blntM y/ uf]q e|d / oyfy{

blnt clwsf/sf nflu gofF /0fgLlt 1

;dtf gLlt–kq (@)&#

blntM y/ uf]q e|d / oyfy{

2 blnt clwsf/sf nflu gofF /0fgLlt

© ;dtf gLlt–kq ( @)&#

n]vgljZjeQm b'nfn …cfx'ltÚ

;Dkfbgkbd ;'Gbf;ch'{g ljZjsdf{

;xof]uL/fhg kl/of/k|sfz g]kfnL

uf]kfn g]kfnL

6]s]Gb| ljZjsdf{

;fg]kf, nlntk'/, g]kfn

kmf]g M )!–%%@)*%!E-mail: [email protected]

o; gLlt–kqsf] k|sfzgsf] nflu g];gn OG8f]d]G6 km/ 8]df]qm];L (NED) / cf]k]g ;f];fO6L kmfp08]zg (OSF) n] cfly{s ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . o; gLlt–kqdf JoQm larf/, ljZn]if0f / lgisif{df cfly{s ;xof]u lbg] ;+:yfsf] ;xdlt clgjfo{ 5}g .


k|sfzsLo

g]kfn Ps ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s / ax';f+:s[lts tyf k|fs[lts

;'Gb/tfn] el/Psf] b]z xf] . sl/a kf}g] tLg s/f]8 hg;+Vof ePsf] of] ;fgf]

b]zdf !@% eGbf a9L hfthftLsf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 / !)@ eGbf a9L efiff

af]lnG5 . ;of}+ jif{b]lv ;Qf;'v ef]lu/x]sf Psy/L zf;s ju{n] o; b]znfO{

rf/ j0f{ 5lQ; hftsf] km"naf/L eG5g\ / g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;fdflhs ;befjsf]

k|z+;f u/]/ yfSb}gg\ . rf/ j0f{ 5lQ; hftsf] ;'Gb/ km"naf/Ldf slt hftn]

km'Ng kfPsf 5g\ / slt hftsf km"nx? cf]OnfP/ hfts} sf/0fn] ;'s]sf

5g\ of em/]sf 5g\ ca To;sf] n]vfhf]vf ;'? ePsf] 5 . jf:tjdf g]kfnL

l;ª\uf] ;dfh s§/ hft Joj:yfdf l6s]sf] 5 / oxfF /x]sf !@% hfthftL ;a}

Ps cfk;df sf] 7"nf] sf] ;fgf] hft eGg] ¿9tfdf ljeflht 5g\ . laefhgsf]

o; /]vfdf sf] ;fgf] sf] 7"nf], sf] z'4 sf] cz'4, sf] 5't sf] c5"t, s;sf]

kfgL rNg] s;sf] grNg] ofjt lrGtg kl/kf6Ln] l;ª\uf] ;dfh leqleq}

IftljIft 5 t/ o;df /dfpg]x? o;nfO{ l;ª\uf], Pstfa4 ;x–cl:tTjdf

/x]sf] ;fdflhs ;b\efjn]o'Qm ;'Gb/ ;dfh b]lv/x]5g\ / o; ljeQmLnfO{ s'g}

g s'g} ?kdf arfO /fVg rfxG5g\ . t/ ;r]t blnt ;d'bfoaf6 ca o;sf]

sf/stTjsf] vf]hL e}/x]sf] 5 . hft Joj:yfn] ;a} eGbf kL“wdf kfl/Psf

blnt ;d'bfodfly x'g] e]befj, cGofo, cTofrf/sf] km]xl/:t cj0f{gLo 5g\ .

g]kfndf /x]sf ;/sf/L tYofª\s cg';f/ !#=@ k|ltzt t/ blnt ;d'bfon]

cf+sng u/]sf] @) k|ltzt blnt hgtf ;fdflhs ;befjsf] gofF kl/efiff

vf]lh/x]5g\ / hft Joj:yfn] l;h{gf u/]sf] txut ;+/rgfnfO{ eTsfpg

rfxG5g\ . lsgeg] e]befjsf] :ki6 ?k blnt ;d'bfosf] kl/ro;Fu hf]l8Psf]

5 h;sf] ckdfgaf]w blnt ;d'bfon] ghflgbf] ?kdf hLjg ko{Gt ;xg'

k/]sf] 5, ef]Ug afWo 5g\ . oxL hft Joj:yfn] Psy/L pRr hft x'F eGg]nfO{

cfkm" k"j{hGdsf] k"0osd{n] ;j{>]i7 x'F eGg] cxd\tfsf] sf/0f :jfyL{ agfO


lbPsf] / ToxL :jfy{ arfpg g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ gfd ljz]ifn] g} p;sf] 7"nf]

/ ;fgf] hft lrGg ;lsof];\ eg]/ To:t} ;fdflhs / k|zf;lgs k|k~r sfod

ul/lbPsf 5g\ .

à JolQmsf] ef}lts z/L/ x]/]/ s'g hftsf] xf] eGg ufÃf] kb{5– To;}n]

ufpF3/lt/ / zx/ahf/sf klg kfsf dfG5]n] kl/rosf] ;'?jft

gfdaf6 xf]Og …s;df x'g' eof] <Ú s] y/L x'g' eof] eg]/ ul/g] k|rng

cem} 5 . JolQmsf] k|wfgtf gfddf xf]Og hftdf sfod ul/Psf] 5 .

à g]kfnLx?sf] gfd k5fl8 ljz]if0f h:t} k|;fb, axfb'/, aL/, s'df/,

gf/fo0f–s'df/L, dfof, b]jL / To;kl5 y/ of hft n]Vg] k|rng

5 . tyfslyt pRrhftn] dfq k|;fb n]Vb5g\, blntn] kfpFb}gg\ /

cGon] axfb'/ aL/ cflb . ;se/ blnt ;d'bfonfO{ aLrsf] laz]if0f

g/fVg] / gfdnfO{ klg x]nfxf]rf] x'g] u/L …PÚ sf/ nufP/ gfdfs/0f

ul/GYof] . h:tf] sfnLaxfb'/ bdfO{nfO{ sfn] bdfO{, rGb|axfb'/

sfdLnfO{ rGb|] sfdL– To;/L g} blnt dlxnfnfO{ klg ;'GtnL sldgL,

sfG5L bldgL=== cflb . :ynut gful/stf ljt/0f ul/“bf ;/sf/L

sd{rf/L / :yfgLo ;fdGt 7fn'af6 o:tf lj7\ofO y'k|} ePsf 5g\ .

To;avt blntx?nfO{ y/df cfgf] kl/ro lngaf6 jl~rt ul/Psf]

5 . o;sf ;fy} ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] x]nr]S|ofOF / ckx]ngfn] gfd

dfq xf]Og 9fF6, rf]/, la6'nf], efF8h:tf ckdfghgs hft / y/df

gful/stf agfO lbPsf 5g\ . c;Qm cgk9 / k|ltsf/ ug{ g;Sg]

blntx? r'krfk To:tf] kl/ro af]s]/ a:g afWo ePsf 5g\ .

o:tf Jojxf/n] blnt ;d'bfodf oltlj£g lxgtfaf]w hGdfO lbof]

ls ;se/ p;n] cfkm"nfO{ cfgf] gfdkl5 hft of y/af6 kl/ro

lbg' gk/f];\ egL lrgfkl/ro k|;+u cfpbf ts]{/ efUg] k|oTg ug{

afWo x'G5g\ . ltgsf ;GttL cfh tL ckdfghgs agfj6L y/ hft

abNg lbgx"F k|zf;g wfO/fVg afWo 5g\ .

à sltko lhNnfdf blntsf gfd k5fl8 eujfgsf] gfd …/fdÚ hf]l8lbg]

rng 5– h:tf] uf]kfn /fd, r08L/fd, k|tfk/fd, === l;tf/fd .

dw];lt/ klg u+uf/fd, /Iff/fd cflb . /fd ljz]if0faf6 p blnt xf]

eg]/ ;lhn} lrlggsf nflu k|rngdf NofOPsf] xf] .

4 ;dtf gLlt–kq


à blntx?sf] cfgf] P]ltxfl;s yftynf] of j+z;Fu hf]l8Psf df}lns

y/ -hf] u}/blntsf klg x'G5g\_ x'G5g\ eGg] oyfy{tf kl/ro k|df0f

lbg /fHo;+oGqdf a:g] xflsdnfO{ 1fg gx'Fbf w]/} h;f] blnt

;d'bfon] -vf;u/L kxf8] v;–cfo{ blntn]_ cfgf] df}lns y/df

gful/stf gkfP kl5 cfkm" klg ;fj{ef}d g]kfnL x'F eGg] lhls/ u/L

gfd k5fl8 …g]kfnLÚ n]v]/ k|df0fkq lng afWo ePsf 5g\ . lj8Dagf

cfh …g]kfnLÚ kl/ro blnt kof{oL ePsf] 5 / blntleqsf] s'g

hft xf] eg]/ k|Zg ul/g yflnPsf] 5 . of] hft k|yf arfO /fVg]

/fHooGqn] u/]sf] csf]{ lje]bn] l;h{gf u/]sf] ;d:of xf] . …g]kfnLÚ

y/ blntsf] kof{oL ePsf] sf/0f klxn] klxn] s]xL k|ultlzn

/fi6«k|]dL u}/blnt JolQmn] /fv]sf] …g]kfnLÚ pkgfd 5f]8]/ cfhsfn

cfgf] df}lns hft / y/ n]Vg yfn]sf] b]lvG5 .

cgle1tfn] lxgtfaf]w l;h{gf ub{5 / lxgtfaf]wn] knfog x'g clek|]l/t

ub{5 . hftLo prgLrdf cfwfl/t ;fdGtL /fHoJoj:yfn] oL b'a} c:q

;of}+ jif{b]lv s;/L k|of]u u/L /x]sf 5g\ To;k|lt xfdL blnt ;d'bfo

;r]t e} ;dofg's"n cfkm"nfO{ kl/jt{g u/fpg h?/L 5 .

à /fHokIfn] / ;dfhn] u/]sf] ckdfgn] cflht eP/ lxgtfaf]wj;

cfgf] P]ltxfl;s y/k|lt df]xe+u ePsf] 5 / df}lnstnfO{ 5f]8]/

gofF y/ klg l;h{gf u/]sf 5f}+ . d';ndfg ;d'bfodf l;nfO{sf] sfd

ug]{ JolQmnfO{ æbhL{Æ elgG5 . xfd|f lai6j/fh'x?af6 xfdLn] …bdfO{Ú

eg]sf] eGbf …bhL{Ú eg]sf] s0f{lk|o / cfb/fyL{ 7fGof}+ – clxn] …bhL{Ú

bdfO{ hftsf] kof{oL y/ x'g k'Uof] . o;/L g} c+u|]hLdf l;nfO{ sfd

ug]{nfO{ …6]n/Ú (Tailor) elgG5 . cem cfb/efjn] 6]n/ dfi6/ elgFbf s]xL n] cfgf] y/ 6]n/ clg dfi6/ agfPsf 5g\ . o;/L klg cfgf

df}lns y/ la:yflkt ePsf] 5 .

à …l;jfÚ af6 ;]jf, ;]jfg / l;jfsf]6L -l;jfsf]6L blntsf] cnu

df}lns y/ klg xf]_ ;dofg's"n JolQmsf] ¿rL cg';f/ cke|+z

agfof}+ . /0fkx]nLaf6 /0fkfn, /0fkf}nL o:t} pbfx/0f x'g\ . kf}/fl0fs

wfld{su|Gy cf}hf/ / lgdf{0fsf b]jtf ljZjsdf{ sfdL, ;'gf/, nf]xf/

;a}sf] kof{o aGof] .

k|sfzsLo 5


à blnt ;d'bfodf g]kfn ;/sf/ /fli6«o blnt cfof]uaf6 kxf8Ld"nsf

& / dw]zL d"nsf !( u/L @^ hft ;"rLs[t 5g\ . hghftL g]jf/

;d'bfoleqsf !(!) sf] d'n'sL P]gdf kfgL grNg] t/ 5f]Ol56f]

xfNg gkg]{ / 5f]Ol56f] xfNg kg]{ s]xL hftn] blnt ;"rLaf6 x6fpg

rfx]sf t/ g]jf/leqs} kf]8] / Rofd]sf ;Gbe{df ;f] ;d'bfoleq blnt

elgg] ls geGg] eGg] s'/fdf Psdt gePsf / blnt ;"rLleq /xg

rfxg] ;d"xsf] dfu cg';f/ g]jf/leq blnt eg]/ cnUu} ;"rLs[t

gu/L ;f] hftx? kxf8Ld"nsf blnt ;d"xleq ;"rLs[t ug]{ /fli6«o

blnt cfof]usf] k|df0fsf] cfwf/df -cg';"rL #_ oxfF g]jf/ blnt egL

pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} dw];L blntleq /xg rfxg] ljjfbdf

ePsf] lg0f{o klg cg";'rL # df g} pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

à hft Joj:yfn] l;h{gf u/]sf] blnt ;d:of olt las/fn 5 ls

o;af6 pGd'lQm kfpg nfdf] ;ª\3if{, w}o{tf, ;'ha'em / Tofusf] vfFrf]

5, o;sf] Ifl0fs cfj]udf slxn] xfdL pTkLl8t dfq slxn] kf}/vL

/ cfhsn lzNkL gfdaf6 pGd'QmL vf]hL /x]5f}+ . blntkgfaf6

d'lQm e]befjhGo l:yltaf6 d'lQm x'g' xf]– zAbaf6 of gfd km]l/“bf

d'lQm x'g] xf]Og eGg] s'/f xfdLn] u/]sf] cg'ejaf6 l;4 e};s]sf]

5 . xfd|f] ;d:of klxrfg, kx'Fr / k|ltlglwTj;Fu ufFl;Psf 5g\ .

xfd|f] cfgf] df}lns klxrfg 5g\ . xfd|f] cfGbf]ngsf] clGtd uGtJo

cfgf] d"nwf/;Fu cGt/3'ng xf] . xfd|f] cfGbf]ng tyfslyt 7"nf]

hft x'g vf]Hg] xf]Og t/ ljgf e]befj ljgf 5nsk6, ljgf cfu|x

;a} g]kfnL gful/s ;dfg / ;Ddflgt x'g';Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . blnt

;d'bfon] g]kfnL ;dfh rnfodfg / hLjGt /fVg cfgf]tkm{af6

k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgn] xfdLnfO{ lxgtfaf]w dfGg' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f 5}g .

xfd|f] kl/>d, kl;gf / w}o{tfk|lt uf}/j ug]{ / ;dofg's"n cfkm"nfO{

pEofpg] ;lx ;do cfPsf] 5 . xfd|f] klxrfg– xfd|f] y/ uf]qk|lt

w]/}nfO{ vf;u/L k|zff;gdf a:g] JolQmnfO{ 7"nf] e|d 5– :jod blnt

;d'bfo klg o; s'/fdf ;r]t 5}gf}+– To;}n] o; e|dnfO{ yf]/} eP

klg lrg{ ;lsG5 eg]/ ;dtf kmfp08]zgaf6 of] gLltkq k|sflzt

ug]{ hdsf]{ u/]sf 5f} . y/sf cfwf/df ePsf lje]blj?4 blnt

;d'bfon] @))# ;fnb]lv s'g} g s'g} ?kdf cfjfh p7fO /x]sf

6 ;dtf gLlt–kq


x'g\ . blnt ;d'bfosf] tTsfnLg Psdfq ;femf ;ª\u7g g]kfn

pTkLl8t blnt hftLo d'lQm ;dfhn] cfgf] dfudWo] blnt ;d'bfon]

cfgf] df}lns y/df gful/stf kfpg'k5{ egL @)%! ;fn k'; !(

ut] tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL ;dIf /fv]sf] dfunfO{ @)%@÷$÷$ sf] dGqL

kl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ tTsfnLg u[xdGqLsf] lgb]{zgdf @)%@÷$÷@!

df krxQ/} lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ blnt ;d'bfonfO{

y/sf cfwf/df gful/stf lbg / ckdfgaf]w x'g] lx;fan] klxn]

lbPsf gful/stf ;d]t dfu cg';f/ ;RrfO lbg' eGg] kl/kqsf]

ldlt @)^*÷)(÷@* df k'gM tfs]tf ePsf] -cg';"rL ! x]g'{xf]nf_ tyf

u[xdGqfnosf] @)%@÷)$÷@! kl/kqdf 6]s]/ blnt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf

dxf;ª\3sf] tkm{af6 bfo/ ePsf] ;Dat\ @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #)@!

df ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^#÷)@÷)! df ePsf] k/dfb]znfO{

u[xdGqfnoaf6 ;a} lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nonfO{ ldlt @)^#÷)&÷!$

df kl/kq ul/Psf] -cg';"rL @_ x'Fbf x'Fb} klg lg/fs/0f gx'Fbf /

To;af/] k6s k6s k'gM kl/kq Pjd k}/jL x'Fbf;d]t of] ;d:of cem}

Ho"FsfTo"F 5 . b]zdf zflGt, ;'zf;g / ;fdflhs ;befj rfxg]x?n]

g]kfndf ljBdfg hftLo ;d:ofnfO{ gofF 9ª\uaf6 ;dfwfg ug{ l9nf

ug{ x'Fb}g– laikmf]6g x'gaf6 arfpg kb{5 .

à /fhgLlt1, ;dfh ljZn]ifs cfb/0fLo ljZjeQm b'nfn …cfx'ltÚ af6

tof/ ePsf] …blnt ;d'bfosf] y/ uf]qaf/] e|d / oyfy{Ú gfds gLltkq

k|sflzt ug{ kfpbf ;dtf kmfp08]zg / o;sf] cWoIfsf] x}l;otn]

d cfkm"nfO{ uf}/jflGjt 7fGb5' . blnt ;d'bfo cGt/ut hft /

ltgLx?sf] y/af/] /fli6«o blnt cfof]uaf6 k|fKt ;"rLsf cltl/Qm

cGo ;ª\3, ;+:yf / JolQmaf6 ;ª\slnt k|sflzt ;Gbe{sf cfwf/df

of] ;"rL tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . ;"rLdf s]xL y/ 5'6\g uPdf kf7sx?sf]

;'emfj / tYosf cfwf/df k"gM ;RrfOg] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w ub{5' . gLltkq

tof/ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ d]g]lhª 8fO/]S6/ pHHjn ;'Gbf;, k|f]h]S6

sf]cl8{g]6/ /fd rd{sf/ / k|lj0f ltjf/LnfO{ wGojfb .

kbd ;'Gbf;cWoIf

;dtf kmfp08]zg

k|sfzsLo 7


ljifo ;"rL

! blnt ;d'bfosf] y/ uf]qaf/] e|d / oyfy{ (

@= uf]q s] xf] < !!

#= hft s] xf] < !$

$= y/ s] xf] < !%

%= g]kfnsf blntsf] y/ !&

^= blntx?n] hft jf y/ 9fF6] eGg] k|;ª\u !*

& lgisif{M y/sf] cfwf/df hflt jf hftsf] lrgf/L ;Dej 5}g Û @)

blnt hftLo cg';"rL / y/ @@

blnt hft / y/ cg';"rL @$

cg';"rL – ! #^

cg';"rL – @ #&

cg';"rL – # #*


!

blnt ;d'bfosf] y/ uf]qaf/] e|d / oyfy{

g]kfnL ;dfhdf uf]q / y/ h:tf ljifodf cem} klg sfkmL xb;Dd e|d

/ cGof}n /x]sf] 5 . o;f] x'g'sf] k5fl8 d"ntM b'O{ j6f sf/0fn] d'Vo e"ldsf

v]n]sf] b]lvG5 . Ps, g]kfnL ;dfh Pp6} ;Eotf / k/Dk/fsf] ;dfh xf]Og

a? g]kfnL ;dfh ljZjdf kfFr xhf/ jif{eGbf cl3b]lv ljsl;t eO{ cfh;Dd

cfOk'u]sf kfFr j6f dxf;Eotfsf] dxf;ª\ud ePsf] ;dfh xf] .

s_ pQ/sf] Xjfª\xf] / ofª\;L gbLsf] d}bfgdf ljsl;t eO{ ltAat x'Fb}

g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf] dª\uf]n ;Eotf .

v_ o'/f]kaf6 dWo Plzofsf] ss]l;of x'Fb} d:6f]k'hs ;+:s[lt;lxt

klZrd g]kfn cfOk'u]sf] v; ;Eotf .

u_ o'/f]kaf6 O/fg x'Fb} l;Gw'3fF6L k|j]z u/L uª\uf d}bfgdf k'u]/ j]bsf]

/rgf u/L g]kfn cfOk'u]sf] j}lbs cfo{ ;Eotf .

3_ df]x]ghf]bf/f] / x8Kkf h:tf eJo ;Eotf lgdf{0f u/]sf b|lj8 /

cfl:6«s hfltsf] ;Eotfdfly cfo{x?sf] xdnfkl5 k/flht eP/ Pj+

k6s k6s n8\b} g]kfn cfOk'u]sf] b|lj8 / cfl:6«s ;Eotf . oL

rf/} j6f kfFr xhf/ jif{eGbf cl3b]lv ljsl;t dxf;Eotf x'g\ .

ª_ rf}w ;o jif{cl3 c/aaf6 yfngL eO{ g]kfn cfOk'u]sf] O:nfd

;Eotf . of] kl5Nnf] xf] t/ of] Pp6f dxf;Eotf g} xf] .

10 ;dtf gLlt–kq

oL km/s km/s kfFr dxf;Eotf;Fu ;DjlGwt bh{gf} hflt / ;d'bfo /x]sf]

;dfh xf] g]kfnL ;dfh . pgLx?sf cf—cfg} j+z k/Dk/f, cf—cfg} k'vf{

;DaGwL dfGotf Pj+ ljZjf; / cf—cfg} hLjg b[li6sf]0fx? 5g\ . tL ljifox?

Ps cfk;df km/s 5g\ . Pp6f hflt jf ;d'bfosf uf]]q, y/, j+zfjnL jf

k'vf{ ;DaGwL b[li6sf]0faf/] csf]{ hflt jf ;d'bfonfO{ 1fg x'Fb}g jf cToGt}

sd 1fg x'G5 . uf]q, y/, j+z k/Dk/f h:tf ljifodf Ps ;d'bfon] csf]{

;d'bfo;Fu cGt/lqmof gu/L gx'g] l:ylt hghLjgdf cToGt sd cj:yfdf

dfq cfpg] ePsf]n] klg To:tf] csf]{ ;d'bfosf] af/]df cgle1tf /xg d2t

k'¥ofpF5 . cem o;f] eGbf emg} ;xL xf]nf ls g]kfnL ;dfhdf rNb} cfPsf]

;du| cy{–/fhg}lts 9fFrfsf sf/0fn] g} g]kfnL ;dfhdf uf]q, y/ cflb af/]

e|dx? /lx/x]sf 5g\ . /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxåf/f uf]/vf /fHosf] lj:tf/

u/L cfhsf] g]kfndf lxGb" pRr hftLo kxfl8of cfo{–v; cxª\sf/jfbdf

cfwfl/t /fHo ;Qf ;~rfng ug{ ;'? u/L k~rfotsfn;Dd cfpFbf h;/L

lzIff, ;+:s[lt, sfg'g, /fhgLlt / cy{tGqdf Ps 5q kxfl8of lxGb" pRr

hftLo b[li6sf]0f / d"No dfGotf nflbof], To;af6 o:tf] e|d hlGdg k'Uof] ls

kxfl8of lxGb" pRr hftsf] dfq} Jojl:yt uf]q x'G5, pgLx?sf] dfq} ;Ddflgt

y/ x'G5, pgLx?sf] dfq} ;Ddflgt j+z k/Dk/f x'G5 cflb cflb .

o;k|sf/sf] /fHosf] anft\ x:tIf]ksf/L gLltsf sf/0f lxGb" pRr

hftafx]ssfsf] To:tf ljifodf hfgsf/L lng c?nfO{ jf:t} gx'g], ?lr g}

ghfUg], pgLx?sf y/ uf]q ;'Gbf klg c;Eo dfG5]sf] sd;n kl/ro h:tf]

efg x'g] l:ylt aGg k'Uof] . /fHosf] To;k|sf/sf] gLlt cl3 a9\b} hfFbf

pTkLl8tx?nfO{ y/ n]Vg glbg], y/ g} km]/]/ n]Vg afWo kfg]{ cflb sfd

x'Fb} cfP . o;sf] ;a} eGbf a9L df/ blntdfly k¥of] h;sf] sf/0f sltko

:yfgsf blnt kl/jf/n] cfgf] jf:tljs y/ uf]q g} lal;{;Sg] l:ylt;Dd

k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L lxGb" pRr hftafx]ssf hghflt, blnt, d'l:nd

;d'bfosfn] klg cfgf] uf]q, y/, j+z k/Dk/fnfO{ uj{sf ;fy eGg dg gnfUg],

lxgtfjf]w x'g] jf sDtLdf cfkm}leq dfq r'krfk cEof; ul//xg] b'ef{Uok"0f{

kl/36gf 36\b} cfof] .

blntM y/ uf]q e|d / oyfy{ 11

@=

uf]q s] xf] <

k|l;4 ;dfhzf:qL n'O; df]u{gn] cfgf] …cflbd ;dfhÚ gfds k':tsdf

sljnf o'udf ;fd'lxs kl/jf/df a:g] lglZrt Pp6} xh'/cfdfsf ;GtfgnfO{

Pp6f uf]qleqsf dflg;x?sf ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ -df]u{g ;g\ !(^$_ .

cyf{t uf]q eGgfn] Pp6} xh'/cfdfsf ;Gtltx?sf] dfgj em'08 xf] . Tolta]nf

afa'sf] klxrfg cfjZos geO;s]sf]n] xh'/cfdfsf ;GtfgnfO{ dflgPsf] xf],

lsgls cfdf dfq lglZrt klxrfg x'g] cj:yf lyof] . To;kl5sf ;a} h;f]

;dfhzf:qLn] klg dfgj ;dfhdf b]vfk/]sf] ;'?sf] uf]q k|0ffnLnfO{ Pp6}

xh'/cfdfsf /Qm gftfsf ;Gtltsf] em'08 lyP eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .

o;k|sf/ dfgj ;dfhdf ;'?df uf]q eGgfn] Pp6} k'Vof{}nL /Qmvnssf

dflg;sf] em'08 lyof] . t/ dfgj ;dfh ;ft xhf/ jif{eGbf a9L nfdf] ofqf

ug]{ qmddf ;of}+ hflt, xhf/f}+ pkhfltdf ljeQm / ljsl;t e};s]sf] 5 .

To;}n] uf]qsf] Tof] z}zjsfnLg cj:yf, kl/efiff / a'emfO cfh h:tfsf] h:t}

/x]sf] 5}g . csf]{ s'/f, dft[k|wfg ;dfh eTs]/ lkt[;QfTds o'usf] klg cfh

sl/j ;ft xhf/ jif{ lalt;s]sf] l:yltdf cfhsf dfgjzf:qLx?n] eg] em}+ s'g}

klg hfltdf /Qmz'4tf eGg] afFsL 5}g, st} g st} 5\of;ld; e};s]sf] 5 .

To;}n] uf]q jf y/x?af/] 5nkmn ca /Qmz'4tf jf j+zLo >]i7tfsf lglDt

ul/g' xf:of:kb ljifo x'g k'Ub5, h:tf] ls cem} sltkon] To:tf] ug]{ k|oTg

ub{5g\ -?kfv]tL @)^*M$_ .

cfhsf] ljZju|fdsf] o'udf / k|]d ljjfx xfjL x'Fb} uPsf] ;dodf uf]q /

y/sf] ljifo Pp6f ;fdfGo kfl/jfl/s jf JolQm kl/rosf] cy{df dfq sfo{sf/L

12 ;dtf gLlt–kq

x'g yfn]sf] 5 . uf]q jf y/ a9Ldf dfuL ljjfxdf cy{k"0f{ cem} 5 / ;f/df

ljjfx ubf{ glhssf] j+zdf vlK6g gk'uf];\ eGgfsf nflu dfq pkof]u eO/x]sf]

5 . eljiodf y/x? s]jn kl/jf/ / JolQm kl/rodf dfq ;Lldt x'g] l:ylt

cfhaf6 x]bf{ :ki6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . o;y{, cfh uf]q / y/x?sf] cWoog

cfgf k"j{hsf] nx/f] klxNofpg];Ddsf] ofqf xf], Tof] klg afa'af6 dfq j+z

rNb} cfPsfn] k'?if k"j{hsf] dfq nx/f] km]nf kg]{ ofqf xf] . g]kfndf uf]q

/ y/ h:tf ljifonfO{ klg pTkL8g, ckdfg, zf]ifs juL{o d'No dfGotf

lgdf{0fsf ;fgfltgf snk"hf{ agfOPsf] P]ltxfl;stf /x]sfn] pTkLl8t ;d'bfon]

oL ljifosf oyfy{nfO{ klg ;txdf NofP/ ;dtf / clwsf/sf] n8fOFsf] cË

agfpg' eg] cjZo kb{5 . s'g} klg dfgj ;d'bfo csf]{ eGbf sd;n xf]Og

egL k'li6 ug{ o:tf ljifon] klg u+eL/ dxÎj /fVb5g\ .

dfgj ;dfhdf uf]q h;/L ;'?cft eP klg / ltgn] ;dfh ljsf;df

h:tf] e"ldsf v]n]sf eP klg cfh ltgsf] ?k / cj:yf ToxL ?kdf 5}g

eGg] k|i6} 5 . To; ;Gbe{df x]bf{ g]kfndf /x]sf ;a} hflt ;d'bfosf] uf]q

k/Dk/fsf] cj:yf, cjz]if / ?k s'g cj:yfdf 5 egL u+eL/ cWoog h?/L

5 / d"ntM x'g afFsL 5 . To;dWo] lxGb" uf]q k/Dk/f eg] Ps k|sf/n] /f]rs

klg 5 . jf:tjdf lxGb" k/Dk/f h;nfO{ elgG5, Tof] lxGb" pRr hftLo uf]q

k/Dk/f xf] lsgls To;leq blntx?nfO{ /flvGg . lxGb" pRr hftLo uf]q

eg]sf Clifx?sf gfd x'g\ cyf{t lxGb" km/s km/s Clifsf ;Gtfgx? g} lxGb"

pRr hft x'g\ eGg] bfjL To;df kfOG5 -?kfv]tL @)^*_ .

tL d'Vo Clifsf r]nf jf pkClifx?sf] gfdnfO{ rfFlx k|j/ eGg] ul/G5 .

o;/L hf] Clifsf ;Gtfg x'g\, tL ;a} pRr hftLo dflgG5g\Ù ta gLr dflgPsf

hftsf] j+z vnsnfO{ Clif;Fu hf]8\g ldNg] s'/} ePg . To;}n] blntx?sf]

uf]q / k|j/ Clifsf] gfd;Fu ;DalGwt ug{ lbOPsf] 5}g . hf] hft 36'jfdf

k/]/ c5"t aGg k'Uof], To;sf] klg k'/fgf] uf]q qmdzM vf]:b} nu]/ cfd …c5"tÚ

sf] k/Dk/fut uf]qd} sfod ul/lbg] k|rng rNof] -lzjfsf]6L ;g\ @)!$_ .

o;k|sf/ lxGb" pRr hftLo uf]q jf:tjdf lxGb" j0f{ Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t

hftLo >]i7tf sfod ug{ lgld{t ldys dfq x'g\Ù dfgj ;dfhsf] ;Eotfsf]

z}zjsfnLg Pp6} j+z k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t uf]qsf] lg/Gt/tf xf]Og . of] ljifonfO{

;fdfGo ljZn]if0faf6 klg :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 lsgeg] Clifx? :jodsf] uf]q s]


lyof] < s] Clifx? eGbf klxn] uf]qdf cfwfl/t ;dfh lyPg < ;dfhdf Clif

:jtM yf]/} x'Gy] eg] Clifafx]ssf ax';ª\Vos dflg; hf] lxGb" g} lyP, ltgsf]

uf]q s] lyof] < Clifkl5sf t cfhsf tfufwf/L ;d'bfo eP t/ Clifx?;Fu}

afFr]sf dflg;x? hf] Clifsf ;Gtfg xf]Ogg t/ lxGb" g} x'g, tL tdfd a|fXd0f

/ If]qLo afx]ssf j}Zox?sf] uf]q klg s;/L Clifs} gfddf /xg uof] <

o:tf s}og k|Zgx? 5g\, h;sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ lxGb" pRr hftLo Clif

gfdsf uf]q / k|j/x? pRr hftLo >]i7tf l;h{gf ug{ agfOPsf ldys dfq

x'g\ eGg ;lhn} ;lsG5 . t/ lxGb" ;dfhdf blntx?sf] uf]q, cem 7f]; u/L

eGbf cfo{–v;leqsf blntsf] uf]q rfFlx slNkt ldyseGbf a9L j+z k/Dk/fsf]

7f]; TofGb|f]nfO{ ;ª\s]t ug]{ vfnsf 5g\ . cfo{–v;leqsf blntsf] d"ntM tLg

j6f uf]q 5g\ . Ps, sfzL . b'O{, sf]zn jf sf}zNo . / tLg, sfzL sf]zn .

sfzL eg]sf] lxGb" tLy{ sfzL xf]Og . a? sfzL eg]sf] v; hfltsf] Pp6f zfvf

jf Ps ;dosf] k|frLg gfd xf] h'g hfltnfO{ 5fun klg elgGYof] . To;}u/L

sf]zn klg v;leqsf] 5fu hflts} csf]{ gfd xf] . sfzL sf]zn eGbf b'O{ j6}

v;leqsf k|frLg hflt a'emfpF5 -lzjfsf]6L ;g\ @)!$M @%!_ . uf}td a'4sfndf

ef/t jif{df ePsf ;f]Ãj6f dxfhgkbx?dWo] b'O{ j6f sfzL / sf]zn hgkbx?

lyP eGg] tYon] klg sfzL / sf]zn zAbn] k|frLg k"vf{ g} hgfpF5g\ egL k'li7

ub{5 -g]kfn @)%%M *_ . o;/L x]bf{ cfo{–v;leqsf] …c5"tÚ jf k'x'gL uf]qn] a9L

j+z k/Dk/fsf] TofGb|f] ;dft]sf] 5 . of] uf]q a|fXd0fdf gx'g' / v;af6 lxGb"

agfOPsf s]xL If]qLdf rfFxL kfOg'n] klg oL uf]q v; j+z k/Dk/fnfO{ ;ª\s]t

ug]{ :t/sf x'g\ egL eGg ;lsG5 -lzjfsf]6L ;g\ @)!$_ .

To;}u/L cfo{–v;leqsf blntdf k|j/ x'Fb}g h'g Clifs} gfd xf] a?

zfvf eGg] x'G5 . y/;Fu} zfvf ;f]Wg] rng g} lyof] / clwsf+zsf] a|Xd zfvf,

plbdf zfvf, ;fO{ zfvf cflb x'g] ub{5 . of] a|Xdsf] cy{ lxGb" a|XdfhL xf]Og

a? of] a|Xdk'q gbL;Fu ;DjlGwt 5 . v;x? ljleGg af6f]af6 lxdfno sf6]/

blIf0flt/ nfu]sf lyP . To;dWo] Pp6f zfvf a|Dxk'q gbL;Fu} dfg;/f]j/af6

uËf d}bfglt/ nfu]sf] a'lemG5 . To;}n] uf]q / y/;Fu} ltgsf] zfvf a|Xd aGg

k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . uf]q;Fu} cfo{–v; blntx?df zfvf klg eGg] rngn] zfvf

k|frLg v;x?sf] ljleGg ofqL em'08nfO{ ;ª\s]t ug]{ kl/ro a'lemG5 h'g

j}lbs cfo{ pRr hftLo uf]q k|0ffnLdf kfOGg .

14 ;dtf gLlt–kq

#=

hft s] xf] <

lxGb" j0f{Joj:yf cg';f/ tf]lsPsf] k]zfut gfd / tx g} hft xf] . ;'?df

rf/ j0f{ a|fXd0f, If]qLo, j}Zo / z"b| eg]sf] k]zfut If]qsf] dfgj ;d'x / txut

Joj:yf lyof] . To;df s|dzM k]zf ylkb} uP / ToxL cg';f/ k]zfs} cfwf/df

hftsf] gfd / To;sf] tx lgwf{/0f ub}{ nluof] . a|fXd0f / If]qLo h'g d"n

zf;s x'g\, pgLx?sf] k]zf / tx l:y/ /flvof] cyf{t 1fg / ;Qfsf] k]zf .

To;afx]s j}Zo / z"b|x?sf] k]zfut If]qx? a9\b} uP . >d If]q a9\b} hfFbf

j}Zo cGt{ut / z"b| cGt/ut cfjZostf cg';f/ hft / tx klg a9fpFb}

nluof] . a|fXd0fleq pkfWofo, h}zL, k"jL{of, s'dfO{ h:tf s]xL e]b eP klg

w]/} txut hft x'Fb}gg\ . To;}u/L If]qLdf klg em/f]{, 3tL{ s]xL e]b eP klg w]/}

txut hft x'Fb}gg\ . To;sf] Pp6} sf/0f xf] ls pgLx?sf] 1fg / zf;gsf]

d"n >d If]q sfod /flvof] . j}Zo / z"b|leq dfq} txut cfzosf hft lsg

agfOof] t eGbf pgLx?af6 g} ;a} y/L >dsf] sfd u/fOof] . sf/0f oxL g}

xf] . hft cyf{t\ >d If]q jf k]zf . o; k|sf/ hftsf] gfd klg >d jf :yfg

ljz]if;Fu ;DalGwt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ / clxn] klg k|rlnt hftsf] gfdsf] rl/q

To:t} sfod g} 5 . h:t}, sdL{af6 sfdL, bdfx ahfpg] bdfxLaf6 bdfO{,

h'Dnfsf]1 ;/fs eGg] :yfgaf6 km}lnPsf ;/fsLaf6 ;fsL{, jfB cyf{t afhfsf]

sfd ug]{ jfB]oLaf6 afbL, ufpg]af6 ufOg], B -b]ptf_ sf] dlGb/ ;kmf ug]{,

/vjf/L ug]{ BnfÙ rd{ cyf{t\ 5fnfsf] sfd ug]{ rdf/ cflb cflb .

1 sltko ljåfgn] ;/fs eGg] :yfg h'Dnfsf] geO x'Dnfsf] xf] eGg] dfg]sf 5g\ -lzjfsf]6L

;g\ @)!$_ .


$=

y/ s] xf] <

y/ jf:tjdf lglZrt JolQmsf] kfl/jfl/s kl/ro xf] . j+z / y/ k'?ifaf6

;Gtfgdf hfg] lkt[;QfTds kl/kf6Lsf sf/0f y/ oyfy{df k'?if j+zut

nx/f]sf] ?kdf Ps k':tfaf6 csf]{ k':tfdf hfg] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf Pp6}

y/leq ljjfx ug}{ gx'g], cfg} y/leq dfq ljjfx ug{ ldNg]b]lv y/nfO{

gfd;Fu} hf]8]/ eGg] k/Dk/f g} gePsf hflt;Dd a:b5g\ . g]kfnsf lxGb"x?df

;fdfGotof s"nsf] cy{ af]s]sf Pp6} y/sfaLr ljjfx x'Fb}g . g]jf/df Pp6}

y/leq dfq ljjfx x'G5 . lxdfnL ef]6] hfltdf gfd;Fu} y/ eGg] k/Dk/f g}

lyPg t/ clxn] gfd;Fu} y/ eGg] c?;Fusf] cGt/lqmofn] ubf{ pgLx?n] klg

gfd;Fu} y/ n]Vg yfn]sf 5g\ .2 hghfltdf / d'l:nd ;d'bfodf klg y/n]

dxÎjk"0f{ :yfg cf]u6]s} 5 . To;}n] g]kfndf /x]sf km/s km/s ;d'bfosf

lglDt y/sf] cy{ / pkfb]otf km/s km/s x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg

h?/L 5 .

y/x? o;k|sf/n] lgDgfg';f/ ag]sf 5g\ .

s_ pb\ud :yfg;Fu ;DalGwt h:t}, b'Nn'af6 lx“8]sf b'nfn, kf}8Laf6

lx8]sf kf}8]n .

v_ k]zf;Fu ;DalGwt h:t}, k|zf;gsf] sfd ug]{ sfsL{ .

2 t]lGhu gf]u]{ z]kf{sf] y/ z]kf{ xf]Og . t]lGhu gf]u]{ dfq n]Vg] rng xf], y/ klg gfd;Fu}

hf]8]/ atfpg] rng ef]6] hfltdf lyPg . z]kf{ eg]sf] t k'jL{of eg]sf] xf] .

16 ;dtf gLlt–kq

u_ kb;Fu ;DalGwt h:t}, dGqL vns cdfTo .

3_ kb\jL;Fu ;DalGwt h:t}, bLlIft ug]{ cfrfo{, nfdf .

ª_ ;fdflhs x}l;otsf] ;ª\qmd0fsfn;Fu ;DalGwt h:t} lj6'nf .

r_ hflt jf hft;Fu ;DalGwt, ;Lw} hft g} gfd y/sf] ?kdf k|of]u

o;leq k5{g .

5_ /fli6«otf;Fu ;DalGwt h:t}, ef/tL, g]kfnL .

h_ cf:yf, dfGotf;Fu ;DalGwt h:t} lzjelQm, v]jf .

em_ P]ltxfl;s 36gf jf s"n;Fu ;DalGwt h:t} jd{zfvf .


%=

g]kfnsf blntsf] y/

g]kfnsf cfo{–v;, dw]zL / g]jf/leqsf blntx?sf] y/ lgdf{0fsf]

k|lqmof / ljBdfg y/x? klg cGo ;a} hflt ;d'bfosf] h:t} g} xf] . oL ltg}

hflt÷;d'bfoleqsf blntsf] y'k|} y/x? / tL hflt ;d'bfoleqsf u}/blntsf]

y'k|} y/x? ldN5g xf]Og a? Pp6} x'g\ . To;}u/L k|To]s hflt÷hft÷;d'bfodf

dfq kfOg] y/ eP h:t} blntleqsf ljleGg hftx?df dfq kfOg] y/ klg

5g\ . blntx?sf y/ / u}/blntsf y/ ldNg'sf tLg j6f sf/0f 5g\ . Ps,

pb\ud :yn Pp6} ePsf]n] . h:t}, kf}8L If]qaf6 lx8]sf x'gfn] a|fXd0f klg

kf}8]n / blnt klg kf}8]n egL lrlgof] . b'O{, kb\jL;Fu ldNg uPsfn] . h:t},

d08n, ldemf/ h:tf kb blnt, hghflt / dw]zsf j}Zo cGt/utsf sltko

hftsf] d'lvofnfO{ lbOGYof] . ToxL kb\jL blnt, u}/blntn] y/ agfpFbf ldNg

uof] . / tLg, u}/blnt k'?ifnfO{ hft emf/]/ ;hfo lb“bf y/ rflx“ slyt

dflyNnf] hfts} afFsL /xg k'Uof] .

18 ;dtf gLlt–kq

^=

blntx?n] hft jf y/ 9fF6] eGg] k|;ª\u

g]kfndf blntx?dfly s}of}“ k6s nfUg] u/]sf] cf/f]k s] 5 eg] pgLx?n]

hft 9fF6] . s] of] cf/f]k ;xL 5 t < Ps, hft glrg]sf] 7fpFdf s]xL ;do

n'sfpg ;lsG5 t/ lrg]sf] 7fpFdf s;/L 9fF6\g] < glrg]sf] 7fpFdf bdkr

n's]/ hft 9fF6]/ ckjfbdf t s;}n] h'gL sf6\g ;Snf t/ cfd ?kdf ;Dej

g} 5}g lsgls hftaf6 x'g] ;d:of / kmfObf lrg]sf] 7fpFdf tyf hft Joj:yf

dfGg] 7fpFdf x'g] xf] . c:yfoL ?kdf hft 9fF6\g]x? gePsf xf]Ogg\, hft

v'Nbf 7"nf] ckdfg / c;lhnf] ef]Ug' kg]{ x'gfn] To:tf] x'g] u/]sf] 5 . t/

cGttM hft t v'n}/} 5f8\5 / x'g] h] hlt 5 ;fdgf ug{ g} k5{ . To;}n]

hft 9fF6\g] eGg] cf/f]ksf] d"n ?kdf vf; cy{ 5}g .

b'O{, hft 9fF6] egL nufpg] cf/f]ksf] csf]{ ;Gbe{ rflx“ s] xf] eg]

blntx?n] klxn] klxn] u}/blntn] dfq n]Vg] / eGg] u/]sf] y/ n]Vg yfn]

eg]/ xf] . of] rfFlx c1fgtfsf] ;d:of xf] . g]kfndf @)$^ ;fn eGbf klxn]

cfd ?kdf blntnfO{ y/ n]Vg g} lbOFb}gYof], ;f]em} y/sf] :yfgdf hft n]Vg

afWo kfl/GYof] / cfh;Dd klg sltko :yfgdf afWo kfl/b} 5 . Pp6f a|fXd0f

gful/stf lng uP y/sf ?kdf p;n] a|fXd0f n]Vg kb{}gYof], a? cfgf]

y/ ;fksf]6f asfObf n]Vg kfpFYof] t/ Pp6f uf}td y/jfnf bdfO{ gful/stf

lng hfFbf y/ bdfO{, bhL{, gurL{ o:t} k|i6 hft lrlgg] u/L n]Vg'kYof]{, p;n]

cfgf] uf}td y/ n]vfpg kfpFb}gYof] . jf:tjdf uf]tfdsf]6af6 lx“8]sf] bdfO{


/ a|fXd0f b'a}sf] lrgf/L y/ uf]tfd]÷uf}td xf] t/ n]Vg] clwsf/ tfufwf/LnfO{

dfq lyof] . To;}n] uf}td y/sf] bdfO{ jf zfxL y/sf] afbL lax]jf/L ubf{ dfq

Tof] y/ cfg} ;d'bfoaLr k|of]u ug{ afWo lyof] .

@)#^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ng / ljz]iftM @)$^ sf] kl/jt{g;Fu} cfPsf] :jtGqtf

/ kf6L{ /fhgLltn] blntx?df XjfQ} r]tgf / clwsf/sf nflu n8\g ;Sg]

agfof] . To;kl5 km6fkm6 blntx?n] cfgf] jf:tljs y/ n]Vg yfn] .

To;/L blntn] y/ n]Vg ;'? ubf{ cfkm"n] dfq n]v]sf] jf u}/blntsf] dfq

egL a'em]sf] y/ blntn] n]v]sf] b]v]kl5 u}/ blnt sltko ljåfg\ klg

lrRrfP, ……blntn] lsg hft 9fF6]sf] <Æ oyfy{df hft 9fF6]sf] lyPg Tof], Tof]

t p;n] cfgf] y/ kf] n]v]sf] lyof] . jf:tjdf blntn] olb y/ km]g]{ xf]

eg] p;sf] ;d'bfodf s;/L j}jflxs hLjg rnfpF5 < c?n] s;/L :jLsf/

u5{g < ;d'bfodf a;]/ y/ km]g'{ Tolt ;lhnf] s'/f g} x}g . of] s'/f ca

g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;a}n] a'Eg] u/L, ;'Gg] u/L eGg' kg]{ a]nf e};s]sf] 5 .

xf], csf]{ Pp6f ;fgf] k|j[lQ eg] ;dfhdf 5, oyfy{df g} xfSsfxfSsL

cfgf] x}l;ot dfly b]vfpg y/ kl/jt{g ug]{ . t/ Tof] ;fÃ} ;fgf] :t/sf]

k|j[lQ xf] / Tof] k|j[lQ blntdf eGbf a9L u}/blntdf kfOPsf] 5 . h:tf],

kb\jLjfnf y/ blntn] ;fÃ} sd k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5, u}/blntn] a9L u/]sf]

kfOG5 . rf}w/L, ;'Ajf, /fO{, bLlIft cflb cflb h'g pgLx?sf j+zut y/

xf]Ogg\ . To;}u/L cfhsf uf}td y/sf a|fXd0fx? uf}td Clif;Fu hf]l8Psf]

k|;ª\u xf]Og a? uf]tfdsf]6af6 lx“8]sf] uf]tfd] kl/rosf x'g\Ù kl5 uf]tfd]af6

uf}td agfPsf x'g\ . n]vs w|'jrGb| uf}tdsf ;xf]b/ bfh'sf] wg'ifrGb| uf]tfd]

y/ x'g'n] klg Tof] s'/f ;lhn} k|i6 ub{5 . csf]{, k|;ª\u x]/f}+, ;fdfGotof

sf7df8f+}af6 aflx/ uP/ a;]sf y'k|} u}/ >]i7 g]jf/n] cfgf] y/ >]i7 agfPsf

5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu l;Gw'nLsf] dl/g If]qsf g]jf/ eQmk'/af6 uPsf

Bf}e8]n y/sf x'g\ t/ ToxfF k'u]/ cfgf] y/ >]i7 agfPsf 5g\ . o:tf

cgluGtL pbfx/0f 5g\ .

20 ;dtf gLlt–kq

&

lgisif{M y/sf] cfwf/df hflt jf hftsf] lrgf/L ;Dej 5}g Û

g]kfn o:tf] b]z xf] hxfF gfd / y/sf] cfwf/df Pp6f ;d'bfonfO{ dfq

k|i6 lrGg ;Dej 5 — Tof] xf] d'l:nd . c? s;}sf] klg klxrfg ;Dej 5}g .

nfdf y/ n]Vg] g]kfndf bh{g eGbf a9L hflt 5g\ . nfdf y/sf cfwf/df

hflt s;/L lrGg] < d08n, rf}w/L, nufPtsf y/ n]Vg] y'k|} hft÷hflt 5g\ .

y/sf cfwf/df s;/L hft lrGg] < zdf{ y/ n]Vg] cfo{–v;, g]jf/ / dw]zdf

5g\ . y/sf cfwf/df s;/L lrGg] < ls/fFt /fO{ of /fo b'j} kbLo y/ x'g\

h'g bg'jf/, ls/fFt, ofbj, g]jf/ / If]qLsf] x'G5 . ca s;/L 5'6\ofpg] <

a'9fyf]sL du/, sfdL, If]qL x'G5g\ . ca y/sf cfwf/df s;/L ls6fg ug]{ <

kf}8]n pkfWofo a|fXd0fb]lv afbL;Dd x'G5g\ . /fpt kxfl8of If]qL, dw]zL j}Zo

/ wf]jL blnt;Ddsf] x'G5 . s;/L hft 5'6\ofpg] <

t;y{, y/x?sf] cfwf/df dfq g]kfndf hflt jf hft k|i6 x'G5 egL a'em\g]

a'emfO g} unt 5, To; a'emfOnfO{ km]g'{ cjZoDefjL 5 . g]kfndf hflt jf hft

hfGg jf v'nfpg vf]Hbf y/ dfq eg]/ k'Ub}g a? hflt jf hft klg clgjfo{

?kdf v'nfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . y/sf] cfwf/df dfq JolQmsf] ;Dk"0f{ kl/ro v'Ng]

cj:yf g]kfndf 5}g .


;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

pkfWofo, p4jb]j / dx]Gb| k|sfz lzjfsf]6L, ;+= . @)&) . cfo{ v;sf !%)))

jif{ . sf7df8f}+M dw'jg k|sfzg .

r'FbfnL, sdn . @)&! . j+z ljsf;sf] Oltxf; . a'6jnM hg;]jf k|sfzg .

g]kfn, 1fgdl0f . @)%% . g]kfn lg?k0f, k[= * . sf7df8f}+M g]kfn /fhsLo k1f

k|lti7fg .

d'sf¿ª, a'n' . @)^^ . xfd|f] hflt xfd|f] y/ . nlntk'/M cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg

/fli6«o k|lti7fg, h]= Pd= s]= d]df]l/on :s"n, gfDrL, l;lSsd .

?kfv]tL, >Lxl/ . @)^* . g]kfnL y/—uf]q—k|j/ sf]z . sf7df8f}+M /Tg k':ts

e08f/ .

lzjfsf]6L, k|f= 8f= uf]kfn . ;g\ @)!$ . v; hfltM :jTjsf] n8fOF . sf7df8f}+M

k}/jL k|sfzg . Morgan, Lewis Henry.1964. Ancient Society. Cambridge (Mass) The Belknap

Press.

22 ;dtf gLlt–kq

blnt hftLo cg';"rL / y/

!= blnt hftLo cg';"rL

s_ cfo{–v;

!= sfdL -ljZjsdf{, nf]xf/, ;'gf/, cf]8, r'+g/f, kfsL{, 6d6f_

@= uGwj{ -ufOg]_

#= bdfO{ -kl/of/, bhL{, ;'lrsf/, gurL{, 9f]nL, x'8\s]_

$= afbL

%= ;fsL{ -ldhf/, rd{sf/, e"n_

v_ g]jf/ 3

!= Rofd] -s'rLsf/, RofDvn_

@= kf]8] -b]pnf, k'hf/L, hnf/L_

u_ dw]zL -a}lbs cfo{, b«la8_

!= sn/ @= ss}lxof

#= sf]/L $= vl6s

%= vTj] -d08n, vË_ ^= rdf/ -/fd, df]rL, xl/hg, /ljbf;_

&= lrl8df/ *= 8f]d -dl/s_

3 hghflt g]jf/ ;d'bfoleq hftLo e]befj gePsfn] g]jf/leq blnt 5}gg\ egL @)@)

;fncl3 blnt ;d'bfoleq /x]sf s]xL hfltn] blnt ;"rLaf6 x6fpg dfu u/]sf] cfwf/df

/fli6«o blnt cfof]un] ;"rLaf6 x6fPsf] t/ Rofd] / kf]8] hflt ;d"xsf clwsf+zn] rflx“ blnt ;"rLleq} /xg] dfu u/]sf cfwf/df /fli6«o blnt cfof]un] g]jf/leqsf blnt ;"rL

x6fO{ kxfl8 blnt ;d'bfoleq oL b'O{ hftnfO{ ;'rLs[t u/]sf] b]lvG5 .


(= 9f+8L !)= tTdf -tf+tL, bf;_

!!= b';fw -kf;jfg, xhf/f_ !@= wl/sf/

!#= lxGb" wf]jL -/hs_ !$= g6'jf

!%= kf;L !^= afFt/

!&= d';x/ !*= d]:t/ -xnvf]/_

!(= ;/eË -;/al/of_

24 ;dtf gLlt–kq

blnt hft / y/ cg';"rL

s_ cfo{–v;

!= æsfdLÆ -ljZjsdf{_ hftsf k|rlnt y/x?

!= c;'/kftL @= cof{n #= cfq]o

$= cfu|L %= cfrfo{ ^= cfkmnwf]tL

&= OZj/kftL *= O{Zj/ ktL (= cf]v]8f

!)= cf]8 -cf]/_ !!= cf]nL !@= s8/f -s8f/f], s/f8f_

!#= sk'/kftL !$= sdf}nf !%= s;/f

!^= sfsL{ -d'8'nf, ;'tf/_ !&= sfnfnf]xf/ !*= sfnLsf]6]

!(= sfln/fh @)= s'dfsL{ @!= s'dfsf]

@@= s}gL @#= sf]O/f{nf @$= sf]nL

@%= v8\sf @^= v8\sfyf]sL @&= vgfn

@*= vkfËL @(= vftL #)= u+ufw/

#!= uhd]/ #@= uxt/fh -uxt]_ ##= ubfn -ubfOnL_

#$= uh'/]n #%= uf]jf #^= lu/L

#&= uf]tfd] -uf}td_ #*= 3dfn #(= 3tfgL -3tfg_]

$)= 3tL{ $!= 3fd3f]Tn] $@= 3fd3f]n]

$#= l3ld/] $$= rGb $%= r'gf/f -rbfF/f]_

$^= r'bfF/f -r'F8f/f_ $&= lrlnd] $*= l5:tn

$(= hfF8sfdL %)= hfg sfdL %!= 6d6f

%@= 7uGgf %#= 76]/f %$= 9+'ufgf

%%= tfd|fsf/ %^= ltjf/L %&= lt?jf


%*= yfkf %(= yf]sL ^)= bgf{n

^!= bofn ^@= lbofnL ^#= bnf{dL

^$= b]pkft] ^%= b]pkftL ^^= b]jn

^&= b'w/fh ^*= b'/fn ^(= wdnf

&)= wfdL &!= gu/sf]6L &@= lg/f}nf

&#= g]kfn &$= g]kfnL &%= kGy

&^= kGyL &&= kNn &*= kNnof

&(= kj{t] *)= kx/L *!= k/fh'nL

*@= kfWojtL *#= kfXojtL *$= kf/

*%= kfsL{ *^= kfu|L *&= k'nfdL

**= kf]v/]n *(= kf]t]{n ()= kf}8]n

(!= kf}8]nL (@= aufn] (#= a/fn

($= a6f}nf (%= a/fO{nL -a/fnL_ (^= a:g]t

(&= af:sf]6f (*= lakfnL ((= a'r]efn]

!))= a'r]efnf !)!= a'9fyf]sL !)@= e§

!)#= e§/fO{ !)$= e/ !)%= e"n

!)^= e';fn !)&= d/ -dx/_ !)*= du|fGtL

!)(= dflxnL !!)= dflxnLkf/ !!!= ldemf/

!!@= /xkfn !!#= /;fO{nL !!$= /;f}nf

!!%= /fdbfd -/fd'bfd'_ !!^= /fhLn'xf/ !!&= /fhLnf}xf/

!!*= l/hfn !!(= l/dfn !@)= l/;fn

!@!= ?rfn !@@= /}sfn !@#= /f]/fnf

!@$= nf6f]kL !@%= nsfGb|L

!@^= nfdufb] -nfdfsfsL{, nfld5fg], kf}8]nL_ !@&= nfa8

!@*= Njfu'g -n'jfu'g_ !@(= nf]xf u'0f !#)= nf]xf/ -n'xf/_

!#!= nf]xgL !#@= zdf{ !##= zfx

!#$= zfs" !#%= z]/]nf !#^= ;dnf

!#&= ;dfvftL !#*= ;fksf]6f

!#(= ;fz+s/ -;bfz+s/, z+s/_ !$)= l;ufp/]

!$!= l;kf{nL ->LkfnL, >LkfOnL_ !$@= l;njfn

!$#= l;+x !$$= l;jf ktL !$%= l;hfktL

26 ;dtf gLlt–kq

!$^= ;'gf/ !$&= ;'g rLp/L !$*= ;'gw'jf

!$(= ;'gL -;f]gL_ !%)= ;]tLkf/ !%!= ;]tL;'?jfn

!%@= ;]tLdx/f !%#= ;f]a !%$= ;f]gfd

!%%= xdfn !%^= x/d]n !%&= x]dr'/L -lxdr'/L_

@= ufOg] -uGwj{_ hftsf k|rlnt y/x?

!= clwsf/L @= sfdL #= sfnfzfx

$= sfnfsf}l;s %= sfnfkf}8]n ^= sfnfkf}8]nL

&= sflnrg *= ufOg] (= ufGwf/L

!)= ufos !!= ufog !@= uf];fO{

!#= hf]uL !#= hf]uL a}sf/ !$= 7s'/L

!%= t'sL{ a}s !^= t'sL{ !&= aufn]

!*= afx'g !(= a'9fyf]sL @)= a}uf/

@!= a}sf/ -afWos/_ @@= af]u6L @#= a}i7 -lai6_

@$= ef6 @%= e';fn @^= e';fnkj{t]

@&= e§]:j/ @*= d]3gfy @(= ?b|/f]kgLef6

#)= /;fOnL #!= ljZjsdf{ #@= lji0f'kb

##= ;d'Gb|L #$= ;fxL #%= ;"/

#^= ;'/;dfg #&= ;]tfkj{t] #*= ;]tfkf}8]nL

#(= ;]tL;'?jfn $)= x'slrª/fgf

#= bdfO{ -kl/of/_ hftsf k|rlnt y/x?

!= clwsf/L @ c;;fO{ #= cfphL

$= cfrfo{ %= cfk6f/] ^= cfljvf]n]

&= s6jfn *= s7}a/L (= s8]“n -sgfn_

!)= s6'jfn !!= s0f{a]/L -s0f{a]o/L_ !@= sfnfv]tL

!#= sfnfvfgL !$= sfnfyf]sL

!%= sfsL{ -d'8'+nfsfsL{, nfdfsfsL{, v'nfnsfsL{, ;'tf/sfsL{_

!^= sfsL{8f]nL -sfsL{9f]nL, 9f]nL_ !&= sfnLbf;

!*= sf]O/fnf !(= sf]6fh/L @)= sf]6fGhnL

@!= sf]6fgh/L @@= vgfn @#= vltj8f


@$ vftL @%= uhd]o/ @^= u'O{b] -u'O{b]n_

@&= u'?Ë @*= uf]/vgfy @(= uf]/]rGb«]

#)= uf}/jfu #!= uf}/L #@= 3tfgL

##= 3n] #$= 3]n] #%= 3n]v

#^= r08'rf/ #&= rfxf/ #*= lrqsf/

#(= r'8fn $)= 56'Gh]n $!= hg}bf/

$@= h}? $#= hf]/L $$= 6]n/

$%= 76fn $^= 7u'Ggf $&= 8}0f]

$*= 8f}+8] $(= 9\ofsL %)= 9+'ufgf

%!= ltvqL -lqvqL_ %@= ltnSofgL %#= ltjf/L

%$= yfkf %%= bsf; %^= bhL{

%&= bgf{n %*= bdfO{ %(= bjf8L

^)= bf; ^!= b]psf8L -b]puf8L, b]ps/_

^@= b]jn ^#= wufn] ^$= gurL{ -guhL{_

^%= gfu/L ^^= lg/~hg ^&= g]uL

^*= g]kfn ^(= g]kfnL

&)= gf}afu -gsaf3, guafu, guafg_ &!= kGt &@= k§]nL

&#= kl/of/ -c5fd] kl/of/, l5gfn kl/of/, bdfO{sf] kl/of/, /Tg]÷/Tg kl/of/_

&$= kxf8L &%= k/]n &^= kfrsf]6L -k+rsf]6L_

&&= kfrs'/L &*= kf7s &(= kfNkfnL

*)= k'/e'lt *!= kf]v|]n *@= km'8s]

*#= ab]{jf *$= a/fn *%= a|Xdbf; -ad{bf;_

*^= a|xdzfvf -ad{zfvf_ *&= afu **= afurGb

*(= afxs ()= afubf; -af3bf;, afU3f;_

(!= a'9flk|yL -a'9fkf]yL, a'8flkyL{_ (@= a]8'jfn

(#= a}hgfy ($= a}slk (%= a}hfsf]6L

(^= a}h' (&= leqLsf]6L -leqfsf]6L, leqsf]6L, lel:qsf]6L_

(*= e';fn ((= e]l/sf/ !))= du/

!)!= dx/f -df]x/f_ !)@= dfn] !)#= dfNaf]s

!)$= dfi6/ !)%= df]t] -dxt], df]xt]_ !)^= df}n]

!)&= /rgf !)*= /haf; !)(= /gf

28 ;dtf gLlt–kq

!!)= /0fkx]nL -/gkx]nL, /gkOnL, /gKofnL, /gkf}nL, /ga]xnL, /0fkfn_

!!!= /fO{ !!@= /fO{ufO{ !!#= /fhufO{

!!$= /fdhfnL !!%= ?sd]nL !!^= /}sf -/}sfcfphL_

!!&= ¥ofO{‰of/ !!*= nfv] !!(= nfld5fg]

!@)= nfk|] !@!= nfd3ft] !@@= nfa/

!@#= n'O6]n !@$= jf:tfsf]6L !@%= lj6fn'

!@^= zfxL;d'Gb| -zfxL;d'Gb|L, zfxL_ !@&= ;fO{tkfr

!@*= ;fps] !@(= ;fksf]6f !#)= l;up/] -l;uf}/]_

!#!= l;nfn !#@= l;nfw/ !##= l;nfhf]zL

!#$= l;Nksf/ !#%= l;+-l;+x_

!#^= l;jf -uf}td÷uf]tfd] l;jf, e]8] l;jf, s'v'/]÷sv/] l;jf, :ofjf_

!#&= ;'hL -;'hf_ !#*= ;'gfd !#(= ;'gfn

!$)= ;'Gbf; !$!= ;'kofn !$@= ;'s'/ofn

!$#= ;'s'Rofn -;'s'jf6\ofn_ !$$= ;'Fu'/]

!$%= ;'u/] !$^= ;'Gr]p/L $&= ;]tL;'?jfn

!$*= ;]g !$(= >lds !%)= lxªdfË

!%!= x'8s], !%@= x+;d'v] !%#= 1jfnL

$= afbL hftsf k|rlnt y/x?

!= sZok @= sfnLofg #= s'dfn

$= s"n' %= s];/L ^= vgf}6]

&= vftL *= uf}td (= ufO{g]

!)= lu/L !!= rGb !@= l5gfn

!#= l5Gjofn !$= l5nfn !%= l5n]n

!^= h'Dn]nL !&= hf]uL !*= hf]uL/fhof]u

!(= 7s'/L @)= bdfO{ @!= bf;

@@= b'dfsL @#= gurL{ @$= g]kfn

@%= g]kfnL @^= kxf8L @&= kf]v/]n

@*= kf}8]n @(= a;]n #)= a'9fyf]sL

#!= af9f #@= afWosf/ ##= afbL

#$= afxo #%= afx'g #^= af]/];fx

#&= a}sf/ #*= a}uf/ #(= efF8


$)= du/ $!= /fgf $@= n]sfnL

$#= j}Zo zfxL $$= ;'gf/ $%= l;dfn

$^= l;+x $&= ;'Gr]p/L $*= xdfn

$(= xl/y+uf %)= x'8\s]lwtfn

%= ;fsL{ -ldhf/_ hftsf k|rlnt y/x?

!= cR5fdL -c5fdL_ @= cfrfo{ #= clwsf/L

$= pk|]tL %= pk/sf]6L ^= sdf/

&= sfnf] -sfnf_ *= s'lNrof/ (= sf]O{/fnf

!)= sf]Nxfn !!= v8\sL !@= vltj8f

!#= vl/af]6] !$= lvn'+u] !%= lu/L

!^= u}/] !&= u}/Llkkn !*= uf}td -uf]tfd]_

!(= uf]y] @)= l3ld/] @!= l3tfË

@@= rdf/ @#= rGb @$= rd{sf/

@%= r'8fn @^= r'xfg @&= 5Gt]n

@*= 5ts"nL @(= 5dfsL{ #)= l5gfn

#!= 6f]6nfËL #@= 7u'Ggf ##= 78f]/

#$= 7fs'/:o #%= 7f/f/fO{ #^= 8fn]

#&= tf]nfËL -tf]nfË]_ #*= tf]nf+uL;'on #(= tf];fnL

$)= yklnof $!= yfs $@= yfkf

$#= b/fO{ -9/fO{_ $$= bfxfn $%= bfa]

$^= b'nfn $&= b]pnf $*= b]pnfkftL

$(= wd]n %)= w'/d+u|fGtL %!= wf}nfsf]6L -bfpnfsf]6L_

%@= g3fnL %#= gu/sf]6L %$= g]kfn

%%= g]kfnL %^= Gof}kfg] %&= k/nL

%*= kxf8L %(= kx]nL -ko]nL_ ^)= lkknaf]6]

^!= k'/sf]6L -k/sf]6L_ ^@= k'nfdL ^#= kf]v/]n

^$= kf}8]n ^%= aghf8] -ar], agh]8_

^^= ad/]n -a+u|]n, aª\/]n_ ̂ &= a;]n -a:ofn, aT:ofn_

^*= aonsf]6L -a}nsf]6L, ansf]6L_ ^(= a:tfsf]6L

&)= a|Xdzfvf &!= af¥x3/] &@= la;'+v] -la;'+s], la;+v_

30 ;dtf gLlt–kq

&#= ljd'Gv] &$= a'9fyf]sL &%= af]u6L

&^= af]x/f &&= lekfn &*= leofn

&(= e"n *)= e't]{n *!= du/

*@= du/ftL÷d+u|ftL -cf7yfn], sfnf, lvln+u], b'w, w'/, af¥xyfg]_

*#= dhfsf]6L dhaf]6L,dhf/sf]6L_ *$= dhfj/L

*%= d/fl;gL *^= dx/f *&= dfna'n, dfnaf]s, dfna's]

**= ldhf/ -ldemf/ 9sfn ldhf/_ *(= d'ªb]n -d'b]n_

()= d'xn (!= df]6] (@= /d\t]n

(#= /fdhfnL ($= /f7fn] (%= /f7f]/ -/f7f}/_

(^= l/dfn (&= ?rfn (*= /}sfn

((= /f]Onf÷/f]OnflxtfË !))= /f]sf -/f]sfof, /f]Ssf_

!)!= /f]SsfzfxL !)@= ndh]n !)#= nd;fn

!)$= ;Tofn !)%= ;fsL{ !)^= ;fksf]6f

!)&= ;fdt !)*= l;s]= !)(= l;/f}t]

!!)= >LkfnL !!!= >LdfnL -l;/Ldfn_

!!@= >Ljf:tj !!#= l;+x !!$= ;'v]{tL

!!%= ;'on !!^= ;'/fgf !!&= ;]hjfn

!!*= ;]7L !!(= ;]tf] !@)= ;]xL

!@!= ;+u|fd !@@= ;ukfn !@#= xdfn

!@$= lxtfË !@%= x]h'jfn !@^= Ifq]n

!@&= Ifqkfn !@*= Ifqofn

v_ g]jf/

!= Rofd] hftsf k|rlnt y/x?

!= s'rLsf/ @= Rofd] #= Rofdvn

@= kf]8] hftsf k|rlnt y/x?

!= hnf/L @= b]pnf #= k'hf/L

$= kf]8]


u_ dw]zL -a}lbs cfo{, b|lj8_

!= sn/ hftsf k|rlnt y/x?

!= ljsfp @= ;/jl/of

@= ss}lxof hftsf k|rlnt y/

!= /fo

#= sf]/L hfltsf k|rlnt y/

!= s'l/n @= uf}td #= ef/tL

$= vl6s hftsf k|rlnt y/

!= sf]nL @= ;f]gs/

%= vTj] hftsf k|rlnt y/

!= vªu @= wfg's #= a]Nbf/

$= d08n %= zdf{

^= rdf/ hftsf k|rlnt y/

!= dx/f @= df]rL #= /ljbf; -/f]lxbf;, ?Obf;_

$= /fd %= /}bf; ^= x/Lhg

&= rdf/ *= /fdbl;of

&= lrl8ofdf/ hftsf k|rlnt y/

!= s/f}/Lof @= g6 #= av'

$= ;/gl/of %= ;/g]/Lof ^= ofbj

*= 8f]d hftsf k|rlnt y/

!= u';/fd @= dl/s #= dlNn

$= dNnLs % dlxn -df}xfnL_

(= 9fF8L hftsf k|rlnt y/

!= 9fF8L

!)= tTdf hftsf k|rlnt y/

!= tTdf @= tfFtL #= bf;

32 ;dtf gLlt–kq

$= kft %= agf}lhof ^= d08n

&= dx/f

!!= b';fw hftsf k|rlnt y/

!= b';fb -b';fw_ @= kf;dfg -kf;jfg_ #= xhf/f -xhf/L_

!@ wl/sf/÷wGsf/ hftsf k|rlnt y/

!= wl/sf/÷wGsf/

!#= wf]jL hftsf k|rlnt y/

!= cfo{ @= cfof{ #= P;/

$= sg]lhof÷sgf}lhof %= s'zjl8of ^= bf;

&= wjn *= wfjL (= wf]jL

!)= lgd]nsf/ !!= kTy/s§f !@= klys

!#= a]7f !$= j}¶f !%= dutf

!^= d+w];Lof !& dw}of !*= dfemL

!(= dfx't @)= d]xtf @!= d+uL

@@= /Tgf @#= /dg-/d0f_ @$= /hs

@%= /fpt @^= /fhwf]j @&= jflNdsL

@*= zfsL @(= ;fkmL #)= ;DwL

!$ g6'jf hftsf k|rlnt y/

!= g6÷g6'jf

!%= kf;L hftsf k|rlnt y/

!= uf}td @= rf}w/L #= t/;'lxof

$= dxtf] %= ;"of{

!^= afFt/ hftsf k|rlnt y/

!= 9f]s]jfh @= wf]s]jfn #= dfOtL

$= dfemL %= /fhj+zL ^= ;/bf/

!&= d';x/ hftsf k|rlnt y/

!= Clifb]j @= sxl/“of #= 9f]nafhf


$= lt/f;s %= lt?x'ltof ^= eb/L

&= dw}of *= dfemL (= l/lvs'n÷Clifs'n

!)= ;bf !!= x]d/fh

!*= xnvf]/ -d]:t/_ hftsf k|rlnt y/

!= hDbf/ @= af;kmf]/ #= d+uL

$= d]:t/ %= d]xt/ ^= /fpt

!(= ;/eË hftsf k|rlnt y/

!= wfdL @= g6 #= afFt/

$= ;/eË %= ;/ef]/ ^= ;/j/Lof

34 ;dtf gLlt–kq

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

pk]lIft pTkLl8t / blnt ju{ pTyfg ljsf; ;ldlt a'n]l6g, @)&! .

vqL, k|f= 8f= k|]d . @)&) . g]kfnsf hftLo ;+:sf/ -v08 @_ . sf7df8f}+M g]kfn

k|1f k|lti7fg .

uf]n], df]xg . @)&@ . tYofª\sdf cflbjf;L hghflt . cfzfdfof tfdfËåf/f

k|sflzt, lqo'uf *, pbok'/ .

rf}w/L, lbks . @)^% . g]kfnsf] dw]zL ;dfh . sf7df8f}+M /Tgk':ts e08f/ .

bgf{n, k|sfz . @)%# . bdfO{ hfltsf] ;fdflhs tyf wfld{s k|yfM Ps cjnf]sg .

xfd|f] lrgf/L xfd|f] ;+:s[lt . hLjgrGb| sf]O/fnf, ;+=, k[= !(^–@)) .

sf7df8f}+M sd{of]uL ab|L laqmd yfkf :d[lt ;]jf u'7L .

blnt hftLo cg';"rL cWofjlws cWoog k|ltj]bg . @)^&÷)^* . /fli6«o blnt

cfof]uM sf7df8f}+ .

kl/of/ ;]jf ;dfh s]Gb|Lo ;ldltaf6 ldlt @)^&÷!@÷!# df sf7df8f}“df ePsf]

cGt/lqmofsf] ck|sflzt l6kf]6 .

kf08], dw';"bg . @)^$ . g]kfnsf blntx? . sf7df8f}+M k}/jL k|sfzg .

a/fn, af;' . @)$$÷@)%) . lxGb" ;fdflhs ;ª\u7gsf] k|f¿k . sf7df8f}+M ;femf

k|sfzg .

a/fnL, /0f]Gb| . @)&@ . xfd|f] ;+:s[lt / ;+:sf/ . sf7df8f}+M g]kfn blnt ;flxTo

tyf ;+:s[lt k|lti7fg .

d'sf¿ª, a'n' . @)^^ . xfd|f] hflt xfd|f] y/ . nlntk'/M cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg

/fli6«o k|lti7fg, h]= Pd= s]= d]df]l/on :s"n, gfDrL, l;lSsd .

/;fO{nL, :j= dfglj/ l;+x . bf];|f] ;+:s/0f ;g\ !((^, !& ;]K6]Da/ . ljZj a|fXd0f

j0f{gM ljZjsdf{sf] y/ / uf]qfjnL . l;lSsdM Pd= Pd= /;fO{nL .


?kfv]tL, >Lxl/ . @)^* . g]kfnL y/—uf]q—k|j/ sf]z . sf7df8f}+M /Tg k':ts

e08f/ .

ljZjsdf{ …b'MvLÚ, ld7f/fd . @)^* . blnt / xfd|f] ;dfh . cf]dk|sfz v/]n,

;Dkfbs . sf7df8f}+M 8Ls'/f klJns]zg .

zdf{, hgsnfn . @)#( . xfd|f] ;dfh Ps cWoog . nlntk'/M ;femf k|sfzg .

zdf{, hgsnfn . @)@) . hf];dgL ;Gt k/Dk/f . nlntk'/M ;femf k|sfzg .

;'gf/ uf]dtL / cGo . ldlt pNn]v gePsf] . blnt ;jfndf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf

d'2fx? / ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] e"ldsf, blnt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+3 /

sfg'gL ;xfotf tyf k/fdz{ ljefu, sf7df8f}“ .

>]i7, kbd . @)^* . hfthflt / ;ª\3Lotf . k|sfzs, :jod .

>]i7, kbd . g]= ;+= !!## -@)&)_ . blnt . k|sfzs, :jod .

Dahal, Dilli Ram, Seema Viswakarma. 2014. Dom of Nepal. Kathmandu: Central Department of Sociology/ Anthropology (CDSA), Tribhuvan University.

Dahal, Dilli Ram, Madhu Giri, Surendra Mishra. Musahar of Nepal. 2014. Kathmandu: Central Department of Sociology/ Anthropology (CDSA), Tribhuvan University.

Dahal, Dilli Ram, Swarna Kumar Jha. Chamar of Nepal. 2014. Kathmandu: Central Department of Sociology/ Anthropology (CDSA), Tribhuvan University.

Kisan, Yam Bahadur, Gopal Nepali. 2014. Badi of Nepal. Kathmandu: Central Department of Sociology/ Anthropology (CDSA), Tribhuvan University.

Kisan, Yam Bahadur, Devendra Kumar Rasaili. 2014. Kami of Nepal. Kathmandu: Central Department of Sociology/ Anthropology (CDSA), Tribhuvan University.

Pathak, Dr. Bishnu et al. 2006. Intra-Dalit Discrimination (A Study Report: STATUS OF TARAI DALITS). Kathmandu: LANCAU Nepal.

Risal, Subash and others. 2006. Ethnographic Study of Hill Dalits in Nepal. Lalitpur: NNDSWO.

36 ;dtf gLlt–kq

cg';"rL – !


cg';"rL – @

38 ;dtf gLlt–kq

cg';"rL – #

-g]kfn ;/sf/ /fli6«o blnt cfof]u afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}“af6 k|sflzt blnt

hftLo cg';"rL cWofjlws cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^&÷)^*_

blntM y/ uf]q e|d / oyfy{

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