Avances en envase sustentable
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Transcript of Avances en envase sustentable
CA 381
Cuerpo académico
Nuevas tecnologías para el diseñoDiseño industrial y manufactura asistida por computadoraNuevos materiales y sistemas de manufacturaDiseño para la sustentabilidad Análisis de tendencias en el diseño y desarrollo de productos
Tecnologías tradicionales de manufactura de productosOptimización de procesos tecnológicos tradicionalesSustentabilidad en lo procesos tecnológicos tradicionalesDesarrollo de infraestructura para los procesos tecnológicos tradicionalesDesarrollo de tecnologías alternativasEnvase y embalaje
Innovación tecnológica para el diseño
Equipo
AlbertoRosa
FranciscoGonzález Madariaga
Jaime FGómez
EnriqueHerrera
HéctorFlores Magón
MarioOrozco
El envase es el medio de diseño que tiene el mayor impacto y crecimiento global, y toca a millones de consumidores cada día en el planeta.
Juega un rol vital en la protección, distribución y comunicación de cada producto y servicio que consumimos.
El envase presenta un enorme impacto ambiental, y el diseño del mismo juega un rol crítico y de responsabilidad de cara a los recursos y sustentabilidad del planeta y su futuro.
1. ProtecciónLa función primaria y esencial es contener y proteger al producto.Quizá las “carteras” de huevo fabricadas con pulpa de papel moldeada sean el mejor ejemplo de un envase funcional.
2. TransporteAdemás de proteger, el envase debe ayudar al transporte, distribución y almacenaje del producto.
1. Es benéfico, seguro y saludable para los individuos y sus comunidades a lo largo de su ciclo de vida2. Cumple con los criterios de mercado, costo y desempeño3. Es fabricado, transportado y debidamente reciclado utilizando energía renovable4. Maximiza el uso de materiales renovables y reciclables5. Es manufacturado usando procesos tecnologías limpias 6. Está fabricado de materiales seguros en todos los posibles escenarios del fin de ciclo de vida7. Está físicamente diseñado para optimizar materiales y energía8. Es efectivamente reciclado y utilizado en ciclos biológicos o industriales de la cuna a la cuna (cradle-to-cradle)
65% Diseño para reciclaje o utilización del material reciclado
57% Reducción del peso del envase
41% Materiales renovables o bio-materiales
25% Materiales compostables
Hacia donde se dirige la investigación en envase sustentable
Análisis del ciclo de vida (LCA)
39
The materials life cycle
CHAPTER 3
Image of casting courtesy of Skillspace; image of car making courtesy of U.S. Department of Energy EERE program; image of cars courtesy of Reuters.com; image of junk car courtesy of Junkyards.com.
CONTENTS
3.1 Introduction and synopsis
3.2 The material life cycle
3.3 Life-cycle assessment: details and diffi culties
3.4 Streamlined LCA
3.5 The strategy for eco-selection of materials
3.6 Summary and conclusion
3.7 Further reading
3.8 Appendix: software for LCA
3.9 Exercises 3.1 Introduction and synopsis
The materials of engineering have a life cycle. They are created from ores and feedstock. These are manufactured into products that are distributed and used. Like us, products have a fi nite life, at the end of which they become scrap. The materials they contain, however, are still there; some (unlike us) can be resurrected and enter a second life as recycled content in a new product.
Life-cycle assessment (LCA) traces this progression, documenting the resources consumed and the emissions excreted during each phase of life. The output is a sort of biography, documenting where the materials have been, what they have done, and the consequences for their surroundings.
Material
Manufacture
Use
Disposal
Resources
Manufactura
UsoMaterial
Disposición
Recursos
sold, and used. Products have a useful life, at the end of which they are dis-carded, a fraction of the materials they contain perhaps entering a recycling loop, the rest committed to incineration or landfi ll.
Energy and materials are consumed at each point in this cycle, deplet-ing natural resources. Consumption brings an associated penalty of car-bon dioxide (CO 2), oxides of sulfur (SO x), and of nitrogen (NO x), and other emissions in the form of low-grade heat and gaseous, liquid, and solid waste. In low concentrations, most of these emissions are harmless, but as their concentrations build, they become damaging. The problem, simply put, is that the sum of these unwanted by-products now often exceeds the capacity of the environment to absorb them. For some the damage is local and the creator of the emissions accepts the responsibility and cost of con-taining and remediating it (the environmental cost is said to be internal-ized). For others the damage is global and the creator of the emissions is not held directly responsible, so the environmental cost becomes a burden on society as a whole (it is externalized). The study of resource consump-tion, emissions, and their impacts is called life-cycle assessment (LCA).
Materialproduction
Productmanufacture
Productuse
Productdisposal
Natural resources
CO2, NOx, SOx
ParticulatesToxic wasteLow grade heat
Emissions
Energy
Feedstocks
Transport
FIGURE 3.1 The material life cycle. Ore and feedstock are mined and processed to yield a mate-rial. This material is manufactured into a product that is used, and at the end of its life, it is discarded, recycled, or, less commonly, refurbished and reused. Energy and materials are consumed in each phase, generating waste heat and solid, liquid, and gaseous emissions.
The material life cycle 41
Recursos
Materia prima
Transporte
Energía
Producción deMateriales
Manufactura deproductos
Uso de losproductos
DisposiciónfinalCO2 NOx SOx
PartículasBasura tóxicaCalor
Emisiones
Recursos naturales
201
The masses of fi ve competing container types, the material of which they are made, and the embodied energy of each are listed in Table 9.2 . All fi ve materials can be recycled. For all fi ve, cost-effective processes exist for making containers. All but one —steel—resist corrosion in the mildly acidic or alkaline conditions characteristic of bottled drinks. Steel is easily pro-tected with lacquers.
Em
bodi
ed e
nerg
y (M
J/kg
)
100
Ene
rgy/
unit
vol (
MJ/
liter
)
10
0
200
50
150
0
2
4
6
8
PEPET
Stee
l
Gla
ss
Alum
inum
PE
PET
Stee
l
Gla
ss
Alum
inum
Energy per kg
Energy per liter
FIGURE 9.2 Top: the embodied energy of the bottle materials. Bottom: the material energy per liter of fl uid contained.
Table 9.1 Design requirements for drink containers
Function Drink container
Constraints Must be immune to corrosion in the drink Must be easy and fast to shape Must be recyclable
Objective Minimize embodied energy per unit capacity
Free variables Choice of material
Selection per unit of function
201
The masses of fi ve competing container types, the material of which they are made, and the embodied energy of each are listed in Table 9.2 . All fi ve materials can be recycled. For all fi ve, cost-effective processes exist for making containers. All but one —steel—resist corrosion in the mildly acidic or alkaline conditions characteristic of bottled drinks. Steel is easily pro-tected with lacquers.
Em
bodi
ed e
nerg
y (M
J/kg
)
100
Ene
rgy/
unit
vol (
MJ/
liter
)
10
0
200
50
150
0
2
4
6
8
PEPET
Stee
l
Gla
ss
Alum
inum
PE
PET
Stee
l
Gla
ss
Alum
inum
Energy per kg
Energy per liter
FIGURE 9.2 Top: the embodied energy of the bottle materials. Bottom: the material energy per liter of fl uid contained.
Table 9.1 Design requirements for drink containers
Function Drink container
Constraints Must be immune to corrosion in the drink Must be easy and fast to shape Must be recyclable
Objective Minimize embodied energy per unit capacity
Free variables Choice of material
Selection per unit of function
Energía por kg Energía por lt
Alumini
o
Alumini
o
Vidrio
Acero
Vidrio
Acero
Ener
gía/
unid
ad d
e vo
lum
en (M
J/lt)
Gas
to e
nerg
étic
o (M
J/kg
)
Tipo de contenedor
Botella PET 400 ml
Botella PE 1 lt
Botella vidrio 750 ml
Lata Al 440 ml
Lata acero 440 ml
Material
PET
PE HD
Vidrio de soda
Al serie 5000
Acero plano
Masa, gms
25
38
325
20
45
Gasto energético
MJ/kg
84
81
15.5
208
32
Energía/litro
MJ/lt
5.3
3.8
6.7
9.5
3.3
Diseño para reciclaje o utilización del material reciclado
Materiales renovables o bio-materiales
Reducción del peso del envase
Materiales compostables
33
Tools: CompassPackaging Attributes
•Recycled vs. Virgin Content •Percent of Source Certified Material •Solid Waste•Material Health
Life Cycle Phases•Material Manufacture •Conversion •Distribution •End of Life
Life Cycle MetricsCONSUMPTION METRICSFossil Fuel •Water •Mineral •Biotic Resource
Emission Metrics
•Greenhouse Gas •Clean Production: Human ImpactsClean Production: Aquatic Toxicity •Eutrophication
0.00E+00 1.00E+01 2.00E+01 3.00E+01 4.00E+01 5.00E+01 6.00E+01 7.00E+01
Bag�x�20.0
Fresh�Step�Pail�x�21.0
GHG�(kg�C02ͲEquiv)�Manufacture GHG�(kg�C02ͲEquiv)�Conversion GHG�(kg�C02ͲEquiv)�Distribution GHG�(kg�C02ͲEquiv)�End�of�life
Fossil Fuel Consumption (MJ-equiv)
0.00E+00 2.00E+02 4.00E+02 6.00E+02 8.00E+02 1.00E+03 1.20E+03 1.40E+03 1.60E+03 1.80E+03 2.00E+03
Bag�x�20.0
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FFC�(MJͲequiv)�Manufacture FFC�(MJͲequiv)�Conversion FFC�(MJͲequiv)�Distribution FFC�(MJͲequiv)�End�of�life
GHG Emission (kg C02-Equiv)
0.00E+00 5.00EͲ02 1.00EͲ01 1.50EͲ01 2.00EͲ01 2.50EͲ01 3.00EͲ01 3.50EͲ01 4.00EͲ01
Bag�x�20.0
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CP:�AT�(CTUe)�Manufacture CP:�AT�(CTUe)�Conversion CP:�AT�(CTUe)�Distribution CP:�AT�(CTUe)�End�of�life
CP: Aquatic Toxicity (CTUe)
Eutrophication (kg P04-Equiv)
0.00E+00 1.00EͲ02 2.00EͲ02 3.00EͲ02 4.00EͲ02 5.00EͲ02 6.00EͲ02 7.00EͲ02 8.00EͲ02 9.00EͲ02
Bag�x�20.0
Fresh�Step�Pail�x�21.0
Eutr�(kg�P04ͲEquiv)�Manufacture Eutr�(kg�P04ͲEquiv)�Conversion Eutr�(kg�P04ͲEquiv)�Distribution Eutr�(kg�P04ͲEquiv)�End�of�life
10. Considerar el uso de nuevos materiales para el envasado
HDPE con azúcar,para 2020 el 25% de todossus envases serán reciclables