Biodiversidad en ambientes acu...

1

Angelo Antonio AgostinhoAngelo Antonio AgostinhoUNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE MARINGUNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE MARING ÁÁ

NNúúcleocleo de de PesquisasPesquisas emem LimnologiaLimnologia , , IctiologiaIctiologia e e AquiculturaAquicultura

Sistemas Fluviales y Represas: biodiversidad, conservación e impactos ambientales

18 de marzo de 2010

WWF Universidad del Sur

Universidad Ricardo Palma, Kawsay Pacha Asociación Biodiversidad

BiodiversidadBiodiversidad enenambientes ambientes acuacuááticosticos

DEFINICIDEFINICIÓÓNN

"La biodiversidad es la variabilidad entre los organis mos vivos

de todas las fuentes, incluidos, entre otros, terrest res, marinos

y otros ecosistemas acuáticos y los complejos ecológico s de

que son una parte; esto incluye la diversidad dentro de l as

especies, entre las especies y ecosistemas"

Convention on Biological Diversity, Rio 1992

2

GLOBAL BIODIVERSITYGLOBAL BIODIVERSITY

Fonte: World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1992)

Control de plagas

Alimento

Animales domesticos

Superstición

Polución

caça

pesquerias

Deforestación

Agricultura

Reprezas

Carreterastio

Urbanizacón

Amenaza

Human population increasing


3


Beyond the boundary

Rockstrom et al., 2009 - Nature

Unit: Species per million species per yearPre-industrial=0,1-1Proposed boundary=10Current status=>100

{CO2)Unit: part per million by volume

Pre-industrial=280Proposed boundary=350Current status=387

Unit: Millions of tones per yearPre-industrial=0

Proposed boundary=35Current status=>121

Change om radiative forcingWatts per m2Pre-industrial=0Proposed boundary=1Current status=1,5


Primitive Man1 000 000 AC

Hunter

100000 AC

Primitive

farmer5 000 AC

Developed

farmer

1.400 DC

Industrial man

1875 DC

Energy consumed in form of food

Energy for cooking, heating, services, etc

Energy for industry and agriculture

Energy for transport

GIGAJO

ULES P

ER CAPTA.YEAR

Individual energy consumptionAdapted from UNESCO Courier

Tecnological man1950 DC

4

Today:28% of the world’s populationconsumes 77% of the world’s energy production

¾ of the world’s populationUses less than ¼ of the

energy produced

or


REGIONAL BIODIVERSITYREGIONAL BIODIVERSITY

UrbanUrban centercenter, , industryindustry andandagricultureagriculture

IndustryIndustry, , agricultureagriculture..irrigationirrigation,,aquicultureaquiculture

WaterWater scarcityscarcity

deforestationdeforestation, , waterwaywaterway, , intensiveintensive cattlecattleraisingraising

InadequateInadequate treatmenttreatment ofof sewagesewage andimpoundmentsimpoundments

Threats

Tundisi, 2003; Agostinho Tundisi, 2003; Agostinho etet al., 2005al., 2005

5

Environmental changes and biodiversity losses


Agostinho et al. (2005). Conservation Biology, 19(3): 646-651


agriculture, cattle raising,silviculture

Native vegetation

replaced by few cultivated non native species

Hunting, pesticides and

habitat changing

Changes in nutrient cycle, runoff, soil erosion and streams siltation

Dispersion of non native

species from cultivated to non-cultivated

area

Biodiversity losses

Environmental changes and biodiversity losses

6

Fonte: Pagiola et al. (1989)


Forest versus agricultural ecosystems in Borneo


Fonte: Pagiola et al. (1989)

Forest versus agricultural ecosystems in Borneo

7

* Sala et al. 2000 – Global diversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science , 287 Dudgeon et al. 2006 – Biol.Rev.

Insecta60%

Vertebrates15%

Crustaceans10%

Aracnideans5%

Mussels4%

Others6%

Animals composition (±126.000 species)

FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITYFRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY

Abell et al. (2008). BioScience, 58(5): pg 403

Freshwater ecoregions of the world and fish diversity

GLOBAL FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITYGLOBAL FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY

8



Freshwater ecoregions of the world and fish diversity


Reid (1998). TREE, 13(7)Myers et al. (2000). Nature, 403

Identification of hotspots

9

Freshwater biodiversity:

the most affected*

* Sala et al. 2000 – Global diversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science , 287 Dudgeon et al. 2006 – Biol.Rev.

Huge species richness

(proportionally)

Convergence center

(bad uses of the catchments)

Very poor knowledge

(incomplete inventories)

Multiple uses and users


1 2

3 4

Endemism5

FreshwaterFreshwater: 0,01% : 0,01% ofof thethe WorldWorld’’ss waterwater

8% 8% ofof thethe EarthEarth’’ss surfacesurface

Animal Animal speciesspecies in in freshwaterfreshwater: : ±±126.000 126.000 speciesspecies

(9,5% (9,5% ofof thethe total)total)

FishFish speciesspecies in in freshwaterfreshwater: +10.000 : +10.000 speciesspecies

40% 40% ofof thethe global global fishfish diversitydiversity

25% 25% ofof thethe global global vertebratesvertebrates

Dudgeon et al. (2006) Balian et al. (2008)

Huge species richness


1

10

HydrobiologiaHydrobiologia 595595(Jan. 2008; 58 caps)(Jan. 2008; 58 caps)

DudgeonDudgeon etet al.al. (2006) e (2006) e BalianBalian etet al.al. (2008)(2008)

17.072

26.186

30.316

16.789 22.360

11.860

174


Species richness per Zoogeographic Region

BalianBalian etet al.al. (2008)(2008)

FISHES

010002000300040005000

PA NA AT NT OL AU PAC ANT

Spe

cies

num

ber

AMPHIBIA

0

500

1000

1500

2000


Spe

cies

num

ber

REPTILIAN

0

50

100

150

200


Spe

cies

num

ber AVES

0

50

100

150

200


Spe

cies

num

ber

MAMMALS

0

10

20

30

40


Spe

cies

num

ber

PANA

AT

NT

OL

AU

PACANT


Species number per zoogeographic region

11

Agostinho et al. (2005). Conservation Biology, 19(3)


21%

25%

33%

20%

14% of the global biodiversity

- Several basins were not sampled yet- Few researchers and infrastructure- Few aquatic inventories- Information is scattered- Several groups need major taxonomic revisions

Agostinho et al. (2005). Conservation Biology

Very poor knowledge2

EvenEven vertebratevertebrate: :

FishFish: 1% : 1% ofof thethe total is total is describeddescribed yearlyyearly

AmphibiansAmphibians: 35% : 35% waswas describeddescribed duringduring lastlast decadedecade

Dudgeon et al. (2006) – Biol.Rev.


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Paraná basin


Langeani et al. (2007) - Biot. Neot.

� Speciesdescription

~22 anos

Digenea (3 spp.)•Sanguinicola platyrhynchi Guidelli, Isaac & Pavanelli, 2002•Dadayius pacupeva Lacerda, Takemoto & Pavanelli, 2003•Magnivitellinum corvitellinum Lacerda, Takemoto & Pavanelli, 2009

Monogenea (8 spp.)•Kritskyia annakohnae Boeger, Tanaka & Pavanelli, 2001•Kritskyia boegeri Takemoto , Lizama & Pavanelli, 2002•Kritskyia eirasi Guidelli, Takemoto & Pavanelli, 2003•Unibarra sp. n. Lizama, Takemoto & Pavanelli, em prep.•Sciadicleithrum sp. n. Yamada, Takemoto, Bellay & Pavanelli, em prep.•Sciadicleithrum sp. n. Yamada, Takemoto, Bellay & Pavanelli, em prep.•Gussevia sp. n., Moreira, Takemoto & Pavanelli , em prep.•Sciadicleithrum sp. n. Bellay, Takemoto, Yamada & Pavanelli, em prep.

Cestoda (19 spp.)•Jauella glandicephalus Rego e Pavanelli, 1985•Megatilacus brooksi Rego & Pavanelli, 1985•Travassiela avitellina Rego & Pavanelli, 1987•Spatulifer maringaensis Pavanelli & Rego, 1989•Goezeella nupeliensis Pavanelli & Rego, 1989•Chambriella paranaensis (Pavanelli & Rego, 1989)•Nomimoscolex matogrossensis Rego & Pavanelli, 1990•Proteocephalus serrasalmus Rego & Pavanelli, 1990•Cangatiella arandasi Pavanelli & Machado dos Santos, 1991•Paramonticellia itaipuensis Pavanelli & Rego, 1991•Nupelia Portoriquensis, Pavanelli & Rego, 1991•Chambriella agostinhoi Pavanelli & Machado dos Santos, 1992•Monticellia loyolai Pavanelli & Machado dos Santos, 1992•Proteocephalus gibsoni Rego & Pavanelli, 1992•Megathylachus travassosi Pavanelli & Rego, 1992•Monticellia belavistensis Pavanelli, Machado, Takemoto & Santos, 1994•Proteocephalus chubbi Pavanelli & Takemoto, 1995•Proteocephalus vazzolerae Pavanelli & Takemoto, 1995•Spasskyellina mandi Pavanelli & Takemoto, 1996

Acanthocephala (1 spp.)•Neoechinorhynchus pimelodi Brasil & Pavanelli, 1998


13

- Erosion- Pollution (ex.:organic, pesticides, fertilizer, sewage)- Siltation- runoff pattern- upstream activities (ex:impoundments, drainage)- downstream migration

Agostinho et al. (2005). Conservation Biology

Convergence center3


Irrigation73%

Domestic6%

Industry21%

Multiple uses and users4

OthersNavigationRecreationFisheriesHydropowerSewageetc


14



Endemism5



15

Agostinho et al (2005)


Iguaçu basin: ±80 species=> 70% endemic


Dudgeon et al. (2006). Biol. Rev.,

Threats

Nitrogen deposition

Climate changes

Shifts in precipitation Shifts in runoff pattern

16

Dudgeon et al. (2006). Biol. Rev., 81



0 400km200

N

S

O L

UpperUpper ParanParanáá RiverRiver FloodplainFloodplain andand impoundmentsimpoundments(420km)(420km)

17

LOCAL AQUATIC BIODIVERSITYLOCAL AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY

ILHAS E VÁRZEA DO RIO PARANÁPROTECTED AREA

L E G E N D

ILHA GRANDE NATIONAL PARK

R.

I VIN

HE

I MA

R.

CAIUÁPORTO

PORTO CAMARGO

XXX

XX X

x

PAR

AN

Á

PAR

AN

Á

PAR

AN

Á

PARA

NÁ

R.

R.

R.

R.

R.

ANDRADINANOVA

BAIA

R.

PATRÃO

R.

R. GUIRAÍ

VITÓRIA

R.

BATAIPORÃ

ROSANA

IVAIR.

R.

R. PARACAI

R. PIRAJUÍ

MARACAÍ

R. AMAMBAÍ

Ilha

Gra

nde

PARANÁ STATE

PORTO RICO

PORTO SÃO JOSÉ

BA

ILE

R.

IVIN

HE

IMA

PORTO PRIMAVERA

PARANAPANEMA

MATO GROSSO DO SUL STATE

RIO IVINHEIMA STATE PARK

R. DO VEADO

Km40 30 20 10 0 10

54º 20’

23º 00’

SCALE

GUAÍRA

PIQ

UIR

IR

.

BRAZIL

PAR

AG

UAY

JOÃOSÃO R.

R. MORUMBI

IGUATEM

I

R.

SOUTH AMERICA

Conservation Conservation UnitsUnits

REGIONAL BIODIVERSITYREGIONAL BIODIVERSITYSpecies richness

• Plants 951

• Aquatic macrophytes 118

• Phytoplankton 585

• Periphyton 474

• Zooplankton (+ciliados+rotiferos) 1011

• Benthic invertebrates(+Ostracoda) 315

• Ictioparasites 284

• Fishes 137

• Amphibian 22

• Reptiles 37

• Birds 295

• Mammals 60

•• TOTALTOTAL 42894289

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Atlantic Forest Biome: Atlantic Forest Biome: SSíítiotio 6 6 -- PELDPELD

0.4 %0.4 %

Fish : 50%

Amphibians : 6%

Annelidas: 58%

Rotifers: 50%

Cladocerans: 60%

Algae: 9%

Species Proportion

0 400km200

N

S

O L


Ex.: Ex.: fishfish faunafauna

45% out of 310 species(0,7 % of the drainage area)

5,5% out of 2500 species0,058 % of Brazilian territory0,058 % of Brazilian territory

19


Ma

r-1

98

5

Ma

r-1

98

6

Ma

r-1

98

7

Ma

r-1

98

8

Ma

r-1

98

9

Ma

r-1

99

0

Ma

r-1

99

1

Ma

r-1

99

2

Ma

r-1

99

3

Ma

r-1

99

4

Ma

r-1

99

5

Ma

r-1

99

6

Ma

r-1

99

7

Ma

r-1

99

8

Ma

r-1

99

9

Ma

r-2

00

0

Ma

r-2

00

1

Ma

r-2

00

2

Ma

r-2

00

3

Ma

r-2

00

4

Ma

r-2

00

5

Ma

r-2

00

6

Ma

r-2

00

7

Ma

r-2

00

8

PERÍODO

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

NIV

EL

(cm

)

Ma

r-1

98

5

Ma

r-1

98

6

Ma

r-1

98

7

Ma

r-1

98

8

Ma

r-1

98

9

Ma

r-1

99

0

Ma

r-1

99

1

Ma

r-1

99

2

Ma

r-1

99

3

Ma

r-1

99

4

Ma

r-1

99

5

Ma

r-1

99

6

Ma

r-1

99

7

Ma

r-1

99

8

Ma

r-1

99

9

Ma

r-2

00

0

Ma

r-2

00

1

Ma

r-2

00

2

Ma

r-2

00

3

Ma

r-2

00

4

Ma

r-2

00

5

Ma

r-2

00

6

Ma

r-2

00

7

PERIODO

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

NIV

EL

(m

)

86 87 88 91 92 93 94 95 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0,10,20,30,40,50,60,7 CONECTIVIDADE

86 87 88 91 92 93 94 95 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4 CONECTIVIDADE

PARANPARANÁÁ IVINHEIMAIVINHEIMA


Riqueza de espRiqueza de espééciescies

1987

1988

1992

199

3

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Ano

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Riq

ueza

de

espé

cies

(S

)

Baia Ivinheima Paraná

Fernandes Fernandes etet al., 2009al., 2009

20


AbundânciaAbundância

1987

1988

1992

1993

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Ano

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450C

PU

E d

e m

igra

dore

s

Baia Ivinheima Paraná






0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

ÉPOCA DA CHEIA

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

CPU

E (in

diví

duos

/m2 )

BAIA IVINHEIMA PARANÁ

ARRASTO - LAGOAS

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

NÚMERO DE PULSOS

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

CP

UE (in

diví

duos

/m2 )


ARRASTO - LAGOAS

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35

CONECTIVIDADE

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

CPU

E (in

diví

duos

/m2 )


ARRASTO - LAGOAS

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2Out Nov Dez Jan Fev Mar Abr

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