvddd

xnvddd

xnvddd

xndx

n


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vddd

==.3.=. Sdsumndzmgdb hi nls prlhugtls hi mepndcdgmgdb

==.3.:. Melrtdfumhlris iepnimhls ib nm inigtrlclrisds

==.6. Mbndsds hi ristrdggdb

==.6.=. Hdfistdb hi nls prlhugtls mepndcdgmhls hin

dbtrb 4 y ixb 4

==.6.:. Sdsumndzmgdb hi nls prlhugtls hi hdfistdb

==.;. Mbndsds hi risuntmhls

==.;.=. Mbndsds hin bhdgi hi Glbbirs utdndzmhl

==.;.:. Mbndsds hi vmrdmjnis hielfrcdgms-fibltdpls

istuhdmhls==.;.7. Mbndsds hi trmbsedsdb hi nls mninls SBXZs ib

7YXZ

==.;.8. Zinmgdb rispuistm mn eitdncibdhmtl-fibltdpls

=:. Jdjndlfrmcm hin pricmgdl

=7. Ndstm hi gumhrls

=8. Ndstm hi cdfurms

Mslgdmgdb ibtri plndelrcdsels ib in fib hin trmbsplrtmhlr

hi hlpmedbm y nm rispuistm mn eitdncibdhmtl ib bdls

glstmrrdgibsis glb hcdgdt hi mtibgdb i kdpirmgtdvdhmh

Mjstrmgt

Dbtrlhuggdb

Qmgdibtis y etlhls

Zisuntmhls

HdsgusdbJdjndlfrmcm

Zisueib

=9. Mpbhdgi M. Grdtirdls hdmfbstdgls sifb GDI-=1 y HWE-DS

=3. Mpbhdgi J. Clreunmrdls

nd

nd

nd

ndd

nddd

nddd

nddd

ndv

ndv

nv

nxvddd

nxdx

=

:

9

;

=1=3

:8

=xx

=xxddd



dx

3.ZIWYEIB

In hcdgdt hi mtibgdb i kdpirmgtdvdhmh (XHMK) is ub trmstlrbl glb mntm privmnibgdm

ib bdls hi ihmh isglnmr, qui prlvlgm prljniems hi mhmptmgdb slgdmn ib nm mhlnisgibgdm y

ib nm vdhm mhuntm hijdhl m su sdbtlemtlnlfm, gmrmgtirdzmhm plr cmntm hi mtibgdb,

kdpirmgtdvdhmh i depunsdvdhmh. Qrisibtm mntm kirihmjdndhmh. Nls eihdgmeibtls prdbgdpmnis

pmrm in trmtmedibtl slb nls psdglistdeunmbtis, ubl hi innls is in eitdncibdhmtl, qui dbkdji nm

rigmptmgdb hi hlpmedbm plr in jnlquil hin trmbsplrtmhlr hi elblmedbms HMX=. Nm

mslgdmgdb ibtri ub plndelrcdsel SBXZ ib nm rifdb 7YXZ hin fibHMX= (in mninl glb =1

ripitdgdlbis hi ubm siguibgdm hi 81pj) y in XHMK, riplrtmhm plr hdvirsls mutlris, kmkigkl qui isti fib sim glbsdhirmhl in prdbgdpmn cmgtlr hi rdisfl fibtdgl. Msdedsel, isti

plndelrcdsel km sdhl mslgdmhl glb nm rispuistm mn eitdncibdhmtl, prdbgdpmneibti plrqui si

kmb ljsirvmhl hdciribtis bdvinis hi nm prltibm ib pmgdibtis glb XHMK. Nls ljoitdvls hi

isti trmjmol cuirlb hitiredbmr nls fibltdpls glrrisplbhdibtis m tris sdtdls plndercdgls hin

fibHMX=, ujdgmhls ib 7YXZ (SBXZ) y hls WBQs nlgmndzmhls ib in dbtrb 4 y ixb 4, nm

mslgdmgdb hin mninl glbsdhirmhl hi mntl rdisfl pmrm in XHMK y mbmndzmr nm rinmgdb hi istls

fibltdpls glb nm rispuistm mn eitdncibdhmtl. Nm euistrm pmrtdgdpmbti glbsdstd hi 74

bdls(ms) glstmrrdgibsis glb hdmfbstdgl hi XHMK eihdmbti HWE-DS y sus pmhris. Wi

ivmnu nm rispuistm utdndzmbhl ub bhdgi hi Glbbirs mjrivdmhl pmrm pmhris. Isti istuhdl bl

elstr mslgdmgdb ibtri in mninl hi mntl rdisfl y in XHMK, bd ibtri nm rispuistm mn

eitdncibdhmtl y nls fibltdpls istuhdmhls. Istls risuntmhls puhdirlb virsi dbcnudhls plr nm

musibgdm hi gdirtls fibltdpls ib nm euistrm istuhdmhm y plr hdciribgdms ib nms criguibgdms

mnndgms ibglbtrmhms ib glepmrmgdb glb nms criguibgdms riplrtmhms pmrm ltrms pljnmgdlbis,

m gmusm, qudz, hi nm glejdbmgdb tbdgm riplrtmhm pmrm Glstm Zdgm, mubmhl m nm

klelfibidhmh hi nm pljnmgdb pmrtdgdpmbti. Ltrm gmusm plsdjni is qui istls plndelrcdselsplhrmb bl tibir ub pmpin rifunmhlr hi nm ixprisdb hin fib hdrigtmeibti, sdbl ibglbtrmrsi

ib hisiqudndjrdl hi ndfmedibtl glb ltrms vmrdmbtis cubgdlbmnis l mcigtmr nm istmjdndhmh hin

MZBe. Nls plndelrcdsels ib ixlbis i dbtrlbis plhrmb oufmr ub pmpin deplrtmbti ib nm

jsquihm hi ub emrgmhlr fibtdgl qui ixpndqui nm musibgdm hi rispuistm mn eitdncibdhmtl

plr pmrti hi ub plrgibtmoi deplrtmbti hi nls pmgdibtis glb XHMK.


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x

6. HIWGZDQXLZIW

Hcdgdt hi mtibgdb i kdpirmgtdvdhmh, hlpmedbm, fibHMX=, eitdncibdhmtl, SBXZ

;. IWXMHL MGXYMN HIN GLBLGDEDIBXL

;.=. In trmstlrbl plr hcdgdt hi mtibgdb i kdpirmgtdvdhmh

In trmstlrbl plr hcdgdt hi mtibgdb i kdpirmgtdvdhmh (XHMK) is ub trmstlrbl

biurljdlnfdgl hin hismrrlnnl qui mcigtm in cubgdlbmedibtl mhigumhl hin bdl y qui glb

criguibgdm si embtdibi kmstm nm ihmh mhuntm (Npiz it mn.:1190 Hmz it mn.:113).

Is ubl hi nls trmstlrbls es glebeibti hdmfblstdgmhls ib nm dbcmbgdm, hicdbdhl ib

in Embumn hdmfbstdgl y istmhstdgl hi nls trmstlrbls eibtmnis hi nm Mslgdmgdb Meirdgmbm

hi Qsdqudmtrm, gumrtm ihdgdb (HWE-DS), glel nm prisibgdm pirsdstibti hi cmntm hi mtibgdb,

kdpirmgtdvdhmh i depunsdvdhmh, es criguibti i dbtibsm qui ib bdls hi nm edsem ihmh y

bdvin hi hismrrlnnl dbtinigtumn, qui glrrisplbhi m ubm dbtibsdhmh hismhmptmtdvm (Mbbdel

=448). Glbstdtuyi ub prljniem gnbdgl hi cmntm hi mutlglbtrln qui ib in trmbsgursl hin

hismrrlnnl gmusm ub depmgtl sdfbdcdgmtdvl ib nms mgtdvdhmhis mgmhedgms, nmjlrmnis,

cmedndmris l slgdmnis hi nls mcigtmhls (Gmrhl &Wirvirm :1190 Npiz it mn.:1190 Smquirdzl

:1190 Dhdmzjmn it mn.:1130 Qlitm & Zlsm :116).

Cui hisgrdtl plr prdeirm viz plr in ehdgl pihdmtrm Filrfi Wtdnn ib =41:. Wdb

iejmrfl, su bleibgnmturm km gmejdmhl glbtdbumeibti kmstm qui si oirmrqudz nm mtibgdb

glel in sbtlem hledbmbti, nl gumn sugihd mnrihihlr hi nls mls ;1s, mubqui mb ixdstib

eugkls hismguirhls (Zlkhi &Kmnpirb :1180 Zijlnnl &Elbtdin :113).

;.:. Hdmfbstdgl y embdcistmgdlbis gnbdgms

Nm musibgdm hi ub emrgmhlr jdlnfdgl hicdbdtdvl kmgi qui nm jmsi hi su hdmfbstdgl

sim in ixmeib hin istmhl eibtmn, usumneibti m trmvs hi nm ibtrivdstm gnbdgm y nm

ljsirvmgdb hin gleplrtmedibtl (Glbblr :11:). Xmeplgl ixdstib pruijms glbgnuyibtis

pmrm su hdmfbstdgl, ym qui sti si jmsm ib nls sdstiems hi gnmsdcdgmgdb utdndzmhls ib



xd

psdqudmtrm, hlbhi nls hls prdbgdpmnis slb in GDI-=1 (Gnmsdcdgmgdb Dbtirbmgdlbmn hi

Ibcireihmhis, =1tk Zivdsdb, hi nm Lrfmbdzmgdb Eubhdmn hi nm Wmnuh) y in HWE-DS (nm

es rigdibti is nm virsdb rivdsmhm). Istls euistrmb es sdedndtuhis qui hdciribgdms,

mubqui usmb hdciribti bleibgnmturm, ib in HWE-DS si nnmem Hcdgdt hi mtibgdb i

kdpirmgtdvdhmh y ib nm GDI-=1 trmstlrbl kdpirgdbtdgl (Mbbdel =4480 Mbbdel =4430

Zlkhi &Kmnpirb :118).

Mejls sdstiems glbsdhirmb nm prisibgdm hi sdfbls y sbtlems gmrmgtirstdgls hi istm

glbhdgdb hurmbti gdirtls pirlhls hi tdiepl, pirl hijib sir tibdhls ib guibtm glel

kirrmedibtms prlvdsdlbmnis, hmhl qui nms embdcistmgdlbis gnbdgms ibtri nls pmgdibtis slb

kitirlfbims, i dbgnusl ib ub edsel dbhdvdhul puihi kmjir deplrtmbtis vmrdmgdlbis ib intdiepl. In kigkl hi qui bl ixdstm bdbfb sdfbl l sbtlem qui sim ispigcdgl hi isti

trmstlrbl hdcdguntm su hdmfbstdgl (Zlkhi &Kmnpirb :118).

In gumhrl gnbdgl si gmrmgtirdzm plr nm prisibgdm hi tris sbtlems prdbgdpmnis?

=)

Cmntm hi mtibgdb l hdstrmggdb? glbsdsti ib nm dbgmpmgdhmh hi istmr mtibtl m nl qui

sugihi ib in eihdl l hi rifunmr nm mtibgdb l glbgibtrmgdb hurmbti in hismrrlnnl hi ubm

tmrim, nl qui nis nnivm m crmgmsmr mbti trmjmols hlbhi si bigisdti ub bdvin hi iscuirzl

glbtdbumhl y sdstietdgl.

:) Depunsdvdhmh?si ricdiri prdbgdpmneibti m nm dbgmpmgdhmh pmrm dbkdjdr glbhugtms, bl si

riprdeib. Mn prisibtmr hdcdguntmh hi mbtdgdpmgdb pmrm nms mggdlbis, istl prlvlgm ubm

hislrfmbdzmgdb ib in pibsmedibtl y ib nm mgtdvdhmh.

7)

Kdpirmgtdvdhmh?is nm prisibgdm hi mgtdvdhmh eltlrm ixgisdvm l dbmprlpdmhm, hdcdguntmh

pmrm mgmjmr tmrims y pmrm embtibirsi sibtmhl y/l quditl ib ub edsel nufmr

(Jnlledbfhmni &Wwmbslb =4;40 Mbbdel =4480 Frdppl :11=).

Wujtdpls

Nls bdls glb XHMK riprisibtmb ubm pljnmgdb kitirlfbim glb frmb vmrdmgdb ib

in frmhl hi sus sbtlems, plr nl qui su hdciribgdmgdb bl is bmhm cgdn, sdb iejmrfl, nls

grdtirdls HWE-DS kmb hielstrmhl tibir ubm mgiptmjni cdmjdndhmh m pmrtdr hi nls 8 mls, y

ubm sibsdjdndhmh euy mntm, plr nl qui slb euy utdndzmhls (Glbblr :11:0 Smquirdzl :119).

Mgtumneibti, in HWE-DS dhibtdcdgm 7 sujtdpls qui hijib dbhdgmrsi ib cubgdb hin



xdd

pmtrb prihledbmbti hurmbti nls ntdels 3 eisis, pmrm nl gumn utdndzm ubm sirdi hi grdtirdls

hdmfbstdgls (Mbixl M), y ndbimedibtls?

=)

Hcdgdt mtibgdlbmn glb kdpirmgtdvdhmh, tdpl prihledbmbtieibti hismtibtl? glb

sbtlems entdpnis (mn eibls sids) hi hismtibgdb glb plgls (eibls hi sids) hi

kdpirmgtdvdhmh-depunsdvdhmh.

:)

Hcdgdt mtibgdlbmn glb kdpirmgtdvdhmh, tdpl prihledbmbtieibti kdpirmgtdvl-

depunsdvl? sids sbtlems hi kdpirmgtdvdhmh-depunsdvdhmh, pirl eibls hi sids

sbtlems hi hismtibgdb.

7) Hcdgdt mtibgdlbmn glb kdpirmgtdvdhmh, tdpl glejdbmhl? in bdl prisibtm tmbtl

sbtlems glfbdtdvls (hi hismtibgdb) glel sbtlems eltrdgis (hi depunsdvdhmh ikdpirmgtdvdhmh), ispigcdgmeibti sids l es hi gmhm ubl. Is in es criguibti.

Mhies, si kmgi usl tmejdb hi isgmnms hi vmnlrmgdb glel nm isgmnm hi Glbbirs,

qui is ubm hi nms isgmnms qui es si utdndzm pmrm dhibtdcdgmr sbtlems ib nls bdls y icigtls

hi trmtmedibtl ym qui ist hdrdfdhm m qudibis glbvdvib glb nls bdls? pmhris y emistrls

(Glbbirs =4;40 Memhlr it mn.:11:).

;.7. Ipdhiedlnlfm

;.7.=. Qrivmnibgdm

M pismr hi qui is ubl hi nls trmstlrbls hin biurlhismrrlnnl glb emylr privmnibgdm,

nls dbtibtls plr hitiredbmr vmnlris ipdhiedlnfdgls si kmb vdstl mcigtmhls plr ubm sirdi hi

cmgtlris glel nms vmrdmgdlbis ib nm gnmsdcdgmgdb gnbdgm hi nls grdtirdls hdmfbstdgls, nm

cuibti hi dbclremgdb (pmhris, emistrls, gudhmhlris), in tdpl hi euistrm (gnbdgm,

pljnmgdlbmn), y nms gmrmgtirstdgms slgdlgunturmnis (fbirl, emhuriz, ihmh, bdvin

slgdliglbedgl, itg.) (Gmpdnnm it mn.:1190 Gmrhl &Wirvirm :119).

Wu privmnibgdm km sdhl dbvistdfmhm ib hdvirsls pmsis y glbtdbibtis, glb risuntmhls

hdstdbtls, plr nl qui si embiomb privmnibgdms qui vmb hishi 7-4% ib bdls hi ihmh isglnmr

y hin 8% ib mhuntls, pirl istms gdcrms puihib vmrdmr ib cubgdb hi nm hdstrdjugdb

hielfrcdgm y nls grdtirdls riquirdhls (Mbbdel =4480 Zlkhi &Kmnpirb :1180 Fmrgm it

mn. :119j0 Hmz it mn. :113). Qlr ioiepnl, si kmb riplrtmhl vmnlris tmb ixtriels ib nm

privmnibgdm glel 1,6;% ib Klbf @lbf (Niubf it mn.=443) kmstm =6,;% ib Mniembdm y



xddd

=;% ib Jrmsdn (Jmuefmirtin it mn.=4490 Fumrhdlnm it mn.:111).

Qlr ltrl nmhl, kmstm kmgi plgl si grim qui si prisibtmjm glb es criguibgdm ib

klejris qui ib euoiris, ib ubm prlplrgdb 8?= (pljnmgdb blremn) y 4?= (pljnmgdb

gnbdgm), rispigtdvmeibti, sifb in HWE-DS (Mbbdel =448). Kly ib hm si kmjnm es hi

ubm embdcistmgdb hdstdbtm m bdvin hi fbirl, ib nm qui nms euoiris prisibtmb emylr hcdgdt

glfbdtdvl y mntirmgdlbis ib nms rinmgdlbis dbtirpirslbmnis, prljniems qui pmsmb es

hismpirgdjdhls, y nls klejris guibtmb glb ubm emrgmhm sljrimgtdvdhmh eltlrm y emylr

mfrisdvdhmh i depunsdvdhmh. Gnmrl ist, qui hdgkms hdciribgdms ibtri fbirl pmrigib es

mtibumhms hm glb hm, mubqui sdiepri emylris ib nls vmrlbis, bl ljstmbti, istl rismntm nm

deplrtmbgdm hi utdndzmr grdtirdls hdciribgdmnis plr fbirl pmrm rimndzmr in hdmfbstdgl (Gmrhl&Wirvirm :1190 Jitmbglurt it mn.:113).

Ib nm mgtumndhmh ixdsti ltrm isgmnm qui pritibhi eiolrmr nls risuntmhls hdmfbstdgls

ym qui ist hdsimhm pmrm pmhris y emistrls, sus ties si jmsmb ib grdtirdls gnbdgls hin

HWE-DS, nms pubtumgdlbis istb blremndzmhms ib cubgdb hin tdpl hi ivmnumhlr, nm ihmh y in

fbirl hin suoitl. Istm si nnmem nm MHKH ZW-DS, ib dbfns, Mttibtdlb Hcdgdt

Kypirmgtdvdty Hdslrhir Zmtdbf Wgmnis DS, guyl usl km piredtdhl emylr gldbgdhibgdm ib nm

privmnibgdm ibtri bdls y bdms (Gmrhl &Wirvirm :119).

Ib gumbtl m nm privmnibgdm hi nls sujtdpls hin XHMK, hdstdbtls mutlris kmb

ibglbtrmhl ubm emylr privmnibgdm hin sujtdpl glejdbmhl, sifudhl hin hismtibtl y in

kdpirmgtdvl-depunsdvl, plr ioiepnl, si kmb ibglbtrmhl prlplrgdlbis tmnis glel? 9:-97%

tdpl glejdbmhl, :3-78,;% prihledbdl hismtibgdlbmn y =7-:1% prihledbdl kdpirmgtdvl-

depunsdvl, mubqui istm dbclremgdb vmrm (Gmrhl &Wirvirm :1190 Fmrgm it mn.:119m).

;.7.:. Gursl hin trmstlrbl

In XHMK si embdcdistm hi clrem hdstdbtm ib gmhm itmpm hi nm vdhm y mubqui nls

sbtlems puihib istmr prisibtis hishi in bmgdedibtl, stls si hitigtmb fibirmneibti mbtis

hi nls : l 7 mls hi ihmh. Qrivdl m nls sditi mls nls bdls glb XHMK suinib sir

ispigdmneibti kdpirmgtdvls i depunsdvls, hispus hi ism ihmh nm glbhugtm si elhunm y

gledibzmb m ricniomrsi nms glbsiguibgdms hin hcdgdt hi mtibgdb, in trmstlrbl hin mpribhdzmoi

y ltrls sbtlems. Hijdhl m istl in hdmfbstdgl bl si kmgi kmstm in dbdgdl hi nm isglnmrdhmh, nm

gumn ixdfi pmtrlbis hi gleplrtmedibtl istrugturmhls, dbgnudhl ub hismrrlnnl mprlpdmhl hin



xdv

bdvin hi mtibgdb, glbgibtrmgdb i dbqudituh, is higdr, in hdmfbstdgl plr nl fibirmn si kmgi

mls hispus hi embdcistmrsi, ym qui in riglblgdedibtl hi nls emrgmhlris tieprmbls bl km

sdhl euy prmgtdgmhl bd dbvistdfmhl puistl qui vmrmb glb in hismrrlnnl hin bdl (Mbbdel

=4480 Smquirdzl :1190 Jitmbglurt it mn.:1130 Idrs it mn.:1130 Qlitm &Zlsm :1130 Qlitm

&Zlsm :116).

Qlr ltrl nmhl, mubqui nms prdeirms hisgrdpgdlbis gnbdgms hin XHMK si rimndzmrlb ib

bdls m gledibzls hin sdfnl pmsmhl, bl cui sdbl kmstm cdbmnis hi nls mls 61s gumbhl si

iepiz m istuhdmr ib mhuntls (Jmr`niy =44;0 Zmels it mn. :113). Istl cui ms hijdhl m qui

si grim qui nm sdbtlemtlnlfm gnbdgm eiolrmjm mn nnifmr m nm mhlnisgibgdm. Wdb iejmrfl,

ixdsti ivdhibgdm hi qui nls sbtlems glbtdbmb hurmbti nm ihmh mhuntm. Hi mguirhl glb nmsistmhstdgms, isti trmstlrbl pirsdsti hurmbti nm mhlnisgibgdm ib in 91-;1% hi nls gmsls

hdmfblstdgmhls m nl nmrfl hi nm dbcmbgdm y ib in 71-91% hi nls gmsls ib nm ihmh mhuntm

(Jmr`niy it mn.=4410 Gmphivdnm it mn.:113).

;.7.7.

Gl-elrjdndhmhis

In XHMK euy rmrmeibti si ixkdji hi clrem mdsnmhm, is higdr, ndedtmhm m nls

sbtlems gmrhdbmnis hin trmstlrbl, sdbl qui is kitirlfbil, ym qui criguibtieibti si mslgdm

l glixdsti (si eibgdlbm qui ibtri ub 81-31%) glb gl-elrjdndhmhis glel in sbhrlei hi

Xluritti, ritrmsl eibtmn, trmstlrbls hi nm glbhugtm glel in bifmtdvdsel hismcdmbti (79-

39%), trmstlrbl ljsisdvl-glepunsdvl (XLG), trmstlrbl mutdstm, trmstlrbl hi Mspirfir,

trmstlrbl hi nm gleubdgmgdb, trmstlrbls hin mpribhdzmoi (::%), hdsnixdm, hdsgmngundm,

hdsfrmcm, y ltrls trmstlrbls mcigtdvls glel mbsdihmh (:9%), hiprisdb (::%) y ib eiblr

criguibgdm si suinib ljsirvmr prljniems rinmgdlbmhls glb in suil, iburisds y ibglprisds

(Nicm it mn. =4440 Jrlwb it mn. :11=0 Mrtdfms :1170 Npiz it mn. :1190 Jitmbglurt it mn.

:1130 Hmz it mn.:1130 Cirbbhiz :1130 Dhdmzjmn it mn.:1130 Qlitm &Zlsm :116).

;.7.8. Glbsiguibgdms

Nls bdls glb XHMK sucrib ub hitirdlrl qui vm es mnn hi nls tris sbtlems

gibtrmnis. Mnfubms glbsiguibgdms l hdcdguntmhis qui si ljsirvmb glebeibti ib innls slb?

bl iepnimb nms rifnms frmemtdgmnis, utdndzmb emnms pmnmjrms y vlgmjunmrdl rihugdhl, bl

mpribhib hi sus irrlris, bl nlfrmb ubm juibm glepribsdb hi nigturm, himejunmb



xv

criguibtieibti, bl rispitmb turbls, bl guepnib tmrims, si crustrmb glb nms tmrims, edibtib,

rljmb, mjusmb hi hrlfms, si mfrihib m s edsels y m nls hies, crmgmsl isglnmr, rijinhm,

rigkmzl hi blrems cmedndmris, isglnmris y slgdmnis, nl qui nis nnivm m cufmrsi hi gmsm,

hindbguibgdm, cmntm hi gudhmhl pirslbmn, dbistmjdndhmh ib nms rinmgdlbis slgdmnis y jmom

mutlistdem (Mbbdel =4480 Smnhdzb :1180 Eunms it mn.:113).

Qlr nl mbtirdlr, in rigkmzl lgurri gmsd dbeihdmtmeibti glb in glbtmgtl slgdmn y nls

prljniems slgdmnis hi nls bdls glb XHMK glb nls glepmirls ib nm bdiz slb ub cmgtlr

prlbstdgl slgdmn bifmtdvl pirembibti qui mcigtm in hismrrlnnl hi nm pirslbmndhmh, nm

emhuriz slgdmn y nm mhmptmgdb dbtirpirslbmn m nl nmrfl hi nm vdhm (Fmrgm it mn.:113).

;.7.9. Cmgtlris hi rdisfl

Hmhm nm criguibgdm y nm elrjdndhmh mslgdmhm glb isti trmstlrbl, is bigismrdm ubm

dhibtdcdgmgdb tieprmbm hi nls bdls ib rdisfl pmrm msifurmr qui rigdjmb ub prlbtl y

mprlpdmhl trmtmedibtl (Wmuvir it mn.:118).

Nm itdlnlfm si hisglblgi, pirl tlhms nms ivdhibgdms hi istuhdls elnigunmris y

fibtdgls sufdirib qui tmbtl cmgtlris kirihdtmrdls glel psdglslgdmnis, ms glel nm

dbtirmggdb ibtri mejls, glbtrdjuyib glb in XHMK (Hmz it mn.:113).

Qlr innl si kmb ixmedbmhl bueirlsls cmgtlris hi rdisfl jdlnfdgls y

slgdliglbedgls glb risuntmhls glbtrlvirsdmnis l sdb ubm rinmgdb cuirti istmjnigdhm bd glb

ub plhir prihdgtdvl sdfbdcdgmtdvl (Jdihiremb it mn.=4490 Gmrhl &Wirvirm :119).

Cmgtlris mejdibtmnis (mslgdmhls ib eiblr frmhl)?

Wmnuh eibtmn emtirbmn (Nisisbi it mn.:117).

Hdsglrhdm emrdtmn sivirm.

Jmol bdvin slgdliglbedgl.

Cmedndm bueirlsm (7 l es kirembls).

Grdedbmndhmh pmtirbm.

Cmedndm mhlptdvm.

Jmols bdvinis hi ihugmgdb emtirbmn y pmtirbmn (Wmuvir it mn.:118).

Qrisibgdm hi tlxdbms glel pnlel (Emrtbiz it mn.:11=).

Cmgtlris jdlnfdgls (Gmrhl &Wirvirm :119)?



xvd

Kdstlrdm cmedndmr hi XHMK.

Kdstlrdm cmedndmr hi ltrls trmstlrbls psdqudtrdgls.

Kdstlrdm hi hml girijrmn m glbsiguibgdm hi ubm pmtlnlfm ib in pirlhl pirdbmtmn.

Jmol pisl mn bmgir.

Bmgdedibtls priemturls.

Ihmh, fbirl, ibtri ltrls.

;.8. Cdsdlpmtlnlfm

In hismrrlnnl hi tgbdgms hi rifdstrl cubgdlbmn, glel nm tlelfrmcm hi iedsdb hiplsdtrlbis (QIX) l nm rislbmbgdm emfbtdgm cubgdlbmn km plsdjdndtmhl ub deplrtmbti mvmbgi

ib isti gmepl y piredti pnmbtimr hdciribtis elhinls (Eunms it mn.:113).

;.8.=. Mblremndhmhis istrugturmnis y cubgdlbmnis

Mbtirdlr m nls istuhdls cubgdlbmnis si kdgdirlb glepmrmgdlbis hin girijrl hi bdls

glb XHMK y glbtrlnis plr eihdl hi istuhdls elrcletrdgls hi biurldefibis, eihdmbti

nls gumnis si hitigt ub eiblr vlnueib girijrmn fnljmn, qui depndgmjm nm rihuggdb ib in

tmeml hi gdirtms rims hin girijrl glb ubm glbsiguibti prhdhm hi sdeitrm. Hdgkms

hdciribgdms si embtdibib glb nm ihmh, tmn glel ib in bgnil gmuhmhl, qui tdibi ub tmeml

blremn ib nm dbcmbgdm y hdsedbuyi su vlnueib ib nm mhlnisgibgdm, i dbgnuyib m nm sustmbgdm

frds crlbtmn y tieplrmn y in girijinl, mhies hi qui nm dbtibsdhmh hi nls gmejdls

vlnuetrdgls pmrigi glrrinmgdlbmrsi glb nm frmvihmh sdbtlemtlnfdgm (Gmstinnmbls it mn.

:11:0 Wgkrdeskir it mn.:11:).

Dfumneibti, istuhdls biurlmbmtedgls y biurlpsdglnfdgls kmb glbcdremhl nm jmsi

biurljdlnfdgm hin XHMK y glbvirfib ib nls gdrgudtls crlbtlistrdmtmnis, qui rigdjibdbirvmgdlbis mjubhmbtis hi gmtiglnmedbms. Hdgkl gdrgudtl dbgnuyi rifdlbis pricrlbtmnis

hirigkms hin girijrl, nls fmbfndls jmsmnis, nls kiedscirdls girijinlsls y ubm sujrifdb hin

vireds girijinlsl, mhies hi qui nm hdstrdjugdb hi nm sustmbgdm frds y nm sustmbgdm jnmbgm

plhrm mntirmrsi. Istms elhdcdgmgdlbis pmrigmb oustdcdgmr cmgtlris fibtdgls ib nm jmsi hin

XHMK (Mnnib :11:0 Gmstinnmbls &Mglstm :118).

Bl ljstmbti, kmjrm qui prisuplbir qui gumnqudir mntirmgdb nisdvm hi nms vms



xvdd

crlbtlistrdmtmnis puihi oustdcdgmr ubm sdtumgdb gnbdgm sdednmr, plr ioiepnl, mntirmgdlbis

dbciggdlsms, trmuetdgms l kielrrfdgms hi nms vms hlpmedbrfdgms, ispigdmneibti hi nls

njunls crlbtmnis, si kmb mslgdmhl kdstrdgmeibti mn XHMK (Qmpmzdmb it mn.:113).

;.8.:. Biurltrmbsedslris

Ib gumbtl m nm hdeibsdb quedgm hi istm ibcireihmh, si kmjnm ispigcdgmeibti hi

nm dbtirvibgdb hi nls sdstiems hlpmedbrfdgls y blrmhribrfdgls, nl gumn km sdhl

glbcdremhl eihdmbti istuhdls cmremglnfdgls, fibtdgls y jdlquedgls hin Wdstiem

Birvdlsl Gibtrmn (WBG) (Hmny it mn.=4440 Gledbfs it mn.:111). M rmz hi hisiqudndjrdls

ib su mjmstigdedibtl, si prisibtmb nms hdcdguntmhis mbtis eibgdlbmhms glel cmntm himutlglbtrln, hi mtibgdb, ibtri ltrls (Jmr`niy =44;0 Fmrgm it mn.:119m).

Nls dbkdjdhlris hi nm rigmptmgdb hi sirltlbdbm tdibib euy plgl icigtl ib gumbtl m

nm sdbtlemtlnlfm pirl eiolrmb nm hiprisdb glerjdhm (Jlrrifl :117).

Nm kdptisds hlpmedbrfdgm si mplym prdbgdpmneibti ib qui nls istuhdls

biurlrrmhdlnfdgls cubgdlbmnis rivinmb mntirmgdlbis ib nms vms hlpmedbrfdgms (Irbst it mn.

=444)0 nisdlbis ib nls sdstiems hlpmedbrfdgls ib rmtms km rivinmhl prisibgdm hi

kdpirmgtdvdhmh eltlrm y hcdgdt hi mpribhdzmoi qui eiolrmb glb psdglistdeunmbtis (Zussinn

it mn. :119)0 in trmtmedibtl es icigtdvl slb nls psdglistdeunmbtis, guyls icigtls

hlpmedbrfdgls kmb sdhl glbstmtmhls ib hdvirsms lgmsdlbis0 nisdlbis trmuetdgms l

dbciggdlsms ib nms vms hlpmedbrfdgms si mslgdmb glb sdbtlemtlnlfms sdednmris0 nls

istuhdls fibtdgls kmb hielstrmhl prisibgdm hi mntirmgdlbis ib rigiptlris l

trmbsplrtmhlris hi hlpmedbm m bdvin girijrmn (Mnnib :11:0 Glbblr :11:).

;.8.:.=. Hlpmedbm

Cui riglblgdhm glel biurltrmbsedslr ib =49;. Is ubm gmtiglnmedbm (glepuistlclremhl plr ub bgnil gmtigln y ubm gmhibm hi itdnmedbm) qui mgtm glel eibsmoirl

quedgl ib in WBG, hlbhi elhunm bueirlsms cubgdlbis girijrmnis, ibtri innms nms

cubgdlbis glfbdtdvms, in glbtrln eltlr y nls eigmbdsels qui rifunmb nm eltdvmgdb y nm

smtdscmggdb, depndgmhms ib in XHMK (Jmkibm it mn.:1110 Hmz it mn.:113).

Hin glbtibdhl tltmn hi gmtiglnmedbms hin girijrl, nm hlpmedbm riprisibtm es hin

91%, plr nl qui si puihi higdr qui is nm gmtiglnmedbm es deplrtmbti. Nls guirpls



xvddd

ginunmris hi nms biurlbms qui glbtdibib hlpmedbm si nlgmndzmb prdbgdpmneibti ib in girijrl

eihdl l eisibgcmnl, y puihib hdvdhdrsi ib tris frupls prdbgdpmnis? bdfrlistrdmhms,

eislglrtdgmnis y tujirlkdplcdsmrdms (Jmkibm it mn.:1110 Ougmdti :11:).

;.8.:.=.=. Wbtisds, mnemgibmedibtl, ndjirmgdb

Nm sbtisds hi nm hlpmedbm si rimndzm m pmrtdr hi nm cibdnmnmbdbm l hin medblgdhl

prigurslr tdrlsdbm, in gumn si ljtdibi m trmvs hi nm hditm y is gmptmhl hi nm gdrgunmgdb, plr

ub prlgisl hi trmbsplrti mgtdvl. Isti medblgdhl is trmbsplrtmhl mn girijrl y ib nms

biurlbms hlpmedbrfdgms mgtmb nms ibzdems risplbsmjnis hi nm sbtisds? tdrlsdbm

kdhrlxdnmsm (XK), qui glbvdirti nm tdrlsdbm ib hdkdhrlxdcibdnmnmbdbm (N-HLQM) y nmhisgmrjlxdnmsm hi medblgdhls mrletdgls l N-HLQM hisgmrjlxdnmsm, qui glbvdirti nm

N-HLQM ib hlpmedbm (Jmkibm it mn. :111). Istls ivibtls lgurrib ib in gdtlpnmsem, hi

hlbhi puihi sir ndjirmhm hdrigtmeibti mn ispmgdl sdbptdgl l jdib trmbsplrtmhm mn dbtirdlr hi

nms visgunms sdbptdgms pmrm sir ndjirmhm plr ixlgdtlsds (Cdf. =). Nm ixlgdtlsds si hm frmgdms

m nm nnifmhm hi ub pltibgdmn hi mggdb y nm ibtrmhm hi dlbis gmngdl, qui piredtib nm cusdb hi

nms visgunms glb nm eiejrmbm biurlbmn (Jmkibm it mn.:1110 Ougmdti :11:).

Cdf. =. Wdbmpsds (Demfib tlemhm hi Kmkb &Jnm`iny :11:)

Ybm viz ndjirmhm mn ispmgdl sdbptdgl, nm hlpmedbm si ubi m rigiptlris pri y

plstsdbptdgls y nm tiredbmgdb hin icigtl hin biurltrmbsedslr is prlhugtl, prdbgdpmneibti,



xdx

hi nm gmpturm hin edsel plr nms prlpdms tiredbmnis birvdlsms qui nm ndjirmrlb (Jmkibm it mn.

:111).

;.8.:.=.:. Zigiptlris hi hlpmedbm

Nls rigiptlris slb elngunms l mrrifnls elnigunmris qui riglblgib sinigtdvmeibti

ub ndfmbhl (mflbdstm l mbtmflbdstm), qui mn sir mgtdvmhls dbdgdmb ub ivibtl ginunmr. Hdgkls

rigiptlris pirtibigib m nm supircmedndm hi rigiptlris mglpnmhls m prltibms F (prltibms

glb gmpmgdhmh pmrm ubdr bugnitdhls hi fumbdbm), glb ub ixtriel ixtrmginunmr medbl

tiredbmn y ub ixtriel dbtrmginunmr gmrjlxd tiredbmn (Cdf. :).

Cdf. :. Istrugturm hi nls rigiptlris hlpmedbrfdgls (demfib tlemhm hi Jmkibm it mn.:111)

Qlsiib 6 hledbdls trmbseiejrmbm glbigtmhls plr msms gdtlpnmsetdgms (d=, d:, d7) y

ixtrmginunmris (i=, i:, i7). In tirgir hledbdl gdtlpnmsetdgl ixkdji hdciribgdms ibtri nls

hdciribtis tdpls hi rigiptlris, y hicdbi nm dbtirmggdb sinigtdvm plr ub tdpl l cmedndm hi

prltibms F, nl qui prlvlgm hdciribtis simnis dbtrmginunmris y plr ibhi nis kmgi hdcirdr ib

sus prlpdihmhis cmremglnfdgms y jdlquedgms. Ixdstib hls cmedndms hi rigiptlris hi

hlpmedbm? H= (rigiptlris H= y H9) y H: (rigiptlris H:, H7 y H8). Nls H= si mglpnmb m

prltibms Fs (istdeunmhlrms), hi embirm qui istdeunmb nm ibzdem mhibdnmtl gdgnmsm, qui

glbvdirti in MXQ ib MEQg, edibtrms qui nls rigiptlris hi nm cmedndm H: si mglpnmb m

prltibms Fd, dbkdjdhlrms hi nm mhibdnmtl gdgnmsm.

Wu nlgmndzmgdb hdcdiri, puis puihib nlgmndzmrsi prisdbptdgmeibti (H:/H7), plr nl

qui si nis nnmem mutlrrigiptlris y plr ibhi rifunmhlris hi nm trmbsedsdb hi hlpmedbm, l

plstsdbptdgmeibti, risplbsmjnis hi nm mggdb jdlnfdgm hi nm hlpmedbm (tlhls



xx

puihib nlgmndzmrsi ib hdgkm plsdgdb). T mhies, si glbgibtrmb hi embirm hdstdbtm ib nms

rifdlbis girijrmnis (Jmkibm it mn.:1110 Kmkb &Jnm`iny :11:0 Ougmdti :11:).

;.8.:.=.7. Zigmptmgdb

Nm rigmptmgdb hi nm hlpmedbm, nnivmhm m gmjl ib nm eiejrmbm prisdbptdgm, nm

rimndzm in trmbsplrtmhlr HMX=, in gumn pirtibigi m nm cmedndm hi trmbsplrtmhlris qui

hipibhib hi Bm+ y Gn-, tdibib =: hledbdls trmbseiejrmbmnis y vmrdls sdtdls hi

clsclrdnmgdb. Is higdr, nm hlpmedbm is gltrmbsplrtmhm mn dbtirdlr hi nm tiredbmn glb : dlbis

hi Bm+y ub dlb Gn- (Jmkibm it mn.:111).

Nm hibsdhmh hin HMX= vmrm ib nls hdciribtis sdstiems hlpmedbrfdgls. Ib nlssdstiems eislistrdmtmnis (qui dbirvmb in istrdmhl) y eislnejdgls (qui dbirvmb in bgnil

mgguejibs) kmy ubm mntm ixprisdb hin fib HMX=, qui iqudndjrm nls bdvinis hi hlpmedbm y

rigiptlris ib istms rims. Ib glbtrmsti, ib in sdstiem eislglrtdgmn hlpmedbrfdgl (qui

dbirvm nm glrtizm crlbtmn) kmy euy plgm ixprisdb hin HMX=. Ib nm glrtizm crlbtmn tmejdb

si ixprismb euy plgls mutlrrigiptlris (rigiptlris qui rifunmb nm sbtisds y ndjirmgdb hi nm

hlpmedbm). Mhies, istm rim hin girijrl mnemgibm euy plgm hlpmedbm y hipibhi es hi

nm sbtisds hi stm qui hin ritgunl visdgunmr pmrm su ndjirmgdb. Istms gmrmgtirstdgms hin

sdstiem eislglrtdgmn hlpmedbrfdgl piredtib qui ltrls eigmbdsels mgtib ib nm

rifunmgdb sdbptdgm hi nm hlpmedbm glel in eitmjlndsel, nm hdcusdb y in trmbsplrtmhlr

hi nm blripdbicrdbm (BIX) (Hmz it mn.:113).

;.8.:.=.8. Eitmjlndsel

Nm hlpmedbm rigmpturmhm is glbvirtdhm plr nm ibzdem elblmedbl-lxdhmsm, clrem M

(EML-M) ib gdhl hdkdhrlxdcibdnmgtdgl (HLQMG), in gumn is glbvirtdhl ib gdhl

klelvmbndgl (KSM) plr nm ibzdem GLEX (gmtigln-L-eitdntrmbscirmsm). Nm hlpmedbm bl

gmpturmhm is eitmjlndzmhm ib KSM plr nm mggdb siguibgdmn hi GLEX y EML-M (Jmkibm

it mn.:111).

;.9. Xrmtmedibtl hin Hcdgdt hi mtibgdb i kdpirmgtdvdhmh

Is dbhdspibsmjni pmrm qudibis pmhigib in XHMK sir dhibtdcdgmhls pmrm ubm



xxd

vmnlrmgdb y nm msdfbmgdb hi ub embiol mhigumhl, ym sim cmremglnfdgl, psdglnfdgl y/l

pihmffdgl (Jnlledbfhmni &Wwmbslb =4;40 Frdppl :11=).

Kly ib hm si utdndzmb hdvirsls eihdgmeibtls (Zdymh it mn. :11:0 Wlutunnl :1170

Flbzniz it mn.:113), ibtri innls?

Gumhrl =. Xrmtmedibtls cmremglnfdgls pmrm pmgdibtis glb XHMK

Cremgls psdglistdeunmbtis Cremgls bl psdglistdeunmbtis

Eitdncibdhmtl y hirdvmhls

Eitdncibdhmtl (Zujdcb)

Eitdncibdhmtl LZLW (Glbgirtm)Eitdncibdhmtl hi ndjirmgdb prlnlbfmhm

(Zdtmndb-WZ, Eitmhmti GH, Zdtmndbm-NM)

H-eitdncibdhmtl (Clgmndb)

Mtlelxitdbm (Wtrmttirm)

Eihdgmeibtl es istuhdmhl ib rinmgdb

mn XHMK, dbkdjdhlr hin trmbsplrtmhlr hiblrmhribmndbm (Sinsquiz &Qim :119).

:-mflbdstms

Gnlbdhdbm (Gmtmprisb), icdgmz ib gmsls

hi XHMK euy mfrisdvls y hdsruptdvls.

Mbcitmedbms y hirdvmhls

Hixtrlmbcitmedbms (Hixihrdbm)

Eizgnms hi smnis hi mbcitmedbms (Mhhirmnn,Mhhirmnn-[Z)

Qielndbm emfbsdgm (Gynirt)

Elhmcdbdnl (Elhdlhmn).

Mbtdhiprisdvls trdggndgls

Dedprmedbm y hisdprmedbm? jnlquimb nm

rigmptmgdb hi blripdricrdbm y hlpmedbm(Zlkhi &Kmnpirb :118).

Mbtdhiprisdvl ubdggndgl

Juprlpdb (Vinnjutrdb, _ybtmjmg,

]uieib)? jnlquim nm rigmptmgdb hi

blripdricrdbm i dbkdji nm rigmptmgdb hi

hlpmedbm.

Nls eihdgmeibtls qui si utdndzmb slb mquinnls qui elhunmb nm mgtdvdhmh

hlpmedbrfdgm y/l blrmhribrfdgm ispigdmneibti ib nm glrtizm pricrlbtmn, glel nls

istdeunmbtis y nls dbkdjdhlris hi nm rigmptmgdb hi blrmhribmndbm, tlhls nls gumnis slb

icigtdvls ib in trmtmedibtl (Sinsquiz &Qim.:119).

In usl hi nls psdglistdeunmbtis bl si hiji bdgmeibti m su icdgmgdm sdbl m qui slb

eibls glstlsls y nls icigtls plsdtdvls slb bltlrdls m glrtl pnmzl (Elbtdin it mn. :11:).



xxdd

Istl hijdhl m qui nm buivm cmremglpim depndgm ub emylr glstl hijdhl m fmstls hi

dbvistdfmgdb y hismrrlnnl pmrm in mbndsds hi buivms elngunms glb vibtmoms

cmremglnfdgms, cmremglgdbtdgms y/l cmremglhdbedgms sljri in eitdncibdhmtl usmhl

kmjdtumneibti (Flbzniz it mn.:113).

;.3.

Jmsi fibtdgm hin hcdgdt mtibgdlbmn

;.3.=. Kiribgdm

Glb rispigtl mn cmgtlr kirihdtmrdl, si kmb rimndzmhl entdpnis dbvistdfmgdlbis

(Xkmpmr it mn.=4490 Nivy it mn.=446), eugkms hi nms gumnis, mn sir istuhdmhms hi clremsdstiemtdzmhm plr Cmrmlbi y Jdihiremb (=44;), plbib ib ivdhibgdm nm deplrtmbgdm hin

cmgtlr cmedndmr , hlbhi lbgi istuhdls ib fieinls mrrlomrlb ubm kirihmjdndhmh prleihdl hin

1,;1 (;1%), nl qui dbhdgm gnmrmeibti qui nls fibis tdibib ub pmpin deplrtmbti ib nm

itdlnlfm hin XHMK0 sdb iejmrfl, in pmtrb hi trmbsedsdb is mb hisglblgdhl.

Frmgdms m nm vmnlrmgdb hin XHMK ibtri cmedndmris hi prdeir frmhl hi pmgdibtis y

hi glbtrlnis smbls, eugkls hi nls istuhdls kmb elstrmhl qui hdgkls cmedndmris, plsiib

emylris rdisfls pmrm XHMK qui sus sdednmris mn glbtrln (Cmrmlbi it mn.:111).

;.3.:. Fibis dbvlnugrmhls

In XHMK is ub trmstlrbl plndfbdgl, ib hlbhi si prisibtm ub icigtl mhdtdvl hi

vmrdls fibis, gmhm ubl glb ub icigtl piquil. Mgtumneibti si kmb istuhdmhl vmrdms

higibms hi fibis glb in ljoitdvl hi ibglbtrmr simnis hi mslgdmgdb glb isti trmstlrbl, y

icigtdvmeibti si km riplrtmhl mslgdmgdb hi istm glbhdgdb hi hismrrlnnl glb mn eibls :1

fibis (Gledbfs it mn.:111), ioiepnl hi innl is ub istuhdl rimndzmhl plr 9; dbvistdfmhlris

hi hdvirsms pmrtis hin eubhl, ib in ml :113, plr eihdl hin gumn si ixmedbmrlb =17;plndelrcdsels hi ub slnl bugnitdhl (WBQs) ujdgmhls ib 9= fibis gmbhdhmhls dbvlnugrmhls

ib nm rifunmgdb hi rutms hi biurltrmbsedslris, pmrtdgunmreibti hlpmedbm, blripdricrdbm y

sirltlbdbm, y si ibglbtrmrlb risuntmhls sdfbdcdgmtdvls ib ubl l es WBQs hi =; fibis.

Mnfubls hi nls fibis qui kmb sdhl mslgdmhls ib isti y ltrls istuhdls slb? fibis qui

glhdcdgmb pmrm rigiptlris hi hlpmedbm HZH:, HZH8 y HZH9 (@ustmblvdgk it mn. :1170

@drniy it mn.:11:), in fib qui glhdcdgm pmrm nm prltibm mslgdmhm mn sdbmptlslem WBMQ-:9



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(@ustmblvdgk it mn.:11:0 Ednn it mn.:1190 Xkmpmr it mn.:119), in fib hin trmbsplrtmhlr hi

hlpmedbm HMX=, nm ibzdem gmtigln-L-eitdntrmbscirmsm GLEX, nm ibzdem hlpmedbm

hisgmrjlxdnmsmHJK(Hmny it mn.=444), ibtri ltrls, sdibhl nls es istuhdmhls in fibHZH8

y in fibHMX=(Gll` it mn.=4490 Jmr`niy =44;0 Vdbsjirf &Gledbfs =4440 Jrll`is it mn.

:113j). Gmji rigmngmr qui bl tlhls nls istuhdls kmb sdhl glbglrhmbtis.

Hi dfumn clrem si kmb nnivmhl m gmjl istuhdls hi empil ib nls qui si kmb riplrtmhl

hdciribtis rifdlbis glb plsdjnis fibis hi susgiptdjdndhmh pmrm in XHMK, tmnis glel? 9p=7,

3q=:, 6p, =9q, =3p=7, =6p==, nl qui eltdvm m nm jsquihm hi fibis nlgmndzmhls ib hdgkms

rifdlbis (Jm``ir it mn. :1170 Lfhdi it mn.:1170 Lfhdi it mn. :118).

;.3.:.= FibHZH8

Ybl hi nls fibis qui km sdhl es istuhdmhl is in fib HZH8, nlgmndzmhl ib nm

plsdgdb ==p=9.9. Isti fib glhdcdgm pmrm in rigiptlr H8 y tdibi ub plndelrcdsel ib ubm

rifdb glhdcdgmbti, glrrisplbhdibti m ubm ripitdgdb ib tmbhie ib beirl vmrdmjni (SBXZ)

hi 8;pj, ib in ixb 7, in gumn glhdcdgm pmrm ubm vmrdmgdb cubgdlbmn ib nm tirgir msm

dbtrmginunmr hin rigiptlr, qui ni kmgi sujsibsdtdvl m nm hlpmedbm ibhfibm ib prisibgdm hin

mninl glb 6 ripitdgdlbis hin SBXZ, glepmrmhl glb in rigiptlr glhdcdgmhl plr nls mninls glb

: ripitdgdlbis l glb 8 ripitdgdlbis (Wwmbslb it mn.:111). Msdedsel, istuhdls glb mbdemnis

kmb elstrmhl in rln cdsdlnfdgl hin rigiptlr H8 ib in gleplrtmedibtl eltlr (_kmbf it mn.

:11=). Bl ljstmbti, m pismr hi qui ib mn eibls =3 istuhdls si km ibglbtrmhl mslgdmgdb glb

in mninl glb 6 ripitdgdlbis y in XHMK (@drniy it mn. :11:), bl tlhls kmb ljtibdhl isti

risuntmhl y mnfubls pnmbtimb qui ixdstib eugkls istuhdls glbcndgtdvls ib tlrbl mn pmpin hi

isti fib (Cmrmlbi it mn.=4440 Xlhh it mn. :11=). Cmrmlbi it mn.(:11=) rimndzmrlb ub eitm-

mbndsds hi lgkl istuhdls hi mslgdmgdb gmsl-glbtrln y trigi istuhdls cmedndmris ibtri in

mninl glb 6 ripitdgdlbis y in XHMK y glbgnuyirlb qui icigtdvmeibti ixdsti ubm mslgdmgdb

mubqui piquim glb in XHMK l qudz ibtri ub fib ib hisiqudndjrdl hi ndfmedibtl glb in

HZH8.



xxdv

;.3.:.:. FibHMX=

In trmbsplrtmhlr HMX= is ub ediejrl hi nm cmedndm hi trmbsplrtmhlris mglpnmhls m

Bm+ y Gn-, hisdfbmhm WNG3M, y pirtibigi ispigcdgmeibti m nm sujcmedndm hi

trmbsplrtmhlris hi elblmedbms, BIX (trmbsplrtmhlr hi blripdricrdbm), HMX= y WIZX

(trmbsplrtmhlr hi sirltlbdbm). Guibtm glb =: hledbdls trmbseiejrmbm y glbtdibi ubm

istrugturm glb ub medbl y ub gmrjlxdnl tiredbmn dbtrmginunmreibti. Nm dhibtdhmh

medblmghdgm hi nms prltibms hi istm sujcmedndm is eiblr ib nms msms ixtrmginunmris.

Glbtdibi sdtdls pmrm fndglsdnmgdb ib nm sifubhm msm, qui ouifmb ub pmpin deplrtmbti ib su

cubgdb glel trmbsplrtmhlr y ib su istmjdndhmh y tmejdb tdibi sdtdls pltibgdmnis pmrmclsclrdnmgdb, mb sdb hitiredbmr ixmgtmeibti (Cdf. 7) (Kmkb &Jnmìny :11:0 Emhrms it mn.

:1190 Emzid &Jnmìny :119).

Cdf. 7. Qrltibm HMX= (Demfib tlemhm hi Emhrms it mn. :119)

Nls fibis hi istls trmbsplrtmhlris pmrigib kmjirsi lrdfdbmhl hi ivibtls hi

hupndgmgdb, plr su mntm dhibtdhmh. Wdb iejmrfl, mn eleibtl bl si km riplrtmhl nm

ixdstibgdm hi spndgdbf (glrti y iepmnei) mntirbmtdvl ib in fibHMX=, edibtrms qui sd si km

hisgrdtl pmrm nls hls fibis ristmbtis, ib nls qui si kmb riplrtmhl vmrdmbtis ib ixlbis =9 y

=3 l ib nm rifdb 9YXZ, gmusmbtis hi istls ivibtls, guyms vmrdmbtis prltidgms guibtmb glb

prlpdihmhis hdstdbtms (Kmkb &Jnmìny :11:).

In fib HMX=, sdejlndzmhl glel WNG3M7, si nlgmndzm ib nm plsdgdb 9p=9.7 y

guibtm glb =9 ixlbis y ub tmeml hi 31`j (Smbhibjirfk it mn.=44:) (Cdf. 8). Msdedsel,

si ibguibtrm ixgnusdvmeibti ixprismhl ib in guirpl, hibhrdtms y mxlbis hi nm biurlbms

hlpmedbrfdgms (Gdndmx it mn.=449) y is mntmeibti ixprismhl ib in girijrl eihdl (Hrisin it



xxv

mn.:111). Is ib hdgkms biurlbms hlbhi mgtm rigmpturmbhl nm hlpmedbm ndjirmhm ib nms

tiredbmnis prisdbptdgms hin girijrl, y glbstdtuyi in jnmbgl prdbgdpmn hi vmrdls istdeunmbtis

mgtdvls cmremglnfdgmeibti, tmnis glel nm glgmbm y in eitdncibdhmtl (Ednn it mn. :11:).

Cdf. 8. Istrugturm hin fibHMX=(Demfib tlemhm hi Ednnir &Emhrms :11:)Qlstirdlreibti, Smbhibjirf y glnmjlrmhlris (=44:) gnlbmrlb ub MHBg qui plsii

nm siguibgdm glepnitm hin fib HMX=kuembl y hisgrdjdirlb ub inieibtl ripitdtdvl hi 81

pmris hi jmsis ib nm rifdb 7 bl glhdcdgmbti. In mbndsds hi nls plndelrcdsels ib istm

rifdb hielstr ub beirl vmrdmjni hi ripitdgdlbis ib tmbhie (SBXZ) hin inieibtl hi 81

pj hibtrl hi ub rmbfl hi 7 m == glpdms, y plstirdlreibti, ib =443 si ibglbtr ub rmbfl hi

6 m =7 ib ubm pljnmgdb omplbism (Bm`mtlei it mn. =443), y ib in :11: hi 9 m == ib

Junfmrdm (Filrfdivm it mn.:11:)0 sdb iejmrfl, si glbsdhirm qui ib nls frupls kuembls in

plndelrcdsel si ristrdbfi prdbgdpmneibti m 7 mninls, ib nls gumnis si ispirmrm nm plsdjdndhmh

hi siniggdb (Edtgkinn it mn.:111). Gll` it mn. (=449) ibglbtrmrlb criguibgdms mnndgms hi

=.:% pmrm in mninl hi :11 pj (7 glpdms hi SBXZ), ::.3% pmrm in hi 881 pj (4 ripitdgdlbis)

y 63.:% ib in mninl hi 8;1 pj (=1 ripitdgdlbis). Gmji rigmngmr ib isti pubtl qui nm

criguibgdm hin mninl glb =1 ripitdgdlbis is euy sdednmr ibtri pljnmgdlbis gmugsdgms,

kdspmbms y mcrlmeirdgmbms (Gll` it mn. =449), pirl si kmb ibglbtrmhl hdciribgdms ib nms

criguibgdms hi nls mninls glb 4 ripitdgdlbis y ltrls mninls rmrls ibtri bifrls meirdgmbls y

gmugsdgls l kdspmbls (Hlugitti it mn. =449).

Mubqui nm prisibgdm hi =1 ripitdgdlbis hin SBXZ is nm clrem es gleb hi isti

fib ib nm pljnmgdb, nls istuhdls fibtdgls hi mslgdmgdb kmb prlplrgdlbmhl ivdhibgdms

glbsdhirmjnis hi qui in mninl glb =1 ripitdgdlbis hi SBXZ (glb 8;1 pj), glbsdhirmhl mninl

hi mntl rdisfl, ist mslgdmhl glb in hcdgdt hi mtibgdb i kdpirmgtdvdhmh (Gll` it mn.=4490

Fdnn it mn. =4460 Vmnhemb it mn. =44;0 Hmny it mn. =4440 Hrisin it mn. :1110 Jmrr it mn.

:11=j0 @drniy it mn. :11:), sdb iejmrfl isti kmnnmzfl bl si km glbcdremhl ib tlhls nls



xxvd

istuhdls (Xlhh it mn. :11=). Cmrmlbi y glnmjlrmhlris (:119) eibgdlbmb qui gumbhl si

glbsdhirmb tlhls nls istuhdls jmsmhls ib cmedndms hin XHMK, in icigtl fibtdgl hin HMX=

is euy elhistl, pirl euy glbsdstibti. Emhrms y glnmjlrmhlris (:119) sufdirib qui in

HMX=glbtrdjuyi bdgmeibti ub 8% m nms vmrdmgdlbis hin XHMK.

In eigmbdsel hi istm mslgdmgdb mb bl si glepribhi hin tlhl, mubqui pmrigi tibir

rinmgdb glb qui hdgkm rifdb guibtm glb ub pmpin deplrtmbti ib nm rifunmgdb hi nm

icdgdibgdm hi nm trmbsgrdpgdb, nm trmhuggdb l nm istmjdndhmh hin MZBe y nm nlgmndzmgdb

sujginunmr hin MZBe, qui hdcdiri hi mguirhl mn plndelrcdsel prisibti (Omgljsib it mn.

:1110 Ednn it mn.:11:).

Hdciribtis istuhdls db vdvlqui kmb utdndzmhl tgbdgms hi biurldemfib cubgdlbmn (plrtlelfrmcm hi iedsdb hi ub slnl cltb l tlelfrmcm plr iedsdb hi plsdtrlbis, WQIGX l

QIX, rispigtdvmeibti) kmb ibglbtrmhl mntirmgdlbis ib nm ixprisdb hin fib HMX= ib in

istrdmhl hi pmgdibtis glb XHMK. Nm emylrm hi istls istuhdls kmb hisgrdtl ub dbgrieibtl

ib nm hibsdhmh hin HMX= ib bdls y mhuntls glb XHMK, qui vmrm ibtri in =6 y in 61%

(Hlufkirty it mn.=4440 Hrisin it mn.:111). Isti mueibtl plhrm prlelvir ubm hdsedbugdb

ixgisdvm hi hlpmedbm y risuntmr ib ub istmhl kdplhlpmedbrfdgl ib istm rim. Wdb

iejmrfl, bd ib in istuhdl hi vmb Hyg` y glnmjlrmhlris (:11:) bd ib in hi Ougmdti y

glnmjlrmhlris (:119) si ibglbtrmrlb hdciribgdms ib nm hibsdhmh hin HMX= ib in istrdmhl.

Istls mutlris hisgrdjdirlb plr prdeirm viz ubm rihuggdb hi =3% ib nm hibsdhmh hin HMX=

ib in rim vibtrmn-eihdmn hin girijrl ib mhlnisgibtis glb XHMK. Istm rim dbgnuyi nm

sustmbgdm bifrm, glb biurlbms hlpmedbrfdgms qui prlyigtmb mn istrdmhl, y in rim

tifeibtmn vibtrmn, qui prlyigtm mn sdstiem nejdgl (plr ioiepnl, in bgnil mgguejibs) y nm

glrtizm crlbtmn. Nm rihuggdb ib nm hibsdhmh hin HMX= ib istm rim puihi ricniomr ubm

hdsedbugdb ib in beirl hi biurlbms hlpmedbrfdgms l ib nm mrjlrdzmgdb hi sus

hibhrdtms. Mhies, Ougmdti y glnmjlrmhlris (:119) riplrtmrlb ubm rinmgdb bifmtdvm ibtri nmhibsdhmh hin HMX= ib in istrdmhl y nms cubgdlbis glfbdtdvms ib mhlnisgibtis glb XHMK, nl

qui glbguirhm glb istuhdls qui sufdirib nm pmrtdgdpmgdb hin istrdmhl ib cubgdlbis

glfbdtdvms. Bl ljstmbti, nms hdciribgdms ib nls risuntmhls ibtri istls frupls dbtirbmgdlbmnis

puihib hijirsi m hdciribgdms ib nm eitlhlnfdm pmrm dbgnudr l ixgnudr pmgdibtis

(glelrjdndhmhis, glbsuel privdl hi hrlfms l hi gdfmrrdnnls, nm itbdm y nm ihmh) (Emhrms it

mn.:119).



xxvdd

Hi dfumn clrem, istuhdls db vdtrlsufdirib qui isti plndelrcdsel SBXZ mueibtm nm

mgtdvdhmh hin prleltlr y istl plhrm istmr rifunmhl plr in beirl hi ripitdgdlbis (Ednn it

mn.:11:). Isti kigkl cui hielstrmhl mn hitiredbmr nm istrugturm fibedgm hi mninlsHMX=

qui glbtibmb 6, 4, =1 y == ripitdgdlbis y mn ixmedbmr in icigtl hi nls plndelrcdsels ib nm

rifdb 7YXZ ib nm ixprisdb hin fib utdndzmbhl nugdcirmsm glel fib riplrtirl ib gnunms

GLW-6, ym qui in ixpirdeibtl elstr ubm ixprisdb hi nugdcirmsm sdfbdcdgmtdvmeibti es

mntm ib in fib qui glbtibm =1 ripitdgdlbis (Cuì it mn. :11=). Bl ljstmbti, tmejdb si

mrfueibtm qui hdgkms mntirmgdlbis hi nm ixprisdb plhrmb sir in risuntmhl hi ltrls

plndelrcdsels ib hisiqudndjrdl hi ndfmedibtl glb in SBXZ, edsels qui plhrmb istmr

rifunmbhl nm ixprisdb hin fib (Ednn it mn.:11:).Wi km eibgdlbmhl tmejdb qui nm rinmgdb hin fib HMX= y in XHMK is

hdrigtmeibti prlplrgdlbmn, is higdr, qui ixdstib jmols, eihdls y mntls bdvinis hi sivirdhmh

hi nls sbtlems hi mguirhl mn beirl hi ripitdgdlbis hin SBXZ ib in fib HMX=, ib ltrms

pmnmjrms, ixdsti ubm mslgdmgdb ibtri nm ixprisdb hin mninl HMX= y vmnlris hi

kdpirmgtdvdhmh-depunsdvdhmh ib suoitls glb XHMK (Vmnhemb it mn.=44;).

;.3.:.:.=. Ltrls plndelrcdsels ib in fibHMX=

Wi kmb ibglbtrmhl rifdlbis rdgms ib F-G qui glbtdibib pltibgdmnis sdtdls hi ubdb m

cmgtlris hi trmbsgrdpgdb ib nm rifdb 9YXZ, ispigcdgmeibti ubm siguibgdm hi =;1pj, qui

plhrm oufmr ub pmpin deplrtmbti ib in glbtrln hi nm ixprisdb hin fib (Hlblvmb it mn.

=449). Mhdgdlbmneibti, si kmb dhibtdcdgmhl mn eibls 9 eutmgdlbis bl sdbbdems y

mnrihihlr hi =6 sdbbdems, tmbtl ib dbtrlbis glel ib ixlbis, bl tlhls istuhdmhls ib

rinmgdb glb in XHMK sdbl glb nm ixprisdb hi nm prltibm l glb ltrms pmtlnlfms

psdqudtrdgms (Kmkb & Jnmìny :11:0 Emzid & Jnmìny :1190 Friibwllh it mn. :113).

Msdedsel, si kmb ibglbtrmhl kmpnltdpls mslgdmhls glb trmstlrbls glel in jdplnmr l glb in

edsel hcdgdt mtibgdlbmn i kdpirmgtdvdhmh, nls gumnis dbgnuyib WBQs ib ixlbis i dbtrlbis,

qui plhrmb dbhdgmr qui hdgkms rifdlbis puihib glbtibir vmrdmbtis hi susgiptdjdndhmh, qui

hi mnfubm clrem, mcigtmrmb nm rifunmgdb hi nm ixprisdb hin fib (Friibwllh it mn.:113).

Jmrr y glnmjlrmhlris (:11=m) riplrtmrlb ivdhibgdm sdfbdcdgmtdvm hin mueibtl ib nm

trmbsedsdb hi ub kmpnltdpl hin mninl glb =1 SBXZs, glb WBQs (gmejdls hi nls mninls glb

F plr ubm M ib hitiredbmhms plsdgdlbis) ib in ixb 4 i dbtrb 4 ib pmgdibtis glb XHMK,



xxvddd

plndelrcdsels mbtirdlreibti mslgdmhls glb in XHMK plr Frbkmfi y glnmjlrmhlris (:111)

y Smbhibjirfk y glnmjlrmhlris (:111), nl gumn myuhm m hdnugdhmr ub plgl in pmpin hi nls

SBXZs ib 7YXZ hinHMX=y si pnmbtim ubm viz es qui qudz mgtib glel ub emrgmhlr

pmrm ub sdtdl cubgdlbmn mntirbmtdvl ib hisiqudndjrdl hi ndfmedibtl glb n (Jrll`is it mn.

:113m0 Fudbhmndbd it mn.:113).

In dbtrb ; guibtm glb ub plndelrcdsel SBXZ qui glbsdsti hi 9 l 3 glpdms hi ub

inieibtl ripitdtdvl hi 71pj, guyms criguibgdms mnndgms vmrmb ib pljnmgdlbis Gmugsdgms

(7;% in mninl glb 3 glpdms) glb rispigtl m Mcrlmeirdgmbms (64%) (Smbhibjirfk it mn.

:111).

Ib nm cdfurm 9 si euistrmb ubm sirdi hi WBQs ujdgmhls m nl nmrfl hin fib HMX=,hlbhi bdgmeibti hls hi innls glrrisplbhib m gmejdls hi medblgdhls (S/M ib in ixb :

y M/S ib in ixb ;)0 mhies, si puihi ljsirvmr ubm vmrdmbti bugnilthdgm qui si ujdgm m

6=9 bugnitdhls 9 hin SBXZ privdmeibti riplrtmhl ib in ixb =9 (gmejdl hi ubm gdtlsdbm

plr fumbdbm ib nm jmsi =444) (Smbhibjirfk it mn :111).

Cdf. 9. Empm hi plsdgdlbis hi plndelrcdsels hi ub bdgl bugnitdhl ib in fibHMX=(demfib

tlemhm hi Smbhibjirfk it mn. :111)

Gumbhl si kmjnm hi plndelrcdsels hi ub slnl bugnitdhl (WBQs) qui sustdtuyib ub

medblgdhl plr ltrl ib trmbsplrtmhlris glel in HMX=, si hdgi qui puihib mntirmr nls

bdvinis hi ixprisdb, mn prlhugdr ubm prltibm glb ubm glbclremgdb dbistmjni, nl qui gmusm

nm ritibgdb ib in ritgunl ibhlpnmsetdgl plr eigmbdsels hi glbtrln hi gmndhmh l puihib

gmusmr ubm hdsedbugdb ib in tdiepl hi risdhibgdm hi nm prltibm ib nm supircdgdi hi nm

eiejrmbm pnmsetdgm. Ispigcdgmeibti, ub medblgdhl qui pmrtdgdpm ib nm ubdb mn sustrmtl

l trmsnlgmgdb plhrm mntirmr nm gdbtdgm hin trmbsplrti, nls bdvinis hi biurltrmbsedslr

ixtrmginunmr y pmtrlbis hi simndzmgdb sdbptdgm. Xmnis sustdtugdlbis plhrmb prlhugdr

trmbsplrtmhlris glb ubm cubgdb mueibtmhm l hdsedbudhm. Smrdmbtis ujdgmhms ib



xxdx

plsdgdlbis hi dbtirmggdb glb mbtmflbdstms plhrmb elhdcdgmr nms prlpdihmhis hi ubdb i

dbcnudr ib nm rispuistm m hrlfms, mntirmbhl nm mgtdvdhmh hin gmbmn y nm rispuistm gnbdgm m

eihdgmeibtls (Kmkb & Jnm`iny :11:). Mnfubls plndelrcdsels puihib prlvlgmr nm

ritibgdb hi nms elngunms trmbsplrtmhlrms ib nm supircdgdi ginunmr (_ku it mn. =44;)

Mquinnls plndelrcdsels qui bl mntirmb nm siguibgdm medblmghdgm hin trmbsplrtmhlr,

dbgnuyib WBQs bl sdbbdels, WBQs ib rifdlbis bl glhdcdgmbtis y ripitdgdlbis ib tmbhie hi

beirl vmrdmjni (SBXZs), prisibtis, plr nl fibirmn, ib emylris criguibgdms qui nms bl

sdbbdems pirl sdb icigtls ljvdls ib nm cubgdb hi nm prltibm. Xmnis plndelrcdsels plhrmb

mntirmr, m trmvs hi nm elhunmgdb hi nm icdgdibgdm trmbsgrdpgdlbmn l trmhuggdlbmn, nls bdvinis

hi ixprisdb hin trmbsplrtmhlr.Nls SBXZs slb gmbhdhmtls cubgdlbmnis euy tdnis hijdhl m qui puihib mgtumr hi

hdciribtis clrems? =) inieibtls cubgdlbmnis qui si ubib m cmgtlris hi trmbsgrdpgdb y m

ltrms prltibms qui dbkdjib l prleuivib nm ixprisdb, :) eltdvls qui mcigtmb nm icdgdibgdm

ib in spndgdbf hin MZBe, 7) inieibtls qui tdibib icigtls csdgls glel vmrdmgdlbis ib in

ispmgdmedibtl ibtri eltdvls cubgdlbmnis l mntirmgdlbis hi nm istrugturm y prlpdihmhis hi

ubdb hin MHB glb zlbms girgmbms (Fudbhmndbd it mn.:113).

Nm rinmgdb hi plndelrcdsels bl glhdcdgmbtis qui ixkdjib criguibgdms mnndgms

gleubis ib hdciribtis bdvinis hi ixprisdb y rispuistm mntirmhm m hrlfms plhrm nnivmrbls m

ibtibhir in pmpin hi nls trmbsplrtmhlris ib nms ibcireihmhis glepnioms. Xmnis

plndelrcdsels gleubis plhrmb tibir ubm glbtrdjugdb ib nm kitirlfibidhmh hi nm

rispuistm m nm cmremgltirmpdm (Kmkb &Jnm`iny :11:).

;.3.:.:.:. Eitdncibdhmtl

In trmtmedibtl es istuhdmhl y utdndzmhl glb emylr criguibgdm plr pmgdibtis glb

hcdgdt mtibgdlbmn is nm cmremgltirmpdm, nm gumn is icigtdvm ib nm emylrm hi bdls glb

XHMK. Wi km ljsirvmhl tmbtl m bdvin gnbdgl glel ib vmnlrmgdlbis psdgletrdgms y

biurlcdsdlnfdgms qui nm mhedbdstrmgdb hi mfibtis cmremglnfdgls glel nls

psdglistdeunmbtis prlhugi eiolrm ib nls prlgisls hi mnirtm girijrmn, eiolrmbhl nm

mtibgdb, hdsedbuyibhl nm vmrdmjdndhmh hi rispuistm y nm depunsdvdhmh ib tmrims glfbdtdvms,

ms glel eiolrmbhl nm eielrdm m glrtl pnmzl y in tdiepl hi rimggdb (Dhdmzjmn it mn.

:119).



xxx

In eitdncibdhmtl (gleirgdmneibti nnmemhl Zdtmndbm, Zujdcb, Glbgirtm, Eitmhmtl) is

ub psdglistdeunmbti y ubl hi nls cremgls es glebeibti utdndzmhls ib in trmtmedibtl

hin XHMK, y is euy icigtdvl ib nm rihuggdb hi nls sbtlems (Hmz it mn.:113). Quihi sir

mhedbdstrmhl lrmneibti glel ubm slnm hlsds plr nm emmbm l nm hlsds tltmn puihi moustmrsi

ib hlsds piquims hi =1ef kmstm ub exdel hi 31ef/hm (Nysibf & @imtdbf :11:).

Iepdizm su mggdb ib 71-31 edbutls hi dbfirdhl, glb ub pdgl hi mggdb mprlxdemhmeibti

=-: klrms hispus hi su mhedbdstrmgdb y glb ubm hurmgdb tltmn hi nls icigtls hi ibtri :-9

klrms (Dhdmzjmn it mn.:119).

Hi mguirhl glb ubm rivdsdb rimndzmhm plr Flbzniz y glnmjlrmhlris (:113), ixdstib

pruijms gdibtcdgms sndhms y mjubhmbtis, ljtibdhms frmgdms m hdvirsms eitlhlnlfms glelbiurldefibis, qui mplymb nm icdgdibgdm hin eitdncibdhmtl ib eiolrmr nls sbtlems gnmvi

hin XHMK? kdpirmgtdvdhmh, depunsdvdhmh y hismtibgdb, in gumn sdfui sdibhl eugkl es

icdgmz qui gumnqudir ltrm dbtirvibgdb bl cmremglnfdgm.

Xdibi ubm istrugturm euy sdednmr m nm hi nm hlpmedbm, nl qui risuntm ib ubm

glepitibgdm plr in sdtdl hi ubdb hi stm pmrm sir rigmpturmhm (Cdf. 3) (Emr`lwdtz &

Qmtrdg` :11=).

Cdf. 3. Istrugturm hi nm hlpmedbm, blripdricrdbm y in eitdncibdhmtl (Demfib tlemhm hi

Emr`lwdtz&Qmtrdg` :11=)

Eigmbdsel hi mggdb? isti eihdgmeibtl mgtm m trmvs hin jnlquil hi nls

trmbsplrtmhlris qui hivuinvib nms elblmedbms mn tredbl prisdbptdgl, nl qui lrdfdbm ub

mueibtl ixtrmginunmr hi stms. Mhies, jnlquim in trmbsplrtmhlr hi hlpmedbm hi embirm

es icdgmz qui in hi nm blrmhribmndbm y eugkl es qui in hi nm sirltlbdbm (Sln`lw it mn.

:11=). Sln`lw y glnmjlrmhlris (=44; y :11=) ibglbtrmrlb qui hlsds lrmnis tirmputdgms hi

eitdncibdhmtl puihib jnlquimr icdgdibtieibti kmstm ub 91-69% hi nls trmbsplrtmhlris hi

hlpmedbm kuembls, nl qui prlvlgm ub mueibtl ib nls bdvinis ixtrmginunmris hi nm

hlpmedbm ib in istrdmhl. Ib hdvirsls istuhdls y eihdmbti tgbdgms hdstdbtms (glel



xxxd

pltibgdmnis ivlgmhls, ibtri ltrms) si km elstrmhl nm icdgmgdm hi isti eihdgmeibtl glb

rispigtl m pnmgijl, glb tmsms hi rispuistm qui vmb hishi ub 7;% kmstm 64% (Cmrmlbi it mn.

:1180 @lldo it mn.:1180 Zlkhi &Kmnpirb :1180 Fmrgm it mn.:119m0 Dhdmzjmn it mn. :1190

Wpibgir it mn.:119).

Wu indedbmgdb hin lrfmbdsel si hm ib clrem hi eitmjlndtls ib nm lrdbm

(fibirmneibti gdhl rdtmnbdgl) hin 6; m 46% hi nm hlsds, y plr eihdl hi nms kigis hibtrl hi

nms 8; m 43 klrms plstirdlris m nm mhedbdstrmgdb (Nysibf &@imtdbf :11:).

M pismr hi qui ixdstib ivdhibgdms qui mplymb nm icigtdvdhmh hi hrlfms istdeunmbtis

glel in eitdncibdhmtl ib in trmtmedibtl hin XHMK, ym qui si km hielstrmhl ub

eiolrmedibtl sdfbdcdgmtdvl, hijib eihdgmrsi gudhmhlsmeibti y vdfdnmr glbstmbtieibti nmprisibgdm hi icigtls mhvirsls sigubhmrdls, ms glel icigtls m nmrfl pnmzl, hi nls gumnis bl

si tdibi ibtirl glblgdedibtl. stls puihib dbgnudr hdcdguntmh pmrm hlredr, prhdhm hi mpitdtl

y hi pisl, hlnlr hi gmjizm, hlnlr istlemgmn, mbsdihmh y tdgs (Wgkmgktir it mn. :11=).

Xmejdb si hiji tlemr ib guibtm qui nms hrlfms plr s slnms bl slb sucdgdibtis pmrm

slnugdlbmr in prljniem, plr nl qui hiji pristmrsi mtibgdb m nms sdtumgdlbis cmedndmris y

isglnmris (Flrhlb =4440 Wgkmgktir it mn.:11=).

Ltrls mspigtls deplrtmbtis m glbsdhirmr ib in usl hi isti istdeunmbti slb sus

plsdjnis dbtirmggdlbis glb ltrms hrlfms l eihdgmeibtls, qui mubqui bl kmb sdhl jdib

istmjnigdhms, si km hielstrmhl qui is gmpmz hi pltibgdmr l hdsedbudr icigtls hi nls

edsels, nl qui kmgi mb es ndedtmbti su mpndgmgdb (Emr`lwdtz & Qmtrdg` :11=). Qlr

ioiepnl, si hiji tibir gudhmhl glb nm mhedbdstrmgdb glboubtm hi hrlfms qui mcigtib nm

prisdb smbfubim hijdhl m qui in eitdncibdhmtl mueibtm nm glbgibtrmgdb hi blrmhribmndbm

ib nls rigiptlris plstsdbptdgls y jnlquim nm msdednmgdb hi fumbitdhdbm (ub mfibti

jnlquimhlr mhribrfdgl plstfmbfndlbmn), guyl icigtl kdpltibsdvl plhrm hdsedbudr l sir

jnlquimhl glepnitmeibti plr in eitdncibdhmtl (Nysibf &@imtdbf :11:).

Glbtrlvirsdms ib tlrbl mn usl hin eitdncibdhmtl(Zlkhi &Kmnpirb :118)?

=) Wi pibsmjm qui dbtircirm glb in grigdedibtl? kly ib hm si km hielstrmhl qui bl

prlvlgm gmejdls (Wpibgir it mn.=443).

:) Mjusl pltibgdmn hi hrlfms? Vdnibs y glnmjlrmhlris (:117) elstrmrlb eihdmbti ub

eitm-mbndsds ubm privmnibgdm emylr hi mjusl hi hrlfms ib mhlnisgibtis glb



xxxdd

XHMK qui bl tlemjmb istdeunmbtis glepmrmhm glb qudibis nls dbfirmb. Bl ljstmbti, is

prilgupmbti in usl dbmprlpdmhl hi nls istdeunmbtis plr pirslbms qui bl sucrib hin XHMK.

Ib gumbtl m istl, Sln`lw y glnmjlrmhlris (=44;) glepmrmrlb in icigtl hi nm glgmbm glb in

hin eitdncibdhmtl y ibglbtrmrlb qui m pismr hi qui mejms sustmbgdms jnlquimb in

trmbsplrtmhlr hi hlpmedbm, pmrm prlhugdr mjusl m sustmbgdms si hiji prlhugdr ub icigtl hi

ricuirzl qui is hipibhdibti hi nm glbgibtrmgdb ixtrmginunmr hi nm hlpmedbm ib vmrdms

rifdlbis hin girijrl glel ib in bgnil mgguejibs, in gumn ist mslgdmhl glb nls icigtls hi

riclrzmedibtl hi hrlfms hi mjusl. Isti frupl hi dbvistdfmhlris istuhdmrlb hdgkl icigtl

eihdmbti tlelfrmcm hi iedsdb hi plsdtrlbis y ibglbtrmrlb qui pisi m qui in

eitdncibdhmtl is euy icdgmz jnlquimbhl in trmbsplrtmhlr hi hlpmedbm (es hin 91% mn usmrhlsds tirmputdgms mn gmjl hi : klrms hi dbfirdrnl), nm glbgibtrmgdb ib pnmsem is euy jmom

mn dbfirdrnl lrmneibti y plr ibhi in icigtl hi ricuirzl is euy jmol hijdhl m qui is

rpdhmeibti eitmjlndzmhl ib gdhl rdtmnbdgl, ub glepuistl glb jmom mgtdvdhmh

psdglistdeunmbti. Bl ljstmbti, in icigtl hi nm glgmbm is sdednmr mn eitdncibdhmtl

dbtrmviblsl ib glbhdgdlbis ixpirdeibtmnis. Frmgdms m QIX si elstr qui si riqudiri qui

es hin 31% hi HMX= ist lgupmhl pmrm prlvlgmr in icigtl hi riclrzmedibtl hi glgmbm

(Sln`lw it mn.=446)

Ib nm mgtumndhmh ixdsti eitdncibdhmtl hi ndjirmgdb dbeihdmtm y prlnlbfmhm. In

sifubhl utdndzm ub sdstiem hi ndjirmgdb lsetdgl (LZLW) qui glbsdsti ib ub pmtrb

msgibhibti hi ndjirmgdb qui dedtm vmrdms tlems hin eihdgmeibtl mn hm (Flbzniz it mn.

:113).

;.3.:.:.7. Zinmgdb HMX=-eitdncibdhmtl

Glel si eibgdlb, nm rigmptmgdb hi hlpmedbm ib nms biurlbms ist hitiredbmhm

plr in beirl hi trmbsplrtmhlris cubgdlbmnis (HMX=) ib nm supircdgdi ginunmr hi nmsbiurlbms prisdbptdgms, ms glel plr su prlhuggdb. T nm icdgmgdm hi nls psdglistdeunmbtis

ist btdemeibti rinmgdlbmhm glb nm prltibm HMX=, nm gumn rifunm in tdiepl hi vdhm hi nm

hlpmedbm y is in sustrmtl jdlnfdgl pmrm hdgkls eihdgmeibtls glel in eitdncibdhmtl (Olbis

it mn.=444).

Hijdhl m nm icdgmgdm hi eihdgmeibtls glel in eitdncibdhmtl, si nnif m glbsdhirmr in

nlgus hin trmbsplrtmhlr hi hlpmedbm (HMX=) glel in fib gmbhdhmtl prdemrdl qui plhm



xxxddd

istmr mslgdmhl glb in XHMK (Gll` it mn. =449), ms glel in mninl glb =1 SBXZs si km

mslgdmhl glb nm rispuistm mn eihdgmeibtl (Hmz it mn.:113).

Nls istuhdls hi rispuistm m eihdgmeibtls y su rinmgdb glb nls SBXZs ib 7YXZ

slb hdvirsls. Finirbtir y glnmjlrmhlris (=448) glbgnuyib qui nm prisibgdm hin mninl glb 4

ripitdgdlbis is es gleb ib suoitls glb pmrmbldm dbhugdhm plr glgmbm qui ib nls qui bl

nm tdibib (p51.186). Bl ist gnmrl plrqu su ixprisdb rihugdhm (sd is ms ib tlhls nls

gmsls) mcigtm nm prisibgdm hi nm pmrmbldm. Qlr ltrm pmrti, in mninl glb 4 ripitdgdlbis

glbtrdjuyi, hi mguirhl m Nltt y glnmjlrmhlris (:119), m rihugdr nm rispuistm m

mhedbdstrmgdb hi mbcitmedbms, nl qui sufdiri qui isti mninl pmrigi prltifir m nls

dbhdvdhuls hi nm hipibhibgdm, prihdgdibhl qui istms pirslbms plhrmb elstrmr ubmhdciribgdm sdfbdcdgmtdvm ib nm rispuistm mn eitdncibdhmtl, nl qui glbvirtdrm, hi gleprljmrsi,

mn mninl glb 4 ripitdgdlbis ib ub emrgmhlr cmremglfibtdgl icigtdvl pmrm prihigdr nm

musibgdm hi rispuistm mn eitdncibdhmtl. Mnfl sdednmr ibglbtrmrlb Wtidb it mn. (:119),

qudibis riplrtmb qui bdls glb XHMK klelgdfltls pmrm in mninl glb 4 ripitdgdlbis bl

risplbhib mn eitdncibdhmtl mn mueibtmrnis nm hlsds hi =;ef m 73 y 98 ef, nl qui rinmgdlbmb

glb ubm pljri rispuistm qui riqudiri sir istuhdmhm eiolr pmrm hitiredbmr sd ixdstib frupls

qui risplbhib hdciribgdmneibti.

Dfumneibti, Vdbsjirf y glnmjlrmhlris kmb hdrdfdhl ubm sirdi hi istuhdls glb in cdb

hi ixpndgmr nm rispuistm y nm bl rispuistm m trmtmedibtls istdeunmbtis ib bdls

kdpirqudbtdgls. Wdb iejmrfl, istls risuntmhls bl kmb sdhl glbgnuyibtis. Jmsmhls ib istls

mhinmbtls, Vdbsjirf &Gledbfs (=444) rimndzmrlb ub istuhdl hi jdlnlfm elnigunmr pmrm

hdstdbfudr ibtri nls pmgdibtis qui risplbhib hi mquinnls qui bl risplbhib mn eitdncibdhmtl.

Innls nnivmrlb m gmjl ub prlyigtl pdnltl glb in cdb hi istuhdmr nm mslgdmgdb ibtri nls mninls

qui glhdcdgmb pmrm rigiptlris hi hlpmedbm H: (HZH:), H8 (HZH8), y in fib hin

trmbsplrtmhlr hi hlpmedbm (HMX=), y nm rispuistm mn trmtmedibtl glb Zdtmndbm, ib ubm

euistrm hi mcrlmeirdgmbls. Ib isti istuhdl si ibglbtr qui slnmeibti in fib trmbsplrtmhlr

hi hlpmedbm (HMX=) prisibt ubm mslgdmgdb sdfbdcdgmtdvm. In kmnnmzfl prdbgdpmn cui qui

nls pmgdibtis klelgdfltls pmrm in plndelrcdsel HMX= glb =1 ripitdgdlbis si

gmrmgtirdzmrlb, ib in ;3% hi nls gmsls, plr bl risplbhir m nm tirmpdm glb eitdncibdhmtl

(p51.11;). Istl sufdiri qui icigtdvmeibti in fib trmbsplrtmhlr hi hlpmedbm ouifm ub rln

isibgdmn ib nm rispuistm m nm Zdtmndbm, plr nl gumn is bigismrdl kmgir istuhdls mhdgdlbmnis mn



xxxdv

rispigtl (Vdbsjirf &Gledbfs =444).

Glel si eibgdlb mbtirdlreibti, nm mslgdmgdb ibtri in mninl glb =1 SBXZs y in

XHMK is ubm hi nms es glbsdstibtis ib nm fibtdgm psdqudtrdgm, rmzb plr nm qui kmy frmb

dbtirs ib prlcubhdzmr sljri in eigmbdsel qui cubhmeibtm tmn ljsirvmgdb. Mhies si

hijib istuhdmr nms ltrms vmrdmbtis plndercdgms hi isti emrgmhlr y sus plsdjnis mslgdmgdlbis

glb nm glbhugtm hi nls bdls glb hcdgdt mtibgdlbmn (Ednn it mn.:11:).

Ib tredbls fibirmnis, nm cmremglfibtdgm plhrm sir euy tdn pmrm dhibtdcdgmr

prihdgtlris fibtdgls hi nm vmrdmjdndhmh ib nms rispuistms m eihdgmeibtls

psdglistdeunmbtis. T plr tmbtl, in mbndsds elnigunmr hin fib trmbsplrtmhlr hi hlpmedbm

plhrm sirvdr pmrm dhibtdcdgmr plndelrcdsels y eutmgdlbis qui dbgrieibtmb nmsusgiptdjdndhmh m isti trmstlrbl, ms glel in mbndsds jdlquedgl hi tmnis plndelrcdsels y

eutmgdlbis plhrm cmvlrigir ubm dbtirvibgdb tirmputdgm es icigtdvm.

Ib glbgnusdb, in hcdgdt mtibgdlbmn is ub trmstlrbl qui puihi tibir hdvirsls

lrfibis, pirl glel tmn vm hdcdguntmbhl in hismrrlnnl glfbdtdvl lgmsdlbmbhl ub hitirdlrl

mgmhedgl, ielgdlbmn, cmedndmr y slgdmn. Qlr innl, is isibgdmn qui si glblzgm es mn

rispigtl, si rimndgi ub hdmfbstdgl mhigumhl, euntdhdsgdpndbmrdl, y si msdfbi ub trmtmedibtl

tdn hi mguirhl mn gmsl, ym sim plr eihdl hi eihdgmeibtls, sd in hml is m bdvin

biurlnfdgl, l ub trmtmedibtl psdglnfdgl sd is psdglslgdmn. Wdb iejmrfl, kmy qui tlemr ib

guibtm nls plsdjnis icigtls hi nls eihdgmeibtls m utdndzmr pmrm ivdtmr hmls plstirdlris.

;.3.:.:.8. Glbsuel hi Zdtmndbm ib Glstm Zdgm

Ib Glstm Zdgm, hishi kmgi mls si prisgrdji Zdtmndbm pmrm in trmtmedibtl hin hcdgdt

mtibgdlbmn i kdpirmgtdvdhmh, glb frmb xdtl ib nm rispuistm.

Wdb iejmrfl, nls hmtls slb mnmrembtis, ym qui in glbsuel hi Zdtmndbm si hdspmr

mjruptmeibti ib ub 911% ib ub nmpsl hi 9 mls, puis ib =441 si utdndzmrlb :36111tmjnitms, edibtrms qui 9 mls hispus si rigitmrlb = 831 3=1 y pmrm in ml :11= nm gmbtdhmh

hi Zdtmndbm glbsuedhm supir in =87; 971 hi tmjnitms, hi mguirhl glb nls hmtls hin

Edbdstirdl hi Wmnuh, riglfdhls y mbmndzmhls plr dbvistdfmhlris hin Qrlfrmem hi

Biurlgdibgdms hi nm Ybdvirsdhmh hi Glstm Zdgm (Cdf. 6).



xxxv

Ml

Cdf. 6. Glbsuel mbumn hi gmoms hi Zdtmndbm (71 ubdhmhis g/u) ib Glstm Zdgm (Dbclremgdb

jrdbhmhm plr in Qrlfrmem Dbstdtugdlbmn hi Biurlgdibgdms, Ybdvirsdhmh hi Glstm Zdgm)

Gmoms hiZdtmndbm



xxxvd

4. OYWXDCDGMGDB

Glel si eibgdlb mbtirdlreibti, in hcdgdt hi mtibgdb i kdpirmgtdvdhmh is ub

trmstlrbl guyl pmtrb hi glbhugtm depdhi qui in dbhdvdhul si gleubdqui glb blremndhmh,

ibtibhdibhl nm gleubdgmgdb glel nm kmjdndhmh deprisgdbhdjni pmrm nm slgdmndzmgdb y in

mpribhdzmoi, iois hin hismrrlnnl fnljmn hin bdl.

Qlr tmbtl, nm mgtdtuh hi nls pmhris mn nnifmr m ubm glbsuntm, vdibi ispigdmneibti

emrgmhm plr nm dbgmpmgdhmh hi embiomr in gleplrtmedibtl hin bdl, plr ub bdvin mntl hi

istrs y plr frmvis prljniems hi glbvdvibgdm (Smquirdzl :119). Is plr istl qui in XHMK

is nm psdglpmtlnlfm dbcmbtdn qui lgupm in prdeir nufmr, mnrihihlr hin ;3% hi nms glbsuntmsispigdmndzmhms (Vdnibs it mn.:11:). T gmhm viz nm ihmh m nm qui mguhib nls pmhris is eiblr

y nm glbgdibgdm sljri in prljniem is grigdibti, hi embirm qui tmbtl cmedndms glel

prlcisdlbmnis qui trmjmomb glb innls si prilgupmb plr ub hdmfbstdgl nl es priglz plsdjni,

ib rispuistm tmejdb m nm cuirti prisdb qui ioirgib nls prlcislris sljri nls pmhris hi

cmedndm pmrm qui si mpndqui mnfubm tirmpdm cmremglnfdgm (Smquirdzl :119).

Istm sdtumgdb kmgi bigismrdl qui nls prlfrmems hi dbtirvibgdb pmrm in XHMK si

hdrdomb m hdsedbudr nms glbhugtms slgdmnis bifmtdvms pmrm eiolrmr in istmhl slgdmn hi istls

bdls. Wdb iejmrfl, hijdhl m nm hdvirsdhmh hi gmusms i dbtibsdhmh hi nls sbtlems, is

bigismrdl rimndzmr ub hdmfbstdgl mhigumhl qui dbgnuym mspigtls ielgdlbmnis,

biurlnfdgls, itg. pmrm jrdbhmrni in mjlrhmoi pirtdbibti, ym sim psdgltirmputdgl, pihmffdgl

y/l eihdgmeibtlsl. Kly ib hm pisi m tmbtm dbclremgdb sljri isti trmstlrbl, mb pirsdstib

eugkms huhms sljri nm itdlnlfm, nm utdndhmh y vmndhmgdb hi grdtirdls hdmfbstdgls y nm

icdgmgdm hi nms hdstdbtms dbtirvibgdlbis (Fmrgm it mn.:113).

Nls psdglistdeunmbtis, ispigcdgmeibti in eitdncibdhmtl l Zdtmndbm, si kmb

glbvirtdhl ib in eihdgmeibtl es utdndzmhl glel tirmpdm pmrm istls bdls hijdhl m quiguibtm glb ubm rispuistm plsdtdvm, mubqui vmrdmjni ib dbtibsdhmh, hi ub 61% m ub ;1% hi

nls bdls, in ristl bl risplbhib l euistrmb icigtls sigubhmrdls frmvis (Nysibf &@imtdbf

:11:0 Elbtdin it mn.:11:). Msdedsel, m pismr hi su xdtl, ixdstib glbtrlvirsdms mgirgm hin

plsdjni sljrihdmfbstdgl hin XHMK y in usl bl mprlpdmhl hi nm eihdgmgdb istdeunmbti ib

bdls (Dhdmzjmn it mn.:119). Qlr ltrl nmhl, hdvirsls istuhdls simnmb qui nls trmtmedibtls

hi nls bdls glb XHMK fibirmb ub frmb fmstl ehdgl nl gumn gmusm ubm gmrfm bifmtdvm hi



xxxvdd

istls bdls ib nm slgdihmh, es mnn hi nl qui glbnnivm prisibtmr isti trmstlrbl, is plr innl

deplrtmbti istuhdmr nm rispuistm m trmtmedibtls pmrm eiolrmr in glblgdedibtl hi istm

dbtirvibgdb (Wlutunnl :117).

Nm mslgdmgdb ibtri in mninl glb =1 SBXZs ib 7YXZ hin fib HMX=y in XHMK is

ubm hi nms es glbsdstibtis ib nm fibtdgm psdqudtrdgm, rmzb plr nm qui kmy ub frmb dbtirs

ib prlcubhdzmr sljri in eigmbdsel qui cubhmeibtm tmn ljsirvmgdb. Mhies, gmhm hm

gljrm emylr deplrtmbgdm istuhdmr ltrms vmrdmbtis plndercdgms hi isti emrgmhlr y sus

plsdjnis mslgdmgdlbis glb nm glbhugtm hi nls bdls glb hcdgdt mtibgdlbmn i kdpirmgtdvdhmh y

glb su rispuistm m eihdgmeibtls (Ednn it mn. :11:). Wi km vdstl qui nm hibsdhmh hin

trmbsplrtmhlr ib nm tiredbmn plhrm prihigdr nm rispuistm m hrlfms y istm plhrm istmrhitiredbmhm plr ub plndelrcdsel ujdgmhl ib hdciribtis rifdlbis hin fib, glel in mbtis

dbhdgmhl.

Dfumneibti, nm rinmgdb hi plndelrcdsels bl sdbbdels l sdbbdels ym mslgdmhls

glb isti trmstlrbl, glel nls glrrisplbhdibtis mn gmejdl hin bugnitdhl F plr M

ibglbtrmhls ib in ixb 4 i dbtrb 4, plhrm nnivmrbls m ibtibhir nm rispuistm mntirmhm m

hrlfms ms glel mplrtmr mn glblgdedibtl hin pmpin qui guepni in trmbsplrtmhlr hi

hlpmedbm (ib isti gmsl) ib istm glbhdgdb glepniom. Xmnis plndelrcdsels plhrmb tibir ubm

glbtrdjugdb ib nm kitirlfibidhmh hi nm rispuistm m nm cmremgltirmpdm (Kmkb & Jnm`iny

:11:). Ispigcdgmeibti in plndelrcdsel eibgdlbmhl ib in ixb 4 plhrm mntirmr nm

ixprisdb hin fib, ym qui hi mguirhl m nm ndtirmturm in gmejdl hi ltrl bugnitdhl plr ubm

fumbdbm ib in tirgir bugnitdhl hi ub glhb puihi dbcnudr ib nm ixprisdb hi nls fibis y ib

in gmsl hin dbtrb 4 hdgkl gmejdl plhrm istmr dbvlnugrmhl ib in prlgismedibtl hin MZBe,

ibtri ltrls (Humb it mn.:117).

Nm cmremglfibtdgm/cmremglfibedgm is in istuhdl hi nls icigtls hi nm vmrdmgdb

fibtdgm ib nm cmremglnlfm. Qlr eihdl hi nm cmremglfibtdgm si puihib prlviir nms

kirrmedibtms bigismrdms pmrm dhibtdcdgmr prihdgtlris fibtdgls hi rispuistm m nms hrlfms, su

icdgmgdm y nls icigtls mhvirsls, rmzb hi frmb eltdvmgdb pmrm hismrrlnnmr isti prlyigtl glb

in cdb hi hmr ub mplrti kmgdm nm jsquihm hi ub emrgmhlr fibtdgl qui ixpndqui nm musibgdm

hi rispuistm mn eitdncibdhmtl plr pmrti hi ub plrgibtmoi deplrtmbti hi nls pmgdibtis glb

XHMK, prdbgdpmneibti ib istls eleibtls ib qui si km ixpirdeibtmhl ub cuirti

dbgrieibtl ib in glbsuel hi isti eihdgmeibtl ib buistrl pms.



xxxvddd

=1. LJOIXDSLW

=1.=. Ljoitdvl Fibirmn

Hitiredbmr nls fibltdpls glrrisplbhdibtis m tris sdtdls plndercdgls hin fib HMX=,

ujdgmhls ib 7YXZ, dbtrb 4 y ixb 4, y mbmndzmr nm plsdjni rinmgdb hi istls fibltdpls glb

nm rispuistm mn eitdncibdhmtl, ib ubm euistrm hi bdls glstmrrdgibsis glb XHMK.

=1.:. Ljoitdvls ispigcdgls

m. Depnieibtmr nms tgbdgms elnigunmris pmrm nm dhibtdcdgmgdb hi hdciribtis

plndelrcdsels hin fib trmbsplrtmhlr hi hlpmedbm (HMX=) ib Glstm Zdgm.

j. Hitiredbmr in fibltdpl hi pmgdibtis glstmrrdgibsis glb hcdgdt mtibgdlbmn pmrm

hdciribtis rifdlbis hin fib trmbsplrtmhlr hi hlpmedbm (HMX=).

g.

Istuhdmr nms trmbsedsdlbis (pmhri-kdol, emhri-kdol) hi nls plndelrcdsels SBXZ hin

fibHMX=, glb in cdb hi hitiredbmr sd icigtdvmeibti ixdsti trmbsedsdb priciribgdmn hin

mninl qui glbcdiri susgiptdjdndhmh mn hcdgdt mtibgdlbmn.

h. Jusgmr ubm plsdjni rinmgdb ibtri nls fibltdpls pmrm in fib trmbsplrtmhlr hi

hlpmedbm (HMX=) ujdgmhls ib 7YXZ, ixb 4 i dbtrb 4 y nm rispuistm mn trmtmedibtl

glb eitdncibdhmtl.



xxxdx

==. EMXIZDMNIW T EXLHLW

Isti istuhdl clrem pmrti hi ub prlyigtl euntdhdsgdpndbmrdl dbsgrdtl ib in Qrlfrmem

Dbstdtugdlbmn hi Biurlgdibgdms hi nm Ybdvirsdhmh hi Glstm Zdgm, sljri nm prljnietdgm hin

hcdgdt hi mtibgdb i kdpirmgtdvdhmh ib in pms y glbt glb nm mprljmgdb hin Gledt tdgl

Gdibtcdgl hi nm Ybdvirsdhmh hi Glstm Zdgm (B 8::-M8-77=).

==.=. Zimgtdvls y ndstm hi mjrivdmturms

7YXZ Zifdb 7 bl glhdcdgmbti hi ub fibMHB gdhl hislxdrrdjlbugnidgl

MQM Mslgdmgdb Meirdgmbm hi Qsdqudmtrm

MZB gdhl rdjlbugnidgl

MZBe gdhl rdjlbugnidgl eibsmoirl

MXQ Mhiblsb trdclscmtl

GDI-=1 Gnmsdcdgmgdb Dbtirbmgdlbmn hi Ibcireihmhis

HMX= Fib qui glhdcdgm pmrm nm prltibm rigmptmhlrm hi hlpmedbm

hBXQ Hilxdrrdjlbugnisdhls Xrdclscmtls (hMXQ, hFXQ, hGXQ, hXXQ)

HWE-DS Embumn hdmfbstdgl y istmhstdgl hi nls trmstlrbls eibtmnis

ItJr Jrleurl hi itdhdl

f Frmel

KGn gdhl gnlrkhrdgl

DBDWM Dbstdtutl hi Dbvistdfmgdlbis ib Wmnuh

@j @dnljmsis

@Hm @dnlhmntlbsN Ndtrl

E Elnmr

ef Edndfrmel

edb Edbutls

en Edndndtrl

ee Edneitrl



xn

eE Edndelnmr

EfGn: Gnlrurl hi emfbisdl

bf Bmblfrmel

pj Qmris hi jmsis

QGZ Zimggdb ib gmhibm hi nm plndeirmsm

ZCNQ Qlndelrcdsels hin nmrfl hi nls crmfeibtls hi ristrdggdb

rpe Zivlnugdlbis plr edbutl

WHW Hlhigdn suncmtl hi slhdl

Wif Wifubhls

WBQ Qlndelrcdsels hi ub bdgl bugnitdhlXJI Xrds-jmsi/gdhl jrdgl/IHXM

XHMK Hcdgdt hi mtibgdb i kdpirmgtdvdhmh

S Slnueib

SBXZ Zipitdgdlbis ib tbhie hi beirl vmrdmjni

f Edgrlfrmel

n Edgrlndtrl



xnd

==.:. Euistril

==.:.=. Qljnmgdb hi istuhdl

Nm pljnmgdb hi istuhdl glbsdstd hi bdls(ms) glstmrrdgibsis glb hdmfbstdgl psdglnfdgl

hi hcdgdt hi mtibgdb i kdpirmgtdvdhmh y sus rispigtdvls pmhris, qudibis cuirlb gmptmhls hin

glbsuntlrdl prdvmhl hin Biurnlfl hin Hismrrlnnl, in Hr. Nuds Npiz Elndbm.

Qmrtdgdpmrlb 74 cmedndms pirl hijdhl m nm cmntm hi hdsplbdjdndhmh hi mnfubls pmhris, 78

cmedndms glbsdstdirlb hi trls? emhri, pmhri i kdol0 8 hi hls? emhri i kdol, y ub bdl

mdsnmhl.

==.:.:. Grdtirdls hi dbgnusdb y ixgnusdb

In Hr. Npiz Elndbm siniggdlb m nls pmgdibtis hi mguirhl glb nls sdfudibtis grdtirdls?

Grdtirdls hi dbgnusdb

Hdmfbstdgl hi Hcdgdt hi mtibgdb i kdpirmgtdvdhmh sifb nls Grdtirdls Hdmfbstdgls

hin Embumn hdmfbstdgl y istmhstdgl hi trmstlrbls eibtmnis HWE-DS (Mbbdel

=448).

]ui istb glbsuedibhl l kmymb glbsuedhl eitdncibdhmtl.

Ihmh? 3-=7 mls

Grdtirdls hi ixgnusdb?

Ixdstibgdm hi ltrls sbhrleis ispigcdgls glel ritmrhl eibtmn, sbhrlei hi

Mbfinemb, Wbhrlei hin grlelslem [ crfdn, Wbhrlei hi Xluritti, ibtri ltrls.

Qrisibtmr trmstlrbls psdqudtrdgls ispigcdgls glel isqudzlcribdm, trmstlrbls

ljsisdvls glepunsdvls, trmstlrbl jdplnmr u ltrms psdglsds.

Istmr glbsuedibhl ltrls eihdgmeibtls qui dbtircdirmb glb nm mggdb hin

eitdncibdhmtl.

Ivdhibgdm gnbdgm hi nisdlbis biurlistrugturmnis.

Bdls glb ivdhibgdm hi hcdgdt glfblsgdtdvl.



xndd

Mbtigihibtis hi hisbutrdgdb sivirm.

Bdls glb mbtigihibtis hi mfrisdb csdgm l mjusl.

Qirslbms qui kmymb prisibtmhl glbhdgdlbis hi lrdfib pribmtmn (dbciggdlbis

dbtrmutirdbms, mblxdm hin citl, kielrrmfdms dbtrmgrmbimnis y ltrms), pirdbmtmnis

(mblxdm pirdbmtmn, trmuems grmbilibgicndgls, itg), plstbmtmnis prlhugtl hi cmgtlris

mejdibtmnis (hi lrdfib dbciggdlsl, trmuetdgl, itg) qui kmfmb slspigkmr qui slb

gmusmbtis hi mntirmgdlbis biurlistrugturmnis.

Glbclrei nls bdls djmb mguhdibhl m glbsuntm in Hr. Npiz kmgm nm siniggdb y

glbciggdlbmjm ubm ndstm glb nls blejris y beirls tinicbdgls, nm gumn irm ibvdmhm mnDBDWM.

==.:.7. Ibtrivdstm glb nms cmedndms

Ybm viz qui si djmb ljtibdibhl nms ndstms hi cmedndms, si prlgihd m ujdgmrnms vm tinicbdgm.

M mnfubms hi innms si nis kdzl nnifmr ub empm pmrm nnifmr mn DBDWM y si glbgirt ubm gdtm ib

hdgkl dbstdtutl hi dbvistdfmgdb. Wdb iejmrfl, nm emylrm cuirlb vdsdtmhms ib sus gmsms hi

kmjdtmgdb. M gmhm cmedndm si ni ixpndg glb hitmnni ib qu glbsdstm in prlyigtl y hies

dbclremgdb dbgnudhm ib in Glbsibtdedibtl dbclremhl (Mpbhdgi J). Dfumneibti si nis kdzl

ubm ibtrivdstm glb in cdb hi ljtibir dbclremgdb riciribti m mbtigihibtis cmedndmris i

dbclremgdb gnbdgm hin pmgdibti, ibtri innm mspigtls hi su gleplrtmedibtl pmrm ivmnumr nm

rispuistm mn eitdncibdhmtl, y si nis slndgdt m mejls pmhris hi cmedndm qui glepnitmrmb ub

dbstrueibtl nnmemhl bhdgi hi Kdpirmgtdvdhmh hi Glbbirs pmrm pmhris, virsdb mjrivdmhm,

pmrm gumbtdcdgmr nm rispuistm mn eitdncibdhmtl. Eihdmbti hdgkm isgmnm, nls pmhris hisgrdjib

gel irm nm glbhugtm hi nls bdls mbtis y hispus hi tlemr in eitdncibdhmtl hi mguirhl m su

dbtibsdhmh (bmhm51, plgl5=, jmstmbti5:, eugkl57) (Glbbirs, =4;4) (Mpbhdgi J).

Nms pirslbms qui mggihdirlb m pmrtdgdpmr ib in istuhdl cdremrlb nm creunm hi

glbsibtdedibtl dbclremhl, privdmeibti mprljmhm plr in Gledt tdgl eibgdlbmhl

mbtirdlreibti.

Hi dfumn clrem, in hlgtlr Npiz suedbdstr ltrm dbclremgdb deplrtmbti pmrm in istuhdl

glel cigkm hi hdmfbstdgl, cigkm hi dbdgdl hin trmtmedibtl y in sujtdpl hi hcdgdt hi



xnddd

mtibgdb glb kdpirmgtdvdhmh hi mguirhl mn HWE-DS (Mpbhdgi J).

==.:.8. Ziglniggdb hi nms euistrms

Ybm viz cdremhl in glbsibtdedibtl dbclremhl si nis tle ubm euistrm hi smbfri (ibtri ;-

=1en) tmbtl mn kdol(m) glel m nls pmhris, utdndzmbhl tujls Smgutmdbir istrdnis glb

mbtdglmfunmbti MGH. Ib mquinnls gmsls ib qui bl cui plsdjni ljtibir ubm euistrm hi

smbfri hi nm vibm hi gmhm pmrtdgdpmbti si utdndz ubm nmbgitm pmrm tlemr ubm euistrm hi

smbfri hin hihl punfmr, nm gumn cui fltimhm sljri pmpin hi Futkrdi. Nms euistrms cuirlb

nnivmhms mn nmjlrmtlrdl beirl 9, hin Dbstdtutl hi Dbvistdfmgdlbis ib Wmnuh (DBDWM) hi nmYbdvirsdhmh hi Glstm Zdgm, ib hlbhi si prlgihd m kmgir nm ixtrmggdb hin MHB y m

hismrrlnnmr in prltlglnl elnigunmr.

==.7. Etlhl hi ixtrmggdb hi nls gdhls bugnidgls

==.7.=. Qrltlglnl hi ixtrmggdb m pmrtdr hi smbfri pirdcrdgm

Wi trmjmo glb 9 en hi smbfri pirdcrdgm ib prleihdl l ib mnfubls gmsls, mn glbtmr glb ubm

emylr gmbtdhmh hi euistrm, stm si hdvdhd ib hls plrgdlbis pmrm rimndzmr nm ndsds hi mejms y

tiredbmr nm ixtrmggdb hin MHB bdgmeibti hi ubm hi innms, glb in cdb hi hiomr ub rispmnhl

hi mnfubms euistrms.

In MHB si ixtrmol hi niuglgdtls hi smbfri pirdcrdgm sifb in prlgihdedibtl hisgrdtl plr

Wtrmuss (=4;;).

Nls pmsls hin prltlglnl slb nls sdfudibtis?=) Ndsds?

Wi glnlgmb 9en hi smbfri ib ub tujl gbdgl hi 91 en y si ni mfrifmb =9 en hi

juccir hi ndsds.

Wi eizgnm, si dbgujm ib kdinl plr 89 edbutls.

Wi gibtrdcufm =1 edbutls/=611rpe/8G.

Wi hdstdbfui in jltb hi niuglgdtls y si hisgmrtm in sljribmhmbti.



xndv

Wi mmhib =1 en hi juccir hi ndsds, ib nls gumnis si hdsuinvi in jltb hi

niuglgdtls y si gibtrdcufm buivmeibti =1 edb/=611rpe/8G.

Wi hisgmrtm in sljribmhmbti.

Wi mmhib 9 en hi juccir WI, si hdsuinvi in jltb hi niuglgdtls y si gibtrdcufm

=1 edb/=611rpe/8G.

Wi hisgmrtm in sljribmhmbti y si fumrhm in jltb ib ubm gemrm hi

untrmricrdfirmgdb m 61 G l si glbtdbm glb nm ixtrmggdb.

:) Ixtrmggdb?

Wi mmhib 9 en hi juccir WI y si hdsuinvi in jltb hi niuglgdtls. Wi ni mfrifmb 81 n hi prltidbmsm @ y si eizgnm sumvieibti.

Wi mmhib :91 n hi WHW :1% y si eizgnm.

Wi dbgujm ib jml emrm m 76 G hurmbti tlhm ubm blgki.

Wi mmhib 9 en hi juccir WI y =1 en hi cibln iqudndjrmhl, si eizgnm plr =1

edbutls y si gibtrdcufm 9edb/7111r

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