Bogotá del futuro: renovación urbana y la construcción de Hábitats de investigación de...

7/29/2019 Bogot del futuro: renovacin urbana y la construccin de Hbitats de investigacin de innovacin y de la imagin

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2

G@D@[ KCF HS[SW@WCJ@XBINJ SWGBJB^ FB

IWCBINJ KC AGN[B[Y KCNJXCY[NDBINJ ^ KC NJJ@XBINJ

inukbk sbfuk rcdnj 2

]brquc kc Iy[ Sjnvcrsnkbk Jbin`jbf 2

njj`g` y su pbrquc tcij`fdni` urgbj` 2K`iuocjt` prcscjtbk` cj H@U kc NDSBUS. Bjpr`tci QQNN 7=27. Wcvnsnj obrz` kc 7=29

Ebnoc Bi`stb ]ucrtbs


2/28

7

I`jsuft`r c Njvcstndbk`r NjkcpcjkncjtcCx bscs`r kc Inukbk Ybfuk Wcdnj, kc Njj`g` y kcf ]I[ kc fb Sjnvcrsnkbk Jbin`jbf

kc I`fògnb. Ircbk`r kc fb vnsnj kc G`d`t Wcdnj Ibpntbf iò` ujb rcdnj kcnjj`vbinj WNJJ.

I``rknjbk`r y but`r fngr`5 Inukbkcs kc Bornib Fbtnjb cj fb sìnckbk kcfI`jìnoncjt`. I`fincjinbs.

Cobnf5ehbpucrtbsMyba``.iò

jknic kc iubkr`s y hndurbs

Iubkr`2 Cxp`rtbin`jcs p`r I`jtcjnk` [cij`fdni` cj fbs Cxp`rtbin`jcs [`tbfcs 7==> 3

Hndurb 2. ]r`drbob kc trbjsh`robinj pr`kuitnvb kc I`fògnb. ;Hndurb 7. Dc`drbhb kc fb njj`vbinj kc G`d`t Wcdnj 4Hndurb 9. Cxp`rtbin`jcs kc objuhbiturbs kc G`d`t. >Hndurb ;. Drup`s kc njvcstndbinj kc I`fògnb scdj rcdn`jcs. >Hndurb 3. G`d`t iò` rcdnj kc njj`vbinj. 2=Hndurb 8. Bit`rcs kc fb [rnpfc Afnic (S-C-C) cj NJJ@G@. 29Hndurb 4. Fb pfbzb oby`r kc Njj`g`. 29Hndurb 1. Njj`g`tci. 2;Hndurb >. I`jtcjnk`s prnjinpbfcs kc njj`g`. 28Hndurb 2=. ]I[ kc fb SJBF pbrb fb rcdnj ibpntbf. 24Hndurb 22. Ifustcr kcf i`jìnoncjt` y kc fb njj`vbinj kc fb sbfuk kcf ]I[. 21

Hndurb 27. ]I[ kc fb SJBF. Cstruiturb 21Hndurb 29. I`jtcjnk`s dcjcrbfcs y bit`rcs kc IYW. 7=
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3/28

9

Hndurb 2;. Cf o`kcf` kc [A kc IYW. 72Hndurb 23. O`kcf` kc fbs iubtr` afnics kc IYW. 77Hndurb 28. O`kcf` kc ifustcr kc IYW. 79Hndurb 24. Ifustcr y ]I[ kc IYW. 79Hndurb 21. ]I[ kc IYW. 7;H`t`drbhb. 2. Njj`g`. Cstbk` bitubf. Fudbr pbrb cf pbrquc tcij`fdni` urgbj` 23

H`t`drbhb 7. Njj`g`, ]I[, y cf IBJ. 2>H`t`drbhb 7. U`jb prnocrb hbsc kcf ]I[

N

]@F[NIB KC I@O]C[N[NXNKBK ^ KC NJJ@XBINJ KC I@F@OGNB ^ YSWCFBINJ I@J FB I@JY[WSIINJ KC ABGN[B[Y KC NJJ@XBINJ CJG@D@[

Cf ci`jònstb turi` kc fb Sjnvcrsnkbk kc Abrvbrk, Kbjn W`krnl, knic5 scrcquncrcj p`ftnibs y cstrbtcdnbs quc iòpfcocjtcj fb gsquckb kc cstbgnfnkbkobir`ci`jonib, ocknbjtc uj kcsbrr`ff` ci`joni` os pr`kuitnv` c njj`vbk`r

icjtrbk` cj fbs jcicsnkbkcs, prcscjtcs y huturbs kcf scit`r rcbf y quc j` rcsp`jkb b fbocrb sup`sninj kc quc, ujb vcz cstbgfcink` cf `rkcj obir` ci`joni`, cf scit`r rcbfhujin`jbr njkcpcjkncjtcocjtc y pr`kuinr cf knjbonso` jcicsbrn` pbrb quc sc k ujircinoncjt` s`stcjnkàbinb cf kcsbrr`ff`.2

Fb p`ftnib obir`ci`jonib kcgc scr hujin`jbf b fb p`ftnib njkustrnbf y kc njj`vbinjp`r tbjt` kcgc tcjcr uj drbk` kc cjk`dcjcnkbk y kc knsircin`jbfnkbk, cjtcjknk` iò`cf f`dr` kc cqunfngrn s obir`ci`joni`s (o`jctbrn`s, hnsibfcs, hnjbjincr`s), fb pr`vnsnjkc rciurs`s y kc njicjtnv`s (prconbr b fbs oce`rcs bitnvnkbkcs pr`kuitnvbs) y ibstnd`s(cfnonjbinj kc f`s njicjtnv`s p`r fb njchnincjinb c njibpbinkbk kc rccstruiturbinj kc`trbs).

Fb p`ftnib obir`ci`jonib kc I`fògnb abic f` prnocr` pcr` j` f` scdujk` y f`tcricr`. ]`r k`s rbz`jcs5 ujb, prckònjn` kcf cjh`quc kc f`s b`s 2>>=, k`jkc fboce`r p`ftnib njkustrnbf cs ujb gucjb p`ftnib obir`ci`jonib< y k`s, iòì`jsciucjinb kc rczbd`s acrckbk`s kc fb vnceb i`jicpinj jc`fngcrbf, rbzj p`r fbiubf I`fògnb tncjc bj ouiabs kukbs kc io` knscbr c nopfcocjtbr ujb p`ftnibpr`kuitnvb y kc njj`vbinj pbrb cf ibogn` cstruiturbf, iò` f` abj acia` Grbsnf, Ianfcy `trbs ci`jòbs cocrdcjtcs, y bjtcs f`s pbscs quc prnocr` sc kcsbrr`ffbr`j cj fbsìnckbk njkustrnbf.

Fbs jucvbs tcij`f`dbs trbjsh`robj fb pr`kuiinj y fb sìnckbk iubjk` cf Cstbkàbic bpucstbs cstrbtdnibs quc pcrontcj fb trbjsh`robinj kc fb cspcinbfnzbinj. Cstb

cs fb rbzj pbrb bk`ptbr ujb p`ftnib kc kcsbrr`ff` pr`kuitnv` y kc njj`vbinj pbrbnopufsbr bitnvnkbkcs kc bft` i`jtcjnk` tcij`fdni` (OCKNB BF[CI y BF[CI).7

I`fògnb, scdj tcjkcjinb knsconjbkb cj f`s prnjinpbfcs pbscs kc Bornib Fbtnjb cjf`s prnocr`s b`s kc cstc sndf` - tbognj huc ujb tcjkcjinb cj fbs ci`jòbscocrdcjtcs bsntnibs y cur`pcbs cj fbs ftnobs scns kibkbs -, cst njtcjtbjk` kchnjnriuf scr cf pcrhnf pr`kuitnv` kc fbs prxnobs kibkbs, iubjk` sc i`jstbtb quc sucspcinbfnzbinj cj gncjcs prnobrn`s y objuhbiturbs fnvnbjbs kc i`jsuo`, j`

2 W`krnl Kbjn. ]r`hcs`r kc fb Sjnvcrsnkbk kc Abrvbrk. ]`ftnibs kc knvcrsnhnibinj ci`jonib.Wcvnstb kc fbIC]BF # 14, Ybjtnbd` kc Ianfc. Knincogrc 7==3.7Bi`stb Ebnoc. Obri` i`jicptubf pbrb fb trbjsh`robinj pr`kuitnvb y sìnbf i`j cqunkbk cj f`s

pbscs IBG. IBGI`fincjinbs. G`d`t, 7==8. Bi`stb Ebnoc. I``rknjbk`r. ]`ftnib pr`kuitnvbkc njj`vbinj y kc iòcrin` njtcrjbin`jbf pbrb I`fògnb. ]brtnk` XcrkcIòprònsÌnukbkbj` p`r I`fògnb. 7=2=.


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i`jstntuycj hucjtc suhnincjtc pbrb f`drbr bftbs y s`stcjnkbs tbsbs kc ircinoncjt` y pbrbbfibjzbr cf kcsbrr`ff`.

F`s prnjinpbfcs scit`rcs kc fb ibjbstb cxp`rtbk`rb kc I`fògnb s`jtrbkni n`j bfcs p`rq uc j` aby j ucv` s sci t`rcs r cfcvbjtcs k cskc abic 9= bs ,p` rqu c su p `ftnib kc i ò pctnt nv nkbk cs kc ibritcr tr bjsv crsbf y p ì`bh`rtu jbkb cj fb scfcii nj kc sci t`rcs cstrbtdni `s kc bft` v bf`r bdrcdbk ` pbrbnop ufsbr cf ibog n` cstruiturbf .

Iubjk` fb p`ftnib kc iòpctntnvnkbk, ibs` kc I`fògnb, ab tcjnk` iò` cjh`quc cfbp`y` njknsirnonjbk` b t`kbs fbs bitnvnkbkcs y scit`rcs, cs knhinf nji`rp`rbr b fbp`ftnib cf cjh`quc scfcitnv`, vcrtnibf ` cstrbtdni` (iubfquncrb kc cstbskcjònjbin`jcs cs vfnkb), p`rquc f`s bit`rcs pncjsbj quc t`k` scit`r cs nop`rtbjtcy p`r tbjt` t`k`s sc kcgcj bp`ybr p`r ndubf. Sj crr`r kc vnsnj y kc cstrbtcdnb kcfCstbk`, iuyb supcrbinj nopfnib pckbd`db, ibogn` iufturbf cj f`s bit`rcs, ycstbgfcicr uj obri` kc rcfbin`jcs os njtcrkcpcjkncjtc y ocj`s kcpcjkncjtc cj cf`rkcj df`gbf.

]`r cs` fb p`ftnib kc iòpctntnvnkbk cst i`jh`robkb p`r 28 scit`rcs y/` bitnvnkbkcs(drhnib 2), snj quc cxnstb ujb brquntciturb cstrbtdnib, jn rcfbinj cjtrc fbs bitnvnkbkcs,i`j njstruocjt`s knhcrcjinbk`s scdj tnp`s kc scit`rcs y/` kc bitnvnkbkcs. ]`r fboct`k`f`db usbkb pbrb csi`dcr cstbs bitnvnkbkcs y/` scit`rcs, quckbr`j p`r hucrb`tr`s kc oby`rcs p`tcjinbfnkbkcs c nopbit`5 pctr`quonib y pfstni`s, bcr`jutni`,jbvbf, njstruocjtbf incjthni` y qunrrdni`, sbfuk kc bftb iòpfcenkbk, gnìògustngfcs,cjtrc `tr`s. Kbk` quc cf pr`psnt` kc fb nkcjtnhnibinj kc scit`rcs kc tbffb oujknbfcrb njircocjtbr f`s jcdìn`s njtcrjbin`jbfcs y j` cf kcsbrr`ff` pr`kuitnv`, fb rcfbinjcjtrc cff`s j` cs jnjdujb y p`r tbjt` tbopì` aby rcfbinj i`j rcbs tcij`fdnibscstrbtdnibs. Iubjk` fb p`ftnib pr`kuitnvb y fb kc incjinb y tcij`f`db j` i`njinkcj cjsu cjh`quc y cstrbtcdnbs prnjinpbfcs, sndjnhnib quc fb njvcstndbinj kcskc fb `hcrtb y fb

kcobjkb j` sc cjiucjtrbj, njifus` cj uj bogncjtc kc p`ftnibs `rncjtbkbs p`r fbkcobjkb. Cj `trbs pbfbgrbs, sndjnhnib pr`kuiinj snj njvcstndbinj c njvcstndbinj snjpr`kuiinj.

Hndurb 2


5/28

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Fb scfcitnvnkbksndjnhnib quc cf Cstbk` (bit`rcs pgfni`s prnvbk`s i`jìnoncjt`),prnvnfcdnb y i`jicjtrb f`s oby`rcs cshucrz`s cj bitnvnkbkcs kc hutur`, p`rquc fbsi`jsnkcrbj prn`rntbrn`s pbrb cf kcsbrr`ff` kc fbrd` pfbz`. Cstc irntcrn` j` sndjnhnibbgbjk`jbr `tr`s scit`rcs, f`s iubfcs cj bfdj oòcjt` hucr`j cstrbtdni`s. Gbstbrci`rkbr iubjk` I`fògnb nopufs b hnjbfcs kc f`s b`s 2>8= fbs cxp`rtbin`jcs j`trbknin`jbfcs - ba`rb s`j trbknin`jbfcs -, ocknbjtc fbs iubfcs sc kncr`j njicjtnv`s pbrbpr`hujknzbr fb sustntuinj kc nop`rtbin`jcs y cfnonjbr fb kcpcjkcjinb kc fbscxp`rtbin`jcs kc ibh. Ba`rb cst cj ujb sntubinj snonfbr5 iuf cs fb p`ftnib ycstrbtcdnb pbrb pr`hujknzbr fb trbjsh`robinj pr`kuitnvb0 iufcs f`s scit`rcs y fbsbitnvnkbkcs i`rrcsp`jkncjtcs0 iufcs f`s njstruocjt`s0 qu obrdcj kc objn`grbabj kcebk` f`s [FI0 ` io` bkonjnstrbr cf ibogn` cstruiturbf iubjk` f`s scit`rcs ybitnvnkbkcs p`tcjinbfcs pbrb fb trbjsh`robinj cstj bgncrt`s y kcspr`tcdnk`s bjtc fbiòpctcjinb njtcrjbin`jbf0

Fb anst`rnb oucstrb quc fbs ci`jòbs cxnt`sbs nopfcocjtbr`j p`ftnibs quc iògnjbr`jiòp`jcjtcs trbjsvcrsbfcs y iòp`jcjtcs scfcitnv`s, p`r f` tbjt` knscbr`jnjstruocjt`s knhcrcjinbk`s5 uj`s aò`djc`s `tr`s cspcihni`s.

Y`f` uj` kc f`s scit`rcs kcf pr`drbob kc trbjsh`robinj pr`kuitnvb kc fb p`ftnib kciòpctntnvnkbk kc I`fògnb cs knhus`r kc i`jìnoncjt` y tcij`f`db cj cf snstcobpr`kuitnv` y cj fb sìnckbk5 cf s`htwbrc.

Cj i`jsciucjinb, fb scfciinj kc bitnvnkbkcs j` cs fb oce`r pbrb nopufsbr ujb jucvbdcjcrbinj kc coprcsbs jbin`jbfcs y kcsbrr`ffbr f`s pbrqucs kc Iy[, kcsbrr`ffbr fbincjinb y fb tcij`f`db y cf coprcjknoncjt` kc drbj nopbit`, y pbrb btrbcr njvcrsnjcxtcrjb kc Ocknb bftb y bftb tcij`f`db.

Cf iubkr` 2 oucstrb fb iòp`sninj kc fbs cxp`rtbin`jcs kc uj drup` kc ci`jòbscocrdcjtcs, sc cvnkcjinb cf rczbd` kc I`fògnb, y sc puckc njhcrnr quc fbtrbjsh`robinj pr`kuitnvb sc cstbji abic os kc 9= b`s, kcskc quc surdn cfscit`r kc fbs hf`rcs. Cj cf b` 2>>= s`f` ; pbscs kc cstb oucstrb supcrbgbj kcobjcrb jtnkb b I`fògnb, ba`rb 23 kc f`s 28 fb supcrbj.

Iubkr`. 2 Cxp`rtbin`jcs p`r I`jtcjnk` [cij`fdni` cj fbs Cxp`rtbin`jcs [`tbfcs 7==>

]bsCxp`rtbin`jcs[`tbfcs

Bftb[cij`f`db

]br. Q[`tbfcs(%)

Ocknb-Bftb[cij`f`db

]brt. Q[`tbfcs(%)

Hbgrnibinjpr`kuit`sibuia` ypfstni`

]brt.Q[`tbfcs(%)

[`tbf]brt.

I`rcb kcfsur 983.;;1.37> 44.>;4.;4; 72,99 24=.121.>74 ;8,4; 72.388.799 3,>= 49,>4

Aujdrb 48.=49.488 79.923.389 9=,83 74.43>.3;3 98,;> 7.877.31= 9,;3 4=,3>Hnfnpnjbs 39.>2=.378 2=.3>2.=11 2>,83 74.982.393 3=,43 889.4>2 2,79 42,89

Oxni` 791.;>7.43> 3>.93>.313 7;,1> 19.318.;=2 93,=3 9.;33.337 2,;3 82,9>

Obfbsnb 7=7.11>.114 ;1.>=7.9=3 7;,2= 88.>2=.49> 97,>1 ;.>83.272 7,;3 3>,39

[bnfbjknb 28>.81;.2=7 93.8;1.;>; 72,=2 39.;;;.419 92,3= >.779.;43 3,;; 34,>;

Cspbb 7=>.497.42= 2>.4>>.;;7 >,;; 1=.124.1;> 91,39 >.773.9;4 ;,;= 37,94

]`f`jnb 272.772.;98 22.81>.8=3 >,8; ;9.199.;88 98,28 ;.>3>.;79 ;,=> ;>,1>

]`rtudbf ;2.7;=.842 7.3>1.>;1 8,9= 22.9=8.24> 74,;7 2.4;4.794 ;,7; 94,>3

Njknb 244.;78.27> 27.9;9.=44 8,>8 97.418.741 21,;1 9.32=.1>9 2,>1 74,;2

Yukhrnib 4=.=8;.2>> 2.91>.3;3 2,>1 29.>1>.997 2>,>4 2.=29.718 2,;3 79,;=

Grbsnf 24=.171.922 8.172.>98 9,>> 71.791.417 28,39 9.>37.42; 7,92 77,1;Brdcjtnjb 31.;2;.121 2.2>8.813 7,=3 2=.7>>.493 24,89 2.9>2.471 7,91 77,=8


6/28

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Njk`jcsnb 298.>11.997 >.;=8.313 8,14 23.>=9.914 22,82 7.4;;.4=2 7,== 7=,;1

I`fògnb 93.=;8.717 898.1>3 2,17 9.=1=.978 1,4> 2.=8>.17= 9,=3 29,88

Ianfc 33.72;.917 72;.;77 =,9> 9.=21.989 3,;4 91>.>3; =,42 8,38Cfbg`rbinj5 ]`rrbs ^. Ifiuf`s Cqunp` H`roufbk`r kcf ]I[. B pbrtnr kc SJI[BK,SJI[BKstbt. Sjnvcrsnkbk Jbin`jbf Yckc G`d`tKnrciinj kc Cxtcjsnj kc G`d`t. 7=22.

Fb jucvb p`ftnib kc iò pctnt nv nkbk y k c njj`v binj kcgc tcjcr ujb cstrbtcdnbcspcihnib kc fbrd` p fbz` ock nbjtc fb iubf sc nji rcocj tcj fbs cxp` rtbin` jcs kcocknb bftb y bft b tcij `f` db p` r cji no b kcf 7=% bju bf. F`s pbscs qu c sckcsbrr` f fbr`j i`j gbsc cj pr`drbobs kc trbjsh`robinj pr`kuit nvb abjrcdnstrbk` fbrd`s p crn`k`s i` j tbsbs kc ircinoncjt` su pcrn`rcs bf 7=% bjubf cjf`s s cit`rcs kc bft` vbf`r bdrcdbk`.Cstb cstrbtcdnb pcrontnr ircbr y kcsbrr`ffbr f`spbrqucs tcij`fdni`s, ircbr njiugbk`rbs kc coprcsbs kc bftb tcij`f`db, nopufsbr fbpr`pnckbk njtcfcitubf, ircbr y btrbcr jucvbs coprcsbs kc bftb tcij`f`db, f`s h`jk`s kcjdcfcs y kc rncsd`, kcsbrr`ffbr rcdn`jcs, y rct`rjbr b fb ci`jòb y b fb sìnckbk fbsnjvcrsn`jcs cj rciurs`s auobj`s ibfnhnibk`s y f`s hutur`s njircocjt`s kc fb njvcrsnjcj N+K kcf Cstbk` y kcf scit`r pr`kuitnv`.

F`s rczbd`s quc tncjc I`fògnb cj f`s bspcit`s rcinj trbtbk`s, j` cs os quc fbi`jsciucjinb kc fb gbeb njvcrsnj cj Iy[+n, kc fb bj os p`grc njvcrsnj kcf scit`rprnvbk` cj N+K+n, y vndcjinb kcf O@K@ 2 kc ujnvcrsnkbk, iò` i`jsciucjinb kciòpfce`s rczbd`s cstruiturbfcs.

Hbit`r cs irtni` s p brb cf surd no ncjt` k c agntbts kc njj `vbinj cj I`f ò gnb.

Kchnincjtc scfciinj kc bitnvnkbkcs y scit`rcs cj fb p ftnib kc iòpctntnvnkbk y kcnjj`vbinj pbrb cf ibogn` cstruiturbf.

Bitnvnkbkcs y scit`rcs knhus`rcs kc ibogn tijni` j` abicj pbrtc kc fb p ftnib kc

iòpctntnvnkbk y kc njj`vbinj. Cxicpt` s`htwbrc. Icjtrbfnso` quc hrcjb prìcs`s kc kcsbrr`ff` cjkdcj`. Gbeb njvcrsnj cj N+K+n kcf cstbk`, kc f`s prnvbk`s y kc fbs rcdn`jcs. Gbeb ibfnkbk kcf snstcob kc ckuibinj. Y`f 7 ujnvcrsnkbk cjtrc fbs prnocrbs 3==

kcf oujk`. 2 ujnvcrsnkbk cjtrc fbs 2= oce`rcs kc Bornib Fbtnjb, y 7 cjtrc fbs 7=. Kgnf snstcob kc coprcjknoncjt`, s`grc t`k` kc gbsc tcij`fdnib. Gbrrcrb iufturbf pbrb ircbr prìcs`s pr`pn s. Drbj kcpcjkcjinb njtcfcitubf kc

hucjtcs cxdcjbs. Kcgnfnkbkcs kc i``rknjbinj cj fb p`ftnib kc iòpctntnvnkbk y kc njj`vbinj, y kc

cstb i`j `trbs p`ftnibs. ]r`gfcob irntni`. J` aby uj prìcs` i`jsnstcjtc pbrb hòcjtbr ujb njstntuin`jbfnkbk tcrrnt`rnbf os

butjòb cj obtcrnb kc p`ftnib kc iòpctntnvnkbk, Iy[+N, y coprcjknoncjt` ?kcsbrr`ff` cjkdcj` y sus jucv`s hbit`rcs.

[bopì` sc i`jstbtb oby`r cshucrz` tcrni` pbrb kcsbrr`ffbr i`jicpt`s pr`pn`skc bdfòcrbinj iò` f`s brrcdf`s pr`kuitnv`s fìbfcs cj Grbsnf. Kcskc abic 7=b`s sc pcrsnstc cxifusnvbocjtc, b pcsbr kc f`s hrbibs`s, cj f`s ifustcr kc ]`rtcr.

J` aby p`ftnib (kc fb jbinj y kc fb rcdnj) pbrb nopufsbr pbrqucs tcij`fdni`s yp`f`s kc njj`vbinj y kc tcij`f`db, b pcsbr kc oftnpfcs y ouy nop`rtbjtcsnjninbtnvbs cj dcstbinj cj f`s tcrrnt`rn`s.

Cj cxtrco`, sc ircc ocsnjnib fb njvcrsnj cxtrbjecrb knrcitb (NCK), p`r f` tbjt` f`snjicjtnv`s s`j cxbdcrbk`s, j` i`jtrnguycj b dcjcrb ibpbinkbkcs jbin`jbfcs kcnjj`vbinj jn cf kcsbrr`ff` cjkdcj` cj f`s tcrrnt`rn`s, y sc i`jstbtbj bgus`so`juocjtbfcs cj vbrn`s scit`rcs, y csibs`s f`s rct`rj`s bf kcsbrr`ff .


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4

Iò` i`jsciucjinb kc f` cxprcsbk` cj cf pujt` bjtcrn`r, j` aby p`ftnib pbrbkcsbrr`ffbr p`f`s, inukbkcs, i`rrck`rcs ` rcdn`jcs kc njj`vbinj. Ibs`cxicpin`jbf, Ockcffj.

Hbftb kc iufturb pbrb cjtcjkcr, bsnonfbr y kcsbrr`ffbr cf pbrbkndobkc f`s agntbtskc njj`vbinj gbsbk`s cj cf kcsbrr`ff` cjkdcj` y f`s jucv`s cspbin`snjkustrnbfcs iò` f`s njknibk`s p`r Xzqucz Gbrqucr`, 7==3.

Jucv `s cfcocjt` s kc p`ftni b cstj s ui ckncj k` kcs kc a bic 9 bs

Yc cst rcvnsbjk` fb brquntciturb y iòp`sninj kc scit`rcs cstrbtdni`s kc fbp`ftnib kc iòpctntnvnkbk y kc njj`vbinj, pcr` tbognj kc Iy[+ N.

Yc tncjc uj rdnocj kc z`jbs hrbjibs pbrb btrbcr njvcrsnj cxtrbjecrb bujquc j`tncjc uj iòp`jcjtc cxpfint` pbrb btrbcr njvcrsnj pbrb abicr N+K+n.

Yc ab ircbk` i`j rciurs`s kc fb rch`rob b fbs rcdbfbs onjcr` cjcrdtnibs, ujh`jk` pbrb Iy[+n, `rncjtbk` b hòcjtbr fb njvcstndbinj bpfnibkb cj fbs rcdn`jcs.Cf `gectnv` cs ffcdbr b =.3= kcf ]NG cj N+K+n cj 7=2;.

Gbji`fkcx (GJKCY cj Grbsnf, I`rh` cj Ianfc), cst nopufsbjk` cf coprcjknoncjt`

njj`vbk`r ocknbjtc cf pr`drbob NJJ]SFYB. ]`r objkbt` i`jstntuin`jbf, sc h`rtbfcin I`fincjinbs, cjtnkbk rcit`rb kc fb

p`ftnib kc Iy[ + n. Njtcjt` pbrb h`rtbfcicr f`s I`jsce`s Wcdn`jbfcs kc Iòpctntnvnkbk y kc Njj`vbinj. Yc cst knscbjk` ujb p`ftnib kc pbrqucs tcij`fdni`s. Cf njstruocjt` quc sc

tcjb kcskc cf b` 7==9, crb kchnincjtc. Fb knsiusnj cj I`fògnb j` cst icjtrbkb cj fb tc`rb, cs kcinr cj fbs gbscs

i`jicptubfcs. Cstb icjtrbkb cj iò` fb p`ftnib kc iòpctntnvnkbk y kc njj`vbinj,kc Iy[ +n, y cf kcsbrr`ff` rcdn`jbf, nopufsb bogncjtcs y tcrrnt`rn`s kc njj`vbinj.]`r supucst` quc f`s pr`ycit`s quc sc rcscbj os bkcfbjtc s`grc G`d`t,pbrtcj kc sfnk`s obri`s i`jicptubfcs kcf kcsbrr`ff` cjkdcj` y kc f`s jucv`shbit`rcs y cspbin`s njkustrnbfcs. Kbk` cstc pbj`rbob vcbo`s ba`rb quc bi`jtcici`j f`s pbrqucs tcij`fdni`s y `tr`s agntbts kc njj`vbinj kc G`d`t.

NN

]@W RS F@Y ]BWRSCY [CIJ@FDNI@Y CJ G@D@[ Y@J SWGBJ@Y

Fb trbjsninj b uj jucv` pbrbkndob nopfnib icrrbr grciabs sìnbfcs, fb iòujnibinjpbrb pr`pninbr prìcs`s pckbddni`s (us` ircbtnv` kc f`s ockn`s kc iòujnibinj), ys`grc t`k` fb iufturb (ibpbinkbk kc knhcrcjinbrsc pbrb ircbr, njj`vbr y coprcjkcr),h`robj pbrtc kc fb vbjdubrknb kcf jucv` kcsbrr`ff`. ]`r cff`, cf sbft` b fb sìnckbk kcf

i`jìnoncjt` j` scr sbtnshbit`rn` sn j` cxnstc uj sndjnhnibtnv` jnvcf kc njj`vbinj cj cftcenk` sìnbf, y cj fbs p`ftnibs kc f`s tcrrnt`rn`s y kc fb jbinj. Cj cf ibs` kc G`d`t,Njj`g`, Inukbk Ybfuk Wcdnj (IYW cj bkcfbjtc) y cf ]I[ kc fb Sjnvcrsnkbk Jbin`jbfpbrb fb Wcdnj, bpujtbj b iuopfnr i`j cstbs i`jknin`jcs.

Cstbs njninbtnvbs jcicsntbj kcsbrr`ff`s bknin`jbfcs quc kcgc h`rtbfcicr fb octrp`fn y surcdnj pbrb su njdrcs` kchnjntnv` b ujb jucvb hbsc kc pr`drcs` ci`joni` y iufturbf5os ibfnkbk kc fb ckuibinj y os y oce`r incjinb y tcij`f`db< kcsbrr`ffbr jucvbscoprcsbs s`stcjngfcs kc bft` vbf`r bdrcdbk`< jucvbs njkustrnbs ircbtnvbs< nji`rp`rbrbft` i`jtcjnk` tcij`fdni` b scit`rcs trbknin`jbfcs pròns`rn`s< y dcjcrbr`p`rtujnkbkcs pròns`rnbs cj inukbkbj`s kc ocj`rcs njdrcs`s.

Ynj cogbrd`, aby ujb njtcjsb knjonib kc jucvbs biin`jcs quc sc rcsuocj cj fbhndurb 7, quc pr`jt` cstbrj brtniufbkbs cj uj ci`snstcob tcrrnt`rnbf kc njj`vbinj, quc


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b su vcz abr pbrtc kcf rcknsc` kc fb p`ftnib kc iòpctntnvnkbk c njj`vbinj kcftcrrnt`rn`. Xcbo`s ibkb pr`ycit`.

Hndurb 7. DC@DWBHB KC FB NJJ@XBINJ KC G@D@[ WCDNJ

..

IBJ]I[

SJBF

]brqucNjj`vbinj

SJNON

[NI@

InukbkYbfuk

Wcdnj

Inriunt` rcdn`jbf

kc o`vnfnkbk ouftno`kbftrcj, trbjvb, octr`,

trbjsonfcjn`, but`pnstbs

Hbsc 2 WNJJ5 7=27 7=7=

Hbsc 7 WNJJ5 7=72 cj bkcfbjtc

I[B

WNJJ5 pr`pucstb pbrb trbjsh`robr cf bri` njkustrnbf kc G`d`t cj ujb rcdnj kcnjj`vbinj. Fb i`jicpinj sc njnin cj 7=2=.9

]brquc kc fb Njj`vbinj sìnbf kc fb Sjnvcrsnkbk Onjut` kc Kn`s. Cj h`roufbinj.Knsp`jc kc rciurs`s kc fb fcy kc rcdbfbs pbrb Iy[+N.

I[B (i`rrck`r tcij`fdni` bdr`njkustrnbf). Sjb rck kc scrvnin`s kc trbjshcrcjinb kc

tcij`f`db b pcquc`s pr`kuit`rcs kc fb Ybgbjb kc G`d`t. Cstc pr`ycit`copcz abic ; b`s y ba`rb tncjc hnjbjinbinj pbrb 9 b`s os. Njifuyc h`roufbruj ][ bdr`njkustrnbf.

Bcrp`fns. U`jb kcf bcr`pucrt` njtcrjbin`jbf Cfk`rbk` kc G`d`t. Cj 7=2; abgrtcronjbk` su jucvb i`jstruiinj.

B[NI@5 icjtr` kc njkustrnbs bukn`vnsubfcs y knsc` kc fb Sjnvcrsnkbk Ebvcrnbjb. Obf`lb5 icjtr` njtcrbitnv` kc Iy[ ugnibk` cj cf tcrrnt`rn` kc Njj`g`. IBJ5 ickc kc cjtnkbkcs pgfnibs, k`jkc aby tbognj a`spntbfcs y ifjnibs kcf

Cstbk`, y icjtr` kc njvcstndbinj pgfni`s cj rcbs kc fb sbfuk y kc scrvnin`s kcibfnkbk b fb njkustrnb. Cst brtniufbk` bf ]I[ kc fb SJBF, y cst icrib b Njj`g`.

F`s pbrqucs tcij `fdni`s u rgbj`s kc G`d `t

NJJ@G@. Knstrnt` kc fb njj`vbinj cj fb z`jb njkustrnbf kc G`d t. Xcinj` bf ]I[kc fb SJBF y bf IBJ (icjtr` bkonjnstrbtnv` jbin`jbf)

]I[ SJBF. ]brquc incjthni` y tcij`fdni` kc fb Sjnvcrsnkbk Jbin`jbf. Abjtcronjbk` f`s cstukn`s kc hbitngnfnkbk y cstj knscbjk` fb cstrbtcdnb kc dcstnjpbrb njninbr su nopfcocjtbinj cj 7=29 ` 7=2;.

Inukbk Ybfuk Wcdnj. ]`f` kc scrvnin`s, njvcstndbinj y kcsbrr`ff` cj sbfuk kc bftbiòpfcenkbk. Cs tbognj uj pr`ycit` kc pbtrno`jn` brquntcitjni` y kc rcj`vbinjurgbjb kcf icjtr` kc G`d`t.

9

Bi`stb Ebnoc. Fb i`jstruiinj kc fb rcdnj kc njj`vbinj kc G`d`t Wcdnj. D`gcrjbinj kcIujknjbobrib Bdcjinb kc kcsbrr`ff` kc Iujknjbobrib. G`d`t. 7=27. Cf but`r cs cf ircbk`rkc fb nkcb kc fb WNJJ.


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>

]`r qu G`d`t kcsbrr`ffb pbrqucs tcij`fdni`s urgbj`s5 inji` rbz`jcsprnjinpbfcs

]`rquc cxnstcj z`jbs quc cstj cj kcifnvc, pcr` cstj ugnibkbs cj z`jbscstrbtdnibs kc fb inukbk, i`j pr`ycit`s y `pcrbin`jcs cj pfcjb vndcjinb.

]`rquc cj csbs z`jbs buj cxnstcj bitnvnkbkcs ci`jonibs nop`rtbjtcs, cjt`jicsaby njtcrs kc trbjsh`robrfbs cj uj obri` bopfn` quc njtcdrb urgbjnso` i`jkcsbrr`ff` pr`kuitnv` y tcij`fdni` kc fb ci`jòb kc fb njj`vbinj.

]`rquc cstj btrbvcsbk`s p`r f`s jucv`s i`rrck`rcs kc o`vnfnkbk kcf jucv`snstcob njtcdrbk` kc trbjsp`rtc pgfni` (YN[]).

]`rquc fb inukbk jcicsntb kcsbrr`ffbr jucv`s hbit`rcs kc fìbfnzbinj5 nop`rtbjtcspr`ycit`s quc bp`rtcj b fb trbjsh`robinj pr`kuitnvb y b fb trbjsh`robinj iufturbf(supcrbr rcsnstcjinb b drbjkcs ibogn`s), rctcjcr ba`rr` y btrbcr njvcrsn`jcs kc bft`vbf`r bdrcdbk`.

Kcjsnhnibr cf kcsbrr`ff` urgbj` pbrb hrcjbr su bicfcrbk` prìcs` kc ircinoncjt`cxtcjsnv`.

Cj sjtcsns, IYW, cf ]I[ c Njj`g`, scrj f`s jucv`s ant`s kc ibogn` iufturbf, urgbj`y brquntcitjni` cj t`rj` b fb trbjsh`robinj pr`kuitnvb, fb njj`vbinj, cfcoprcjknoncjt` y cf kcsbrr`ff` sìnbf.

]`r qu sc eustnhnibj Njj`g`, cf ]I[, IYW y `tr`s pr`ycit`s os

Fb Ibpntbf jcicsntb s`hnstnibr su i`jicpinj kcf hutur` y onrbr b 7=91 y os bff.Fb s`hnstnibinj sc sustcjtb cj cf i`jìnoncjt`, cj fb ircbtnvnkbk y cj fbnjj`vbinj pbrb kcsbrr`ffbr bitnvnkbkcs pr`kuitnvbs kc fb jucvb sìnckbk. IYW,Njj`g` y cf ]I[ s`j njninbtnvbs icjtrbfcs kc ujb scjkb kc kcsbrr`ff` s`hnstnibkb.

G`d`t rcquncrc kbr uj sbft` cj su kcsbrr`ff` nopufsbjk` bogncjtcs y tcrrnt`rn`s

kcf i`jìnoncjt`, kc fb njj`vbinj y kc fb ircbtnvnkbk.

Cf kcsbrr`ff` pr`kuitnv` kcgc `rncjtbrsc b nopufsbr jucvbs bitnvnkbkcs kc bft`vbf`r bdrcdbk` b pbrtnr kc su k`tbinj kc rciurs`s jbturbfcs (scdurnkbkbfnocjtbrnb), kc fb i`jicjtrbinj njkustrnbf y kc scrvnin`s, c nopufsbr jucvbs rcbskc bftb tcij`f`db pbrb ircbr ujb jucvb dcjcrbinj kc coprcsbs njj`vbk`rbs.

Fbs cxp`rtbin`jcs kc G`d`t s`j cj su oby`rb kc ocknb y bftb tcij`f`db.Hndurb 9. Fbs cxp`rtbin`jcs njkustrnbfcs rcprcscjtbj cf 13% kc su hbiturbnjtcrjbin`jbf, y cf bri` kc oujninpn`s njkustrnbfcs vcinj`s, tncjc ;1% kccxp`rtbin`jcs njkustrnbfcs. I`jsnkcrbjk` fbs cxp`rtbin`jcs njkustrnbfcs kc G`d`ty Iujknjbobrib, rcprcscjtbr`j cf 4=% kcf t`tbf kc cxp`rtbin`jcs kc fb rcdnj.

Hndurb 9. Cxp`rtbin`jcs kc objuhbiturbs kc G`d`t


10/28

2=

G`d`t y su prnocrb i`r`jb kc oujninpn`s s`j fb oby`r i`jicjtrbinj kc N+K+n kcI`fògnb, bujquc cf snstcob os `rdbjnzbk` cs Ockcffj. Hndurb ;

Hndurb ;. Drup`s kc njvcstndbinj kc I`fògnb scdj rcdn`jcs.

Fb Sjnvcrsnkbk Jbin`jbf kc I`fògnb cs fb prnjinpbf njstntuinj kc ckuibinjsupcrn`r kcf pbs, y fb sckc kc G`d`t abic cf 32% kc fb njvcstndbinj cj rcbs kcfpr`ycit` kc pbrquc kc Iy[. [ncjc bkcos cf oby`r jocr` kc pr`hcs`rcs y kcnjvcstndbk`rcs i`j obcstrbs y kìt`rbk`s kc fb rcdnj y kc fb jbinj.

]cr` k`jkc cst G`d`t y su rcdnj cj su ibonj` b uj tcrrnt`rn` kcfi`jìnoncjt` y kc fb njj`vbinj.

[bf iò` f` njknib fb hndurb 3, cj cf prcscjtc cs ujb drbj bdfòcrbinj i`jh`robkbp`r z`jbs njkustrnbfcs, i`j sus rcspcitnv`s pbrqucs njkustrnbfcs, ujb drbj ibjtnkbk kcz`jbs hrbjibs i`j gcjchnin`s trngutbrn`s dcjcr`s`s kc fb p`ftnib kc iòpctntnvnkbk, yujb cstruiturb S-C-C ([rnpfc Afnic) cj h`robinj.

]cr` cst cj i`jstruiinj ujb ci`jòb kc fb njj`vbinj i`j ujb ibjtnkbk kcpr`ycit`s kc jucv` tnp` quc cstj cj su oby`rb cj cstukn` kc hbitngnfnkbk. ^ `tr`s


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quc cstj cj nopfcocjtbinj kcskc abic trcs b`s, iò` cf I[B (i`rrck`rtcij`fdni` bdr`njkustrnbf).

Hndurb 3. CX@FSINJ KC G@D@[ I@O@ WCDNJ KC NJJ@XBINJ

G@D@[ ÎSJKNJBOBWIB

A@^

BDF@OCWBINJ NJKSY[WNBFU`jbs njkustrnbfcskc fb sbgbjb y kc

G`d`t

]BWRSCY NJKSY[WNBFCY

]BWRSCYINCJ[HNI@Y [CIJ@FDNI@Y.

]BWRSC KC NJJ@XBINJ Y@INBF.]@F@Y KC NJJ@XBINJ

G`d`tY`stcjngfc, ircbtnvby kcf i`jìnoncjt`

BfnbjzbS-C-C

INSKBKCY KCNJJ@XBINJINSKBK YBFSK,NJJ@G@, BJNFF@

NJJ@XBINJ WCXNYBK@

]I[ KC INSKBKYBFSK WCDNJNJJ@G@ - [CI

I[B ]BWRSCNJJ@XBINJ -

@[W@YI@WWCK@WCY KC FB

YBGBJB

SJNXCWYNKBKCYy z`jbs hrbjibs

]CWNHCWNB G@D@[

BWCBOC[W@]FN[BJBG@D@[ ^ KC FBWCDNJ IB]N[BF

(WB]C)

Hucjtc5 Bi`stb E i`j gbsc cj Lcc Gò

]I[ kc fb SJBF

]rcscjtc

Hutur`

]cjsbjk`FB WNJJ

Iujknjbobribnjj`vbk`rb y

s`stcjngfc

FB WNJJWcbfnkbk

WCKCY

I

FSY[CWY

N+

K+n

F`s pbrqucs kc incjthni`s y/` tcij` fdni`s s`j cjkdcj`s

Ircbr pbrqucs s`f` pbrb btrbcr njvcrsnj cxtrbjecrb cs ffcvbrf`s bf hrbibs`. ]brqucscxdcj`s s`j z`jbs hrbjibs. F`s pbrqucs s`j bogncjtcs k`jkc sc onxturnzbj bdcjtcscjkdcj`s y cxdcj`s, s`grc fb gbsc kc uj pr`ycit` kc kcsbrr`ff` cjkdcj`. Csc

bogncjtc cs cf quc os ffbob fb btcjinj kc fbs trbjsjbin`jbfcs5 F@Y HBI[@WCYKC F@IBFNUBINJ ! y j` s`f` f`s njicjtnv`s trngutbrn`s. ]brqucs incjthni`s y/`tcij`fdni`s s`j pcquc`s snstcobs kc njvcst ndbinj, njj`vbinj ycoprcjknoncjt`, quc abicj pbrtc kc rckcs y ifustcrs, y s`j ifbvcs cj fbtrbjsh`robinj pr`kuitnvb, y pbrb knsp`jcr kc r`gust`s snstcobs pr`kuitnv`s y kcnjj`vbinj tcrrnt`rnbf.

F`s pbrqucs cxdcj`s s`j pfbtbh`robs pbrb njkustrnbs kc obqunfb i`j csibs` vbf`rbdrcdbk` jbin`jbf. Csc huc uj cjh`quc kc prnjinpn`s kc f`s b`s 2>>= pcr` j` cs ujvfnk` cj cstc sndf` pbrb jucvbs ci`jòbs cocrdcjtcs.

Bkcos, fb iòpctcjinb kc tbjt`s pbrqucs p`r btrbcr p`tcjtcs i`rp`rbin`jcs

trbjsjbin`jbfcs, j` cs i`rrcit` p`rquc j` cs incrt` jn cs p`sngfc quc csbs coprcsbsquncrbj y puckbj fìbfnzbrsc cj iubjt` pbrquc sc ircc cj cf oujk`.

F` rcinj cxpucst` j` cs fb knsiusnj tcrnib jn kc p`ftnib cj cf oujk` bitubf. F`spbrqucs y `tr`s bogncjtcs kc njj`vbinj j` s`j ba`rb jn cjkdcj`s jn cxdcj`s, f`quc ba`rb prnob cs pcjsbrf`s iò` snstcobs kc coprcjknoncjt`, kc pr`kuiinj y kcnjj`vbinj kc bft` vbf`r bdrcdbk` k`jkc i`jvcrdcj hbit`rcs y bit`rcs cjkdcj`s ycxdcj`s, pbrb fb i`jh`robinj kc snstcobs i`j pr`yciinj df`gbf. Ynj cogbrd`,cs`s kcsbrr`ff`s sc hujkbocjtbj p`r supucst` cj ujb rbin`jbfnkbk cjkdcjb,njspnrbkb cj fb v`fujtbk kc cji`jtrbr y kcsbrr`ffbr uj jucv` bogncjtc pbrb fbtrbjsh`robinj pr`kuitnvb, fb njj`vbinj y cf coprcjknoncjt` kcf tcrrnt`rn`.


12/28

27

Cj f`s pbrqucs cspb`fcs, grbsnfcr`s, bsntni`s, y kc `tr`s pbscs, cf cjh`quc cxdcj`kce` kc scr cf cjh`quc prnjinpbf, s`f` sc i`jstbtb cj pbscs quc buj j` sbgcj ioì`jstrunr ujb scjkb pr`pnb c njtcrkcpcjkncjtc kc kcsbrr`ff`, njscrinj y df`gbfnzbinj.

Cf kcsbrr`ff` kc p`f`s kc njj`vbinj y kc tcij`f`db i`j pr`yciinj df`gbf, kcgcj scriòp`jcjtcs cstrbtdni`s kc fb p`ftnib kc iòpctntnvnkbk y kc njj`vbinj, kc fbjbinj y kc G`d`t Wcdnj.

Fucd` kc cstb njtr`kuiinj, vcbo`s ba`rb cj qu i`jsnstcj Njj`g`, cf ]I[- SJBF yIYW.

NNN

]WNJIN]BFCY IBWBI[CWY[NIBY KC F@Y ]W@^CI[@Y KC ]BWRSCYKC NJXCY[NDBINJ ^ KC NJJ@XBINJ KC G@D@[ ^ FB WCFBINJCJ[WC CFF@Y

F`s ibs`s quc kc objcrb suinjtb sc oucstrbj b i`jtnjubinj, sc prcscjtbj cjcf `rkcj cj quc sc abj kcsbrr`ffbk` sus cstukn`s, cj su `rkcj, Njj`g`, cf ]I[kc fb SJBF y Inukbk Ybfuk Wcdnj. Ynj cogbrd`, cj cstb vcrsnj beustbkb, scnjifuycj cfcocjt`s rcincjtcs quc cstj njinkncjk` cj fb i`jstruiinj kc f`sprìcs`s ` njifus` cj su cstbjiboncjt`.

9.2 NJJ@G@5 KNY[WN[@ KC JCD@IN@Y, NJKSY[WNBY ^ YCWXNIN@Y KC BF[B[CIJ@F@DB, ^ KC FB ISF[SWB;

Njj`g`cs ujb pr`pucstb kc trbjsh`robinj urgbjb s`stcjngfc y kc njtcdrbinj kc fbinukbk, cj cf iubf suickcrj knstnjt`s kcsbrr`ff`s y bitnvnkbkcs kc drbj nopbit` pbrbcf Bjnff` kc fb Njj`vbinj (BN cj bkcfbjtc), z`jbs vcinjbs, y pbrb fb rcdnj ibpntbf.

Njj`g` tcjkr uj knstrnt` kc hcrnbs y jcdìn`s< abgr trbjsh`robinj urgbjb i`j jucvbvnvncjkb, jucv` cspbin` pgfni`, fb oce`r o`vnfnkbk kc G`d`t, y us` kc cjcrdbsbftcrjbtnvbs j` i`jtbonjbjtcs< tcjkr jucvbs `hcrtbs b fb inukbkbjb cj iufturb,incjinb y tcij`f`db (ousc` kcf bdub, ousc` kc fb i`jstruiinj, ousc` kc fbnjkustrnb), uj icjtr` kc fbs brtcs y kc fb iufturb< ujb gngfn`tcib vnrtubf cspcinbfnzbkb cjtcobs kc hutur` rcfbin`jbk`s i`j fb i`jicpinj kc Njj`g`5 inukbkcs, Iy[,coprcjknoncjt`, sìnckbk c njkustrnbs kcf hutur`.

Njj`g` cs uj tcrr n t`r n` - snstcob kc njj`v bin`jcs5 njj`vbinj urgbjb, njj`vbinj

coprcsbrnbf, njj`vbinj tcij`fdnib, njj`vbinj bogncjtbf, njj`vbinj sìnbf cnjj`vbinj iufturbf.

Njj`g` tcjkr uj nop`rtbjtc iòp`jcjtc pr`kuitnv` iuy` prnjinpbf njstruocjt`, i`jgbsc cj Iy[+n, coprcjknoncjt` c njvcrsnj cj njkustrnbs s`stcjngfcs kc bftbtcij`f`db, scr Njj`g`tci, uj pbrquc tcij`fdni` urgbj`.

Njj`g` cst ugnibk` cj fb @pcrbinj Cstrbtdnib kcf Bjnff` kc Njj`vbinj< vcinj` kcfscit`r njkustrnbf os nop`rtbjtc kc G`d`t, b I`rhcrnbs, b fb Sjnvcrsnkbk Jbin`jbf kcI`fògnb y bf IBJ (Icjtr` Bkonjnstrbtnv` Jbin`jbf) y kc Obf`lb, uj ousc` njtcrbitnv`

;

Cstb sciinj sc gbsb cj cf kìuocjt` quc Ebnoc Bi`stb csirngn pbrb fb Hbiuftbk kc brtcs kcfb SJBF cj cf obri` kcf cstukn` kc prchbitngnfnkbk kc Njj`g`. Fbs nodcjcs urgbjbs kc Njj`g`hucr`j tòbkbs kcf cstukn` kc prchbitngnfnkbk.


13/28

29

kc Iy[+n. Bs onso`, Njj`g` cst i`jcitbk` b fb Bcrp`fns kc Cfk`rbk` y bf icjtr` kcfb inukbk p`r fb ibffc 78, y abinb cf j`rtc y cf sur p`r fbs tr`jibfcs kc [rbjsonfcjn`.Xcbo`s bfdujbs nodcjcs vnrtubfcs.

Fb hndurb 8 oucstrb fb f`ibfnzbinj kcf tcrrnt`rn` Njj`g` y f`s bit`rcs kc fb [A qucnjtcrvncjcj, rcprcscjtbk`s p`r fb Sjnvcrsnkbk Jbin`jbf, prxnobocjtc tbognj p`r fbSjncoprcsbrnbf kc fb IIG, fbs coprcsbs y cf Icjtr` Bkonjnstrbtnv` Knstrntbf, k`jkc`pcrbj fbs scirctbrbs kc Abincjkb, ]fbjcbinj y Kcsbrr`ff` Ci`joni`, rcfbin`jbkbsi`j cf kcsbrr`ff` kc Njj`g`, y fb sckc kc fb D`gcrjbinj kc Iujknjbobrib.

CYICJBWN@ 9

S

Cstbk`coprcsbs

Hndurb 8. Bit`rcs kc fb [rnpfc Afnic (S-C-C) cj NJJ@G@

S

IIG

Fb hndurb 4 cs ujb pcrspcitnvb kc fb pfbzb kc fb Coprcsb kc Biuckuit` yBfibjtbrnffbk` kc G`d`t (C.B.BG). y kcf icjtr` kc i`jvcjin`jcs kc fb IIG I`rhcrnbs. Bf h`jk` k`s kc f`s pr`ycit`s kc Njj`g`-tci5 cf i`jk`onjn` kc pyocs bftci,y f`s icjtr`s kc coprcjknoncjt` c njj`vbinj (ICKCN) kc bftb tcij`f`db y kcnjkustrnbs ircbtnvbs.


14/28

2;

]FBUB ]W@^CI[@ C.B.B.G

Hndurb 4. Fb pfbzb kcf bdub cj Njj`g`

9.==

C.B.B.G.

CKNHNIN@ ]BWRSCBKCW@I@WHCWNBY

ICJ[W@ KCI@JXCJIN@JCYOSYC@ I@JY[WSIINJ

ICKCN BF[CI

ICKCNNISF[SWBFCY

ON]^OCYBF[CI

Fb hndurb 1 cs ujb pcrspcitnvb kc fb prnocrb hbsc kc Njj`g`-tci, cf pbrquc tcij`fdni`urgbj` kc Njj`g`.

NJKSY[WNBY BF[CI CKNHNIN@Y KC XNXNCJKB

NJKSY[WNBY BF[CI

]BWRSC[CIJ@FDNI@ SWGBJ@ NJJ@G@- [CI

Hndurb 1. Njj`g` - tci

2.==

ICJ[W@Y KC NJXCY[NDBINJ

NJJ@G@ -


15/28

23

[WCJ KC ICWIBJBY ]BWRSC FNJCBF

NOBDCJ XNW[SBF

CKNHNI@Y XNXNCJKBNJKSY[WNBY BF[CI

DWBJKCYCRSN]BONCJ[@Y

NJY[N[SIN@JCY KC INCJINB ^ [CIJ@F@DB

CKNHNIN@Y KC XNXNCJKB YCWXNIN@Y BF[CI

Fb h`t`drbhb 2nfustrb pbrtc kc fb z`jb kc Njj`g` cj su i`jkninj bitubf. Cstbsnjhrbcstruiturbs pbrb bfobicjbr i`ogustngfcs j` cstj cj hujin`jboncjt`, cstjrcf`ibfnzbkbs cj fb pcrnhcrnb kc G`d`t.

H`t`drbhb. 2. Njj`g`. Cstbk` bitubf. Fudbr pbrb cf pbrquc tcij`fdni` urgbj` NJJ@G@ - [CI

Njj`g`5 knstrnt` kc pr`kuiinj y kc njj`vbinj kc bftb tcij`f`db

Ycr uj tcrrnt`rn` kc njj`vbinj y coprcjknoncjt`, bsncjt` kc njkustrnbs y scrvnin`sBftci y kc njkustrnbs ircbtnvbs gbsbkbs cj N+K, p`r tbjt` rcfbin`jbkbs i`j icjtr`s kcN+K+n.


16/28

28

[crrnt`rn` i`j pbrquc tcij`fdni` urgbj` (njj`g` - tci) k`jkc trbgbebrj cjsnjcrdnb coprcsbs njj`vbk`rbs kc bft` vbf`r bdrcdbk` (jbin`jbfcs y cxtrbjecrbs),icjtr`s kc njvcstndbinj kc ujnvcrsnkbkcs kc njvcstndbinj kc fb rcdnj ibpntbf y kcfcxtcrn`r, jifc` kc coprcjknoncjt` pbrb cf surdnoncjt` kc jucvbs coprcsbs BF[CI yjucvbs njkustrnbs ircbtnvbs, icjtr` kc jcdìn`s, njstntuin`jcs kc Iy[ kc fb rcdnj,drcon`s Bftci, y fb Hujkbinj Njj`g`, rcsp`jsbgfc kc fb `pcrbinj Njj`g`.

Njj`g` tbognj tcjkr uj drbj knstr n t` kc fbs brtcs, fb iuf turb y fb Iy[iòpbrtncjk`f`s prckn`s kcf pbrquc tcij`fdni` urgbj` Njj`g`-tci.

I`jtcj nk`s pr njinpb fcs kc Njj`g` pr`kuit nv` y tcij`fdni`

Abincjk` ujb sjtcsns (hndurb >) kc f` pr`kuitnv`, tcjco`s inji` drbjkcs pr`ycit`s5 cficjtr` kc i`jvcjin`jcs pbrb h`rtbfcicr fb hcrnb njtcrjbin`jbf kc cxp`snin`jcs< cfpbrquc tcij`fdni` urgbj` Njj`g`-tci< fb rcj`vbinj pr`kuitnvb, iufturbf y urgbjb kcfBjnff` kc fb Njj`vbinj< y su vcinjkbk y iòpfcocjtbrnckbk i`j cf ]I[ y i`j cf IBJ.

njj`g`

pr`kuitnv`][ urgbj`

Njj`g` - tci(7)

Coprcsbs

Bsìnbkbs

Njj`g`

(9)

Icjtr`

kc

I`jvcjin`jcs(2)

Hndurb >. I@J[CJNK@Y ]WNJIN]BFCY kc NJJ@G@ pr`kuitnv` y

rcfbinj i`j fb SJBF, cf ]I[ y i`j cf IBJ(2) (7) (9) (;) (3) (8)

JSCX@

SWGBJNYO@Y@Y[CJNGFC

Brtc

Iufturb

Iy[

Xnvncjkb

Cspbin` pgfni`

O`vnfnkbk Knsc`

Jucvbs Cjcrdbs

Cfbg`rbinj5 Bi`stb E. Njj`g`. 7=2=

]

I[(;)

I

BJ(3)

SJBF

(8)

Fb vnsnj kc Njj`g` sc iòpfcocjtb i`j fb vnsnj kc trbjsh`robinj urgbjb kcf IBJ yi`j cf kcsbrr`ff` kcf ]I[ kc fb SJBF, f` iubf i`jkuinr b ujb drbj `pcrbinjcstrbtdnib kc pcjsbr b G`d`t iò` inukbk kcf hutur`. F`s trcs s`j pr`ycit`s i`jnkcjtnkbk pr`pnb pcr` njtcrkcpcjkncjtcs, iò` vcrco`s b i`jtnjubinj.

9.7 ]I[ KC FB SJNXCWYNKBK JBIN@JBF KC I@F@OGNB3

Bf ndubf quc I`fògnb, fb ujnvcrsnkbk tbognj ffcdb tbrkc b f`s ibogn`s, pcr` ffcdb. Bsab ìurrnk` cj f`s ftno`s trcs b`s, iubjk` sc njninbr`j f`s cstukn`s kcf pbrquc

3

Cstb sciinj s`j bpbrtcs kcf but`r quc knrndn cf obri` i`jicptubf kcf pbrquc kc Iy[ cjtrcj`vncogrc kc 7=2= y oby` kc 7=22. Fb Sjnvcrsnkbk cst tcronjbjk` cj 7=27 f`s cstukn`s kchbitngnfnkbk.


17/28

24

incjthni` y tcij`fdni` (cf ]I[ kc fb SJB F p brb G` d`t Wcdnj Ibpntbf), ocknbjtccf iubf sc prctcjkc bicribr f`s rcsuftbk`s kc njvcstndbinj kc fb ujnvcrsnkbk i`j fbsjcicsnkbkcs kc njvcstndbinj kc fb sìnckbk, kc fbs coprcsbs, kcf cstbk` y kcfoujk`, pbrb pr`pninbr uj bogncjtc kc njvcstndbinj, kc njj`vbinj, coprcjknoncjt` ykcsbrr`ff` cjtrc ujnvcrsnkbk coprcsb cstbk` y sìnckbk.

Cj cf ibopus kc fb ujnvcrsnkbk cxnstcj prckn`s pbrb kcsbrr`ffbr uj pr`ycit` kc csctnp`, tbf iò` sc copcz b vnsfuogrbr abic bfduj`s b`s cj cf pfbj kc rcdufbrnzbinjkcf ibopus, gbe` fb i`jkuiinj kcf urgbjnstb y cjt`jics vnicrrcit`r kc fb sckc G`d`t,Hcrjbjk` Xnvncsibs.

Csc pfbj njtcrprctb ujb ujnvcrsnkbk quc kcgc tcjcr ibrb b fb inukbk urgbjnzbjk` uj`sprckn`s cj cf i`stbk` ìinkcjtbf, pbrb jucvbs jcicsnkbkcs y kcsbh`s kc fb njstntuinj,kc fb ci`jòb, kc fb Wcdnj Ibpntbf, y kcf cstbk` cj cf sndf` kcf i`jìnoncjt`. Fbsinukbkcs ircicj fbs ujnvcrsnkbkcs tbognj. Fbs inukbkcs sc trbjsh`robj fbsujnvcrsnkbkcs tbognj. Cf o`k` kc njvcstndbinj kc fbs ujnvcrsnkbk abinb fb sìnckbkcrbj kc uj tnp` ba`rb cs kc `tr`. Csc pfbj iògnjb cf urgbjnso` abinb kcjtr` i`j cf

urgbjnso` abinb bhucrb, cs kcinr, fb ujnvcrsnkbk kcf sndf` QQ i`j fb ujnvcrsnkbk kcfsndf` QQN.

Kc cstb objcrb, cf pbrquc kc incjinb y tcij`f`db kc fb Sjnvcrsnkbk Jbin`jbf, cf ]I[,cs uj pr`ycit` quc pbrtc kc fbs ibpbinkbkcs kc njvcstndbinj kc fb SJBF y kcosujnvcrsnkbkcs kc njvcstndbinj kc G`d`t, pbrb cf kcsbrr`ff` kc jucv`s gncjcs yscrvnin`s i`j cf snstcob ci`joni`, fb sìnckbk y cf cstbk`.

Fb hndurb 2= nfustrb cf ]I[ brtniufbk` bf IBJ (Icjtr` Bkonjnstrbtnv` Jbin`jbf, sckc kconjnstcrn`s y kc njstntuin`jcs kcf Cstbk` i`fògnbj`), cj su pfcjb knocjsnj bf b`7=;=. Yc kcsbrr`ffbr cj trcs ctbpbs5 fb prnocrb b 7=7=, fb scdujkb cjtrc 7=72 y 7=9=,y fb tcricrb cjtrc 7=92 y 7=;=.

A`spntbfSjnvcrsntbrn

SJBF

Acocr`tcibIBJ NJXNOBNJY

Hndurb 2=. ]I[ KC FB WCDNJ IB]N[BF KC G@D@[SJ ]BWRSC INCJ[NHNI@ ^ [CIJ@F DNI@ SWGBJ@ RSC NJ[CDWB IBJ SJBF NJJ@G@

IBO]SY KC FB SJBF


18/28

21

Cf ]I[ tncjc cj fbs rcb kc Gn` - sbfuk y vnkb, su prnjinpbf cspcinbfnzbinj, kbkbs fbsibpbinkbkcs ouftn c njtcrknsinpfnjbrcs quc cxnstcj cj fb SJBF y cj G`d`t, quc scbrtniufbrj cj t`rj` bf a`spntbf ujnvcrsntbrn` quc scr rcnjbudurbk` b hnjbfcs kc 7=29, yvcinj` b fb ifjnib kc fb ]`fnib y b fb ifjnib kcf Jn`. Cj f`s prckn`s kcf IBJ tbognjcxnstcj `trbs njstntuin`jcs kc sbfuk y gn` iò` cf NJY (Njstntut` Jbin`jbf kc Ybfuk),NJXNOB (Njstntut` Jbin`jbf kc Xndnfbjinb kc ocknibocjt`s y bfnocjt`s), icjtr`s kcnjvcstndbinj iò` fb HNKNI y cf INH (Icjtr` Njtcrjbin`jbf kc Hsnib), c njstntuin`jcsrcfbin`jbkbs i`j fb ibfnkbk kc fb pr`kuiinj iò` Ni`jtci (Njstntut` I`fògnbj` kcJ`robs [ijnibs) y cf Njstntut` Jbin`jbf kc Octr`f`db. Ycr uj ifstcr kcnjvcstndbinj cj Gn` sbfuk vnkb - quc sc njtcrprctb cj fb hndurb 22, y quc sciòpfcocjtbr i`j cf ifustcrpbrquc kc Iy[ kc Inukbk Ybfuk Wcdnj, quc vcrco`sos bkcfbjtc.

Iòp`jcjtcs kcf ]I[

Cj fb hndurb 27 sc rcsuoc fb cstruiturb kcf ]I[. F`s jucv`s icjtr`s kc pcsqunsb(jucv`s i`jicpt`s kc ujb jucvb hbsc kc kcsbrr`ff` dcjcrb jucv`s njstruocjt`s)< f`sifustcr kc njvcstndbinj, kc f`s iubfcs k`s cstj ouy bvbjzbk`s5 cf kc gn` - sbfuk y cfkc gn` bdr`njkustrnb< fbs rckcs kc njvcstndbinj cxnstcjtcs< y f`s pr`ycit`scstruiturbjtcs, snj f`s iubfcs j` aby pbrquc.

NJY HNKNI

NJXNOB

A.

OrcknIfjnib

]`fnib

Hbrobiutnibs

ICJ.NJKSY[WNB

Hndurb 22. Ifustcr kcf i`jìnoncjt` y kc fb njj`vbinjGN@ YBFSK - NJDCJNCWB kcf ]I[

Hucjtc5 Bi`stb E. ]I[. SJBF. 7=22

IfjnibKcf

Jn

IfjnibI`fògnb

INH

A@Y]N[BFSJNXCWYN[BWN@

YKKC

InXnkb

Ni`jtci

ONJNI[

ONJYBFSK

Y. YBFSK

I@FINCJINBYICJ. BF[CI

Cqunp`s c

njstruocjtbf

NJO

ICJ. NJJ@XB

SD[


19/28

2>

@]CWBINJ KCF ]I[ dcstnj butjòb

INXNKBNjvcstndbinj bpfnibkb

coprcjknoncjt`

njtcrknsinpfnjbrnckbk

rckcs

ICJ. NJKSY[WNBICJ. NJJ@XB

sbfuk

SJNKBK KC DCY[NJ [CIJ@FDNIB SD[. ^b cxnstc

ICJ[W@ BF[CI KC G@D@[Ycrvnin`s b onpyocs. Cxnstc Sjnkbk

kc coprcjknoncjt`

Hndurb 27. ]I[ SJBF. Cstruiturb

NJ[N I`fògnb[NIs

SJNKBK DCY[NJ[CIJ@FDNIB

].N. - coprcjknoncjt`

I`rrck`r[cij`fdni`

Bdr`njkustrnbfy GN@KNXCWYNKBKNjvcstndbinj bpfnibkb

Coprcjknoncjt` ibpbintbinj

ICJ[W@Y ]W@^CI[BK@Y CJ HBI[NGNFNKBK KCF ]I[. Cj hbsc kc Cstukn`s

WCKCY KC NJXCY[NDBINJ B]FNIBKB. ^b cxnstcj

]W@^CI[@Y CY[WSI[SWBJ[CY [WBJYXCWYBFCY

IFSY[CWY KC NJXCY[NDBINJ

GN@ YBFSK XNKB GN@ - BDW@NJKSY[WNB

NJ[CWYCKCY

NJDCJNCWBY

IBO]SY ICJ[W@Y KC NJXCY[NDBINJ NJ[CWJBIN@JBFCY. Cxnstcjtcs y jucv`s

Njtcdrbinj kcf ]I[ i`j Njj`g`

F`s k`s pr`ycit`s s`j vcinj`s, cstj b ;== octr`s uj` kcf `tr` (h`t`drbhb 7) pcr`tncjcj cspcinhninkbkcs iòpfcocjtbrnbs. Cf ]I[ cst knrndnk` b ircbr uj pbrqucincjthni` y tcij`fdni`, `rncjtbk` b nopufsbr spnj `hh y stbrt ups kcrnvbkbs kc fbsibpbinkbkcs cj njvcstndbinj kc fb SJBF y kc `trbs ujnvcrsnkbkcs kc G`d`t, icjtr`skc njvcstndbinj y coprcsbs, kc fb rcdnj y kcf oujk`, cj rcbs GN@, sbfuk, [NI,njkustrnb y bdr`njkustrnb.

Cf pbrquc tcij`fdni` urgbj` kc Njj`g` scr ouftnscit`rnbf, i`j bitnvnkbkcs knstnjtbs y`trbs ndubfcs b fbs kcf ]I[, pcr` kc oby`r csibfb. ]`r cstbs i`jsnkcrbin`jcs, bog`spbrqucs s`j iòpfcocjtbrn`s. Bkcos, p`r su icribjb hbinfntb fb iòpfcocjtbrnckbky fb i`fbg`rbinj.


20/28

7=

Njj`g` tci5 Coprcsbs y icjtr`s kc njvcstndbinj BF[CI

Kcsbrr`ff`s kc vnvncjkb

]I[

Cspbin` pgfni`

2. Ousc` kc fb I`jstruiinj 7. Ousc` kc fbs Cjcrdbs 9. Ousc` kcf bdub

2

7

9

;

3

;. Icjtr` kc fbs Brtcs y kc fb Iufturb NJJ@G@ 3.Ousc` kc fb Njkustrnb

H`t`drbhb 9. Njj`g` ]I[ - IBJ

Cf pr` ycit` k cf pbrquc kc Iy[ kc fb SJBF pbrb G`d `t Wcdnj Ibpntbf yfb rcj`vbinj kcf IBJ

Cj f`s cstukn`s gsni`s sc ab tcjnk` cj iucjtb fbs pr`pucstbs kc rcj`vbinjkcf IBJ, y p`r cs` cf pr`ycit` kc fb SJBF sc cjtncjkc iò` uj pbrquctcij`fdni` urgbj`, tbf iò` cst i`jicgnk` cj cf obri` i`jicptubf cfbg`rbk`

p`r cf but`r cj cf b` 7=22. ]`r cs`, fb vnsnj dcjcrbf y pcrs`jbf kc fbrcj`vbinj dcjcrbf kcf tcrrnt`rn` cs fb snduncjtc.

Cf IBJ y fb Sjnvcrsnkbk Jbin`jbf i`jh`robj ujb ujnkbk urgbjb y i`jicptubf,quc b trbvs kcf knsc` urgbj` sc vucfvc brtc y cstruiturb pbrb ujbinukbk kcfcstbk ` pcr` tbognj kc fb i ncji nb, kc fb tcij `f` db y kc fbnjj`vbi nj,k`jkc cstj njstbfbkbs cjtnkbkcs pgfnibs y icjtr`s kcnjvcstndbinj, kc tcij`f`db, pcr` tbognj kc coprcjknoncjt`, kc coprcsbs kcbftb tcij`f`db, y kc scrvnin`s kc bft` vbf`r bdrcdbk`. ^ scr p`r supucst` ujfudbr kc vnkb kc tcijirbtbs, njvcstndbk`rcs, pr`hcs`rcs, coprcjkck`rcs,pr`hcsn`jbfcs, brtnstbs, ceciutnv`s, i`j icjtr`s kc fbs brtcs y kc fb iufturb, a`tcf,

iòcrin` o`kcrbk` (èbf p`kbo`s kcsibjsbr bujquc scb cj cstc fudbr kc fbsocdbsupcrhnincs), gbji`s, cspbin` pgfni`, rciupcrbinj kcf g`rkc kc fbCsocrbfkb ba`rb sbturbk` kc rcstburbjtcs y iòcrin`, usbjk` tcij`f`dbsfnopnbs y brquntciturb kc rupturb quc j`s sbquc kcf i`jicpt` jbkb ircbtnv`,iò` cf kcf pbquctc kc t`rrcs quc sc i`jstruycj hrcjtc bf IBJ, snjdcjcr`snkbk urgbjb jn g`jnt` knsc`, b knhcrcjinb kcf fcdbk` kc Jncocycr. Gncjp`krb scr cf jucv` IBJ bfd` pbrcink` b Grbsnfnb, sn tcjco`s cj iucjtb quchucr`j pr`ycit`s i`jstrunk`s cj fb onsob pìb.


21/28

72

Grbsnfnb.

Cknhnin` cj Gcf` A`rnz`jtc. Icjtr` bkonjnstrbtnv`2

Grbsnfnb. ]r`iurbkurb Dcjcrbf kc fb Jbinj.

9.9 INSKBK YBFSK WCDNJ5 IFY[CW ^ ]BWRSC KC INCJINB ^ [CIJ@F@DBKC BF[B I@O]FCENKBK8

F`s ifustcr, f`s cspbin`s kc njj`vbinj (pbrqucs incjthni`s y tcij`fdni`s, icjtr`s kcnjvcstndbinj y kc njj`vbinj, cjtrc `tr`s), y cf i`jeujt` kc trbjsh`robin`jcs urgbjbs

8Cstc ibs` sc sustcjtb cj bfduj`s kcsbrr`ff`s kcf but`r i`o` i`jkuit`r kcf knsc` kcf ifstcry kcf pbrquc kc Iy[ kcf I`js`rin` kc Inukbk Ybfuk (hnrob kc i`jsuft`rb rcsp`jsbgfc kcf

cstukn` kc hbitngnfnkbk), cjtrc bd`st` kc 7=22 y cjcr` kc 7=27. F`s pfbjtcboncjt`s s`j ujbbpr`xnobinj kcf but`r y j` s`j f`s kcsbrr`ff`s kchnjntnv`s quc tcjkr IYW, p`rquc f`s cstukn`scstj cj kcsbrr`ff`.


22/28

77

y iufturbfcs, s`j iòp`jcjtcs icjtrbfcs kc uj pr`ycit` iò` IYW, iò` nfustrb fbhndurb 2;. Kcskc fb pcrspcitnvb ci`jonib y kc fb njj`vbinj, IYW scr uj p`f` kcscrvnin`s y kc pr`kuiinj kc fb ci`jòb kcf sndf` QQN, y kbk` cf i`jtcxt` urgbj` cjcf iubf sc njsirngc, cs tbognj uj ognt` kc vnkb, brtc, iufturb, pbtrno`jn`, rcircbinj ytrbjsh`robinj urgbjb. Cj su i`jh`robinj y i`js`fnkbinj, fbs [NI eucdbj uj r`fkctcronjbjtc pbrb iàcsn`jbr b f`s bit`rcs kcf ognt` y iò` tcij`f`db kc bopfn`cspcitr` pbrb fb rck kc a`spntbfcs, jucv`s kcsbrr`ff`s bpfnibk`s b sbfuk y susscrvnin`s, bs iò` b rcircbinj, t`k` f` iubf sc abr b trbvs kcf Icjtr` [NI.

Hndurb 29. I`jtcjnk`s dcjcrbfcs y bit`rcs kc IYW

C Y [ B K @Bfibfkb

Jbinj

D`gcrjbinj

Ouftnfbtcrbfcs

scrvnin`snjvcstndbinj

njj`vbinj

Srgbjnso`

Y`stcjngfcXnvncjkb

O`vnfnkbkXbs

Cspbin` pgfni`

Cjcrdbs bftcrjbtnvbs

]btrno`jn`SJNXCWYNKBKCYI cjtr s Njvcstndbi nj

Kìcjinb - p`sdrbk`s

C O ] W C Y B YN]Y

I. Cxicfcjinb

Njkustrnbs

tcij`f`db

I ufturbI cjtr

njtcrbitnv`

sbfuk y vnkb

I @ J[ C JNK @Y D C J C W B F C Y y BI [ @W C Y kcI NSKB K Y B F SK W C DN J

C Y ] C I N B F N U B I N JY bfuk y s bgcr kc bftb

iòpfcenkbk

C Y ] C I N B F N U B I N JY bfuk y s bgcr kc bftb

iòpfcenkbk

[ A

[NIWckcs

Y ìnbfcspbrtninpbinj,

]ckbd`db,Njifusnj,

I `jstruiinj,Ibognìufturbf

[NI[ cij`f db

pbrb cf

ifstcr kc

sbfuk

Ifstcr

]I[

Kc fb [rn pf c Afni c bf o `k cf` kc f bs Iubt r` Afni cs kc IYW

Fb[Acjhbtnzb cj fb ujnvcrsnkbk y cj fbs coprcsbs iò` hucjtcs kc coprcjknoncjt`,kc tcij`f`db y kc njvcstndbinj, quc sc njtcdrbj i`j cf cstbk` pbrb susintbr prìcs`svnrtu`s`s y s`stcjnk`s kc njj`vbinj ocknbjtc bitnvnkbkcs kc N+K+n. Cj fb [A fbsujnvcrsnkbkcs kc njvcstndbinj sc i`jvncrtcj cj njstntuin`jcs coprcjkck`rbs, f` iubfìurrc p`r ockn` kc fb trbjshcrcjinb kc tcij`f`db, fb njiugbinj kc jucvbs coprcsbsnjj`vbk`rbs kc bft` vbf`r bdrcdbk` y fb i`jkuiinj kc cshucrz`s kc rcj`vbinjrcdn`jbf4. ]cr` tbognj fbs coprcsbs (f`s a`spntbfcs y fbs njkustrnbs kc tcij`f`db) sc

i`jstntuycj cj o`t`r kc fb [A kcskc sus p`tcjinbfnkbkcs kc njj`vbinj b trbvs kcsus drup`s kc njvcstndbinj cj i``pcrbinj i`j icjtr`s kc njvcstndbinj pgfni`s,prnvbk`s y kc fbs ujnvcrsnkbkcs.

[bognj fb [A kceb btrs cf vnce` o`kcf` fnjcbf kc njj`vbinj ocknbjtc cf iubf abgbuj hfue` kc i`jìnoncjt` quc pbrtc kc fb njvcstndbinj gsnib b fb bpfnibkb y kc ba bfkcsbrr`ff` kc pr`kuit`s. Fb [A i`jtcopfb tbognj `tr` p`sngfc hfue` kc i`jìnoncjt`,b pbrtnr kc fbs coprcsbs (a`spntbfcs c njkustrnbs kc tcij`f`db) abinb fbsujnvcrsnkbkcs. Cstc chcit` njtcrbitnv` njknib quc fb bitnvnkbk kc njj`vbinj oce`rb cfkcscopc` kc fb njvcstndbinj gsnib p`rquc trbc jucv`s tcobs kc njvcstndbinj.1

4

Ctzl`wntz A. Afnic [rnpfnic5 ujnvcrsnkbknjkustrnbd`gncrj`. Ckn]SI. ]`rt` Bfcdrc. 7==>1Ctzl`wntz A.`p. int


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Bkcos, cst`s hfue`s gnknrciin`jbfcs kc i`jìnoncjt` c njj`vbinj sc t`rjbj osiòpfce`s kbk` quc vnjiufb b f`s d`gncrj`s tbjt` cj fb i`hnjbjinbinj kc pr`ycit`siò` cj cf knsc` kc fbs p`ftnibs pr`kuitnvb, kc Iy[+n, kcsbrr`ff` rcdn`jbf ycoprcjknoncjt`, quc rcspbfkbj prìcs`s kc fb [A. Fb hndurb 2; rcsuoc cf csqucobkc fb [A pbrb IYW.

Hndurb 2;. O`kcf` kc fb [A pbrb IYW

Sjnvcrsnkbk

CY[BK@

O@ KC F @ [ W N] F C A F NI C k c I Y W

coprcsbsCspbin`s

njvcstndbinjNjj`vbinj

sìnckbk

Cfbg`rbinj5 Bi`stb E. IIY. 7=22

N]Y

Icjtr`s

cxicfcjinb

Wcircbinj

Incjthnib

Njkustrnbs

tcij`f`db

Icjtr`s kc

N+K+n

Yc kckuic ujb njtcrrcfbinj cjtrc f`s trcs bit`rcs k`jkc ibkb uj` bsuoc cf pbpcf kcf`s `tr`s k`s, i`jh`robjk` uj snstcob iòpfce` kc njtcrrcfbin`jcs pcr` chnincjtc cjtronj`s kc bfnbjzb, i`jhnbjzb, i``pcrbinj y i`fbg`rbinj.

Fb [A iàcsn`jb bdcjtcs kcf i`jìnoncjt` (icjtr`s y drup`s kc njvcstndbinj),bdcjtcs ci`joni`s (coprcsbs) y cf cstbk` (rcdufb, bp`yb y dcjcrb njicjtnv`sci`joni`s y j` ci`joni`s), pbrb ircbr y kcsbrr`ffbr cjt`rj`s njj`vbk`rcs iòÌYW, Njj`g`, y cf ]I[ kc fb SJBF, iò` ci`snstcobs jbincjtcs kc ircbtnvnkbk,njj`vbinj y coprcjknoncjt`.

Ynj ci`snstcob y snj coprcjkck`rcs quc dcjcrcj uj cstbk` i`fcitnv` kc i`jincjinbnjj`vbk`rb y coprcjkck`rb j` abgr njj`vbinj, trbjsh`robinj pr`kuitnvb kc fbcspcinbfnzbinj, jn ifstcrs, jn oce`rbr cf gncjcstbr y fb cqunkbk. ]rìcs`s iò` IYWs`j kcsbrr`ff`s iòpfce`s quc nopfnibj fb njvcstndbinj, f`s scrvnin`s kc cxicfcjinb.

Bkcos, fb [rnpfc Afnic, cj fb ocknkb quc fb njj`vbinj y cf coprcjknoncjt` sccxtncjkcj cj cf ognt` kcf ifstcr, y fbs bitnvnkbkcs kc bitubinj i`gnebjhbrobiutnibs y pr`kuit`rcs kc cqunp`s, knsp`sntnv`s c njstruocjtbf incjthni`, sci`jvncrtc cj ujb pritnib quc sc knsconjbr cj cf tcrrnt`rn` kc IYW y quc cs kchnjntnvbpbrb cf ifstcr y f`s cspbin`s kc njj`vbinj y coprcjknoncjt` kc su pbrquc kc Iy[.

Fb [A suickc iubjk` ibkb njstruocjt` cs sbtnshbit`rn` pbrb ibkb bit`r. Iubjk` fbpr`pnckbk njtcfcitubf ` fb trbjshcrcjinb kc tcij`f`db sbtnshbic f`s njtcrcscs kc f`snjvcstndbk`rcs, kc f`s a`spntbfcs, kc fbs njkustrnbs kc tcij`f`db, y kc fbsujnvcrsnkbkcs, y iubjk` cf cstbk` abic cxpckntbs fbs fcycs, f`s tncop`s y fbsibpbinkbkcs tijnibs (auobjbs y kc fbg`rbt`rn`s) pbrb pr`tcdcr, pbtcjtbr y fnicjinbrkc objcrb chnincjtc y `p`rtujb.


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[cjco`s ifbr` quc fb [A cst i`jh`robkb p`r fb trnbkb S-C-C. Ynj cogbrd`, cj ibkbibs`, f`s bit`rcs sc snjdufbrnzbj, y IYW cs uj ibs` snjdufbr, p`rquc i`jhfuycj f`si`jicpt`s kc ifstcr y kc pbrquc kc Iy[, pcr` tbognj f` sìnbf y fb rcj`vbinjurgbjb. Kc cstb objcrb, cf pr`ycit` sc bscoceb os b uj cjh`quc kc iubtr` afnics,iò` nfustrb fb hndurb 23.

Hndurb 23. Fbs iubtr` afnics kc IYW

Sjnvcrsnkbk

Wcdufbinj

+ njicjtnv`s

O@ KC F @ KC F B Y I S B[ W @ A F NI C Y

k c I Y W

Cfbg`rbinj5 Bi`stb E. IIY. 7=22

N]Y

Icjtr`s

cxicfcjinb

Wcircbinj

Incjthnib

Njkustrnbs

tcij`f`db

Icjtr`s kc

N+K+n

CoprcsbsCspbin`s

njvcstndbinj

Njj`vbinj

Jucv`

urgbjnso`

Jucvb brquntciturb !!

Ybfnr kc fb ibeb

CY[BK@ Yìnckbk

]fbjtcboncjt` dcjcrbf kcf ifstcr kc IYW

F`s o`kcf`s kc ifstcr puckcj scr tbjt`s iò` but`rcs cxnstbj, iò` fb ibjtnkbk kcibs`s scit`rnbfcs, y iò` fb ibjtnkbk kc ibs`s scdj cf jnvcf kc kcsbrr`ff` kc fbci`jòb cj fb iubf cocrdc cf ifstcr. Fb hndurb 28 oucstrb cf i`jicpt` kcf ifstcr kcsbfuk kc bftb iòpfcenkbk kc Inukbk Ybfuk Wcdnj. F`s drbjkcs kcsbrr`ff`s cj cfscit`r dnrbj cj t`rj` b fb njvcstndbinj y pr`kuiinj njj`vbk`rb kc njkustrnbs kctcij`f`db, quc kcrnvb cj oce`rcs scrvnin`s y cj icjtr`s kc cxicfcjinb pbrb fbprcstbinj kc uj oce`r scrvnin` b fb sìnckbk.

Hndurb 28. O`kcf` kc ifustcr kc IYW


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F`s a`spntbfcs cf i`rbzj kc IYW

F`s 4 a`spntbfcs yb fìbfnzbkbs cj fb z`jb s`j fb cscjinb kc IYW. Kc cff`s cobjbjf`s icjtr`s kc cxicfcjinb< f`s icjtr`s kc njvcstndbinj quc b su vcz tncjcj rcfbinji`j f`s bjtcrn`rcs y i`j fb h`robinj kc rciurs`s auobj`s, s`grc t`k` cj p`sdrbk`s

Bi`stb Ebnoc. Obri` i`jicptubf pbrb fb trbjsh`robinj pr`kuitnvb y sìnbf i`j cqunkbk cj f`spbscs IBG. IBGI`fincjinbs. G`d`t, 7==8. Bi`stb Ebnoc. I``rknjbk`r. ]`ftnib pr`kuitnvb

kc njj`vbinj y kc iòcrin` njtcrjbin`jbf pbrb I`fògnb. ]brtnk` Xcrkc IòprònsÌnukbkbj` p`r I`fògnb. 7=2=.


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Bi`stb Ebnoc. Fb i`jstruiinj kc fb rcdnj kc njj`vbinj kc G`d`t Wcdnj. D`gcrjbinj kcIujknjbobrib y Bdcjinb kc Kcsbrr`ff` kc Iujknjbobrib. G`d`t. 7=27.

Bi`stb Ebnoc. Obri` i`jicptubf kcf i`op`jcjtc pr`kuitnv` y tcij`fdni` kc Njj`g`. SJBF,IIG, CBBG, Bfibfkb kc G`d`t. G`d`t 7=2=.

Bi`stb Ebnoc. Obri` i`jicptubf kcf ]I[ kc fb SJBF. G`d`t. 7=22.

Bi`stb Ebnoc. Obri` i`jicptubf kcf ifustcr y kcf ]I[ kc IYW. I`js`rin` Inukbk Ybfuk ^Wcdnj. G`d`t 7=27.

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