balistica forense

7/21/2019 balistica forense

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BALISTICA FORENSE.

TEMARIO

1. BALISTICA: CONCEPTOS GENERALES:

•

CONCEPTO FISICO• CONCEPTO FORENSE.

2. CLASIFICACION:

• BALISTICA INTERIOR.

• BALISTICA EXTERIOR.

• BALISTICA DE EFECTOS.

3. ARMAS: CONCEPTO.CLASIFICACION.4. EL CARTUCHO: CONCEPTO Y CLASIFICACION.

5. ESTUDIO DEL ARMA DE FUEGO:

• APTITUD PARA EL DISPARO.

• ESTADO DE CONSERVACION.

• GRADO DE CELOSIDAD.

• DETERMINACION DE SU RECIENTE USO.

6. BALISTICA INTERIOR:

a. PERSONALIDAD DEL ARMA DE FUEGO :

• PARTES DEL ARMA QUE DEJAN IMPRESAS SUS CARACTERISTICAS IDENTIFICATORIAS EN LAS

VAINAS Y PROYECTILES POR ELLAS UTILIZADOS:• EL CAÑON.•

AGUJA DE PERCUSION.• BOTADOR, EXTRACTOR Y ESPALDON.

b. EL EQUIPAMIENTO TECNICO UTILIZADO EN LOS ESTUDIOS PERICIALES:

• EL BANCO DE OBTENCION DE PROYECTILES TESTIGOS

• EL MICROSCOPIO DE COMPARACION.

• EL EQUIPO SISTEMA BELAUNDE DE COMPARACION POR FOTORRODADO.

• UTILIZACION DE MICROSCOPIOS Y LUPAS BINOCULARES.

• LA FOTOGRAFIA COMO RECURSO AUXILIAR DEL PERITO BALISTICO.

c. METODOLOGIA DE LOS ESTUDIOS PPERICIALES BALISTICOS:

• COTEJO DE VAINAS.

• COTEJO DE PROYECTILES.



. BALISTICA E!TERIOR:

ESTUDIOS SOBRE:

• TRAYECTORIA.

• MOVIMIENTO DEL PROYECTIL EN EL ESPACIO.

• REBOTES.

• DETERMINACION DE LA POSICION DEL TIRADOR.

". BALISTICA DE EFECTOS:

a. DETERMINACION DE LOS ORIFICIOS DE ENTRADA #OE$ % DE SALIDA #OS$ DE LOS PRO%ECTILES DE

ARMAS DE FUEGO:

• CARACTERISTICAS DIFERENCIALES.

• DETERMINACION DEL ANGULO DE INCIDENCIA DEL PROYECTIL.

b. ESTUDIO PORMENORIZADO DE LA ZONA INMEDIATA QUE RODEA EL ORIFICIO DE ENTRADA DEL

PRO%ECTIL:

• DETERMINACION DE LAS CARACTERISTICAS QUE PERMITEN DIFERENCIAR LA DISTANCIA DE

PRODUCCION DEL DISPARO:• EL HALO O ANILLO DE FISCH.• EL TATUAJE.

• EL SIGNO DE BENASSI, LA ESCARAPELA DE SIMONIN Y EL GOLPE DE MINA O DE HOFMANN.

c. CLASIFICACION DE LA DISTANCIA DE DISPARO SEGUN LAS CARACTERISTICAS DEL O.E. DEL

PRO%ECTIL:

• DISPARO ABOCADO O “A BOCA DE JARRO”.• DISPARO A MUY CORTA DISTANCIA O “A QUEMARROPA”.• DISPARO A CORTA DISTANCIA.• DISPARO A DISTANCIA MEDIA.• DISPARO A DISTANCIA INDETERMINADA.

&. DETERMINACION DE LA DISTANCIA DE DISPARO DE LAS ARMAS DE FUEGO POR LA DETECCION DE LOS

RESTOS:

. RESTOS DE POLVORA, METALICOS Y DE FULMINANTE.

!. LA ROSA DE DISPERSION DE LOS PERDIGONES DE ESCOPETA.

". TECNICAS Y PROCEDIMIENTOS UTILIZADOS.• REACTIVO DE GRIESS.

• DIFENIL AMINA SULFURICA.• RODIZONATO DE SODIO.• DISPAROS EXPERIMENTALES.

'(. EL DERMO TEST:

• VALOR LEGAL.• METODOLOGIA A UTILIZAR.

DESARROLLO

'. BALISTICA: CONCEPTOS GENERALES) FISICO % FORENSE.

E# D$""$%& '$% E&"$"#%()*$"% *+ # L+& - C /+## & 0 E*. C%*+1 S.A. 0 B-+&% A$'+ 0 2345, *+6$&+ +# /)'7



“9F. 0 P '/+ *+ # 7+";&$" <-+ + /-*$ +# #" &"+ = *$'+""$>& *+ #% ('%=+"/$#+ ”? (%' %/' ( '/+, +# D$""$%& '$%

G '"8 0P+# =% = G'% 0 E*. L '%- + 0 B-+&% A$'+ 23@@, *+6$&+ + /+ 7$ 7% /)'7$&% "%7% “9M$#. 0 A'/+ *+

*$'+""$>& *+ #% ('%=+"/$#+ ”

D+ #% +1(-+ /% + *+ ('+&*+ <-+ "%& +# /)'7$&% “B #8 /$" ” + '+"%&%"+ # ( '/+ *+ # "$+&"$ 68 $" , + (+"

% *$&;7$" *+ #% "-+'(% , <-+ /' / %!'+ #% 6+&>7+&% <-+ 6+"/ & +# 7% $7$+&/% *+ #% ('%=+"/$#+ +& +# +

*+/+'7$& & - *$'+""$>& = #" &"+? '+ (%&*$+&*% + /+ "%&"+(/% / 7!$)& #% /+1/% , /' / *% = '+ # 7+&/% *+ !

E# "%&"+(/% <-+ +# /)'7$&% “B #8 /$" ” "%7('+&*+ *+ *+ +# (-&/% *+ $ / 6%'+& +, + *+"$' *+ # (#$" "$>& *+ #/)"&$" = ('%"+*$7$+&/% *+ # "$+&"$ # '+ %#-"$>& *+ ('%!#+7 -*$"$ #+ , + 7-" % 7; 7(#$%, '+ (%&

*+6$&+ D%& ROBERTO ALBARRACIN +& - M &- # *+ C'$7$& #8 /$" 9E*. P%#$"$ # 0 B-+&% A$'+ 0 2342 , “B

"$+&"$ = '/+ <-+ + /-*$ $&/+ ' #7+&/+ # '7 *+ 6-+ %, +# #" &"+ = *$'+""$>& *+ #% ('%=+"/$#+ <-+ *$ ( '

('%*-"+&”, "%&"+(/% # <-+ * +'$7% #% + (+"$ #$ / *+ &-+ /'% 7+*$%.

2. CLASIFICACION DE LA BALISTICA FORENSE:

C%&6%'7+ +# "%&"+(/% +1('+ *% +& +# (-&/% ('+"+*+&/+, # B #8 /$" F%'+& +, + *+"$' (#$" * # '+ %#-"$>& *

+ "# $6$" +& TRES 9 ( '/+ , "%&6%'7+ # $ -$+&/+ *+/ ##+:

a. BALISTICA INTERIOR:

E # ( '/+ *+ # B #8 /$" <-+ + %"-( *+# + /-*$% *+ # /%/ #$* * *+ #% 6+&>7+&% <-+ + ('%*-"+& +& +# '7

<-+ +# (+'"-/%' %#(+ +# 6-#7$& &/+ *+# " '/-" % = #" & / +# 7%7+&/% 7$ 7% +& <-+ +# ('%=+"/$# ! &*%&

" >&. E / ( '/+ *+ # B #8 /$" + %"-( / 7!$)& *+ /%*% #% '+# /$ % # '7 *+ 6-+ %, - + /'-"/-' , 7+" &$ 7%

" ' = *$ ( '% *+ # 7$ 7 .

b. BALISTICA E!TERIOR:

A + / ( '/+ *+ # B #8 /$" #+ "%''+ (%&*+ +# + /-*$% *+ # /' =+"/%'$ *+# ('%=+"/$#, *+ *+ +# 7%7+&/% +& <-+ " >& *+# '7 / - ''$!% # !# &"%, = *+ #% 6+&>7+&% <-+ #% 6+"/ & +& "%&"%'* &"$ "%& # ( '/$"-#

/ #+ "%7% # ' +* *, # '+ $ /+&"$ *+# $'+, # $&6#-+&"$ *+ # *$'+""$>& + $&/+& $* * *+ #% $+&/% = (

<-+ + #+ $&/+'(%& & = <-+ +& *+6$&$/$ %& ('%*-"/%'+ *+ #% '+!%/+ <-+ 7%*$6$" & # /' =+"/%'$ %'$ $& #.

c. BALISTICA DE EFECTOS:

T # "%7% - &%7!'+ #% $&*$" , + / ( '/+ *+ # B #8 /$" + /-*$ #% +6+"/% ('%*-"$*% (%' +# ('%=+"/$# +& +

( '/$"-# '7+&/+ # " ' "/+'8 /$" ('%($ *+# O'$6$"$% *+ E&/' * 9OE " - *% (%' +# ('%=+"/$# = *+ # %& $&7

" ' "/+'8 /$" ) / <-+ (+'7$/$';& + / !#+"+' $7(%'/ &/+ +#+7+&/% #% <-+ # ';& "%&"#- $%&+ '+# /$

"%7(#+ % "%7% # *+/+'7$& "$>& *+ # *$ / &"$ *+ *$ ( '%.

3. ARMAS: CONCEPTO % CLASIFICACION:

S$ !$+& #% *$ /$&/% *$""$%& '$% "%& -#/ *% *+6$&+& +# /)'7$&% “A'7 ” "%7% /%*% $& /'-7+&/% *+ /$& *%

+ *+ *+ +# (-&/% *+ (#$" "$>& 6%'+& + %#% -& "%&"+(/% ( '"$ #, = <-+ &% %#% #% $& /'-7+&/% 6 !'$" *%

*+!+& "%& $*+' ' + '7 (-+ (-+*+& +' -/$#$ *% + +&/- #7+&/+ "%& + /+ 6$& $&&-7+' !#+ %! +/% <-+

"%&*$"$>&.P%' # ' >& +1('+ * , "%&"+(/- '+7% +# /)'7$&% “A'7 ” "%7%*+,-, a /011, /0 ,+0 c 0 1a /0 7a 8/9a a , = <-+

/ &/% (-+*+ +' -/$#$ *% +& ""$%&+ %6+& $ = % *+6+& $ +#+7+&/% + (+"$ #7+&/+ *$ + *% ( ' +

- % *$ /$&/% , (-*$+&*% ##+ ' "%& $*+' ' + "%7% '7 , + & # "$'"-& / &"$ ( '/$"-# '+ *+# +" %, $&+ (+"$ # *+ #-" , "%7! /+ % *+6+& , / # "%7% +# (- +/ % *+ -& !%1+ *%' % # (#$" "$>& *+ # '/+ 7 '"$ #+ .

E1('+ *% &-+ /'% "%&"+(/% # '+ (+"/% *+# /)'7$&% “A'7 ”, ('%"+*+'+7% "%&/$&- "$>& +6+"/- ' -& ';($* "#

7$ 7 "%&6%'7+ - " ' "/+'8 /$" *+ - % = *$ + %:

a. P, ;/ c, c0 c < -0 - ;0=,:

2 A'7 ('%($ : S%& # <-+ & $*% + (+"$ #7+&/+ *$ + * ( ' %6+&*+' 9 / " ' % *+6+&*+' +.

A'7 $7('%($ % *+ "$'"-& / &"$ : E /+ '-(% + /; "%& /$/-$*% (%' /%*% <-+##% +#+7+&/%

"$'"-& / &"$ #7+&/+ (-+* & ##+ ' -/$#$ ' + "%7% '7 , / # "%7% -& 7 '/$##% *+ " '($&/+'%, -& "-" $##

*+ /%'&$## *%', +/".

b. C1a; cac < -0 1a; a 9a; , a;:



'$ A 9a; b1a ca;: L <-+ - + + -!"# $6$" & +&:

C%'/ &/+ : L <-+ ('+ +&/ & - *% 9 6$# *% -&% % 7!% # /+' #+ , / #+ "%7% +# "-" $##%.

! P-& &/+: L <-+ ('+ +&/ & - *% +# +1/'+7% *$ / #, / # "%7% +# 6#%'+/+ % # 6#+" . E /+ /$(%

''% * 9*$ ( ' * (%' -& $7(#+7+&/% + (+"$ # 9 '"% % ! ##+ / % "%& # 6-+' *+ 7 &% = !' % 9#

$*% *$ + * ( ' -/$#$ ' +1"#- $ 7+&/+ "%& # 7 &% 9F#%'+/+ .

" P-& %0"%'/ &/+: S%& # <-+ ('+ +&/ & - *% - +1/'+7% *$ / # = -&% % 7!% # /+' #+ , / # "%7% +

* C%&/-&*+&/+: S%& # <-+ ('% %" & # #+ $%&+ (%' # +&+' 8 "%& <-+ %#(+ &, / # "%7% # ('%=+"/$#+ *$ +' % ''% *% "%& %&* .

+ C%'/%0"%&/-&*+&/+ : S%& # <-+ "/ & (%' (#$" "$>& "%7!$& * *+# %#(+ = +# 6$#%. A +

"%''+ (%&*+& +# " = +# !#+ *+ " ! ##+'8 .

2$ A 9a; -0 /0>,: S%& # <-+ -/$#$ & # ('+ $>& +&+' * (%' #% + ('%*-"/% *+ # *+6# ' "$>& *+

$7(-# ' -&% % '$% ('%=+"/$#+ . S+ -!"# $6$" & +&:

a$ P, 1a , 9a -0 + a ; , +0 :

• P%'/;/$#+ : L <-+ ( ' - /' & (%'/+ = - % + -6$"$+&/+ +# +7(#+% *+ -& %# (+' %& 9F- $#, + "%(+

• N% P%'/;/$#+ : S%& <-+## <-+ ( ' - *+ (# 7$+&/% % -/$#$ "$>& + "+ &+"+ '$% +# -1$#$%

7+*$% 7+";&$"% % &$7 # 97%'/+'%, " >&, 7+/' ## *%'

b$ P, ;/ , 9a -0 09 10,:

• D+ (- %: S%& # <-+ 6-+'%& *$ + * ( ' +' -/$#$ * "%& -& %# 7 &% 9'+ ># +', ($ /%# , ($

• D+ %7!'%: S%& # <-+ ( ' - -/$#$ "$>& + '+<-$+'+ +# +7(#+% *+ 7! 7 &% = % +# (%=% +

"-+'(% *+# /$' *%', +&+' #7+&/+ +# %7!'% 96- $#, + "%(+/ , ($ /%# 0 7+/' ## *%' .

c$ P, 01 ; ;+09a -0 - ; a ,:

• D+ /$'% /$'%: S%& <-+## <-+ %#% (-+*+& +6+"/- ' -& %#% *$ ( '% (%' + , $+&*% &+"+ '$% #

+1/' ""$>& 7 &- # *+ # $& +' $* ( ' '++7(# '# (%' -& &-+ % " '/-" %, - " ' "/+'8 /$" ('$&"$

(% ++& #7 ")& " ' *%', / # "%7% # + "%(+/ "%7 & *+ " .• D+ '+(+/$"$>&: C%''+ (%&*+ <-+## <-+, (% +=+&*% #7 ")& " ' *%' <-+ #+ (+'7$/+ "%&/+&+

" &/$* * *+ " '/-" % *$ (%&$!#+ *+&/'% *+# '7 , # %(+' "$>& *+ " ' , *$ ( '%, *+ " ' *+ # $

*+# " '/-" % *+!+ %(+' ' + +& 6%'7 7 &- # /' ) *+ $ /+7 / #+ "%7% +# *+ "+''% % 96- $# “M

9+ "%(+/ *+ '+(+/$"$>& /$(% “I/ " ” % ( # &" 9'$6#+ “ $&" + /+'” .• S+7$ -/%7;/$" : S%& <-+## +& <-+ # %(+' "$>& *+ " ' *$ ( '%, *+ " ' *+ # $& = " ' *+

+ +6+"/ +& 6%'7 7+";&$" , "%''+ (%&*$+&*% " * ""$%& 7$+&/% *+# /$' *%' %!'+ # "%#

*$ ( '%, / # +# " % *+ # ($ /%# /$(% $ /+7 B'%K&$& 9C%#/ 22, 77, B'%K&$& 3 77, +/". .• A-/%7;/$" : S%& <-+## <-+, 7 &/+&$+&*% ('+ $%& * # "%# *+# *$ ( ' *%' ('%*-"+& -& -"+

/ #+ "%7% # ($ /%# 0 7+/' ## *%' = #% 6- $#+ -/%7;/$"% . G+&+' #7+&/+ + /+ /$(% *+ '7

*+ /$'% <-+ (+'7$/+ # - - '$% +#+ $' +# 7%*% *+ %(+' "$>& +&/'+ *% %("$%&+ : +7$ -/%7;/$"% = -/%

-$ P, 1a , 9a -0 ca >a: S+ -!"# $6$" & +&:• D+ &" ' : A'7 ('$7$/$ <-+ +' & " ' * (%' # !%" *+ 6-+ %, /' " * 7+*$ &/+ %#(+ *+

"/- #$* * %#% /$+&+& $&/+') "%7% ($+ *+ "%#+""$>&, & "- &*% +& "$+'/% #- '+ *+# 7-&*

"%7+& *% (%(-# '$ ' + +# - % *+ ')(#$" *+ + / '7 "'+;&*% + $&"#- % "#-!+ + (+"$ #+

R+ (%&*+& + / -!*$ $ $>& +# 7% <-+/+, +# /' !-"% = # "#; $" ($ /%# *+ *-+#%.• D+ '+/'%" ' : S%& <-+## <-+ + " ' & (%' # '+";7 ' -!$" * +& # ( '/+ 7+*$ /' +' *+#

'+ (%&*+& # /%/ #$* * *+ # '7 *+ 7%*+'&% *$ + %.

0$ P, 01 + , -0 ca=< : L <-+ - + + -!*$ $*+& +&:• D+ " >& *+ ;&$7 #$ : C '+"+ *+ + /'$ *% = +& # "/- #$* * + -/$#$ &$" 7+&/+ +& # + "%(+

+# *$ ( '% *+ ('%=+"/$#+ 7 #/$(#+ 9(+'*$ %&+ .• D+ " >& *+ ;&$7 ' = * % + /'$ * : E& + /+ " % +# $&/+'$%' *+# " >& *+# '7 9;&$7 ('+



( '/$"-# ' +& ! %''+#$+ +, *+ 6%'7 +#$"%$* #, ## 7 *% “+ /'$ *%” = <-+ #+ -7$&$ /' #% ('%

+1(-# *% -& 7% $7$+&/% '%/ "$%& # %!'+ - ('%($% + + <-+ #+ !'$&* + / !$#$* * *$'+""$%& #

7$ 7%.

4. EL CARTUCHO: CONCEPTO % CLASIFICACION:

E# "%&"+(/% 7; - / *% ( ' * ' -& $*+ " ! # *+ -& " '/-" % *+ '7 *+ 6-+ % + +# <-+ #% *+6$&+ "%7% “L -

"%7(-+ / (%' # $& , +# ('%=+"/$#, # " ' *+ ('%=+""$>& % ! #8 /$" 9(># %' = +# 6-#7$& &/+”. L% " '/-"

'7 *+ 6-+ % + "# $6$" & + & +# $ -$+&/+ "'$/+'$%:

a. P, 1a ca + -a- -0 ,?0c+ 10; /0 , +a :

2 D+ ('%=+"/$# &$"%: C * " '/-" % (% ++ -& %#% ('%=+"/$# = '+ (%&*+ #% " '/-" % -/$#$ *% (%' #

'7 *$ (%&$!#+ +& +# 7+'" *%.

D+ ('%=+"/$#+ 7 #/$(#+ : E /% " '/-" % (% ++& +& - $&/+'$%' -& " &/$* * '$ !#+ *+ ('%=+"/$#+ , +

+ 6)'$" , ## 7 *% -# '7+&/+ “(+'*$ %&+ ” % “(% / ”, # <-+ (-+*+& +' 6 !'$" * +& #+ "$>& *+ (#%7

(#; /$"%. S%& +&+' #7+&/+ *$ ( ' *% (%' '7 *+ ;&$7 #$ 9+ "%(+/ , -&<-+ / 7!$)& +1$ /+& " '/-"

%/' '7 , "%&%"$)&*% + + /% #/$7% "%& +# &%7!'+ +&)'$"% *+ “" '/-" % *+ -(+' $ +&"$ ”, = <-+ +" *+ &$7 #+ 7+&%'+ , ( '/$"-# '7+&/+ (+<-+ + .

b. P, 01 + , -0 ,?0c+ 1: S+ '+6$+'+ #% " '/-" % *+ ('%=+"/$# &$"% = + -!*$ $*+& +&:

2 D+ ('%=+"/$# *+ &-*%: E# ('%=+"/$# + /; "%& /$/-$*% (%' -& ($+ *+ #+ "$>& *+ (#%7%, &/$7%&$%

# -& %(%'/-&$* *+ (-+*+ ('+ +&/ ' -& ! % +#+"/'%#8/$"% *+ "%!'+. P% ++ # " ' "/+'8 /$" *+ ('+ +&

7-+ " *$ (-+ / +& -& #8&+ #'+*+*%' *+# "-+'(% "$#8&*'$"% *+# ('%=+"/$#, +& # <-+ + (#$" -& #

+ (+"$ #, ' >& (%' # "- # + # "%&%"+ "%7% “"$&/-' *+ +& ' +”.

D+ ('%=+"/$# +&" 7$ *%: E /+ ('%=+"/$# (% ++ -& & "#+% *+ #+ "$>& *+ (#%7% '+"-!$+'/% (%' -& (#

# />& 9 #+ "$>& *+ "%!'+ = $&" , # <-+ #+ -7$&$ /' 7 =%' *-'+ = (%' #% / &/% -& 7 =%' (%*+' (+'6%' &D+ ('%=+"/$# +7$0+&" 7$ *% % (-&/ !# &* : A# $ - # <-+ +# &/+'$%' + /+ ('%=+"/$# "%& / *+ -& &

(#%7% '+"-!$+'/% ( '"$ #7+&/+ "%& -& 6-&* % “" 7$ ” *+ # />&, # <-+ +& + /+ " % *+ # *+ "

"%''+ (%&*$+&/+ # % $ % “(-&/ ” *+# ('%=+"/$# <-+ # +' *+ 7 /+'$ # 7; !# &*%, + *+6%'7 # $7( "/

+1( &*$)&*% +, "%& #% <-+ -7+&/ - *$;7+/'%, *%(/ &*% "%&/%'&% $''+ -# '+ , /%*% #% "- #, -&$

'%/ "$%& # *+ <-+ + / ('% $ /% +# ('%=+"/$#, -7$&$ /' *% (%' +# + /'$ *% *+# " >&, ('%*-"+ #+

"%& $*+' "$>& = #/% (%*+' *+ %#/+%, (%' #% <-+ + # '+"%7$+&* ( ' - % +& # (';"/$" *+ # " 7 =%

c. P, 1a , 9a -0 1a ,@ a: S+ -!*$ $*+& +&:

2 D+ % $ - * : S%& ('%=+"/$#+ *+ (-&/ -* , '+"%7+&* *% (%' # C%& +&"$>& *+ G$&+!' ( '

-+'' "%& +&"$%& #+ . P% ++& #/% (%*+' *+ (+&+/' "$>& = +&+' #7+&/+ %& *+# /$(% “+&" 7$ *

(+'6%' ' = /' + ' #% /+ $*% !# &*% 7 &/+&$+&*% +&+' 8 '+7 &+&/+ <-+ + ($+'*+ "%& +# ('%=+"/$#

!# &"%. R+ (%&*+& #% *+&%7$& *% “('%=+"/$#+ (+'6%' &/+ ”.9F- $#+ “M +'”, FAL, M 2 , +/". .

D+ % $ '+*%&*+ * % +7$0+ 6)'$" : C%7% - &%7!'+ #% $&*$" +# +1/'+7% *$ / # *+ + /% ('%=+"/$#+

'+*%&*+ * % +7$0+ 6)'$" ' >& (%' # "- # # -(+'6$"$+ *+ "%&/ "/% +&/'+ +# ('%=+"/$# = +# !# &"% # 7%

+ 7 =%' <-+ +& +# " % &/+'$%' = (%' +&*+, 7; ';($* 7+&/+ + +6+"/ # /' & 6+'+&"$ *+ +&+' 8 +&/'+ 7

+ <-+ ('% %" -& 7 =%' +6+"/% *+ %" $*'%*$&;7$"% -7+&/ &*% +# (%*+' *+ %#/+%. 9P$ /%# 2

'+ ># +'+ . @, . 4 7 &-7, .5505 , +/". .D+ % $ /'%&"%">&$" % “(-&/ (# & ”: E& + /% ('%=+"/$#+ # % $ ('%($ 7+&/+ *$" &% +1$ /+ =

-& 6%'7 /% *+ "%&% /'-&" *%, ('+ +&/ &*% - (-&/ -& (# &% (+'(+&*$"-# ' - + + *+ $7+/'8 "%&

$&"'+7+&/ ' #% +6+"/% *+ "'$(/% +& +# (-&/% &/+'$%'. E /+ /$(% *+ % $ +&+' #7+&/+ + "%7!$& "%

“ +7$0+&" 7$ *%” % “(-&/ !# &* ”, #% ';&*% + $&"'+7+&/ ' & 7; - (%*+' *+ %#/+% = # ' +* * *+

('% %" . 9R+ ># +'+ @ E (+"$ #, . 4 7 &-7, 5505 = .55 7 &-7. .

5 D+ % $ (+'6%' * % “P-&/ H-+" ”: E& + /% " % #% ('%=+"/$#+ ('+ +&/ & -& (+'6%' "$>& +& +# "+

'+ (%&*+ # -!/$(% *+ “O $ '+*%&*+ * ”, "%7!$&;&*% + +&+' #7+&/+ "%& ('%=+"/$#+ *+# /$(% “ +

“P-&/ !# &* ”. E /% ('%=+"/$#+ , "%&%"$*% -# '7+&/+ "%& +# &%7!'+ *+ “B # D-70D-7”, (% ++& #

+1( &*$' + # +&/' ' +& "%&/ "/% "%& +# !# &"%, (%' #% <-+ / 7!$)& + #% "%&%"+ "%& +# &%7!'+ *+ “7$+&*% #% *+ 7 =%' (%*+' *+ %#/+% *+ /%*% #% *+ "'$(/% . S+ - +&+' #7+&/+ +& '+ ># +'+ . @ E

5505 = .55 7 &-7, "%7% 8 / 7!$)& +& '$6#+ = " ' !$& *+ " 7 =%' *+# /$(% 0 , 0 , +/"., -&<-+



6 !'$" +& " #$!'+ . .

-. P, 1a /b cac < -01 /19 a +0 0 1a a a: S+ *$ $*+& - + +&:

2 C '/-" % *+ 6-+ % "+&/' #: S%& #% <-+ (% ++& - 6-#7$& &/+ $&"#-$*% +& -& (+<-+ ";( -# -!$" *%

*+# "-#%/+ *+ # $& , "%7-&$";&*% + "%& - $&/+'$%' /' ) *+ %'$6$"$% 9 +&+' #7+&/+ *% ## 7 *

*+ #% "- #+ +1$ /+ -& '+ #/% *+# 6%&*% *+ # $& <-+ '+"$!+ +# &%7!'+ *+ “=-&<-+”. E /+ /$(%

6-#7$& &/+ + +# -/$#$ *% +& # ' & 7 =%'8 *+ #% " '/-" % , "%&%"$)&*% + %= +& *8 "%7%

" '/-" % *+ /%*% /$(% *+ '7 (+'/+&+"$+&/+ # " #$!'+ . .

D+ 6-+ % &-# ': S%& #% <-+ (% ++& - 6-#7$& &/+ *$ (-+ /% +& 6%'7 *+ &$##% $ -$+&*% # (+'$6

*+ # $& . E /+ /$(% *+ " '/-" % + +# -/$#$ *% (%' /%* # '7 "%''+ (%&*$+&/+ # " #$!'+ . .

D+ + ($ % $ /+7 “L+6 -" +-1”: S+ 7+&"$%& +& # "/- #$* * %#% /8/-#% $#- /' /$ % = <-+ "%''+

7%*+#% *+ " '/-" % "%& 6-#7$& &/+ $&"%'(%' *%. E& +##% +# 6-#7$& &/+ + "%#%" +& -& (+<-+ % "$

$& +'/ *% +& +# +"/%' $&6+'$%' *+# # /+' # *+ # $& , #- ' *%&*+ %#(+ *% *$'+"/ 7+&/+ (%' +# 7

<-+ + /+ 7%*+#% *+ '7 " '+"+ *+ - *+ (+'"- $>&. E& &-+ /'% ( 8 + /+ /$(% *+ '7 + -/$#$ > /

$ #% ( *%.

5. ESTUDIO DEL ARMA DE FUEGO:

S$ !$+& %& 7 #/$(#+ #% '+<-+'$7$+&/% <-+ (-+*+& ")' +#+ # P+'$/% +& 7 /+'$ *+ '7 *+ 6-+ %, "%7%

*+/+'7$& "$>& *+ # 7 '" , 7%*+#%, %'$ +& = )(%" % % *+ 6 !'$" "$>&, (%*+7% + -' ' <-+ # '+ (+"/%, # '

(-&/% *+ (+'$"$ %7+/$*% *$"/ 7+&, + #$7$/ & #% $ -$+&/+ :

a. D0+0 9 ac < -01 0;+a-, -0 c, ;0 ac < ? a + +/- a a 01 - ; a ,:

C%& + /+ $&/+''% &/+ +# M $ /' *% /$+&*+ *+/+'7$& ' $ +# '7 $& %#-"' * +& -& " - + *+ 6-&"$%& 7$+

('%*-"$' *$ ( '% , + *+"$' ( ' (+'"-/$' +# " '/-" % ('% %" &*% - *+/%& "$>& = +1(-# ' *+"- * 7+&/+ +# ('%=+"/$#.

P ' +##% +# +1(+'/% *+!+ +& ('$7+' #- ' ('%"+*+' +6+"/- ' -& (%'7+&%'$ *% + /-*$% *+# '7 %7+/$* &;#$ $ ,

%(%'/-&$* *+ &+"+ '$% '+"-''$' - *+ ($+"+ ( ' (%*+' + / !#+"+' +# ' *% *+ *+ /+ % *+/+'$%'% *+ #% 7+" &

'7 . Luego de este estudio preliminar se procede a operar el arma efectuando percusiones primero en vacío

y luego cargada con cartuchos adecuados (de su mismo calibre), disparos estos que se efectúan sobre un

dispositivo especial conocido como “Banco de Obtenci n de !royectiles", el que permite recuperar los

proyectiles disparados para verificar sobre ellos las condiciones particulares del disparo, verificaci n que

tambi#n se reali$a sobre las vainas servidas, mediante observaci n de estos elementos con medios pticos de

aumentos adecuados y convenientemente iluminados%

b. D0+0 9 ac < -01 > a-, -0 c01,; -a- -01 a 9a:

E# ('%"+ % *+ 6 !'$" "$>& *+ -& '7 *+ 6-+ % + +6+"/ +& + /'$"/% - /+ # &%'7 = + (+"$6$" "$%&+ 6$

<-+ * '; "%7% '+ -#/ *% +# #% '% *+ -& ('%*-"/% *+ >(/$7 " #$* * "%&6%'7+ *$" + (+"$6$" "$%&+ . P ' +##

" #"-# *% = ('%! *% +& #% ('%/%/$(% # 6%'7 , "%& /$/-"$>&, *$7+& $%&+ = '+ $ /+&"$ *+ /%*% = " * -&% *

*$ /$&/% 7+" &$ 7% <-+ "%& /$/-=+& +# '7 .

U&% *+ + % 7+" &$ 7% +& ( '/$"-# ' + +# “M+" &$ 7% *+ D$ ( '%”, "%& /$/-$*% ('$&"$( #7+&/+ (%' # "%#

## 7 * “ /$##%” , +# 6$ *%', +# 7-+##+ *+# 6$ *%', +# 7 '/$##% = # - *+ (+'"- $>&.P ' <-+ +# *$ ( '% + ('%*- " + &+"+ '$% <-+, ('+ $%& &*% %!'+ # "%# *+# *$ ( ' *%', + (%& +& 6-&

"%& -&/% *+ ($+ / #% ' ' <-+ # - %#(++ %!'+ +# 6-#7$& &/+ *+# " '/-" %, ('%*-"$+&*% - + / ##$*%.

#% ' ' + /+ +6+"/% $*% *+/+'7$& * (%' +# *$ + *%' = '+ (+/ * (%' +# 6 !'$" &/+, '+ (%&*$+&*% -& *+ #

6-+' & 6$ * (%' <-+#.

E# *+ /+ *+# '7 7%/$ *% (%' - $&/+& % - %, # 6 #/ *+ -& 7 &/+&$7$+&/% *+"- *% % # 7%*$6$" "$>&

# -& *+ # ($+ *+# 7+" &$ 7% *+ *$ ( '%, ( '/$"-# '7+&/+ *+# 6$ *%', # <-+ (-+*+& *+!+' + *+/+'$%'%

7 &$%!' '+ #$ * %!'+ + / ($+ "%& # 6$& #$* * *+ #% ' ' *$" 7%*$6$" "$>&, "+ <-+ '8+& # '+#

($+ = (%' #% / &/% *$ 7$&-= # 6-+' (#$" ' %!'+ # "%# *+# *$ ( ' *%' ( ' #% ' ' +# ""$%& 7$+&/% *+#

'7 *+&%7$& * "%7 &7+&/+ "%7% “"+#% ”, /)'7$&% <-+ +& B #8 /$" F%'+& + $&*$" -& *$ 7$&-"$>& *+ # ('% %" ' +# *$ ( '% "%& '+# "$>& # #%' + / !#+"$*% (%' +# 6 !'$" &/+.

P ' ''$! ' "%&"#- $%&+ " /+ >'$" , +# +1(+'/% *+!+ +'$6$" ' #% #%'+ +6+"/- &*% -& +'$+ *+ 7+*$"$%&



( ' /% / #+ "%7% +# “T+& $>7+/'% *+ "%# *+ *$ ( ' *%'”, -& *$& 7>7+/'% %'$ %&/ # ('% $ /% *+ #% ""+ %'

+# '7 = +6+"/- ' #% +& =% *+ *$ ( '% 7$+&/' + 7$*+ # 6-+' (#$" * +& # "%# *+# *$ ( ' *%' ( ' #% '

'+"-''$+&*% 7)/%*% #/+'& /$ % #% -6$"$+&/+7+&/+ "%&6$ !#+ "%7% ( ' +#$7$& ' +''%'+ $& /'-7+&/ #+

7+/%*%#% 8 <-+ 7%*$6$<-+ +# #%' *+# '+ -#/ *% 6$& #.

O!/+&$*% 8 +# #%' *+ 6-+' *+ *$ ( '% ( ' -& '7 *+/+'7$& * , + "%7( ' ) /+ "%& #% + (+"$6$" *% (%' +# 6 !

+1('+ &*% # *$6+'+&"$ +& (%'"+&/ + #% <-+ +& *+6$&$/$ $&*$" +# “G' *% *+ "+#% $* * *+# '7 ”.

c. &eterminaci n del reciente uso del arma'

l uso reciente de un arma va a ser manifestado por la presencia en su interior de restos de p lvora semi combustionada o de sus

detritus (productos de la deflagraci n), para cuya comprobaci n se requiere, en primer t#rmino proceder a reali$ar una

observaci n cuidadosa del arma, en especial del ca* n, rec+mara y alv#olos (en el caso de los rev lveres), lo que se efectúa

iluminando adecuadamente los lugares a inspeccionar% L-+ % + ('%"+*+ +6+"/- ' -& $ %( *% *+ # ($+ = 7+&"$

-/$#$ &*% ( ' +##% # %*>& ('+ $ 7+&/+ "%&/'%# *% ( ' + $/ ' +&7 " ' 7$+&/% *+ '+ -#/ *% (%' "%&/ 7$&

+ % $ %(% *+ # %*>& # '+ ""$%&+ <-87$" + (+"86$" *+ '+"%&%"$7$+&/% *+ '+ /% *+ *+6# ' "$>& *

+7(#+% *+# R+ "/$ % *+ G'$+ 9A#6 0& 6/$# 7$& = ;"$*% -#6 &8#$"% +& 7+*$% ")/$"% , +& ' >& *+ -

+& $!$#$* *, = <-+ 7 &$6$+ / # ('+ +&"$ *+ #% '+ /% *+ (># %' 7+*$ &/+ # 6%'7 "$>& *+ -& "%#%' "$>& '%

&$/'$/% .C !+ *+ / " ' <-+ # "%7('%! "$>& *+ # ('+ +&"$ *+ '+ /% *+ (># %' &% -/%'$ # +1(+'/% + -' '

*$ ( '%, +# <-+ !$+& (-*% +' &/+'$%' # *+# +" % 7%/$ % *+ $& + /$ "$>&, "%7% 8 / 7(%"% # - +&"$ *+

$7(#$" & <-+ +# '7 &% = $*% -/$#$ * '+"$+&/+7+&/+, = <-+ -& #$7($+ *+"- * *+ # 7$ 7 +#$7$&

'+"$+&/+ - %.

6. BALISTICA INTERIOR:

a. PERSONALIDAD DEL ARMA DE FUEGO:

S+ *+&%7$& “P+' %& #$* * *+# '7 *+ 6-+ %” # "%& -&/% *+ 7 '" " ' "/+'8 /$" <-+ #% *$ /$&/% "%7" ( "+ *+ /' & 7$/$' #% ('%=+"/$#+ *$ ( ' *% = # $& (%' +## +' $* , <-+ # "+& &$" , $&*$ $

*+7; , & # *+ - 7$ 7 7 '" , 7%*+#% = " #$!'+, $&"#- % "- &*% + & *+ & 7+'% *+ +'$+ "%& +"-/$ % .

1) P '/+ *+# '7 <-+ *+ & $7('+ " ' "/+'8 /$" $*+&/$6$" /%'$ +& # $& = ('%=+"/$#+ (%' +## -/$#$

C%7% + +1('+ ' +& +# (;'' 6% &/+'$%', /%* <-+## ($+ *+# '7 *+ 6-+ % <-+ *+ -& - %/' 7 &+' +&/' &

" '/-" % &/+ , *-' &/+ % #-+ % *+ # *+/%& "$>& *+# 7$ 7%, /' & 7$/$';& # $& = ('%=+"/$#+ -/$#$ *% "

<-+ (+'7$/$';& - $*+&/$6$" "$>& = <-+, +& - "%& -&/%, + &-"#) & ! % +# /)'7$&% *+ “P+' %& #$* * *+# '7 *+ 6-

-& 7+ %' "%7('+ $>& # "# $6$" '+7% +&:

E& +# ('%=+"/$#:

• E# " >&: P'%*-"$* # *+6# ' "$>& *+ # " ' *+ (># %' = # "%& +"-+&/+ +&+' "$>& *+ # $7(%'/ &/+ 7

"%& +"-+&"$ *+ # 7$ 7 , + $&"'+7+&/ # ('+ $>& *+&/'% *+ # '+";7 ' *+# '7 # <-+ "-#7$& *+ ('+&*$+&*%

+ +&"-+&/' / + + 7%7+&/% +& ' *% +& # $& , $7(-# ;&*%#% #% # ' % *+# " >&.E# ('%=+"/$# (%

*$;7+/'% #$ +' 7+&/+ 7 =%' <-+ +# ;&$7 *+# " >&, #% <-+ "+ <-+ $& '+ + ) / +& 6%'7 6%' * , *%(/ &

;&$7 , # <-+ $7('$7+ # ('%=+"/$# - ('%($ " ' "/+'8 /$" , '+('%*-"$)&*% + +& ! %''+#$+ + # + /'8 %

#/%''+#$+ + #% + ( "$% $&/+'0+ /'$ #+ % “" 7(% ”. S$ /+&+7% +& "-+&/ <-+ +# “' = *%” % “+ /'$ *%” *+#

6-+ % + +6+"/ +&+' #7+&/+ ( '/$' *+ -& /-!% *+ "+'%, *+ ! / &*% % “' = &*%” - $&/+'$%' "%& -& 7 <-$&+'' 7$+&/ + (+"$ # *+&%7$& * “+ " '$ *%'”, 9 # % +# " %, +& &-+ /'% ( 8 , *+ #% " %&+ *+ ($ /%#

(%' F !'$" "$%&+ M$#$/ '+ ! % #$"+&"$ *+ # 6$'7 !+# B'%K&$& , #% <-+ + ('%*-"+& (%' +# 7)/%*% *+ 7

$&/'%*-"$' *+ *+ +# 7%7+&/% 7$ 7% *+ # 6 !'$" "$>&, -& 7$"'%0' = *% ('%*-"/% *+ # #/+' "$%&+ 7$"'% ">($

( '/+ *+ ! / &/+ . E / " ' "/+'8 /$" + ('%*-"+& +& +# 7%7+&/% 7$ 7% *+ # 6 !'$" "$>& *+# " >&,

(%*+7% *+&%7$& '# “"%& )&$/ ” = <-+ “& "+&” "%& +# 7$ 7%, $)&*% + +&'$<-+"$* "%& +# /' & "-' %

"- # "%7% "%& +"-+&"$ *+# - %, "%& +' "$>&, *+6+"/% *+ #$7($+ = 7-" %/' " - 7; , + & ('%*

"%7% (+<-+ % & "#+% % (-&/% *+ %1$* "$>&, *+&%7$& *% “($" *-' ”, #% <-+ & /' & 7$/$

( '/$"-# '$* *+ $*+&/$6$" /%'$ , # <-+ *+&%7$& '+7% “ *<-$'$* ” = <-+, +& *+6$&$/$ #+ -7$&$ /' ';&

';& &$"% = /%/ #7+&/+ *$6+'+&/+ #% *+7; , & #% $&7+*$ / 7+&/+ &/+'$%'+ = (% /+'$%'+ +& - %'*+ (+'7$/$'; $*+&/$6$" ' +& 6%'7 " /+ >'$" + $&*-!$/ !#+ /%*% = " * -&% *+ #% ('%=+"/$#+ *$ ( ' *% /

*+/+'7$& *%



• L +7!%" *-' *+# " >&: E& +# " % ( '/$"-# ' *+ #% '+ ># +'+ , +# / 7!%' + "%7(%'/ $7-#/;&+ 7+&/+ "%

" ' *%', 7$+&/' <-+ " * -&% *+ #% # )%#% *+# 7$ 7% "-7(#+ # 6-&"$%&+ *+ # '+";7 ' +& +# 7%7+&/

*$ ( '%. S$ +# + + *+ $7+/'8 *+ " * -&% *+ #% # )%#% &% "%$&"$*+ +1 "/ 7+&/+ "%& +# + + *+ $7+/'8

-& (+<-+ % “*+ 6 +” +&/'+ 7! ($+ , #% <-+ $7(#$" '; <-+ +# ('%=+"/$# “'%"+” "%& -& ( '/+ *+/+'7$& *

- "-+'(% "$#8&*'$"% % “"$&/-' *+ 6%' 7$+&/%” "%& -&% *+ #% !%'*+ (% /+'$%'+ *+# " >&, ('%*-"$)&*% + #

+# &%7!'+ *+ “7 '" *+ !%" 7$+&/%”, # <-+ (-+*+& ##+ ' -7$&$ /' ' $7(%'/ &/+ $&*$"$% *+ #/% #%'

! . E& # $& :

A# $ - # <-+ +& +# ('%=+"/$#, +& # $& / 7!$)& ( '+"+& 7 '" $7('+ (%' *$ /$&/ ($+ *+# '7 <-+ (+'

- $*+&/$6$" "$>& = <-+ "%''+ (%&*+& ('$&"$( #7+&/+ # $ -$+&/+ ( '/+ :

• L - *+ (+'"- $>&: E / ($+ (-+*+ +&"%&/' ' + -&$* # 7 '/$##% 7+*$ &/+ -& (+'&% 9" % "#; $"% *+

!$+& -!$" ' + *+ 7 &+' / # <-+ '+"$! +# %#(+ *+# 7 '/$##%, +# <-+ #+ -7$&$ /' +&+' 8 -6$"$+&/+ "%7

'+ $ /+&"$ *+# '+ %'/+ <-+ # 7 &/$+&+ +& - (% $"$>&, #+ * *+# 6-#7$& &/+ *+# " '/-" % -!$" *% +& #

/' & 7$/$' # ";( -# 6-#7$& &/+ +&+' 8 *+ $7( "/% -6$"$+&/+ "%7% ( ' "+' *+/%& ' +# #/% +1(#% $

#% *% +& +## , ('%*-"$)&*% + 8 +# 6-+ % <-+ + /' & 7$/$*% # (># %' /' ) *+ (+<-+ % %'$6$"$%#% 7$+&/% *+# 6-#7$& &/+ "%& +# *+ # (># %' = <-+ '+"$!+& +# &%7!'+ *+ “$%*% ”.

C%7% 6+&>7+&% +"-&* '$% # *+# *$ ( '% (+'% *+ $7(%'/ &/8 $7% #%' 6%'+& +, ( '+"+& "%7% "%& +"-+

*+ "'$(/% +& +# (;'' 6% &/+'$%', # -+## % 7 '" " ' "/+'8 /$" <-+ +# +1/'+7% % (-&/ *+ # - *+ (+'

' ! * +& +# #- ' *+ $7( "/%.L - *+ (+'"- $>&, + & + / %#$* '$ % &% # '+ (+"/$ % 7 '/$##%,

7+*$ &/+ 7+" &$ *% 9/%'&+ *% , 7-" +"+ /+'7$& * 7 &% (%' '+/%<-+ "%& #$7 , (%' #% <-+ # "

+1/'+7% % (-&/ & +' &$" = *$6+'+&/+ # *+7; , ('%($+* * 6-&* 7+&/ # ( ' - $*+&/$6$" "$>&.

• E# + ( #*>&, +# +1/' "/%' = +# !%/ *%': E / /'+ ($+ -+#+& *+ ' 7 '" " ' "/+'8 /$" +& # $& #" % (+'7$/+& $*+&/$6$" ' " /+ >'$" 7+&/+ +# '7 <-+ & +' $*% -& $& *+/+'7$& * , ( '/$"-# '7+&/+

($+ 7+&"$%& * .

E# E ( #*>& + /; "%& /$/-$*% (%' # " ' % “6 ” *+# “!#%" *+ "$+''+” % "%''+*+' <-+ 7 &/$+&+ + -' *% +# "

# '+";7 ' , "+'' &*% # 7$ 7 +'7)/$" 7+&/+, (%=;&*% + +& # ( '/+ (% /+'$%' % “"-#%/+” *+ # $& ,

' ! * # " ' "/+'8 /$" <-+ +# '7 #+ /' & 7$/+. E& #% '+ ># +'+ + / 6-&"$>& + "-7(#$* (%' # ( '/+ *

"$+'' (%' *+/'; +# # )%#% "%#%" *% +& (% $"$>& *+ *$ ( '%, # <-+ (% ++ -& %'$6$"$% (%' *%&*+ (+&+/'

( ' (%*+' %#(+ ' # 6-#7$& &/+ = *+ + / 7 &+' ('%*-"$' +# *$ ( '%.

• E# E1/' "/%' % “U +1/' "/%' ”: + # ($+ <-+ +& '7 *+ '+(+/$"$>&, +7$ -/%7;/$" = -/%7;/$" , + +&" '

$& +' $* *+ # '+";7 ' = '+7% +'# *+ + + #- ' ( ' * ' " !$* -& &-+ % " '/-" %. L - /%7 #

' &/ ( ' (%*+' +1/' +'# *+ &*% 7 '" " ' "/+'8 /$" +& #% (-&/% *+ "%&/ "/%.

• E# B%/ *%': + -& ($+ %#$* '$ # '7 *-' *+# '7 *+ 6-+ % *%&*+ # $& +' $* , +& - '' /'+

""$%& ' *+ # - +1/' "/%' , %#(+ ' 7%*$6$" &*% - $/$&+' '$%, $+&*% # & * # +1/+'$%' *+# '7

*+ +1(-# $>&. C- &*% +# # /+' # *+# "-#%/+ *+ # $& %#(+ "%&/' +# !%/ *%', ) /+ #+ $7('$7+ +& +# #-" ' "/+'8 /$" *+ #/% #%' $*+&/$6$" /%'$%.

• L '+";7 ' , #% # !$% *+# " ' *%', +/".: L ($+ 7+&"$%& * = /%* %/' <-+ /%7+ "%&/ "/% "%& +#

('%"+ % *+ " ' , *$ ( '% = *+ " ' *+# '7 , (-+*+ *+ ' + / 7( * +& $& = ('%=+"/$#+ 7 '" , -+##

(+'7$/ & - $*+&/$6$" "$>&, '+# "$%&;&*%# "%& +# '7 -/$#$ * .

b. EL EQUIPAMIENTO TECNICO UTILIZADO EN LOS ESTUDIOS PERICIALES:

L% + /-*$% (+'$"$ #+ /+&*$+&/+ *+/+'7$& ' $*+&/$* * $& 0 $& , $& 0 '7 , ('%=+"/$#0('%=+"/$# = (

( '/$"-# '7+&/+ +& # "%7( ' "$>& % “"%/+ %” *+ # " ' "/+'8 /$" *+ #%' $*+&/$6$" /%'$% "%7('%! &*% #

<-+ ('+ +&/ # $& % ('%=+"/$# “DUBITADO” % “INCRIMINADO” "%& #% %!/+&$*% (%' +# +1(+'/% -/$#



% (+" % , #% <-+ '+"$!+& +# &%7!'+ *+ $& = ('%=+"/$#+ “INDUBITADOS” % “TESTIGOS”.P ' ##+ ' "

(+'/$&+&/+ + "+ &+"+ '$% "%&/ ' "%& +<-$( 7$+&/% /)"&$"% + (+"86$"%, +# <-+ '$ '; "%&6%'7+ +# 7)/%

$ , (+'% <-+ +& # "/- #$* * '+<-$+'+ *+ 7 &+' $&*$ (+& !#+ *+ #% $ -$+&/+ +6+"/% :

Ba c, -0 ,b+0 c < -0 ,?0c+ 10;: E /; "%& /$/-$*% !; $" 7+&/+ (%' -& "$#$&*'% *+ " ( + / 7( * , *$

%'$ %&/ #7+&/+ %!'+ -& ! + +& # <-+ (-+*+ *+ (# ' + "$ /'; = "$ *+# &/+ (%' 7+*$% *+ *

(+<-+ '-+* <-+ *+ #$ & %!'+ <-+##% . E# "$#$&*'% (% ++ +& - ( '/+ -(+'$%' -& / ( "%''+*$ # $&/+'$%' +& +# <-+ + +&"-+&/' & *$ (-+ / -& +'$+ *+ "+#* / 7!$)& "$#8&*'$" 9 +&+' #7+&/+ $+/+

<-+ - & *+ / ( &/+'$%'+ = (% /+'$%'+ +&* #;7$& *+ " '/-#$& . E# 6'+&/+ *+# "$#$&*'%, (%' *

('%=+"/$#+ , %#% + /; ('%/+ $*% (%' -& 6$& % *+ " '/-#$& , 7$+&/' <-+ +# 6%&*% #% "%& /$/-=+ %

% !$+& -& *+ 7 *+' #%7+' * .

C- &*% $& '+ & #% ('%=+"/$#+ <-+ %& *$ ( ' *% "%'/ *$ / &"$ *+# "$#$&*'%, &% 7; *+ -& 7+/'%, #% 7$

-& 7% $7$+&/% *+ /' # "$>& = %/'% *+ '%/ "$>&, $+&*% + /+ #/$7% +# <-+ "+ <-+ #% ('%=+"/$#+ + * $+' &

-7+&/ &*% - -(+'6$"$+ *+ "%&/ "/%, (%' #% <-+ + ';($* 7+&/+ 6'+& *%, /' & 7$/$+&*% /%* - +&+' 8 "$&)/$"

+# <-+ # /' & 6%'7 +& +&+' 8 *+ 7% $7$+&/%, *+ (# ;&*% + "$ /'; (%' #% '+ (+"/$ % '$+#+ .A"/- #7+&/+- % *+ -& “! &"% $*';-#$"%”, "%7(-+ /% (%' -& '+"$($+&/+ '+"/ & -# ' *+ / 7 % *+"- *%, +# <-+ + +&"-+&/' ##+&%

+# <-+ + +6+"/ & #% *$ ( '% , 6'+&;&*% + +# ('%=+"/$# +& - &"+ (%' # ""$>& *+ # '+ $ /+&"$ *+# -

+&/ *+ +' 7+&% '+ $ % %!/+&$)&*% + +# ('%=+"/$# /+ /$ % "%& >(/$7 " #$* * ( ' "%/+ %.

E1 M c ,;c, , C,9 a a-, C 9 a1 ;+ c,: E <-+7;/$" 7+&/+ + /; "%& /$/-$*% (%' -& 92 %"-# ' = *% 9 %!

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(# /$& *%&*+ + 6$ & #% %! +/% "%7( ' '.

E# +<-$(% + +&"-+&/' "%7(#+7+&/ *% (%' -& +'$+ *+ "%7 &*% = ""+ %'$% <-+ #+ !'$&* & -& ' &

'+ #$ "$>& *+ 7 #/$(#+ / '+ *+ %! +' "$>& "%7( ' /$ , *$ (%&$+&*% $7$ 7% *+ +<-$(% 6%/% ';6$

#- '$ !#+ +& $&/+& $* * = *$'+""$>&. L% +<-$(% *+ #/$7 +&+' "$>& "-+&/ & "%& $#-7$& *%'+ *+ 6$

6%/% ' 68 $& / &/;&+ , ";7 ' *+ $*+% "%& 7%&$/%' "%#%' + $7('+ %' #; +', -7+&/% '$ !#+ , +/".

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3$ E1 0 / , -0 ,+, ,-a-, ; ;+09a *B01a/ -0 : E /+ +<-$(%, "%&%"$*% / 7!$)& "%& +# &%7!'+ *+ “F%/%"%7(

B+# -&*+” % “E<-$(% ( ' /%7 *+ 6%/% ' 68 *+ # (+'$6+'$ *+ #% ('%=+"/$#+ ”, 6-+ *$ + *% (%' +# C%

M. BELAUNDE *+ # P%#$"8 F+*+' # A' +&/$& , = *+ <-$+& +# $ /+7 /%7 - &%7!'+ = <-+ "%& $ /+ !;

*$ (% $/$ % 6%/% ';6$"% *+ 6%"% 6$ %? -& (# /$& <-+ (+'7$/ *$ (%&+' +'/$" #7+&/+ +# ('%=+"/$# = <

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-$"$% *+"- *% ( ' #%' ' # ('-+! .

c. METODOLOGIA DE LOS ESTUDIOS PERICIALES EN BALISTICA INTERIOR:

L% + /-*$% (+'$"$ #+ '+ #$ *% *+&/'% *+# ;7!$/% *+ # B #8 /$" I&/+'$%', /$+&*+& + / !#+"+' # $*+&/$

#% <-+ + #% 7$ 7%, #% ' ' - $&*$ $*- #$ "$>& + / !#+"$+&*% 6+ "$+&/+7+&/+ <-+ +## = %#% +## (-*%

('%=+"/$# % +' $' -& $& * * , #% <-+ + #% ' /' ) *+# + /-*$% "%7( ' /$ % *+ # $& = ('%=+"/$#+

DUBITADOS, "%/+ ;&*%#% "%& $& = ('%=+"/$#+ TESTIGOS % INDUBITADOS %!/+&$*% (%' +# P+'$/%, -

'7 %7+/$* + /-*$%, - /;&*% + ( ' +##% # $ -$+&/+ + <-+7 *+ /' ! %:

2 D0+0 9 ac , 0; 01 9 a 0;: A /' ) *+ + / %(+' "$%&+ + /$+&*+ +6+"/- ' -& ';($*% *+ " '/+ *+ #

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( '/$"-# '.

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*+ #/% #%' $*+&/$6$" /%'$% <-+ +# ;&$7 *+# " >& *+ ' $7('+ +& # ( '/+ "$#8&*'$" % “ %& /$#

= <-+ '+ (%&*+& (+"-#$ '$* *+ ('%($ *+# + /'$ *% *+ -& " >& +& ( '/$"-# '.L% ' * # +'$6$" "$>&

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<-+ (-+*+ +' *+!$* 7+&/+ %! +/$ $ * 7+*$ &/+ 6%/% ' 68 /%7 * /' ) *+# 7$ 7% $& /'-7+&/ #

+6+"/- *% +# "%/+ % #% <-+ (+'7$/$'; (%'/ ' # J- *%' # ($+ *+ "%& $""$>& <-+ +# 7$ 7% &+"+

*+"- * 7+&/+ # ('-+! .



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". BALISTICA DE EFECTOS:

C%7% + *+6$&$+' %(%'/-& 7+&/+, # B #8 /$" *+ E6+"/% + # ( '/+ *+ # B #8 /$" F%'+& + <-+ /$+&+ -

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+6+"/- *% +# *$ ( '%, "%&6%'7+ #% $ -$+&/+:

a. D0+0 9 ac < -0 1,; , c ,; -0 0 + a-a #OE$ ? -0 ;a1 -a #OS$-0 1,; ,?0c+ 10; -0 a 9a; -0 /0>,: Ca ac+0 ;+ ca;

- 0 0 c a10; D0+0 9 ac < -0 >/1, -0 c -0 c a:

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7$ 7 , +& ' >& *+ # +# /$"$* * *+ # 6$!' <-+ "%7(%&+& 7!% /+ $*% , + ('%*-"+ ('$7+' 7+&/+ -&

+#%& "$>& *+ #% /+ $*% , #% <-+ 6$& #7+&/+, # +' +&"$* (%' +# ('%=+"/$# # '+ $ /+&"$ <-+ + /%

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6$!' 7- "-# '+ , # %&* >&$" = # /-'!-#+&"$ <-+ $ -+& # ('%=+"/$#, # (% $"$>& = +# ;& -#% *+ $

%!'+ # ($+#, +/".

E& "%&*$"$%&+ >(/$7 , + *+"$' -& OE ('% %" *% (%' -& ('%=+"/$# <-+ $&"$*$*% (+'(+&*$"-# '7+&/+ # (#

% $ - * = %!'+ %& *+ /+ $*% !# &*%, +# OE +'; "$'"-# ', *+ *$;7+/'% 7+&%' # *+# ('%=+"/$# = + /

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/+&-;&*% + ( -# /$& 7+&/+ 7+*$* <-+ + #+ *+ )#. E / %& + "%&%"+ "%& +# &%7!'+ *+ “Z%&

“ANILLO DE FISCH” = + / '; ('+ +&/+ $+7('+ +& #% OE *+ ('%=+"/$#+ *+ '7 *+ 6-+ %, $+&*% -&% *+ #%

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$7$ 7% <-+ $ !$+& +&+' #7+&/+ -& ('%=+"/$# ('%*-"+ -& &$"% OE, (-+*+& + +&/- #7+&/+ ('+ +&/ ' + 7

<-+##% " % +& <-+ +# ('%=+"/$# /' $+ +, (%' + +7(#%, ('$7+'% -& 7$+7!'% ( ' #-+ % $& '+ ' +& %/' ( '/+

*+ / " ' <-+ 8 "%7% +# *$;7+/'% *+# OE &% -7$&$ /' +#+7+&/% *+ -$"$% <-+ (+'7$/ & *+/+'7$& ' (%' $

'7 -/$#$ * , # 6%'7 *+# A&$##% *+ F$ " &% (%'/ +#+7+&/% <-+ (+'7$/ & $&6+'$' (%' 8 # *$'+""$>&

*$ ( '% = <-+ %#% $&*$" '; +# ;& -#% *+ $&"$*+&"$ *+# 7$ 7% %!'+ # ($+#, *+!$)&*% + /+&+' +& "-+&/ <# (% $"$>& +1 "/ *+# "-+'(% +& +# 7%7+&/% *+ '+"$!$' +# *$ ( '% 9$&"#$& "$>& *+# "-+'(%, %'$+&/ "$>&

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b. E;+/- , -0 1a 7, a 90- a+a /0 ,-0a 01 OE -01 ,?0c+ 1:

C%7% + +1('+ ' +& +# (-&/% &/+'$%', +# OE *+ -& ('%=+"/$# *+ '7 *+ 6-+ % + /; " ' "/+'$ *% (%' #

+#+7+&/% <-+ #% *$ /$& -+& = <-+ !'$&* ';& +#+7+&/% *+ -$"$% ( ' *+/+'7$& ' # *$ / &"$ <-+ $*%

= <-+ %& #% <-+ "%&/$&- "$>& + *+/ ## &:

2 E1 A 11, , Ha1, -0 F ;c8: T 7!$)& ## 7 *% “A&$##% *+ E& - 7$+&/%” % “Z%& "%&/- %0+<-$7>/$" 0+

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<-87$" 7+&/+ ! # &"+ * , *+ ('+&*+ -7% 9" '!>& 6$& 7+&/+ *$ $*$*% <-+ %& +1(-# *% (%' # !%

'7 "%&/$&- "$>& *+# ('%=+"/$#. D+!$*% - + " 7 #% -7% (% ++& 7-= (%" +&+' 8 "$&

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E1 Ta+/a@0: E# T /- + V+'* *+'% % $7(#+7+&/+ “T /- +” + /; "%& /$/-$*% (%' ( '/8"-# "%& $ /+&/+ +

"%7!- /$%& *% = &% "%7!- /$%& *% *+ (># %' = ( '/8"-# 7+/;#$" *+ ('+&*$* *+# ('%($% "%& +"-+&"$ *+ # ""$>& !' $ %" $%& * (%' +# '% 7$+&/% <-+ 6-+' %7+/$*% *+&/'% *

E / ( '/8"-# (% ++& 7 =%' 7 <-+ # *+ -7% = (%' #% / &/% 7 =%' +&+' 8 "$&)/$" , (%' #%

7 =%'+ *$ / &"$ *+ # !%" *+ 6-+ %.

C%7% (% ++& +&+' 8 "$&)/$" '+# /$ 7+&/+ #/ , # ( '/8"-# *+ (># %' = 7+/;#$" <-+ "%& /$/-=+

$&/'%*-"$' + #$ +' 7+&/+ +& # ($+# *+ # %& $&7+*$ / # OE, (%' #% <-+ &% (-+*+& +' '+7% $*

-7 7$+&/%, (%' 7+*$% *+ -& # *% -(+'6$"$ #.C%7% *$ )' 7% , +# / /- + + /; +&/%&"+ "%& /$/-

*+ (># %' = ( '/8"-# 7+/;#$" , (% +=+&*% + / #/$7 7 =%' 7 = (%' #% / &/% 7 =%' +&+' 8

('$7+' #% <-+ #+ (+'7$/+ #" & ' 7 =%'+ *$ / &"$ , (%' #% <-+ +# “T /- +” (-+*+ -!"# $6$" ' + +

T /- + *+ ( '/8"-# *+ (># %' = 7+/;#$" : D%&*+ + /;& ('+ +&/+ #% *% +#+7+&/% = <-+ ( ' #

('%7+*$% -+#+& #" & ' *$ / &"$ *+# %'*+& *+ #% "7. *+ # !%" *+ 6-+ %, '$ &*% ) /

'7 , +# # ' % *+# " >&, +# /$(% = " &/$* * *+ " ' ! #8 /$" 9(># %' <-+ "%&/+& +# " '/-" % -/

! T /- + *+ ( '/8"-# 7+/;#$" : D%&*+ >#% + +&"-+&/' & '+ /% 7+/;#$"% *+ ('+&*$*% *+# 7$ 7

"%& +"-+&"$ *+ # !' $>& -6'$* (%' ) /+ *+&/'% *+# " >& = <-+, # (% ++' 7 =%' 7 <-+ #

(+'7$/+ #" & ' 7 =%' *$ / &"$ , # <-+ +& '7 *+ (- % &%'7 #+ (-+*+& ##+ ' / 2 "7 92 7

" L% '+ /% *+ 6-#7$& &/+: E& # "/- #$* *, +# *+# &/% *+ #% 7+*$% /+"&%#> $"% (+'7$/+ +

'+"%&%"$7$+&/% *+ '+ /% *+ 6-#7$& &/+, +& + (+"$ # P#%7% = B '$%, "%& +<-$(% *+ 7;1$7 ('+ $

M$"'% "%($% E#+"/'>&$"% *+ B ''$*%, +# <-+ (+'7$/+ *+/+"/ ' '+ /% *+ + /% "%7(-+ /% , <-+ / 7!$)&

('%=+"/$# +& - /' =+"/%'$ , / -& *$ / &"$ *+ ('%1$7 * 7+&/+ 7+/'% ( ' # '7 *+ (- %.

D+!+ "%& $ & ' + <-+ # ( '/8"-# , -7% = + <-+ + '+ & *+ # !%" *+ 6-+ % *+# '7 "

('%=+"/$#, + *$ (+' & 6%'7 &*% + ( "$ #7+&/+ -& 6$ -' *+ /$(% ">&$" , "%& +# )'/$"+ *$'$ $

" >& *+# '7 = "%& # ! + +& # -(+'6$"$+ '+"+(/%' *+# *$ ( '%, (%' #% <-+ 7 =%' *$ / &"$ , +

! '" * (%' +# / /- + = 7+&%' # *+& $* * *+ - ( '/8"-# = 7+&%' *$ / &"$ , +'; 7+&%' +# ;'+

7 =%' - *+& $* *. E / " ' "/+'8 /$" (+'7$/$'8 +& ('$&"$($%, +6+"/- ' + /-*$% "%7( ' /$ % +&/'+ +

('+ +&/ # %& *+ / /- + +& -& " % *+/+'7$& *% = #% <-+ + #% ' & +6+"/- &*% *$ ( '% +



'7 "-+ /$%& * , -/$#$ &*% " '/-" % *+ $*)&/$" " ' "/+'8 /$" <-+ +# - *% +& +# +" %. E# +

*+# “*$!- %” 6%'7 *% (%' + /% / /- + (+'7$/$'; + / !#+"+' # *$ / &"$ <-+ 6-+' *$ ( ' * +#

('%1$7 "$>& *+ 0 "7.

5 E1 *G,1 0 -0 M a , *E 0c+, -0 H, 9a : C ' "/+'8 /$"% *+ #% *$ ( '% +6+"/- *% "%& # !%" *+

'7 (%= * %!'+ # ($+#, *$ ( '% "%&%"$*% "%& +# &%7!'+ *+ “D$ ( '% A!%" *%” % “D$ ( '%

<-+ + ('%*-"+ "- &*% $&7+*$ / 7+&/+ *+! % *+ # ($+# + +&"-+&/' -& (# &% > +%, / # "%7% +

*$ ( '% -$"$* +& # %& ( '$+/ #. A<-8 #% + ('%*-"/% *+ # *+6# ' "$>& *+ # (># %'

/+ $*% -!"-/;&+% = +# -+ %, ('%*-"$+&*% - *+ ('+&*$7$+&/%, #%! 7$+&/% = (% /+'$%' + / ##$*%

('% %" -& +'$* *+ " ' "/+'8 /$" $''+ -# '+ , "%& *+ '' 7$+&/% ' *$ #+ = # !$% + +'/$*% , "%

-!$+ + -"+*$*% *+&/'% *+# "-+'(%, " ' "/+'8 /$" *+ *%&*+ *+'$ +# &%7!'+ *+ “G%#(+ *+ M$& ”.

La *E;ca a 01a -0 S 9, ? 01 *S > , -0 B0 a;; : C- &*% "%7% +& +# " % &/+'$%', *+! % *+ #%

-!"-/;&+% + +&"-+&/' -& (# &% > +% 9"%7% +& #% -+ % *+# "';&+% % +& #% %7>(# /% , #

"+& <-+ #% + = -7% ('%*-"/% *+ # *+6# ' "$>& *+ # (># %' $& '+ +& -&/% "%& +# ('%+'$* . M$+&/' #% + ('%*-"+& #% +6+"/% *+# “G%#(+ *+ M$& *+ H%667 &” +1(#$" *% ('+

-7% + *+(% $/ & +& #% (# &% -!"-/;&+% , ( '/$"-# '7+&/+ +& +# -+ %, +&&+ '+"$)&*%#% #

('%*-"$*% (%' +# ('%=+"/$#, #% <-+ "%& /$/-=+ -& " ' "/+'8 /$" ('%! /%'$ *+ *$ ( '% !%" *% 9*$ / &

"%& +# &%7!'+ *+ “S$ &% *+ B+& $”.

E /+ 7$ 7% +6+"/% + (-+*+ ('%*-"$' +&/'+ # ('+&* *+ + /$' = # ($+#, <-+* &*% *+(% $/ *% +# -7% +

"8'"-#% "%&")&/'$"% *+&%7$& *% “E " ' (+# *+ S$7%&8&”.

c. C1a; cac < -0 1a - ;+a c a -0 - ; a , ;0> 1a; ca ac+0 ;+ ca; -01 OE -01 ,?0c+ 1:

L *$ / &"$ # <-+ + +6+"/- ' +# *$ ( '% *+ -& '7 *+ 6-+ % (-+*+ +' + /$7 * "%& "$+'/% ' *% *+ ('+"

# " ' "/+'8 /$" *+# OE = - %& $&7+*$ / , "%&6%'7+ #% "%&"+(/% = +'/$*% +& +# ('+ +&/

(+'7$/$'8 , +& ('$&"$($% + / !#+"+' CUATRO 95 $/- "$%&+ *$ /$&/ = (+'6+"/ 7+&/+ *+6$&$* , "%&6%'7+

+# $ -$+&/+ *$ ' 7 , # <-+ "%&/$&- "$>& + ( & +1(#$" ':

2 D$ ( '% !%" *+ ''%: T 7!$)& *+&%7$& *% “D$ ( '% "%& '7 !%" * ”, '+ #$ *% "%& # !%"

(%= * %!'+ # -(+'6$"$+ "%'(%' #, + *+"$' <-+ "%''+ (%&*+ *$ / &"$ CERO 9 , +# <-+ + " '

('+ +&"$ *+ $ &% / #+ "%7% +# S$ &% *+ B+& $, # ('+ +&"$ *+ '+ /% *+ (># %' +7$0"%7!-+& +# $&/+'$%' *+ # +'$* , +7% #%!$& %1$" '!%& * ('%*-"/% *+# 7%&>1$*% *+ " '!%&% ('% +&$+&

$&"%7(#+/ *+ # (># %' 9ALFREDO ACHAVAL 0 M &- # *+ M+*$"$& L+ # 0 * E*$"$>& 0 E*. P%#$"$ # 0 B-+&%

A$'+ 0 2343 , +# G%#(+ *+ M$& *+ H%667 & = # E " ' (+# *+ S$7%&8&, +#+7+&/% $&*$" *

+&"%&/' ' + ('+ +&/+ +& 6%'7 "%& -&/ % $ # * . T 7!$)& + / '; ('+ +&/+, "%7% +& # /%/

$&*+(+&*$+&/+7+&/+ *+ # *$ / &"$ *+ *$ ( '%, +# H #% *+ F$ " .

D$ ( '% <-+7 ''%( : E +# *$ ( '% +6+"/- *% *+&/'% *+ # *$ / &"$ 7;1$7 *+ #" &"+ *+ # #+& -

*+ # !%" *+# " >& *+# '7 #-+ % *+ +1(-# *% +# ('%=+"/$# = <-+ +& '7 *+ (- % (-+*+ #" & '

7 =%'+ #% 2 "7., *+(+&*$+&*% ) / 6-&* 7+&/ #7+&/+ *+# # ' % *+# " >& *+# '7 "%& $*+' ! #8 /$" *+# " '/-" % -/$#$ *%. E /+ /$(% *+ *$ ( '% + " ' "/+'$ (%' # +1$ /+&"$ *+ $ &% *+ #

($+# % +& # ('+&* +1/+'$%' <-+ $ /$+ + # 8"/$7 # 7%7+&/% *+ '+"$!$' +# *$ ( '% 9" 7- " 7$+&/%

6$!' /+1/$#+ , +/". , -7 7$+&/% % 6 # % / /- +, / /- + 7-= *+& % *+! % *+# -7 7$+&/% = +#

F$ " .

D$ ( '% "%'/ *$ / &"$ : L% <-+ - + + (-+*+& *$ $*$' +& *% :

D$ ( '% 7-= "%'/ *$ / &"$ : P'+ +&/ / /- + *+ '+ /% *+ (># %' &% "%7!- /$%& * % +7$0"

<-+ +& 6%'7 *+ “ ' &% ” & $&"'- / ' + -(+'6$"$ #7+&/+ +& # ($+# % * +'$' + # ('++&"%&/';&*% + ('+ +&/+ / 7!$)& +# / /- + 7+/;#$"%, + *+"$' +# ('%*-"$*% (%' # ( '/8"-# 7+/;#$"

*+# ('%($% ('%=+"/$# =, "%7% + &%'7 , +# H #% *+ F$ " .



6-+ % = # ! + "$ *+# &/+, #" & &*% ;'+ *+ *$ (+' $>& " * + 7 =%'+ , "- &/% 7 =%' + #

+&"-+&/' +# !# &"%. E ;'+ *+ *$ (+' $>& + "%&%"+& /)"&$" 7+&/+ "%& +# &%7!'+ *+ “R% *+ D$ (+'

+ /-*$% *+ - " ' "/+'8 /$" = +# "%/+ % % "%7( ' "$>& *+# *$ ' 7 #" & *%, "%& %/'% +6+"/- *%

-/$#$ &*% # 7$ 7 '7 $&"'$7$& * = +# 7$ 7% /$(% *+ " '/-" % <-+ +# - *% *-' &/+ +# +" % $& + /$ *

# *$ / &"$ # <-+ 6-+ +6+"/- *% +# *$ ( '% "%& -& "+(/ !#+ ('+"$ $>&.

c. TECNICAS % PROCEDIMIENTOS UTILIZADOS:

P ' # *+/+'7$& "$>& *+ # *$ / &"$ # <-+ $*% *$ ( ' * -& '7 + -/$#$ & ('%"+*$7$+&/% = /)"&

+#+""$>& + / '; " ' % *+# P+'$/% *+ "%&6%'7$* * "%& # ( '/$"-# '$* *+ ('%($ *+ " * " %, (+'% (%*+

+&+' # + '+"-''+ ('%"+*$7$+&/% <-87$"% 9 # % +# " % *+ #% *$ ( '% *+ + "%(+/ *%&*+ + -/$#$

%'*+& 68 $"% , /+&*$+&/+ *+/+'7$& ' # ('+ +&"$ *+ "$+'/ - / &"$ " ' "/+'8 /$" *+ #% *$ ( '%

*$ (+' $>& % *$ /'$!-"$>& +& # %& ('>1$7 # OE.

E& +&+' #, # ('-+! *+ '-/$& "%&/$+&+&:

2 D+/+'7$& "$>& *+ N$/' /% : L% N$/' /% %& ('%*-"/% *+'$ *% *+ # %1$* "$>& *+ #% '-(% “N$/'%” ('+

-/$#$ ;&*% + ( ' +##% -& '+ ""$>& + (+"86$" -7 7+&/+ +& $!#+, +# R+ "/$ % *+ G-//7 &&, ! *% +

*$6+&$# 7$& +& 7+*$% -#6 '$"%, +# <-+ (%&+ *+ 7 &$6$+ /% # ('+ +&"$ *+ '+ /% *+ &$/' /% 7+*$ &/+ #

-# " ' "/+'8 /$"%. D+!+7% *+ / " ' <-+ + / ('-+! &% + + (+"86$" ( ' *+/+'7$& ' ('%*-"/% ('% +&$+&/+ *+

*+ # (># %' , = <-+ +1$ /+& +& +# 7+*$% 7!$+&/+, -& ' & " &/$* * *+ - / &"$ <-+ "%&/$+&+& &$/' /% .

D+/+'7$& "$>& *+ N$/'$/% : L% N$/'$/% %& ('%*-"/% *+ # *+ ' * "$>& *+ #% &$/' /% = *+ #% '-(%

&$/'%*+'$ *% %' ;&$"% , / # "%7% # &$/'%"+#-#% , 7(#$ 7+&/+ -/$#$ * "%& +# &%7!'+ *+ “P># %'

$&%1$* &/+”, "%& # <-+ + " ' & # /%/ #$* * *+ #% " '/-" % 7%*+'&% .

L% N$/'$/% + + $*+&"$ & + (+"86$" 7+&/+ /' ) *+ # /)"&$" $*+ * (%' J. T. AL ER +& 23 4, ! * +&

“R+ "/$ % *+ G'$+ ”, "%&%"$*% *+ *+ 7+*$ *% *+# $ #% ( *% "%7% '+ "/$ % + (+"86$"% = -7 7+

'+"%&%"$7$+&/% *+ #% N$/'$/% . E /+ '+ "/$ % + ! +& *% %#-"$%&+ : -& %#-"$>& “A” *+ A#6 0& 6

*$#-$*% = -& %#-"$>& “B” *+ A"$*% -#6 &8#$"% / 7!$)& +& ;"$*% ")/$"% *$#-$*%. E& +# 7%7+&/% *+ +6+"/-

# %#-"$%&+ “A” = “B” = + (-# +'$ %!'+ # %& & #$ ', 7 &$6+ / &*% # ('+ +&"$ *+ '+ /% %

N$/'$/% 7+*$ &/+ # 6%'7 "$>& *+ -& "%#%' '% % " ' "/+'8 /$"%.E / '+ ""$>& + 7-" % 7; + (+"86$" <-+ #

&$/'$/% &% %& "%7-&+ +& &-+ /'% 7+*$%, (-*$+&*% +&"%&/' ' + >#% +& # 7 /+'$ %' ;&$" +& *+ "%7(%

&% + (% $!#+ (#$" ' + /+ ('%"+*$7$+&/% %!'+ " *; +'+ +& +/ ( *+ *+ "%7(% $"$>& = <-+ # ('+ +&"$ *

<-+* '8 +&7 " ' * (%' # '+ ""$>& *+ #% &$/'$/% ('% +&$+&/+ *+ # (-/'+6 ""$>& " * )'$" .

D+/+'7$& "$>& *+ ( '/8"-# 7+/;#$" : C%7% = + +1('+ ' #% ('%=+"/$#+ %& +1(-# *% *+# $&/+'$%' *+#

6-+ % "%7( *% (%' -& +'$+ *+ +#+7+&/% >#$*% = +% % +&/'+ #% <-+ + +&"-+&/' & ( '/8"-#

*+# 7$ 7% ('%=+"/$#, "%7% ('%*-"/% *+ # ""$>& *+ '% 7$+&/% = !' $>& # <-+ 6-+' %7+/$*% +& - '+"%''$

*+# ;&$7 *+# " >&.

S+ $*+ *% -& 7)/%*% <-+ "%& $ /+ +& "%#%" ' %!'+ # %& <-+ '%*+ +# OE, = + %!'+ # ('+&* *+ +

" *; +' *+ # 8"/$7 , -& % *+ ( (+# 6%/% ';6$"% ('+ $ 7+&/+ 6$ *%, # *% = +" *%, +# <-+ $*% +7!

*+ A"$*% A")/$"% = A - O1$ +& * . L % *+ ( (+# 6%/% ';6$"% + "%#%" * "%& # " ' <-+ "%&/$+&+ #

"%&/ "/% "%& +# OE = # %& $&7+*$ / +& + /-*$% 7$+&/' + " #+6 ""$%& (%' +# '+ +' % -/$#$ &*%

"%7 &.C%& + /+ ('$7+' ( % + #% ' <-+ +# - %1$ +& * %1$*+ # ( '/8"-# 7+/;#$" , ('%*-"$+&*% #%

9O1$*% *+ (#%7%, "%!'+, + / % = &/$7%&$% #% <-+ +& "%&/ "/% "%& +# ;"$*% ")/$"%, + "%& $+'/+&

9A"+/ /% *+ (#%7%, "%!'+, + / % = &/$7%&$% . L-+ % + +( ' # % *+ ( (+# 6%/% ';6$"% *+# OE =

"%#%";&*%#% +& -& "+#* (%' # <-+ + "+ "$'"-# ' -& "%''$+&/+ *+ A"$*% S-#6 8*'$"% 9 +% % , %

-(+'6$"$+ !# &" *+# ( (+#, -& +'$+ *+ (-&/% &+ '% "%''+ (%&*$+&/+ #% -#6-'% 7+/;#$"% , #%

(+'6+"/ 7+&/+ +# *$ + % *+# / /- +.

S$ + / 7$ 7 % *+ ( (+# 6%/% ';6$"% = /' / * + #+ (-# +'$ R+ "/$ % *+ G'$+ , + %!/+&*'; $7-#/;&+



6%'7 "$>& *+ 7;"-# "%#%' '% %, +# *$ + % *+# / /- + "%''+ (%&*$+&/+ #% ' &% *+ (># %' , "%7(#+/ &*

5 D+/+'7$& "$>& *+ P#%7% = B '$%: E /% +#+7+&/% "%7( & #% + ('%*-"/% *+ # *+6# ' "$>&

/ &/% %& +1(-# *% (%' # !%" *+ 6-+ % *+# '7 "%&/$&- "$>& *+# ('%=+"/$#, (-*$)&*% + *+/+"/ ' - ('+

- % *+ -& '+ "/$ % "%7(-+ /% (%' -& %#-"$>& "-% *$#-$* *+ R%*$ %& /% *+ S%*$%, # <-+ (%

+ (+"$6$"$* * = -& 7-= $7(%'/ &/+ +& $!$#$* * 92 +& . ( ' +# ! '$% = 2 +& . ( ' +# (#%7% .

D+/+'7$& "$%&+ (%' 7+*$% $& /'-7+&/ #+ : E# - % *+ 7%*+'&% 7+*$% $& /'-7+&/ #+ , "%& (#$" "$%

& * , / #+ "%7% # 7$"'% "%(8 "%& + (+"/'%6%/%7+/'8 $&6' ''% 9FTIR % # 7$"'% "%(8 +#+

(+'7$/+ +6+"/- ' *+/+'7$& "$%&+ -7 7+&/+ "%&6$ !#+ = #/ 7+&/+ ('+"$ *+ # ('+ +&"$ *+ '+ /% *+

(># %' , 6-#7$& &/+ = % ( '/8"-# 7+/;#$" *$ / &"$ -(+'$%'+ # 7+&"$%& * ('+"+*+&/+7+

7$ 7 , ( ' '7 *+ (- %, / #% TRES 9 7+/'% .

P'%*-""$>& *+ *$ ( '% +1(+'$7+&/ #+ : L /)"&$" -/$#$ * +& # *+/+'7$& "$>& *+ # *$ / &"$ <-+

'7 + ! & ('$&"$( #7+&/+, "%7% <-+* ' *+7% /' *% +& +# *+ ''%##% ('+"+*+&/+, +& # $*+&/$6$" "$>& =

*+ -& +'$+ *+ +#+7+&/% <-+ + '+ & *+ # !%" *+ 6-+ % "%7( &*% # ('%=+"/$# " - &/+ *+ # #+ $>&+ /% '+ -#/ *% + $7(%&+ +6+"/- ' -& +'$+ *+ "%7( ' "$%&+ % "%/+ % , -/$#$ &*% +# '7 "-+ /$%&

7$ 7 & /-' #+ <-+ +# $&"'$7$& *%, + *+"$' <-+ +& #% (% $!#+ *+!+& -/$#$ ' + " '/-" % *+ ('-+! <-+ '+ (%

7 '" , /$(% = ('+6+'+&/+7+&/+ "%&/+7(%';&+% +& - 6+" *+ 6 !'$" "$>&, #% 6$&+ *+ #% ' ' '+('%*-"$' #

(% $!#+, # "%&*$"$%&+ +& # <-+ + ('%*-"$*% +# *$ ( '% 7%/$ % *+ &;#$ $ .

R+-&$* + / "%&*$"$%&+ *+ /' ! %, + ('%"+*+'; +&/%&"+ +6+"/- ' *$ ( '% *+ ('-+! %!'+ %

7%&/ * +& -& *$ (% $/$ % $*>&+% 9B &"% *+ %!/+&"$>& *+ ('%=+"/$#+ , '+ #$ &*% "%7% 78&$7%

'$ !#+ *+ 2 +& 2 "7. "%&/ *% *+ *+ # !%" *+ 6-+ % # (# &% '+"+(/%' 9" '/-#$& . U& + %!/+&$*

+ (#$" '; " * -& *+ # " '/-#$& +# 7$ 7% ('%"+*$7$+&/% *+ *+/+""$>& *+ '+ /% *+ *$ ( '% <-+ +

# %& <-+ "%&/$+&+ +# OE +& # ($+ $&"'$7$& * , "%/+ ;&*% + "%&/$&- "$>& - '+ -#/ *% , +&" #$* *, *$ /'$!-"$>&, *+& $* * = -(+'6$"$+ *+# ;'+ *+ "%!+'/-' *+# / /- +, #% <-+ &% * '; +#+7+&/% *+

"%7% ( ' *+/+'7$& ' # *$ / &"$ *+ *$ ( '% "%& -& ('%1$7 "$>& /+>'$" *+ 0 "7.

D /% *+ + / & /-' #+ (+'7$/$'8 & # P+'$/% +# !%' ' *$ &> /$"% *$6+'+&"$ #+ +&/'+ -$"$*$% = %

"%&*$"$%&+ *+ *$ ( '% ""$*+&/ #+ +& " % *+ '$ 9 /'$!-$*% 6%'"+ +% +&/'+ 7!% "%&/+&*$+&

( '/$"-# '+ *+ " * " %, /+&*$+&/+ "%''%!%' ' # "$'"-& / &"$ *+# +" % = - "%&"%'* &"$ "%& +#

'+-&$* +& # " - , ('$&"$( #7+&/+ "%& # /+ /$7%&$ # % # *+"# ' "$%&+ *+ #% $7(-/ *% .

'(. EL DERMO TEST:

S+ "%&%"+ ! % + /+ /)'7$&% #% ('%"+*$7$+&/% /+&*$+&/+ *+/+'7$& ' # ('+ +&"$ *+ $&*$"$% <-+ + $*

-& '7 *+ 6-+ % (%' ( '/+ *+ -& $&*$ $*-% *+/+'7$& *%, + *+"$' <-+ /$+&*+ "%7('%! ' # +1$ /+&"$ *+ '+ /%

*+# *$ ( '% +& # 7 &% *+# ('+ -&/% /$' *%'.

a. ALOR LEGAL DEL DERMO TEST:

C%7% - &%7!'+ #% $&*$" : “DERMO” P$+# = “TEST” ('-+! % +& =%, + / /)"&$" $7(#$" # '+ #$ "$>& *

(';"/$" %!'+ # ($+# *+ # 7 &% *+# ('+ -&/% /$' *%' # <-+, +& ' >& *+ -/$#$ ' + '+ "/$ % <-+ (-+* & +& '+ -#/ ' '+ $ % ( ' # ($+#, ('% %" &*% $&"#- % # & /$(% *+ #+ $%&+ , + +6+"/ & '+"-''$+&*%

/' & 6+'+&"$ *+ + % '+ /% %/'% %(%'/+ .

E# ('$7+'% *+ + /% %(%'/+ = <-+ & %= +& *8 &% (-*% +' '++7(# *% "%& )1$/% (%' %/'% <-+ + -/$#$

6-+ # ( ' 6$& , 7%/$ % (%' +# "- # + /+ ('%"+*$7$+&/% + "%&%"$> / 7!$)& "%& +# &%7!'+ *+*PRUEBA DE LA PARAFINA .

U& '+ -#/ *% (% $/$ % +& + /+ /$(% *+ + /-*$% , $ 6-+ '+ #$ *% (#$" &*% # /)"&$" *+"- * , #% '+

+6+"/-> -& $&/+'('+/ "$>& "%''+"/ *+ - '+ -#/ *% , &% (+'7$/$'; + +' ' # -/$#$ "$>& '+"$+&/+ *+ -& '7 *+

*+# $&*$ $*-% <-+ 6-+' %7+/$*% # ('-+! , 7$+&/' <-+ -& '+ -#/ *% &+ /$ % &% *+ " '/ # (% $!$#$* * *

= -/$#$ *% -& '7 , = <-+ #% *+/'$/- *+# *$ ( '% <-+* & *+(% $/ *% -(+'6$"$ #7+&/+ %!'+ # ($+

'+7% $*% 7+*$ &/+ -& +&)' $"% # *% "%& - !%&% % # & /+& $% "/$ % +6$" .

C%& '+ (+"/% # '+ #$ "$>& *+ + /+ /$(% *+ ('-+! %!'+ " *; +'+ , *+!+ /+&+' + +& "-+&/ <-+ # 7$ 7



'+ #$ * #% 7; ';($* 7+&/+ (% $!#+ = <-+ #% '+ -#/ *% *+# +& =% (-+*+& <-+* ' +&7 " ' *% (%' #%

*+ "%7(% $"$>& " * )'$" .

P%' # ' %&+ +1(-+ / (%*+7% + -' ' <-+ +& + /% " % + *+ (+'6+"/ (#$" "$>& # ")#+!'+ 6'

EDMOND LOCARD, J+6+ *+ #% L !%' /%'$% *+ P%#$"8 C$+&/86$" *+ L=>&, F' &"$ = "%& $*+' *% +# ( *'+

M%*+'& , <-$+& 7 &$6+ / ' :*E 1a 0;+ >ac < c 9 a1) 01 + 09 , /0 a;a 0; 1a 0 -a- /0 8/?0. .

b. METODOLOGIA A UTILIZAR:E /-*$% '+ #$ *% (%' *$ +' % $& + /$ *%'+ & (+'7$/$*% + / !#+"+' <-+ # ( '/+ -(+'$%' *+ # 7 &

"%''+ (%&*$+&/+ #% *+*% (-# ' + 8&*$"+, 8 "%7% # +"/%' "%7('+&*$*% +&/'+ 7!% *+*% , ( '+"+

"-!$+'/% (%' #% '+ $*-% ('%=+"/ *% (%' +# *$ ( '%. L " &/$* * *+(% $/ * *+(+&*+ *+# /$(% *+ '7 , *+/

& 7+'% *+ *$ ( '% , /$+7(% /' & "-''$*% +&/'+ +# *$ ( '% = # %!/+&"$>& *+ # 7-+ /' . L '7 # ' *+ & +

E# '+ $*-% %!'+ # 7 &% *+ <-$+& *$ ( ' *% -& '7 *+ 6-+ % "%& $ /+ +& (+<-+ + 6+' *+ 6%'7 $''

(%' 7+/ #+ = >1$*% 7+/;#$"% 6-&*$*% = %/'% "%7(-+ /% %'$ $& *% (%' # *+ "%7(% $"$>& /)'7$" *

*+/%& *%'. S+ /' / *+ ( '/8"-# *+ 7-= (+<-+ % *$;7+/'% <-+ + *$ /'$!-=+& %!'+ # -(+'6$"$+ *+ # 7 &%, +&+

$ $!#+ , (+'% <-+ (-+*+& '+ +# ' + 7+*$ &/+ '+"-' % 7$"'%0 & #8/$"% *+ +#+ * +& $!$#$* *.

E& *+6$&$/$ , # $& + /$ "$>& *+ '+ $*-% *+ (># %' % *+ *+/%& *%' +& # 7 &% $' + ( ' + / !#*$ ( ' *% -& '7 . R+ (-+ / (% $/$ $&*$" & <-+ +# *$ ( '% $*% '+"$+&/+. M$+&/' <-+ # +1$ /+&"

7 & , + # <-+ + ""$%& *% -& '7 (+'% &% (+'7$/+ + / !#+"+' "%&"#- $%&+ 6$'7+ %!'+ +# /$+7(% *

L P'-+! *+ # ( ' 6$& "%& $ /+ +& +1/+&*+', 7+*$ &/+ -& ($&"+# *+ &=#%&, ( ' 6$& *+ !-+& " #$* * 6-&

*+"- * %!'+ +# +"/%' *+ # 7 &% 7+&"$%& *% 9(-# ' + 8&*$"+ = ( '/+ $&/+'7+*$ .

S%#$*$6$" * # ( ' 6$& , + %!/$+&+ -& 7%#*+. L ( ' 6$& " #$+&/+ ('% %" *$# / "$>& *+ #% (%'% = #$

"- # # ( '/8"-# +&/ * +& # ($+# %& /' & 6+'$* = '+/+&$* # %#$*$6$" ' + # 7$ 7 .

L ( '/+ $&/+'& *+# 7%#*+, <-+ "%&/+&*'8 # ( '/8"-# % '+ $*-% , + /' / * "%& +# '+ "/$ % *+ G'$+ <-+

7+*$ &/+ -& ($(+/ , ('%"-' &*% *$ /'$!-$' +# 7$ 7% +& /%* # -(+'6$"$+ +1(-+ / .

L ('+ +&"$ *+ #% $%&+ &$/'$/%, + '+ +# (%' # ( '$"$>& *+ (+<-+ % (-&/% *+ "%#%' '% %. E /+ +&+ #- *% !$)&*% + ('%(-+ /% # 7%*$6$" "$>& *+ # /)"&$" %'$ $& # '++7(# &*% +# '+ "/$ % *+ # *

9+ (+"86$"% *+ #% &$/' /% , - / &"$ "%7 & +& +# 7+*$% 7!$+&/+ (%'<-+ 7-" % %/'% "%7(-+ /% #% "%&/

'+ "/$ "%7(-+ / (%' A#6 0& 6/$# 7$& = A"$*% -#6 &8#$"% +& 7+*$% ")/$"%, *+ ''%## *% (%' G'$+ "

$& + /$ "$>& *+ #% N$/'$/% , ('+ +&/+ +& #% '+ /% *+ *$ ( '% *+ '7 *+ 6-+ % "%7% ('%*-"/% *+

(># %' = &% "%7-&+ +& +# 7+*$% 7!$+&/+ !$/- # -&<-+ 8 +& # 7 /+'$ %' ;&$" +& *+ "%7(% $"$>&.

A $7$ 7%, " !+ "%& $ & ' <-+ # -/$#$ "$>& *+ ( ' 6$& "%7% 7+*$% *+ /' & 6+'+&"$ *+ #% '+ /% *+ (>#

*+# *$ ( '%, '+ -#/ *+ (#$" "$>& " $ %!#$ * , "%7% 7+*$% *+ '+"%#+""$>& 9 %(%'/+ *+ *$" % '+ $*-% , (

(%' %/' /)"&$" , # -& *+ +## 7-= %6$ /$" * , <-+ $&"#-=+& / +# &;#$ $ (%' "/$ "$>& &+-/'>&

*+ ! %'"$>& />7$" % 7$"'% "%(8 +#+"/'>&$" *+ ! ''$*%.

E# 7)/%*% + -$' +& + /+ /$(% *+ $& + /$ "$%&+ , $&"#-=+ #% $ -$+&/+ ( % :

• E1/' ""$>& *+ # 7-+ /' : $& #- ' *-* <-+ # /%7 *+ # 7-+ /' +& + / $& + /$ "$>&, "

%/' , '+ $ /+ " ($/ # $7(%'/ &"$ , = +# %(%'/+ *+ ( ' 6$& 7+&"$%& *% ('+"+*+&/+7+&/+ /$+&+

"%7% "- ' 7-= ! % &$ +#+ *+ "%7(-+ /% *+ ! '$% = &/$7%&$%, '+ (%& !#+ *+ (+'7$/$' +1"+

<-+ / $&6$+'+& +# +7(#+% *+# A.P.A.N. 9A&;#$ $ P%' A"/$ "$>& N+-/'>&$" = 7$"'% "%(8 +#+"/

+&/'+ %/'% ? *+7; , + &+"+ '$% <-+ # " ( *+ ( ' 6$& + -6$"$+&/+7+&/+ '-+ ( ' <-+ &% +

+ '+/$' * *+ # 7 &%.

A $7$ 7%, + *+ / " , <-+ & +& " % *+ " *; +'+ , (-+*+& /' & "-''$' '$% *8 +&/'+ +# 7%7+&/%

'+ #$ "$>& *+ #% +& =% (+'/$&+&/+ , $& 6+"/ ' + # +6$" "$ *+# 7)/%*% ('%(-+ /% ( ' # *+/+""$>&

E1$ /+& / 7!$)& %/' /)"&$" *+ #+ &/ 7$+&/% 7+*$ &/+ "$&/ * + $ , $+&*% 7-= $7(%'/ &/+ <

-(+'6$"$+, + "%&"+&/'+ # 7 =%' " &/$* * (% $!#+ *+ ( '/8"-# , $&*$";&*% + ( ' / # +6+"/% "$&/ *+ 2,

2 "7 *+ # ' % "%& -6$"$+&/+ 7 /+'$ # * + $ %. S+ + # # '+ (+"/% "%#%" ' # ( '/+ 7+*$ *+ # "$&/

7 &% <-+ "%&/+& # 7 =%' *+& $* * *+ ( '/8"-# ? (-*$+&*% +6+"/- ' + *+ + /+ 7%*% '$% '+#+ 7$+

( ' "-!'$' # 7 =%' -(+'6$"$+ (% $!#+. S$+7('+ + *+!+& '+ #$ ' # 7$ 7 %(+' "$%&+ %!'+ # *%

% (+" % %, & +& +# " % *+ /+&+' + "%&%"$7$+&/% %!'+ # 7 &% -/$#$ * ( ' ""$%& ' +# '7 . S+<-+ + / /)"&$" *+!+ +' "%& $*+' * "%7% *+ #/+'& /$ , = <-+ #% '+ -#/ *% #% ' *% +';&

-/$#$ &*% ( ' 6$& .



• I*+&/$6$" "$>& *+ #% &$/'$/% : S%!'+ +# %(%'/+ -/$#$ *% "%7% 7+*$% *+ /' & 6+'+&"$ *+ #%

+6+"/ # ! <-+* + $*+&/$6$" "$>& *+ &$/'$/% (%' # /)"&$" *+ # +' # <-+ = 6-+' +1(#$" * +&

('+ +&/+ /' ! %.

S+ %!/$+&+ -& $7 +& "'%7;/$" <-+ "%''+ (%&*+ # -!$" "$>& *+ # ( '/8"-# *+ &$/'$/% 9*+# '+ $

*$ /'$!-$* "%&6%'7+ +# '7 +7(#+ * , +/".

F$& #7+&/+, + *+!+ '+"%'* ' <-+ ( ' %!/+&+' '+ -#/ *% "%&6$ !#+ = '+('%*-"$!#+ + *+!+ /' ! ' +& "

“ +( $ ” /%/ # +& 7 /+'$ *+ "%&/ 7$& "$%&+ *+ &$/'$/% +&% # (># %' , ('% +&$+&/+ *+# $

7 # "%&*$"$%&+ *+ # *%, 7 &% *+ #% %(+' *%'+ &% *+!$* 7+&/+ "+($## * , - %/' " - <-+

E /+ +& =% +'; "%& $*+' *% (% $/$ % +1"#- $ 7+&/+ "- &*% ( '+ " & (-&/% '% % % 7-=

(+'6+"/ 7+&/+ *+#$7$/ * , *+ " '/;&*% + "- &*% # 7 &" + & +1/+& = *$6- , ('% %" *

- / &"$ % "%7(-+ /% $&/+'6+'+&/+ , % !$+& = +1$ /+&/+ +& # 7 &% *+# % (+" % %, % !$+

+1('+ *% +& +# (;'' 6% &/+'$%'. S+ *+ / " <-+ & #% "%&/ 7$& &/+ <-+ %'$ $& & '+ ""$%&+ &+/ 7

&$/'$/%, #% "+& +& 6%'7 %& # = *$6- , &% +& (-&/- "$%&+ " ' "/+'8 /$" "%7% # %! +' * +&E / + #- "$>& "'8/$" *+ #% '+ -#/ *% %!/+&$*% *+!+ +' '+ #$ * $+7('+ %! +/$ 7+&/+ (%' +# $& +

&$"% '+ (%& !#+ = (/% ( ' *+/+'7$& ' / #+ +1/'+7% . S$+7('+, + /% + 1$%7;/$"%, + *+!+& '+ #$

+& =% +& !# &"% %!'+ +# $& /'-7+&/ #, %(%'/+ = '+ "/$ % -/$#$ '? +6+"/- &*% #% &;#$ $ ('%

7! 7 &% *+# /$' *%'.

S+ $&/+'('+/ '; <-+ + / 7+/%*%#% 8 $& + /$ /$ &% /$+&+ &$ ('+/+&*+ /+&+' # +' '<-8 "$+&/86$" *+

A.P.A.N., # 7$"'% "%(8 +#+"/'>&$" *+ ! ''$*%, # + (+"/'%6%/%7+/'8 *+ ! %'"$>& />7$" , +/"., (%' + +7(#

+ (-+*+& #% ' ' "+(/ !#+ '+ -#/ *% . R+ -#/ &*% *+ (#$" "$>& %!#$ * +& / &/% &% + *$ (%& *+

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