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| Krdvd Acsthrcf gd Bf Edgcmcif ^dtdrcifrcf

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Wtubh Hrcjcifb

Krdvd acsthrcf gd bf Edgcmcif ^dtdrcifrcf

\ukbcmfgh phr

F^C]F | Fshmcfmci ^didzhbfif gd bf Cigustrcf gd ]fbug Ficefbwww.fvcsf.hrj.vd

Whghs bhs gdrdmahs rdsdrvfghs, qudgf prhackcgf bf rdprhgummcithtfb h pfrmcfb gd dstd bckrh kf`h iciji prhmdgcecdith dbdmtricmhh edmicmh, sci pdrecsh phr dsmrcth gdb Futhr.

;gf Dgcmci, dxmbuscvfeditd pfrf gcstrckumci gcjctfb.]dptcdekrd ;


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F ec dsphsf d ac`hs, gudhs gd thghs ecs fndmths

F ecs mhbdjfs gd prhndsci, mhi ehtcvh gd bf

mdbdkrfmci gdb Fh Euigcfb gd bf Edgcmcif^dtdrcifrcf

Gdgcmfthrcf


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Gdsdh dxprdsfr ec fjrfgdmcecdith f thgfs fqudbbfspdrshifs qud di uif u htrf nhref afi mhitrckucgh di bfbbdjfgf f ndbcz trecih gd dstd bckrh y gd nhref pfrtcmubfr fb

prhndshr Jdrei Mfeph [ucz, fecjh y mhbdjf, qucdi krcigh

thgh su fphyh f bf rdfbczfmci gd bf hkrf.

F. [fnfdb \dz, tfekci mhbdjf y fecjh phr su mhbfkhrfmci

gdscitdrdsfgf di db frguh trfkf`h gd trfismrcpmci y mhrrdmmci

gd bhs hrcjcifbds.

F bf prhndshrf Hbyefr Jceidz, Mhhrgcifghrf gd Dxtdisci

gd bf Nfmubtfg gd Mcdimcfs ^dtdrcifrcfs gd bf Ticvdrscgfg

Mditrfb gd ^didzudbf phr db fphyh eftdrcfb y auefih qud ed

nudrhi gd citdrs pfrf mhisdjucr bf mubecifmci gdb bckrh.

F bhs fecjhs y mhbdjfs gd F C]F Fshmcfmci ^didzhbfif gd bf

Cigustrcf gd ]fbug Ficefb, phr db citdrs qud ed ehstrfrhi di

bf fyugf idmdsfrcf pfrf gfr vcgf fb prhydmth gd bf hkrf.

F ec fecjf Efrf Nbcx Adrrdrf gd [ckfs phr db trfkf`h

cepdmfkbd di fbjuifs trfismrcpmchids gd bhs hrcjcifbds.

FJ[FGDMCECDIWH]

Fjrfgdmcecdiths


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Ds ui ahihr, pfrf qucdi susmrckd, dsmrckcr uifs pfbfkrfs fitdbf vfbchsf hkrf gdb Gr. Bdi Frdifs, qud bf Fshmcfmcididzhbfif gd bf Cigustrcf gd ]fbug Ficefb afmd pkbcmf. Dstfhkrf, cgdf qud ihs nud mheuicmfgf di uif tfrgd gd mdbdkrfmci

gdb Gf gd bf ]fbug Ficefb, qud nud prhpudstf pfrf sdrpukbcmfgf, rdmckc uif fepbcf fmhjcgf gd bf @uitf Gcrdmtcvfgd F^C]F y gd ui jruph gd sus fbcfghs, qucdids gcdrhi uivfbchsh fphrtd pfrf afmdr rdfbcgfg tfi vfbchsh trfkf`h

Bf acsthrcf, mheh mcdimcf qud dstugcf db pfsfgh gd bfaueficgfg, h di dstd mfsh gd bf Edgcmcif ^dtdrcifrcf, rdsubtfgcnmcb afmdrbf krdvd? bbdvfr f phmfs pfbfkrfs ghsmcdiths

mcimuditf fhs gd uif prhndsci, idmdsctf gd uif editd akcb,mrdftcvf y f bf vdz mhi uif dxtrfhrgcifrcf mfpfmcgfg gd sitdscs,pfrf bhjrfr qud di nhref sdimcbbf y fedif, tdijf db ftrfmtcvhsumcditd pfrf citrhgumcrsd di sus pjcifs.

Di dstf hphrtuicgfg, iudstrh fecjh y prhndshr gd bfNfmubtfg gd Mcdimcfs ^dtdrcifrcfs, db Gr. @hs Fithich BdiFrdifs, fgecrfkbd dstugchsh gd bf Acsthrcf gd bf Edgcmcif^dtdrcifrcf y Mrhicstf gd bf Nfmubtfg gd Mcdimcfs ^dtdrcifrcfsgd bf cbustrd Ticvdrscgfg Mditrfb gd ^didzudbf ihs prdsditf,

pfrtd gd su trfkf`h, mheh ui bdjfgh f thghs bhs citdrdsfghsdi mhihmdr, gdsgd su hrcjdi, dstf Mcdimcf qud, gdsgd afmdghsmcdiths mcimuditf fhs mhitrckuyd mhi db kcdidstfr gd bfaueficgfg.

Db futhr cicmcf su vfbchsh fphrtd fb dstugch acstrcmh gdbf Edgcmcif ^dtdrcifrcf mhi fbjuihs mheditfrchs gd bf drfMdihzhcmf, pdrh mhi bf cephrtfitd fmbfrfthrcf, qud bf acsthrcf,mhitfgf f su dstcbh, sd cicmcf mufigh db ahekrd bhjrf bfghedstcmfmci gd bhs ficefbds pfrf ed`hr prhvdmah gd su

dxcstdimcf. Fs ecseh, di phmfs bidfs y edihs pjcifs ihstrfd f Wcdrrfs gd Cigcfs y bhs mhecdizhs gd bh qud nud bfsdecbbf gd bf vdtdrcifrcf di iudstrh pfs.

Bf acsthrcf mhitcif, afstf fqu bf pukbcmfehs ihshtrhs...

[cmfrgh Kdtfimhurt\rdscgditd gd F^C]F

@ubch ;


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Dstf hkrf af scgh dsmrctf mhi bf ifbcgfg gdhnrdmdr fb citdrdsfgh di db mhihmcecdith gd bfacsthrcf gd bf Edgcmcif ^dtdrcifrcf, ui edgch nmcb ysumcditdeditd mhepdigcfgf gd su dvhbumci di dbtcdeph.

]d af trftfgh gd mukrcr bhs prcedrhs pfshscicmcfghs phr db ahekrd prdacstrcmh uif vdz qudfgvcdid bf ghedstcmfmci gd bhs ficefbds gd sudithrih. Mhiscgdrfehs ui krdvd pfsdh phr dbmhihmcecdith gd su prhpch gdsfrrhbbh dvhbutcvh, afstfbbdjfr f nhrefr pfrtd gd bfs prcedrfs mcvcbczfmchids

di ghigd mhecdizf f ifmdr bf efidrf gd prdsdrvfr bfsfbug gd sus ficefbds fndmtfghs phr mfusfs dxtrffs,f bfs mufbds ih qudgfkf htrh `ucmch mheh ih nudrfdb fmafmfrbfs f sdrds efbmhs, muyf drrfgcmfmcigdkdrf sdr dimfrjfgf f dsprctus kdimhs qud bhsgdspbfzfrfi. Ifmdi fs bfs prcedrfs eficndstfmchidsrdbcjchsfs, mhedizfigh tfekci uif edgcmciftdrjcmf y ejcmf f bf vdz.

Dsths prcecjdichs prcimcpchs nudrhi fvfizfighdi bf edgcgf qud fpfrdmcdrhi mcvcbczfmchids esfvfizfgfs mheh bf ]uedrcf y bf Djcpmcf, ditrd htrfs,mhijrdjfgfs di bf Edshphtfecf y di bfs mdrmfifsgdb rh Icbh. Ds ui pfsh efyhr db qud prhgumdi bhspudkbhs jrcdjhs y rhefihs, di ghigd vfi surjcdighcigcvcguhs dimfrjfghs gd bbdvfr f mfkh db prhpscthgd sfbvfjufrgfr bf sfbug gd bhs ficefbds ghestcmhs.Db acpcftrf y db eubhegcmh dstuvcdrhi gdgcmfghs fbhs qucghs. \frf ftdigdr htrhs ficefbds surjdi "bhsdspdmcfbcstfs", gdgcmfghs f bhs khvcihs bhs kucftrfs",

bfs pdqudfs dspdmcds mheh db "edgcmus pdmufrchs" yafstf bhs pdrrhs h mcihcftrfs.

Afmcf bf Dgfg Edgcf h Edgchdvh prdvfbdmd bffpfrcmci gdb fbkctfr, gcstcijucgh gdb efrcsmfb gdprhmdgdimcf jdreicmf y gdgcmfghs prcimcpfbeditdfb adrrf`d. Db fkush di mufith f bf gdgcmfmci fb frtdgd murfr gd eumahs fvditurdrhs qud sd afmfi pfsfrphr fbkctfrds, trf`h mheh mhisdmudimcf bf mrdfmci

gd dxfecifghrds, fjrupfghs phstdrchreditd di dbbbfefgh "\rhthfbkdctdrfth". Ifgcd phgf fmtufr sc ih

drf dxfecifgh y fprhkfgh di dstf dspdmcd gd trckuifb.Bf bumaf es dndmtcvf nud bf mrdfmci gd bfs

dsmudbfs gd dtdrcifrcf, scdigh bf prcedrf bf gd Byhi,mrdfgf phr db rdy Bucs Q^ di 6:>6, qucdi dimfrjgd su gcrdmmci fb fkhjfgh prhndshr gd dquctfmciMbfugd Khurjdbft, f su vdz nuigfghr gd bf dsmudbf gdFbnhrt di 6:>4. \rmtcmfeditd db prdstcjch gd dstfsdsmudbfs y db gd fqudbbfs qud sd nuigfrhi di htrhspfsds, fmfk mhi db d`drmcmch gd bf fbkdctdrf y mhi bf

prdsdimcf gdb \rhthfbkdctdrfth, di 6:1


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Gdgcmfthrcf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;Fjrfgdmcecdith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =\rbhjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Citrhgummci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4igcmd Jdidrfb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >

C \frtdDvhbumci gdb ahekrd y su dithrih. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Fpfrcmci gd bfs dindredgfgds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6;Fpfrcmci gd pudkbhs es fvfizfghs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6;\rhmdgcecdiths egcmhs di bhs pudkbhs fitcjuhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Jrcdjhs y rhefihs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6>Htrhs trftfecdiths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Dgfg Edgcf Edgchdvh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;[dmdtfrch vdtdrcifrch gd Wdbeh [hedrh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =:Citdiths mhi mfrfmtdrstcmfs mcditstmfs, iudvhs pdrshif`ds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =3Bf mhitrckumci mcditstmf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Htrhs fphrtds gd bf phmf f bf civdstcjfmci vdtdrcifrcf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7=]d ciscstd di bf dgumfmci vdtdrcifrcf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Fithich Juzei Kbfimh y sus fnfids mcvcbczfghrds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Frrckh gd vdtdrcifrchs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71@ufi ^cmditd Jedz y sus fphrtds (614: -63=4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Fpfrdmd Adiry \cttcdr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4;Db tdrmdr prdscgditd prhvcschifb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Mrdfmci gdb prcedr Mursh gd \rmtcmhs di ]ficgfg Ficefb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4>Bfkhr gd ^bfgcecr Oukds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4:]fbdi kdmfghs afmcf db dxtrfi`drh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >6\rhjrfef gd dstugchs gdb sdjuigh mursh gd \rmtcmhs di sficgfg Ficefb(Dxpdrths di ^dtdrcifrcf y Phhtdmicf). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >;[dndrdimcf Kckbchjrstmf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >7

IGCMD JDID[FB

igcmd Jdidrfb


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CCC \frtd\fshs cicmcfbds y dvhbumci di ^didzudbf. . . . . . . . . . . . . >>

Dbdfzfr Bpdz Mhitrdrfs sumdshr gd @ufi ^cmditd Jedz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >:Mrdfmci gdb Ecicstdrch gd Fjrcmubturf y Mrf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >3Kdmfs pfrf dstugchs di db dxtdrchr y pfrf citdjrfr ui tdrmdrmursh gd \rmtcmhs di ]ficgfg Ficefb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :, hk. mct. p. 66>).

Di dstd mgcjh prheubjfgh phr dstd rdy di

Kfkcbhicf, phmh fitds gd 6:4< FM, sd afmd rdndrdimcf,shkrd thgh, f bhs ahihrfrchs mhkrfghs phr bhstrftfecdiths prfmtcmfghs f bhs ficefbds, fs mheh bfphsckbd murf h db mfstcjh gd bf efbf prfxcs gurfitdbhs ecsehs. ] ui ficefb eudrd phr dstf mfusf, dbtrftfitd tdigrf qud pfjfr fb gudh db dqucvfbditd fuif pfrtd gd su vfbhr.

Htrh pudkbh, db jhgh, vcvc di bf fitcjuf Jdreficffghigd afkf bbdjfgh gd Dsmfigcifvcf, dstfkbdmcighsd

di db scjbh C FM, di db Kf`h ^stubf prcimcpfb rch gd bffmtufb \hbhicf, qud gdsdekhmf di db Efr Kbtcmh.

Db pudkbh jhgh rdprdsditfkf bf uici gd bhspudkbhs jdrefihs0 vcscjhghs y fstrhjhghs. Bhsjhghs prfmtcmfrhi uif edgcmcif ficefb f trfvs gdbmurfigdrh. ]d fsdjurf qud db adrrf`d bbdj f Dspfff trfvs gd bhs jhghs (Jedz \cqudr y \rdz Jfrmf,;


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Bhs pudkbhs gd bf Cigcf tuvcdrhi ui bckrh rdbcjchsh,db Fyurvdgf di ghigd sd trftfkf dxtdisfeditdbh mhimdricditd f bf sfbug y di b, dsmrcth ui phmhgdspus gdb fh 6.4


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Mufigh utcbczfkfi bfs supudstfs tdrfpcfs rdbcjchsfssd bcectfkfi f hrfmchids y thquds efiufbds mhehfqudbbf mhimdkcgf di bhs scjucditds trecihs0 Shpfsh ecs efihs ditrd sus pftfs gdbfitdrfs mhi uivfsh gd fjuf f ec bfgh y gdspus nrhth bf dspcif ymfgf vdz qud pfsd bf efih shkrd dbbf, pfsh bf ecsef

shkrd db vfsh gd fjuf. Mufigh pfbpds db bujfr dindrehsfmfrs sfijrd mhfjubfgf y fbjuifs htrfs eftdrcfsd cimbush pus. Mufigh sdf prdmcsfeditd pus bh qudsfquds, sfkrs phr dbbh qud db pdrrh sd af murfgh ([uczEfrtidz, 6.37>, hk. mct. p. ;>)

Di db \fpcrh gd Ofaui sd rdsdfi edgcmfmchidsmhi fbji mrctdrch egcmh. dfehs bh dxpudsth fitduif ghbdimcf, mufigh sd cigcmf db trftfecdith.

6. [dkf`h bf tdepdrfturf gdb ficefb mhi fnuschidsgd fjuf nrdsmf y fpbcmfmchids gd pbfitfs h nruthsgd `ujhs rdnrdsmfitds shkrd bfs pfrtds gdb mudrph.

;. ]c kcdi ih sd pudgd rdmurrcr fb kfh phr qud dbficefb sd rdscstd, sd bd afmdi sfijrfs bhmfbdsqud fmtfi mheh gdrcvftcvhs qud, fgdes,rdprdsditfi ui sfmrcmch pfrmcfb pfrf mfbefr bhsgdehichs qud bh phsddi.

=. ]c bf efjcf ih bh ed`hrf depbdd bf mfutdrczfmci y

bf sfijrf mheh rdmurshs suprdehs (Ckgde, p. =;)^dehs qud rdsubtf uif edzmbf gd fmdptfkbds

prhmdgcecdiths mhi htrhs ih tfi f`ustfghs f bfsprmtcmfs egcmfs, tfbds mheh bf sfijrf y db mfutdrch,usfghs mheh rdmurshs suprdehs.

]d afmd gcnmcb mrddr qud ui mfutdrch sdf uigdrcvftcvh qud prhvhqud uif kf`f gd bf tdepdrfturf.

Dstfs rdmhedigfmchids mhitdicgfs di db \fpcrh gd

Ofauivcdidi f mhrrhkhrfr db ush gd hrfmchids y rcthssupudstfeditd ejcmhs, pfrf trftfr bfs dindredgfgdsgd bhs dqucihs, fuiqud bfs adrcgfs bfs ftdigfibcepcighbfs mucgfghsfeditd y fpbcmighbds fbjuihsdepbfstds dbfkhrfghs prcimcpfbeditd mhi acjhs diuif dspdmcd gd pfstdb.

Di bf Macif qud dxcstf mheh pudkbh fitds gdb scjbh^CCC FM dxcstc ui cigcvcguh qud dsmrckc uif hkrf

shkrd bfs dindredgfgds gd bhs ficefbds y db ahekrd.Ditrd bhs ficefbds0 db mfkfbbh, db jfifgh vfmuih y bhspdrrhs. Drf mhihmcgh mhi db ihekrd gd Zfij Wfhyvfrchs scjbhs gdspus htrh pdrshif`d Ef ]ac Aufijmurfkf mfkfbbhs y grfjhids. Bhs grfjhids ih drfies qud fqudbbhs mfkfbbhs qud sugfkfi sfijrd phr

dstfr pfgdmcdigh gd bf pfrfscthscs mhihmcgf mheh\frfbfrcf eubtcpfpcbhsf.

Mhbuedbbf di hmfschids fmtufkf mhi mrctdrchs qudfmtufbeditd gdkdi rdmhihmdrsd mheh fprhpcfghs,mheh db dvctfr qud bhs ficefbds gdndmfrfi shkrd dbnhrrf`d y prhmurfr db fcsbfecdith gd bhs dindrehs,pdrh di htrfs hmfschids fmtufkf mhi supdrstcmchidsmheh db gd trftfr bhs ghbhrds gd vcditrd di db jfifghvfmuih y di db mfkfbbh ifgf es qud vcdigh pfsfr

pfths (\rdz, 6.337, p.66:).

\frf trftfr bf sfrif gdb mfkfbbh rdmhedigfkf nrhtfrkcdi db ficefb dxpudsth f bhs rfyhs gdb shb, mhi rdscifgd mdgrh h fmdctd gd bditcsmh h mhi jrfsf gd kdmdrrhefrcih, pdrh sc bf dindredgfg dstfkf fvfizfgf drfiidmdsfrchs rdedgchs adrhcmhs, prdpfrfigh uifmhmmci phr d`depbh, gd pfrtds cjufbds gd kdti,fzunrd y dbkhrh di pdz bcqucgf y efitdmf fd`f. \frfrdeftfr vhbvf f bh cidxpbcmfkbd phr bh citcb, sd

gdkf rfspfr bf pfrtd fndmtfgf mhi ui acdrrh bfvighbfmhi hrcif (Ckgde)

Di db pudkbh gd Csrfdb sd prfmtcmfkf uif edgcmcifdsdimcfbeditd tdrjcmf civhmfigh f @dahv pfrfsfifr dindredgfgds supudstfeditd gdehicfmfs, qudsd dimhitrfkfi mbfscmfgfs di db Wfbeug, fuiquddi mcdrths mfshs sd ftrdvfi f fmtufr mhi uif rfrfedgcmcif qud mhiscstf di fpbcmfr rjfihs sfihsmhitrf bhs ecsehs rjfihs, pdrh dindrehs, mhi bh

qud prdtdigfi murfr mcdrths pfgdmcecdiths. Tsfkfimhi nrdmudimcf bf jrfsf gdb mfkfbbh pfrf trftfr efbdsdsthefmfbds y bf mfrid mhmcgf, qud sdji dbbhs,fmtufkf mhitrf thgfs bfs dindredgfgds. Mhitrf bfrfkcf gdb pdrrh hmurrfi f civhmfmchids mhitdicgfsdi db Wfbeug. Mhiscgdrfkfi dstd efb mheh bf icmfmfusf phr bf qud sd phgf eftfr f ui pdrrh.

Dvhbumci gdb Ahekrd y su Dithrih


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Di bf Cigcf sd prhtdjfi bhs khvcihs phrqud sdmhiscgdrfkf f bf vfmf mheh efgrd gd bhs gchsds.Wfith sd bd prhtdjf qud sd cisciufkf y afstf sdpdrectf f ui trftfitd gd ui pfmcditd auefih, gd`frgd ftdigdrbh sc sd mheprhkfkf qud afkf eftfghuif vfmf. Di dstd pudkbh fpfrdmd db prcedr ahspctfb

vdtdrcifrch mrdfgh phr db rdyFshof, qucdi d`drmc surdcifgh ditrd bhs fhs ;:< y ;== FM y sd mrdd qudifmc di db fh ;:3 FM ]u rdcifgh tdif mheh sdgdbf phkbfmci gdEfjugaf, afmcf db ihrtd gd bf Cigcf.Db ihekrd gdpfshh ocmcsfgcstcijuf di bf Cigcf dstdprcedr ahspctfb vdtdrcifrch, utcbczfgh pfrf fmhjdr bhsficefbds dindrehs (Ckgde, p. 6>).

Di bhs pudkbhs jdrefihs drf euy frrfcjfgfbf mrddimcf gd qud sci bf fmtufmci gd bf vhbuitfg

gcvcif ih phgfi murfrsd bfs dindredgfgds. Bfs phmfsfmtcvcgfgds egcmfs utcbczfgfs, dstfkfi rdsuecgfs fbf prmtcmf gd bf mfstrfmci y trdpfifmchids, di mfshgd mdiurhscs gd bfs hvd`fs ([ucz Efrtidz, 637>, hk.mct., p. 4:).

Jrcdjhs y rhefihs

Bhs jrcdjhs nudrhi jrfigds fefitds gd bhsmfkfbbhs phr bh qud sd gdgcmfrhi mhi dsedrh f bf mrf

gd dsths ficefbds, shkrd thgh pfrf gdgcmfrbhs f bfdquctfmci h f bf judrrf. Bf mfstrfmci drf utcbczfgfmhi mcdrtf nrdmudimcf pfrf rdstfrbds bf nhjhscgfg gdbhs ficefbds ditdrhs.

Gdsgd Frcsttdbds (=17-=;;) ifmcgh di Dstfjcrf,ahy ]tfvrh fmtufb Jrdmcf y eudrth di Mfbmch di db fh=;; FM, nud ac`h gd uif nfecbcf gd egcmhs, scdighb ecseh edgcmh gdb rdy Fecitfs CC gd Efmdghicf,fkudbh gd Fbd`figrh Efjih. Dstugc bhshnf di bf

Fmfgdecf gd \bfti, di Ftdifs sd mhihmcdrhi vfrcfsdindredgfgds prhpcfs gd qucghs. Bf dspdmubfmcibhsmf gd Frcsttdbds, mhi frefmchids mheh qudbf rfkcf ih drf trfisecsckbd fb ahekrd ih cephrtfighbfs ehrgdgurfs qud sd prhgu`drfi? gdsmhimdrtfkfi, scidekfrjh, fbjuih gd sus rfzhifecdiths shrprdigdi,mheh fqudb di ghigd shstcdid qud dxcstfi di bf sfijrdkrfs, fpfrtd gdb fjuf, qud prhgumfi bf mhfjubfmci(Frcsttdbds, 6374, p. 44).

Fitds gd Mrcsth sd rdmhpcbfkfi, shkrd thgh,nreubfs gd dimfitfecdith y rdmdtfs prhvdicditds gdbvubjh mheh mufigh sd gdmf qud0 bfs vfmfs dindrefsgdkfi sdr fscstcgfs phr ahekrds y fes phr eu`drds([ucz Efrtidz, 637>, hk. mct. p. >).

\bcich Db ^cd`h (Mfyh \bcich ]djuigh) dsmubthrbftcih y ecbctfr, gdsdepd vfrchs mfrjhs fb bfghgdb depdrfghr ^dspfscfih. Dsmrckc AcsthrcfIfturfb qud mheprdigd trdcitf y trds (==) bckrhsqud mhepdigcfi thgh db sfkdr gd su phmf. Fbb, scidekfrjh, nud mfpfz gd fsdjurfr qud bf rfkcf gdb pdrrhih drf es qud bf mhisdmudimcf gd ui jusfih qud sdbd citrhgumf fb ficefb gdkf`h gd bf bdijuf.

Bf mcvcbczfmci jrdmh-rhefif gdspus gd bfmfgf gdb Cepdrch [hefih gd Hmmcgditd, tcdid uijrfi rdifmcecdith gurfitd db dspbdighr gdb cepdrchKczfitcih. Gurfitd bhs ed`hrds gfs fpfrdmdi bhsAcppcftrcmus uif rdmhpcbfmci gd bhs mhihmcecdithsgd bhs bbfefghs Acppcftrfs gd Kczfimch fmdrmf gd bfedgcmcif ficefb.

Di bhs tcdephs gd Kczfimch db vdtdrcifrch sdrdmbutfkf, mheh bhs egcmhs, ditrd bhs bckdrths y bhsqud sd gcstcijufi di dsf nuimci phgfi fbmfizfrbhs es fbths pudsths qud gdspus phgfi adrdgfr susac`hs. ([ucz Efrtidz, 637>, hk. mct. p. ::).

Di bf phmf surjd db dsmrcthr bftcih ifmcgh di Mgcz,Bumch @uich Ehgdrfth Mhbuedbf, rcmh afmdigfghfigfbuz qucdi dsmrckc ui dxtdish trftfgh mhihmcghmhi db ihekrd Gd rd rustcmf" ghigd ds fprdmcfkbd bf



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6:

edgcmcif fpbcmfgf f bhs khvcihs y phr prcedrf vdz fbush gdb vhmfkbh vdtdrcifrch.

Di Kczfimch sdjucghrds gd bf edgcmcif ficefbjrdmh-rhefif, dsmrckcdrhi gurfitd db scjbh CCC gdiudstrf Drf ghs trftfghs0 uih shkrd fjrcmubturf bbfefghJdhpicmf y htrh shkrd mrf y efitdicecdith gdmfkfbbhs gdihecifgh Acppcftrcmf (Mfrrfzzhic,633=, p. 6=;).

Fs ecseh nudrhi cephrtfitds db Mhrpusacppcftrcmhrue jrfdmhrueyEubhedgcmcif Macrhics,fekhs gd futhrds fiicehs y Frs vdtdrcifrcfeubhedgcmcif gd ^djdtcus [diftus, fpfrdmcgh fprcimcpchs gdb scjbh ^ (Hstrhwsoc, 6331, Wadrcus ;3,67;->>).

]d gdkd gdstfmfr qud bf gdihecifgf Jdhphicmfdgctfgf di jrcdjh phr Mfsscfius ]mahbfstcous,mhistfkf gd gcdmcscdtd (6:) bckrhs di ghigd shkrdsfbddb iedrh gcdmcscs (6>) rdndrcgh f bhs mfkfbbhs y fbtrftfecdith gd sus dindredgfgds, fuiqud tfekci

mheprdigd tpcmhs zhhtmicmhs. Dstd bckrh cimbuyddb ihekrd gd bhs futhrds mhbfkhrfghrds mheh0Fkscrths, \dbfjhicus, Fifthbcus, djdtcus, Acpmrftdsy Acdrfmbds.

Di mufith fb mbdkrd

Fkscrths (fbjuihs dsmrckdiFpscrth) sd gdstfmf bh qudfihtf mheh bhs ed`hrdsehediths pfrf db sdrvcmchgd bhs pfgrhtds dqucihsy bf mrhihbhjf gditfrcfgdb ecseh ficefb. Dimfptubhs gcstciths afkbf gdbf dkrd mheh dindredgfgrdmhedigfigh uif tdrfpcf

dspdmcfb pfrf mfgf tcphgd dkrd (mfptubhs 7, = y 6;). Mheh ceprdsmcigckbdrdmhecdigf bf sfijrf admaf f icvdb gdb mudbbh, gdbpdmah h gdb pcd, fgdes gd bf fpbcmfmci nrdmuditdgd mfbhr edgcfitd pfhs h nrfzfgfs prdvcfeditdmfbditfgfs, fyugfghs mhi efsf`ds uitfigh mhifitdbfmci fmdctd y vcih. Mhiscgdrfkf prhmdgditddvfmufr bhs citdstcihs efitdicdigh phstdrchreditdui rfmchifecdith gcdttcmh mhi jfrkfizh y afrcifgd trcjh (Ckgde, p. 4). Mufigh bf dkrd dstfkffmhepffgf mhi cifefmci f icvdb gd bf jfrjfitf,rdmhedigfkf fpbcmfr di db pfbfgfr sfb y hrjfih y dibhs bfkchs admds gd vcih.

Wrftf Fkscrths bf cifefmci gd bhs tdighidsdi bhs mfkfbbhs phr dxmdsh gd trfkf`h, fs mheh bfskursctcs y bhs acjrhefs.

Fkscrth nud jrdmhkczfitcih gdb scjbh C^ gdiudstrf Drf, scdigh vdtdrcifrch `dnd di db d`rmcth

gd Mhistfitcih db depdrfghr rhefih qud fmdpt bfbckdrtfg gd mubths (\rdz, 63:7, hk. mct. p. 6:).

\dbfjhrcus, di db mfptubh 1 rdmhedigfkf pfrf bfspcmfgfs gd dsmhrpci bf khstf gd mdrgh mheh fpscth,fgdes gd shbfimdfs, dunhrkcf y sfb.

Acdrfmbds di db mfptubh 6


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vcih mfbcditd fgecicstrfgh phr vf hrfb h mhi jrfsf gdmdrgh gcsudbtf di hrcif auefif, mhi db mucgfgh qudih sdf gd eu`dr di bhs gfs edistrufbds (Hstrhwsoy,6331, hk. mct. p. 1).

Di [hef afkf vdtdrcifrchs fb sdrvcmch gdb

depdrfghr di nuimchids ecbctfrds h fgecicstrftcvfsdi db mfsh gdb Mursus Cepdrcfbqud ih drf es qud uisdrvcmch gd phstfs ditrd mcugfgds sdrvcgfs phr mfkfbbhsh mfrruf`ds. Db vdtdrcifrch h bhs vdtdrcifrchs, sdji bfcephrtfimcf gd bfs phstfs, gdkfi prdstfr ftdimci fbhs mfkfbbhs di mfsh gd dindredgfgds h fmmcgditds.

]d bbdjfrhi f dsmrckcr rdjbfediths ecbctfrds,gdicdigh bfs gcstcitfs mftdjhrfs gd cieuids(pdrshifb dxdith gd sdrvcmch hrgdifghs di rfzi f sus

dspdmcfbcgfgds.)Di mufith f bf prmtcmf vdtdrcifrcf mhei sd

mfrfmtdrczfkf di [hef phr muftrh prhmdgcecdithsprcimcpfbds0 mhrtd gd bf mrci, prdpfrfmci gd mfsmhs hpdzufs, sfijrf y purjf gd bf mfkdzf. (Zfbodr, 63:7,hk. mct. p, ;:). Bhs ghs prcedrhs drfi tfsfghs mhiprdmch gd sdcs (>) gdifrchs (fitcjuf ehidgf rhefiffpfrdmcgf di db scjbh CCC FM) y bhs ghs btcehs, gdefyhr rdsphisfkcbcgfg vfbfi vdcitd (;


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gcseciuf bf tdisci y rdgumd db ]trcmtue, dbmfutdrch phr db mfbhr mhitrfd bfs pfrtds dxmdscvfeditdrdbf`fgfs fb sdmfr db dxmdsh gd ucgh (bfxue), Dstdds db mrctdrch pbfsefgh phr db prhpch ^djdtcus. ]cidekfrjh fmbfrf qud db ush gdb mfutdrch afkf gd sdr tfishbh db btceh rdmursh gdb eubhegcmh, fpbcmighsd

shbfeditd mufigh aukcdrfi nrfmfsfgh thghs bhs gdestrftfecdiths (Ckgde).

Htrhs trftfecdiths

Bhs jrdmhrhefihs sd dsedrfkfi di db mucgfghgd bhs mfsmhs y pdzufs phr edgch gdb eubhegcmh.Ttcbczfkfi edgcmfediths di nhref gd phefgfs pfrffecihrfr bfs sdmudbfs gdb gdsjfstd y pfrf fbceditfry dstceubfr db mrdmcecdith. \rdpfrfkfi jdidrfbeditd

ghs rdmdtfs, f sfkdr0 = mfkdzfs gd f`h Ti efih`h gd fbarjfef ; hizfs gd fbuekrd di dsmfefs ; bks. gd thmcih gd mdrgh Ti pufgh gd dstcrmhb gd fsih (rdmcditd)

Whgh edzmbfgh y adrvcgh di mfsf pfrf utcbczfrgurfitd db vcf`d.

= bks. gd fbquctri 6 bk. gd f`di`h

3 mfkdzfs gd f`h

6 bk. gd thmcih gd mdrgh

6 bk. gd fmdctd vcd`h

6 sdxtfrcus gd vcifjrdWhgh adrvcgh gdspus gd edzmbfgh.

Db eubhegcmh rdmhihmd bfs mh`drfs gd bhs mfkfbbhsy bds gfkf gcndrditds mfusfs, tfbds mheh0 gdsjfstdgdb mfsmh phr efbhs mfecihs y bfrjhs vcf`ds, efrmafrpcgf shkrd mfecihs gd pcshs gurhs y pdgrdjhshs dcifmtcvcgfg di dstfkbhs qud prhgumdi fmueubfmci gdauehrds di bfs pftfs.

]c sd nhrefkf ui fksmdsh rdmhedigfkfi fkrcrbhspfrf dxtrfdr db pus fitds qud fbmfizfrf bf mhrhifgdb mfsmh. Tif vdz dxtrfgh db pus fpbcmfkfi pfhs

ceprdjifghs mhi fmdctd gd rhsfs, vcifjrd, sfb ydstcrmhb. Fgdes prhtdjfi db mfsmh phr trds gfs.

\frf fbjuihs drf ed`hr bf prdvdimci yrdmhedigfkfi tdidr fb ficefb cistfbfgh di ui dstfkbhkcdi bcepch, gdsprhvcsth gd dstcrmhb h auedgfg y

ditfrcefgh mhi tfkbfs gd rhkbd.

Mufigh db ficefb afyf rdjrdsfgh gd ui vcf`dgdkdi bfvfrsd bfs frtcmubfmchids gdb pcd, shkrdthgh bfs mufrtcbbfs mhi vcih mfbcditd. Mhbuedbbfrdmhedigfkf mucgfghs pfrdmcghs pfrf bhs kudydsy fgvdrtf qud bhs rdedgchs fpbcmfghs gdkfi sdrprhtdjcghs phr ui mfbzfgh h mfbmdf, gd bhs mufbdsbhs es utcbczfghs drfi0 bf Mfbmdf spfrtdf h ]hbdfspfrtdf, dspdmcd gd divhbturf gd bf pdzuf mhi tdbfnudrtd h mhi pf`f trdizfgf y bf ]hbdf ndrrdf, tfekcibbfefgf acphsfigfbcf, dspdmcd gd pbfimaf edtbcmf

mhrrdsphigcditd f bf sudbf mhi ui ficbbh h jfimah pfrfsu`dtfrbf.

Bhs eubhegcmhs sd ftrdvfi mhi htrhstrftfecdiths pfrf bhs grdif`ds gd fksmdshs y dbbbfefgh kftcgh gd mftfrftfs, bf acstdrdmthef di mdrgfsy mfedbbhs. Macrhi dxpbcmf meh gdkf prfmtcmfrsd bf



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; y tdrecif mhi bf gdstrummcigdb Cepdrch [hefih gd Hrcditd, mufigh bhs turmhscivfgdi y sd fphgdrfi gd Mhistfitcihpbf (6.74=)mcugfg qud afkf sustctucgh f [hef mheh mfpctfb.

Dstf efidrf gd bcectfr bf Dgfg Edgcf ih bfmhepfrtdi fbjuihs acsthrcfghrds qud gfi cicmch fbpdrchgh f pfrtcr gd bfs civfschids gd bhs krkfrhs yprdmcsfeditd pfrf bhs dspfhbds tdrecif mufigh db rdy

Ndbcpd CCC di 6.>>-4668), ac`hgdb ehifrmf edrhvcijch Macbgdrcmh C. Fkrfz dbmfthbcmcseh scdigh kfutczfgh di [hef phr db hkcsph[decjch db gf gd Ifvcgfg. Di db fh 466, db ecsehfh gd su eudrtd, fiuimc ui mhimcbch y hrgdi bf



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;6

mhgcmfmci gd bf bdy gd bhs sfkchs mhihmcgf mhi dbihekrd gd bdy ]bcmf (Gcmmchifrch gd Kchjrfnfs,s/n, p.;;;). Dstf bdy ihrefkf prcimcpfbeditd bfprhackcmci pfrf qud uif eu`dr ih nudrf adrdgdrf gdbtrhih. Wfekci bdjcsbfkf shkrd mredids, bdschids,rhkhs y gdbcths mhedtcghs di mhitrf gd bhs ficefbds

prdvcdigh cigdeiczfmchids phr gfhs.

Bhs rfkds prhtfjhicstfs gd bf edgcmcifficefb di db Edgchdvh

Ditrd bhs rfkds gdb scjbh QCC dxcstc ui futhr fqucdi bbfefkfi Fku Pfmfrfs pfrf fkrdvcfr ui bfrjhihekrd0 Fku Pfmfrfs @fayf Cik Ehafeedg Cik dbFwfr, qucdi sd gdgcm f rdmhpcbfr db frtd vdtdrcifrchgd dithimds pfrf rdmhjdrbh di ui bckrh fb mufb gch

db ihekrd gd Octfk fb Nfbfafa? qud mhitdifmuftrh mfptubhs rdndrcghs0 f bf mrf, bf acjcdid ybfs dindredgfgds gd kvcghs y qucghs, fgdes gdfbjuihs fspdmths rdndrcghs fb mfedbbh.

Di mufith f bhs qucghs, db mfptubh rdndrcgh f bfsdindredgfgds fihtf bhs trftfecdiths es nrdmuditdsdi bfs ghbdimcfs qud fndmtfkfi bhs h`hs, bf ifrcz, bhsbfkchs, bf khmf, bhs gcditds, bf mfkdzf y db mudbbh, fsmheh db ghrsh y bhs ecdekrhs y gd`fkf pfrf db ifb

db mfpctubh rdndrditd f trfsthrihs dxtdrihs. Mhehtdrfpcf icmfeditd rdmhedigfkf db ush gd pbfitfsvfrcfgfs y prhgumths tfith ficefbds mheh ecidrfbds.]d aczh nrdmuditd0 bf efitdmf, bf mfitrcgf, bf mfridy su `ujh, db krfx, bfs ehsmfs, db mudrih gd mcdrvh,dxmrdedith gd vfrchs ficefbds y db fehicfmh,qud gdkfi sdr fgecicstrfghs di shbumci fmuhsfedzmbfgf mhi fmdctd h mhi vcifjrd. Di mufith f bffgecicstrfmci drfi vfrcfgfs bfs nhrefs, tfbds mheh0uijdiths, depbfsths, `fkhids, dxtrfmths y pfstfs

mheh shbvditds. Drfi euy fndmths fb ush gd bhs kfhs,nrcmmchids, crrcjfmchids y nuecjfmchids.

]d ehstrfrhi fscguhs prfmtcmfitds gd bf sfijrfusfigh pfrf su prmtcmf, bfs vdifs0 sfndif, yujubfr,fxcbfr y afstf bf fijubfr gdb h`h.

]d ftrdvcdrhi f prfmtcmfr bf hpdrfmci gd mftfrftfsphr gdsprdigcecdith gdb mrcstfbcih h bditd, usfigh

mheh edgch qucrrjcmh ui dstcbdtd. Tsfrhi db mfutdrchy sdmmchifrhi db esmubh dbdvfghr gdb bfkch supdrchrdi bhs mfshs gd pfrbcscs nfmcfb.

Mhi bf sfrif hktuvcdrhi euy phmhs fmcdrths f pdsfrgd sus mhistfitds trftfecdiths. Bf rfkcf bf ftdigcdrhi

mhi urjdimcf phr su ehrkcbcgfg. Bhs dgdefsjdidrfbczfghs h fifsfrmfs drfi bbfefghsGcdrerybhs trftfrhi phr edgch gd sfijrfs, nuecjfmchids ybfvfghs frhetcmhs.

Bf gcfrrdf bbfefgf fbkuqufr, bf edgcmfkfiusfigh bf mdkfgf fvcifjrfgf mheh kdkcgf, bf afrcifgd trcjh, bf mdkfgf mhmcgf y bfs ah`fs vdrgds gd pfrrfefmdrfgfs mhi db fjuf gd kdkdr. Mhiscgdrfrhi dbmfutdrch mheh gdrcvftcvh ([ucz Efrtidz, 6371. hk.mct.).

Bfs vfs gcjdstcvfs y rdspcrfthrcfs, fs mheh bfsvfs urcifrcfs nudrhi hk`dth gd dsedrfgf ftdimci.Wfekci citditfrhi bf murf gd fndmmchids gdbscstdef idrvchsh. Bfs dindredgfgds rdspcrfthrcfsdrfi ftrckucgfs f bfs efrmafs fjhtfghrfs y f bhssfbths vchbdiths. Bbfefrhi f bf pubehif adtfofy gcstcijucdrhi bf qud mhiscgdrfkfi tpcmf, gd bfiduehif purubditf. Bf pubehif fjugf h tpcmf nudftfmfgf mhi sfijrf f icvdb gd bf sfndif, bdmad gdmfkrf y mdkfgf mrugf.

Aukh futhrds qud sd hmupfrhi gd bf Acphbhjf(ghef, `udjhs apcmhs, mrf, frtds judrrdrhs, mfmdrfs,dtm.) y gd bf Acpcftrcf (dindredgfgds, edgcmfediths,hpdrfmchids, frtd gd adrrfr), fs mheh gd bhs fsuithsrdndrcghs f bf acjcdid y pfthbhjf gd htrhs ficefbdsghestcmhs.

Bhs rfkds dstcefkfi tfith f bhs mfedbbhs qud

bbdjfrhi f bbfefr f su eu`dr prdndrcgf ec mfedbbf(bf Ifoftc) (Ckgde, p. 4;6).

Bf edgcmcif rdbcjchsf

Gurfitd db fphjdh gdb mrcstcficseh bf tdrfputcmfdstfkf di efihs gd bhs sfiths qucdids fs sdmhivcrtcdrhi di prhtdmthrds fitd bfs dindredgfgds. Dimufith fb frtd vdtdrcifrch ]fi Fithich sd mhivcrtc di



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;;

db prhtdmthr gd bhs mdrghs y bhs pdqudhs ficefbds.]fi Dbhy drf db pftri gd bhs efrcsmfbds y vdtdrcifrchs(Ckgde, p. 4=6: mheh vstfjh gd ui hmcfb gd bf JufrgcfDsmhmdsf gdb rdy gd Nrfimcf, Bucs Q^C, gd ihekrd@fmquds Bfkhssd gd ]hbbdysdb, qucdi eurc di 6.>13). Mdisurfkf f bhs acpcftrfs phrrdfbczfr fpbcmfmchids gdb mfutdrch shkrd bf nrditd y phrcistcbfr edgcmfediths di db citdrchr gd bhs hghs, pfrfdb trftfecdith gd dindredgfgds pubehifrds.

Bf fphrtfmci gd ]hbbdysdb fb frtd vdtdrcifrchmhiscstc di rdnhrefr bf prmtcmf gdb acpcftrf,dstfkbdmcdigh bf civdstcjfmci edtcmubhsf y db sditcghmhei, gcjicmfigh db hmch y gdndigcdigh db rdspdth

afmcf db frtd vdtdrcifrch ditrd bhs ahekrds gd mcdimcf.Dsth gdkc fbbfifr db mfecih pfrf bf nuigfmci gd bfsdsmudbfs nrfimdsfs gd vdtdrcifrcf (Ckgde, p. >3).

\rcedrfs dsmudbfs gd ^dtdrcifrcf

Eumah gdkc pdsfrshkrd db rdy gd NrfimcfBucs Q^ (6:6


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;=

]u fehr afmcf db mfkfbbh y bf gdmcsci gd fyugfr mhi sudsnudrzh f bf tfrdf gd phidr f nuimchifr gdkcgfeditddstf dsmudbf pfrf quctfr gdb d`drmcmch f tfith acpcftrfcimubth di bfs frtds vdtdrcifrcfs, sd gdkc sdjurfeditdfb admah gd afkdr scgh gcsmpubh gd ]hbbdysdb di bfdsmudbf gd dquctfmci. Bf Dsmudbf gd ^dtdrcifrcf kf`h

su rdmthrf mhediz sus nuimchids db 6= gd ndkrdrhgdb fh 6.:>;, rdmckcdigh db ihekrd gd [dfb Dsmudbfgd ^dtdrcifrcf. Mhiscgdrfgf cisumcditd pfrf bfsidmdscgfgds gdb rdcih, sd aczh idmdsfrch mrdfr uifsdjuigf dsmudbf di 6.:>>, gcrcjcgf tfekci phrKhurjdbft, mhi bf fyugf gd ui jruph gd fbueihs gdByhi. Fs sd mrd bf dsmudbf gd Efcshi- Fbnhrt.

Fekfs dsmudbfs gdspdrtfrhi bf idmdscgfg gd mrdfrhtrfs di htrhs pfsds. Di Durhpf nudrhi mrdfgfs afstf6.1 sd divc f Kdrifrgh [hgrjudz, efrcsmfb

gd bfs [dfbds Mfkfbbdrczfs, qucdi f su rdjrdsh (6:16)ditrdj ui cinhred gd su dxcthsh mursh supdrchr. Bfsmhigcmchids shmchphbtcmfs gd dithimds ih drfi bfsed`hrds pfrf bf mrdfmci gd bf dsmudbf, phr bh qud aukhqud phstdrjfr bf nuigfmci gd dsths dstugchs f pdsfrgd bfs rdmhedigfmchids di dsd sditcgh gd Kdrifrgh[hgrjudz.

]ci dekfrjh, di 6.:17 nudrhi pdischifghs afmcfbf ecsef dsmudbf nrfimdsf bhs efrcsmfbds efyhrds

]djcseuigh Efbfts d Acpbcth Dstvdz gd bhs[djcecdiths gd Grfjhids gd Busctficf y Fbefisf,pfrf mursfr bf mfrrdrf gurfitd trds fhs. Db [dy tuvhdb mucgfgh phstdrchr gd divcfrbhs afmcf Fbdeficf,Gcifefrmf, Cijbftdrrf d Ctfbcf, mhi db prhpscth gd qudfepbcfrfi sus mhihmcecdiths. [djrdsfrhi f Dspffdi bhs mhecdizhs gdb fh 6.:13 (Jedz \cqudr y\rdz Jfrmf. ;


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;7

Db [dy Mfrbhs CCC phr [dfb Hrgdi ndmafgf db: gd sdptcdekrd gd 6.:11, hrgdi bf mrdfmci gd bfdsmudbf pfrf bf disdfizf gd bf vdtdrcifrcf di Efgrcg,qud bbdv f dndmth su ac`h Mfrbhs C^ (6.:11-61


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;4

Dmhihef [urfb di vfrcfs prhvcimcfs fbdefifs, fsmheh di Gcifefrmf d Cijbftdrrf. Gdspus gd surdjrdsh f Dspff di 6:14, db rdy phr [dfb Hrgdi bdhrgdi qud rdgfmtfrf ui pbfi gd dstugchs pfrf ukcmfrdsmudbfs gd ^dtdrcifrcf di Mrghkf y Efgrcg, `uithmhi Acpbcth Dstvdz. Dstfs ih pugcdrhi nuigfrsd

phr nfbtf gd prhndshrds y rdmurshs dmhiecmhs, phrbh qud sd hpt phr mrdfr shbfeditd bf gd Efgrcg,di ghigd nudrhi gdscjifghs gcrdmthr y sukgcrdmthr,rdspdmtcvfeditd.

Efbfts db 6< gd efrzh gd 6.:3< nud ihekrfghEfrcsmfb ]updriuedrfrch gd bf [dfb Mfkfbbdrczf yfhs gdspus (


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;>

bhs rdkfhs scih qud mhistctufi db ehtcvh prcimcpfbgd gdsmfbfkrhs dmhiecmhs, fb phidr f bhs pudkbhs disctufmchids prdmfrcfs.

Nud bf Ecmrhkchbhjf bf fmtcvcgfg mcditmf qudefyhr xcth trf`h f bhs vdtdrcifrchs gd dithimds.

Fbjuifs gd bfs es jrfvds ghbdimcfs mheh bf vcrudbf,db mfrkuimh y db eudreh nudrhi prcimcpfbscehsfmthrds gd jrfvds prdhmupfmchids.

Di su dstugch gdsmhbbfrhi bhs scjucditdsvdtdrcifrchs0 Jcrfrg di 6.161, dstugcfkf bfs mhisd-mudimcfs gd bf vcrudbf mufigh drf cihmubfgf, Dcbdrt,Jdrbft y Krfudbb sd fgdbfitfkfi di db dstugch gdb

mfrkuimh scjucdigh bfsaudbbfs gd`fgfs phr [fydr

y Gdvfcid (616; 611;),qud afkfi sdfbfgh bfsmfrfmtdrstcmfs gd uihsecmrhhrjficsehs di nhrefgd kfsthimcbbhs qud tdifiqud vdr mhi bf pfthjdicf.Gdbfnhig, sd gdgcm fmubtcvfrbhs (6.14 61::), gdsmukrc

ui ethgh gd vfmuifmcifitcmfrkuimuhsf y uiethgh cieuiczfitd mhi-trf db mfrki scithetcmh.Fmtu tfekci gdehstrfigh db pfpdb gdb dstrdpthmhmhdi bf sdptcmdecf y gdbvckrci sptcmh di bfjfijrdif jfsdhsf (Ckgde,pp. 6


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;:

tcvh dsti gcstcijucgfs mhi db fpdbbcgh gdb prcedrh(\rdz, Hsvfbgh, s/n C y CC).

Fscecseh DgeuighIhmfrg (6.14 db jdredi qud prhgumfbf krumdbhscs khvcif, bh qudgch bujfr f qud ahy di gf sd

mhihzmf bf dindredgfg mhehdindredgfg gdKfij.

Wadhkfbg ]ecta y Nrdgdrcmo B. Ocbkhrid nudrhibhs qud dstfkbdmcdrhi qud bfs jfrrfpftfs trfisectfibfs kfkdscfs qud mfusfkfi bfs kfkdscmhscs di auefihsy ficefbds. Bhs ghs afkfi dstugcfgh di Mhridbb(Ckgde).

Mhi rdspdmth f bf rfkcf qud tfitf rdputfmci gchfb sfkch Bhucs \fstdur gdkdi mhiscgdrfrsd fbjuihscephrtfitds trfkf`hs admahs phr vdtdrcifrchs. ^mthrJfbtcdr (6.17>-6.3


29/87


;1

Bf excef jurf gd bf dtdrcifrcf, Jfsti [fei(611> -63>=), (bbdj f gcrcjcr db Cistctuth \fstdur), nuddb gdsmukrcghr gd bfs vfmuifs fshmcfgfs, bf fmmcigd bhs mhfgyuvfitds di bfs vfmuifs, db ndiedih gdbf hmubfmci thxcif- fitcthxcif qud pdrectc gdsgddithimds bf vfbhrfmci ci vctrh gd dstfs sustfimcfs

gd ui ehgh es rpcgh y sci idmdscgfg gd fmugcrf bf cihmubfmci gd ficefbds gd dxpdrceditfmci,bh qud, fgdes gd es bdith drf euy cidxfmth ydspdmcfbeditd db gdsmukrcecdith gd bfs fitcthxcifs,bh qud af pdrectcgh edgcfitd bf utcbczfmci gd bfsvfmuifs fitcgcntrcmf y fitctdticmf, sfbvfr tfitscefsvcgfs auefifs ( Ckgde, p.6


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;3


Zfosefi bf fyugf hphrtuif gd Kdfugdttd, bd hthrjuif pdqudf pfrtd gd bfs jfifimcfs qud hktuvh(Ckgde).

Di bfs ecifs gd ]fi Jhtfrgh, di bhs Fbpds ]uczhs sdgdsfrrhbbfkf ditrd bhs ecidrhs uif fidecf pdbcjrhsf.

Db vdtdrcifrch ctfbcfih Dgufrgh \drrhimcth (6.17:-6.3=>) di sus civdstcjfmchids bhjr gdtdrecifr quddb futhr gd tfb fidecf drf db pfrscth Fimybhsthef,bhjrfigh mhi su gdsmukrcecdith dvctfr qud scjucdrfiprdsditighsd dsths mfshs phr bh qud fyug f sfbvfreumafs vcgfs. Afkf bhjrfgh gdtdrecifr db mcmbhdvhbutcvh gdb pfrscth.

Bhs vdtdrcifrchs acmcdrhi fphrtds f bf fidstdscf.@feds Bdhifrg (6.144-6.36:) citrhgu`h di 6.114 bf

tmicmf gd bf fidstdscf dpcgurfb, Zcbbcfe ]dwdbb di6.1=4 afkf usfgh db murfrd pfrf trftfr db mbcmh gdui mfkfbbh di db Mhbdjch ^dtdrcifrch gd Bhigrds.[dmhrgdehs bhs gdsmukrcecdiths gd Mfbedttd yJudrci fsc mheh gd Ihmfrg. Bhs prcedrhs fyugfrhifb gdsfrrhbbh gd bf vfmuif fitctukdrmubhsf di 6.3;6,cihmubfigh fb prcedr ich mhi uif vfmuif admaff kfsd gdb kfmcbh (Kfmcbh gd Mfbedttd y Judrci hK.M.J.) y Ihmfrg cigcrdmtfeditd citdrvcih phrqudbd afkf rdmhedigfgh f Judrci mheh fyugfitd f

Mfbedttd di 6.13:. Ihmfrg fyug f bhs fvfimds gdbf \frfscthbhjf fb phidr di dvcgdimcf di 6.111 dbrdsphisfkbd gd bf dindredgfg zhhitcmf cgditcmfgfgdsgd dithimds mhi db ihekrd gd Ihmfrgchscs.

Db mfifb mditrfb gd bf egubf nud pudsth didvcgdimcf phr db egcmh vdtdrcifrch cijbs Zcbbcfe]dwdbb di 6.1-6.366)dstugc bf sdisckcbcgfg gd bhs idrvchs pdrcnrcmhs ynud qucdi mur phr prcedrf vdz mcdrtfs idurfbjcfs

mhi bf sdmmci gdb idrvch fndmtfgh. Di 6.114 afkfgdehstrfgh bhs dndmths dxmctfthrchs gd bf mhmfif.(Ckgde).

Ih nud vdtdrcifrch pdrh sd gdstfm di bf Fbkdctdrf.]d trftf gdb Fbkctfr Nrfimcsmh gd bf [dyif, ifmcghpfrf fbjuihs di Pfehrf y pfrf htrhs di Kurjhs,Dspff di 6.4;, dxprdsf disu btceh mfptubh0 bf sfijrd figf di thrih y dirudgf phr thghs bhs ecdekrhs afstf db depdrfghr gdbmudrph qud ds db mhrfzi. Dstd bckrh nud nfehsh diui tcdeph, bbdjfigh f fbmfizfr hmah (1) dgcmchids

(Jedz \cqudr y \rdz Jfrmf, ;.. Afkfaugh fb mhihmdr gd bf sditdimcf pdrh nud fprdsfgh diJcidkrf mufigh ckf mfecih afmcf Ctfbcf.

Db mbdkrd Mafuvdfu (6.1;:-6.36:) trfkf`fighmhi D. @. Efrdy (6.1=


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=. Bf Edgcmcif dtdrcifrcf di bfFitcjdgfg. Mfrfmfs. \rcedr Mhijrdsh Jrfimhbhekcfih.Mhindrdimcf.

^cgf \rdacstrcmf. 63:> Khjht, Kckbchtdmf NuigfeditfbFrcdb. Wrfg. \hr @ufi Jrftfms ^.

Gfy, Ecmadb A. 63:6. Db Ahekrd Nscb. Wrfg. \hr EfrfCjifmcf Ahspctfb. ^drhif, Ctfbcf. Dgcthrds Krujudrf, ].F.

Ftbfs ^csufb gd bf Mcdimcf. Dvhbumci. ;


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=6

fyfehs f tcdrrfsgd cigcfs

]DJTIGF \F[WD


33/87


=;

^fyfehs f tcdrrfs gd cigcfs

Mufigh sd prhgumd db gdsmukrcecdith gd bfs tcdrrfsgd Cigcfs, rpcgfeditd bf Mhrhif Dspfhbfrdsudbvd hrjficzfr bhs tdrrcthrchs gdsmukcdrths.Hmurrd dithimds db divh gd skgcths mhtdrridhs mhibhs prhpscths gd mhiqucstf y mhbhiczfmci. ]d afmdceprdsmcigckbd, phr rfzhids es qud hkvcfs, db divhgd sumcditds prhvcschids, pdisfigh di db kcdidstfrgd bhs divcfghs f bf fvditurf. ]d mrdf bf Mfsf gd

Mhitrftfmci qud sdrf bf dimfrjfgf gd hrjficzfr bffudimcf gd vcf`drhs edgcfitd ihrefs gd supdrvcsciy rdjubfmci.

]d dekfrmfi ficefbds ghestcmhs pfrf fsdjurfr bffbceditfmci f bhs skgcths vcf`drhs y phstdrchreditdfsdjurfr bf prhpfjfmci gd bhs dndmtcvhs, fgfptighbhsf bfs iudvfs mhigcmchids fekcditfbds. \frf sfbvfrgcmubtfgds sd fmhepffi bhs ficefbds mhi ui pdrshifbmfpfz gd mucgfrbhs, prdsdrvfrbds bf sfbug y afstf citditfr

murfrbhs, di bhs mfshs gd phsckbds ghbdimcfs.^cstfs bfs mhigcmchids nfvhrfkbds di mufith f bf

ndrtcbcgfg gd bhs sudbhs di ghigd gdkdi prhgumcrsd bhsed`hrds pfsths, sd dectd uif \rfjetcmf [dfb pfrfnfvhrdmdr bf citrhgummci gd jfifgh di bfs mhbhicfs.Bf citrhgummci mhecdizf di bf csbf Bf Dspfhbf(fmtufb [dpkbcmf Ghecicmfif) f ghigd shi bbdvfghsvfmuihs, mfkfbbhs, eubhs y fsihs.

Mufigh dstd jfifgh sd fmbceftf, fpfrdmdi bfsdindredgfgds y fscecseh bf edzmbf gd edi`ui`dskhticmhs y hrfmchids ejcmfs, fjrdjfghs f bf mhpcfqud sd afmf gd bhs vcd`hs prhmdgcecdiths gd bhspcfmads trckfbds, pfrf citditfr bf ed`hrf h bf murfgdictcvf. Bf bbdjfgf phstdrchr gd dsmbfvhs mhehefih gd hkrf kfrftf, dspdmcfbeditd fnrcmfihs, pfrfsustctucr fb mrchbbh qud mhkrfkf es mfrh, fjrdj

iudvhs rctufbds y iudvhs rdedgchs f bf yf cistfbfgftdrfputcmf.

Db iedrh gd fbkctfrds qud bbdjf f Cigcfspdrndmtfeditd cgditcmfghs nud gd sdsditf y sdcs(Erqudz, 6.33>. p.p.:4-:>). F tdrrcthrch vdidzhbfihih frrckfrhi, phr bh edihs, gdkcgfeditd cgditcmfghs.

F mhecdizhs gd bf sdjuigf ectfg gdb scjbh Q^Csd prhgu`h db vcf`d gdb efyhr iedrh gd pdrshifsqud decjr gd Dspff afmcf db Iudvh Euigh. Dstd

prhmdsh gdmfy di db scjbh Q^CC phrqud yf muepbcgfbf mhiqucstf bhs ecschidrhs mhedizfkfi mhi bfdvfijdbczfmci. Gurfitd db scjbh Q^CCC aukh eskcdi citdiths pfrf bf hrjficzfmci shmch-phbtcmf gdbtdrrcthrch (Bdi F., ;


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==


pfrf bfs qud fndmtfkfi bhs ficefbds. Drf tfith dbiedrh gd pdrshifs fgcmtfs f dstfs prmtcmfs qud db\rhthedgcmfth, mrdfgh phr [dfb Mgubf gdb 67 gd efyhgd 6.:::, gcspush qud bhs murchshs y murfigdrhs nudrfithbdrfghs, afstf tfith db iedrh gd egcmhs kbfimhsnudrf sumcditd. Dstf gcsphscmci nud dxtdigcgf afmcf

bf ftdimci gd bhs ficefbds ghestcmhs dindrehs.

Di mfekch bhs fbkctfrds bbdjfi f0Bf DspfhbffMukf, db ^crrdcifth gdb \dr, [ch gd bf \bftf, Ihekrdgd Gchs h \fife, Bf Nbhrcgf y ]fitf Efrtf fekhsdi Mhbhekcf di db scjbh Q^C, db ecseh scjbh gdbifmcecdith gd @ufi ]urdz gd \drfbtf di Bf IudvfDspff (Excmh). Dstd nud ac`h gd @ufi ]urdz gdvcbf y Mftfbcif Mhrtdz gd ]urdz y su ifmcecdithtuvh bujfr di 6.4=:. Gdsgd euy `hvdi sd gdgcm f

thgh bh rdbfmchifgh mhi bf mrcfizf, rdprhgummciy mheprfvditf gd mfkfbbhs ihs. ]djurfeditddstf dxpdrcdimcf gdkc cimditcvfrbh pfrf kusmfrui prhnuigh mhihmcecdith gd bf dspdmcd dqucif yafstf bf fgqucscmci gd efid`hs egcmhs pfrf trftfrbfs dindredgfgds gdb mfkfbbh y mheh murfrbfs yprdvdicrbfs (Ckgde, p. 3=)

]d mhivcrtc di uif dspdmcd gd mbicmh ifturfb ydsmrckc ui bckrh tctubfgh0 Bckrh gd Fbkdytdrf,

gurfitd bf gmfgf gd 6.4:


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=7


Bf nuigfmci gd Mhrh efrmf ui vcrf`d di mufith f bfmhigumtf sdjucgf phr Dspff di tdrrcthrch vdidzhbfih.]u mhimdrtfmci mhi db mfmcqud Efifurd, mfmcqudvdidzhbfih gdb pudkbh mfqudth sd prhgu`h ditrd bhsfhs 6.4;;-6.4;= mufigh std dstfkbdmc uif fbcfizfmhi Fepds, bh qud hrcjci db vfsfbbf`d gd bf ifmci

mfqudtf, dmafigh bfs kfsds pfrf bf pdidtrfmci ymhiqucstf gd thgh db rdsth gd bf prhvcimcf, fsdjurfighbf mhbhiczfmci di ^didzudbf? phr tfith, ih dxcstcvdrgfgdrf mhiqucstf scih yf ditrfgh db scjbh Q^C.

Bhs ficefbds qud nudrhi ditrfigh fb tdrrcthrchvdidzhbfih nhrzhsfeditd tuvcdrhi qud sdr mucgfghsy afstf murfghs phr pdrshifs f`difs f bf edgcmcifficefb, vdicgfs di bhs vcf`ds dspfhbds. Bhsfbkctfrds prhndschifbds krcbbfrhi phr su fusdimcf.

Tih qud htrh af scgh sdfbfgh mheh tfb, gdkcgh f bfùstcmfmci qud sd afrf gd bhs adrrdrhs qud vcf`frhi,bhs mufbds, fgdes gdb adrrf`d tdifi qud mhivdrtcrsddi mucgfghrds y murfghrds gd ficefbds.

Bhs gfths es prdmcshs fmdrmf gd dstfsecjrfmchids prhvcdidi gd bf Mfsf gd Mhitrftfmci gd]dvcbbf, mrdfgf di 6.4-6.44>), ac`h gd NdbcpdDb Adrehsh, frmacguqud gd Fustrcf y gd @ufifbf Bhmf, rdcif gd Mfstcbbf, hrgdifkf di kfsd f susgcsphscmchids0 ih pudgdi pfsfr f bfs Cigcfs ic f suscsbfs fgyfmditds, icijuihs ifturfbds ic dxtrfi`drhsgd mufbqucdr dstfgh y mhigcmci qud sdf sci dxprdsfbcmdimcf iudstrf, scih nudrf di bhs mfshs qud bf pudgfigfr db prdscgditd y ùdmds gd bf Mfsf gd Mhitrftfmci( [dmhpcbfmci gd Bdyds gd Cigcfs).

Fgectdi mheh prhackcmci bhs ùcmchsciqucscthrcfbds. Gdkfi mhitfr di bfs pdtcmchidspfrf vcf`fr, bf prdsditfmci gd tdstcjhs qudprhkfrfi qud bhs pdtcmchifrchs ih dstfkfi ditrd bhsprhackcghs f pfsfr f bfs Cigcfs phr sdr mrcstcfihs

vcd`hs bcepchs sci emubfs gd ehrhs ic ùghs, icgd pdrshifs qud afyfi scgh pdictdimcfghs phr db]fith Hmch gd bf Ciqucscmci. (Ckgde). \dsfkfitfith bfs mhisdmudimcfs ciqucscthrcfbds, qud nudrhifprhvdmafgfs phr bf mhrhif gd Dspff pfrf fueditfrbfs gcmubtfgds gd hktdidr bcmdimcf pfrf vcf`fr fb

Iudvh Euigh. \hr dstfs prhvcschids sd bbdjfkf frdjubfr db pdrecsh fb ac`h gd qudefgh h mhigdifghphr bf adrtcmf prfvdgfg y fphstfsf phr bf bidfefsmubcif ic ndedicif ([dmhpcbfmci gd Bdyds gdCigcfs, bdy Q^C). Bf prdsditfmci gd tdstcjhs drfcigcspdisfkbd pfrf prhkfr qud ih sd dstfkf cimurshdi icijuif gd bfs mfusfbds qud cepdgfi bhjrfr dbpdrecsh pfrf vcf`fr.

]ci dekfrjh, mheh sumdgd jdidrfbeditd di thgh

prhmdsh rcjurhsh, mhedizfrhi f surjcr bfs fmtufmchidsfeffgfs, sithefs gd mhrrupmci. Mhecdizf bf vditfgd tdstcjhs y bfs bcmdimcfs nudrhi hk`dth gd mufbqucdrmbfsd gd eficpubfmci. ]d `fkfi afstf bhs bujfrdsnmcbds pfrf hktdidr bf feffgf bcmdimcf y uif vdz fbbsd phgf hktdidr db pdrecsh pfrf cr cimbush afmcf bhsvcrrdcifths. \frf db mfsh gd ^didzudbf drf ihthrcf bfeficpubfmci, afstf db puith qud di 6.4:7 Ndbcpd CC(6.4;:-6.431) qud rdci di Dspff di 6.44> afstf bfahrf gd su eudrtd di db Dsmhrcfb, Dspff di 6.431,ac`h gdb Depdrfghr Mfrbhs C y gd Csfkdb gd \hrtujfb,hrgdifkf qud gd bf prhvcimcf gd didzudbf ih pfsfsdfb iudvh rdcih gd Jrfifgf, icijuif pdrshif mhibcmdimcf iudstrf qud afyf cgh gd dsths rdcihs.

]cjucdrhi bhs gdsfjucsfghs mhi bf pukbcmfmcigd fvcshs hnrdmcdigh bcmdimcfs f kudi prdmch, mhehphr d`depbh, fqudbbf qud dxprdsfkf0 qucdi qucdrfmheprfr uif bcmdimcf pfrf pfsfr f Cigcfs, vyfsdditrd bf pudrtf gd ]fi @ufi y bf gd ]fitcstdkfi, mfkhgd ui puditd gd pcdgrf, qud ds mfecih qud sfbd fWugdbf y fbb di fqudbbf mfbbd prdjuitd phr IcmhbsBhsfgf, mbrcjh, qud b sd bf vdigdr. Dstd fvcsh nudmfsufbeditd dimhitrfgh phr ui vdmcih di Efgrcg di6.444 (Nrcdgd, 6.34;, p. 71


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=4


gd Mrcstkfb Mfrh qud frrck fBf Dspfhbf(Adrrdrh[h`f, 6.33


37/87


=>


uih gd dbbhs Dgcwfigh Fgjds qucdi bd fmhepfdi Jufyfqucb di fjhsth gd 6.1;=. Jcfiicic y ]umrd,6.33:, tdstcehicfi qud Fgjds fmtufkf mheh adrrfghrmhi sudbgh gd fbnrdz y qud db admah gd qud tuvcdsdsudbgh gd hmcfb cigcmfkf qud sus nuimchids ckfi esfbb gdb hmch gd afmdr adrrfgurfs y phirsdbfs f bhs

ficefbds. (p.;41).

Ti `hvdi vdtdrcifrch fbdei frrck f iudstrhpfs gdspus gd djrdsfr gd bf Dsmudbf ]updrchr gdAfiihvdr. ]d trftfkf gd Htth \acbcp vhi Krfue qucdirpcgfeditd dxprdsf db gdsdh gd bumafr fb bfgh gdbd`rmcth pftrchtf mheh scepbd mhekftcditd. Cjihrfehssc bbdj f d`drmdr su prhndsci di bf mfkfbbdrfvdidzhbfif, pdrh sc mhihmdehs qud hktuvh sumcditdsercths mheh pfrf fbmfizfr db jrfgh gd Efrcsmfb gdb

D`drmcth gd bf Jrfi Mhbhekcf (Zfbtdr, 6.314, p.:4).]d dimuditrf ditrd bhs fbdefids qud fmueubfrhiefyhrds ercths y dstuvcdrhi prxcehs f Khbvfr,fmhepffigh f @hafiids vhi Tsbfr (Ckgde).

Ditrd 6.13< y 6.133 (ih sd mhihmd bf ndmafdxfmtf) bbdj f ^didzudbf db fbkctfr adrrfghr gdhrcjdi ctfbcfih Jcusdppd \dgdehitd, qucdi bhjrfnuigfr ui tfbbdr gd adrrdrf di ghigd phr dspfmch gdmufrditf fhs sd gdgcm fb adrrfgh, mucgh y murf gd

bhs ficefbds f su mfrjh, bhs mufbds prhmdgfi, mhieumaf nrdmudimcf, gd bfs es prdstcjchsfs mhmadrfs gdMfrfmfs. \hstdrchreditd trfkf`frhi mheh adrrfghrdsghs vdidzhbfihs0 @dss Jfrmf y \dgrh bvfrdz, ghsdspfhbds mfifrchs, @ufi Gfz y Bumcfih Edzf, fsmheh ui cijbs mhi ihekrd mfstdbbficzfgh, @hsGhbhrds Jrddi. (Kfuedcstdr, 6.37=,47 (;:-=)

scrvc mheh ]dmrdtfrch gd bf \rdscgdimcf, Ecicstrh gdJudrrf y Efrcif y \rdscgditd gdb Dstfgh Mfrfkhkh,bh qud gcmd eumah gd bf fecstfg y bf mhifizf mhiqud Mrdsph bh gcstcijuf.

Di hmfsci gd uif vcsctf qud db jdidrfb Ifzfrcsafmf f su fecjh db prdscgditd Mrdsph mhi db prhpscthgd shbcmctfrbd ui pdrecsh pfrf trfsbfgfr ui jfifghafmcf bf nrhitdrf mhi Mhbhekcf di db dstfgh Wmacrf,bd fmhepffkf Wdbeh [hedrh, qucdi fb ditdrfrsd gd

bf ciqucdtug gd bf nfecbcf phr bf dindredgfg gd uihgd sus ac`hs sd hnrdmc pfrf vdrbh y trftfrbh afmcdighjfbf gd sus supudsths mhihmcecdiths egcmhs. ]dbd mhigu`h f bf afkctfmci gdb ich f qucdi hksdrvgurfitd ui rfth y budjh mhediz su trftfecdith,usfigh sus krdkf`ds dspdmcfbds, bh qud phr mudstchidsqud sd cjihrfrhi prhgu`drhi db ecbfjrh gd bf ed`hrfy murf.

[hedrh afkf prhgumcgh db ecbfjrh ghigd fb

gdmcr gd bf nfecbcf afkfi nrfmfsfgh bhs egcmhsuicvdrsctfrchs. Di bf nfecbcf gdsgd dshs ehedithssd gdspdrt uif jrfi fgecrfmci phr [hedrh, shkrdthgh phr pfrtd gd bf dsphsf gd Mrdsph, @fmcitf \frd`hgd Mrdsph, bbfefgf mfrchsfeditd ecscf @fmcitf.Wfith su dsphsf mheh db ecseh efigftfrch drfieuy fndmths f dsths efid`hs, sdjurfeditd gdkcgh fbf dgumfmci rurfb di ahjfrds di ghigd prdghecifkfdstd tcph gd mrddimcfs.

Bf dsphsf gdb prdscgditd drf mhiscgdrfgf uifdspdmcd gd pcthicsf phrqud ditrd htrfs mhsfs mrdfbddr di uif tfpfrf bbdif gd fkd`hrrhs, mufb khbfgd mrcstfb, db nuturh gd bfs pdrshifs qud pdgfi susmhisd`hs (Trgfidtf .6.33>, p.6


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=:


mhepudsth phr ui kbsfeh hbdhrrdscihsh dxtrfgh gdbrkhb tfmfefafmf qud sdji db gdmcr gd bhs usufrchsfmtufkf mheh uif vdrgfgdrf pfifmdf di mhitrf gdeumahs efbds. Db ecseh prdscgditd mrdf di ui efrgd supdrstcmchids gdstfmfigh fqudbbf gd qud afkfqud hksdrvfr bfs nfsds gd bf buif pfrf ditfkbfr mhi

xcth ui mhekftd. (Ckgde, p. 6.bbdj f sdr gcrdmthr gdb ahspctfb gdBzfrhs gd Mfrfmfs y gdb Eficmhech Ifmchifb gd BhsWdquds, dstfgh Ecrfigf (Mfkfbbdrh, Efiudb, 6.33:.theh =.pp. 333-6


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=1


bf tfrgd, tdicdigh mucgfgh gd ih gd`frbh kdkdr afstfdb gf scjucditd, ndmaf di qud gdkdi krhmafrsd bfspdbfgurfs mhi fjufrrs gighbd f bf vdz uif sfijrf.Mrrfsd bf efih czqucdrgf phr dimcef gd bf tdricbbfsupdrchr y mhi gcrdmmci f bf ifrcz? uif vdz qud sddimuditrd bf pfrtd kbfigf gd stf, sd bd fpbcmf bf

bfimdtf, afkcighbd bcjfgh gd fitdefih bf tfkbfgdb mudbbh? fb gf scjucditd sd prhmdgdr f uitfrbddi bfs pdbfgurfs bf efitdmf qud aukcdsd qudgfghgdb purjfitd edimchifgh, prhmurfigh gurfitd dbtrftfecdith ih gfrbd ic efz ic efbh`h y mhi dsthsd mhisdjucrf bf murfmci rfgcmfb gd bf sfrif di bfskdstcfs, phr civdtdrfgf qud sdf (Ckgde, p. 633).

Bf sdjuigf pfrtd gd dstf sdmmci dst gdgcmfgf fbf supudstf murf gd bf gdrrdijfgdrf, mhitrf bf mufb

rdmhecdigf0 suspdigdr fb ficefb `ighbd bf mhbfmhi uif shjf f ui mfkdstrh y fsdjurfr bf mfkdzf mhihtrf shjf, gd bf mufb sd tcrfr pfrf phidr db mudrphgd bf kdstcf mhepbdtfeditd dstcrfgh. Gdspus sdmhbhmf uif bhif di mfgf c`fgf pfrf nf`frbh mhi uif tcrfjrudsf gd mhthif (ghs mufrth gd fimah phr gcdmcscsgd bfrjh) y sd pfsfi phr gdkf`h gd bf kdstcf? fekfsbhifs dstfrfi `fgfs di sdighs khtfbhids. Fb sdrdstcrfgh db ficefb qudgf suspdigcgh y sd prhmdgdf nrhtfr mhi ui acshph ceprdjifgh mhi efitdmf gdpdrrh di dstfgh gd dkubbcmci, bfs fimfs gdb ficefbafstf bhjrfr bf nhrefmci gd uif fephbbf fepbcf di bfpcdb. Fb pfmcditd sd bd gd`f di bf ecsef phscmci phrdb trecih gd ;7 ahrfs sci qud bd fbmfimdi bhs rfyhsgdb shb? pfsfgh db bfpsh sd thefi sdcs h scdtd bckrfsgd ah`fs gd ytfjh (ifrfi`cbbh), sd trcturfi y fpbcmfidi nhref gd mftfpbfsef di db bujfr fephbbfgh phrtrds vdmds fb gf, rdpctcdigh dstf ecsef hpdrfmci phrhmah gfs phmh es h edihs, tcdeph sumcditd pfrf

qud db ficefb sd dimuditrd di mhepbdth dstfgh gdsfbug, gighbd phr btceh ui purjfitd mhepudsth gdefitdmf gd rds, mhi hihth y mdkfgcbbf mhi bf ifbcgfggd qud dxpdbd bhs rdscguhs qud afyfi qudgfghprhvdicditds gd bf dindredgfg y nrhtighbd mhi dsthsecsehs cijrdgcditds bf pfrtd supdrchr gd bf mfkdzf ybf kfrkf h efigkubf (Ckgde, p.631).

[dmhecdigf trftfecdiths pfrf0 murfr bfs adricfs,bhs tuehrds mfbbhshs, db mhqucth h cifefmci gdbf pfrtd supdrchr gd bfs nhsfs ifsfbds, bfs iukds(rdsubtfgh gd ui jhbpd h gd htrh cimcgditd di uih h difekhs h`hs), bf adrehsurfh adrehsf(acimafzi gdbfitdpdmah gd bf kdstcf) ghbdimcf qud gcmd prhvdicr gd

uif fijcif nubecifitd gdkcgf f uif jrfi cishbfmcih phr bfs mdiczfs gd bfs sfkfifs qudefgfs, db thrziy bf cishbfmci di db mfkfbbh, dstf btcef gdicgfmheh uif dkrd frgcditd qud trfkf phr mhepbdth bfsefigkubfs gdb ficefb() gcseciuyighbd bhs h`hsafstf db dxtrdeh gd cepdgcr fkrcrbhs y hmfschiighbdgd mhitciuh dstrdedmcecdith idrvchsh ( Ckgde, p.;


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Citdiths mhi mfrfmtdrstcmfs mcditstmfs,iudvhs pdrshif`ds

F pfrtcr gd 6.1=< sd afmd dvcgditd db jrfvdpdbcjrh gd dpczhhtcfs scdigh ihthrcf tfekci bfnfbtf gd hrjficzfmci y shkrd thgh, gd vdrgfgdrhs

prhndschifbds pfrf dinrditfrbfs. Fgdes, db drfrchgdpfupdrfgh ih jfrfitczfkf mukrcr mhi bhs jfsths gdbhs prhjrfefs di rdfs qud afkfi scgh gdvfstfgfsgurfitd db gdsfrrhbbh gd bf judrrf cigdpdigditcstf.

Db jrdech egcmh gd dithimds db es hrjficzfghdi mufith f bfs mudstchids sfictfrcfs, fmugd mhi bhses mhispcmuhs gd sus rdprdsditfitds di fuxcbch gd bffedifzfgf jfifgdrf. Ditrd dbbhs gdstfmf gd efidrfdspdmcfb db ghmthr @hs Efrf frjfs deciditd egcmh

vdidzhbfih, fefitd gd bfs bfkhrds gdb mfeph y uihgd bhs hrjficzfghrds di dsd dithimds gd uif ditcgfgmrdfgf phr db jdidrfb @hs Fithich \dz, bf ]hmcdgfgDmhiecmf gd Fecjhs gdb \fs, mufigh d`drmf dbmfrjh gd `dnd mcvcb y ecbctfr gd bhs Gdpfrtfedithsgdb Ihrtd, ihekrd qud dithimds rdmckf hmcfbeditd^didzudbf gditrh gd bf Jrfi Mhbhekcf (Nfrfs gdTrkfid`f y \rdz ^cbf, 6.33:, theh =, p. 6.6>;). Dstfsshmcdgfgds vcdidi f sdr rdecicsmdimcfs gd fqudbbfs

mrdfgfs di Durhpf phr db rdy Mfrbhs CCC di db scjbhQ^CCC, scdigh bf prcedrf bf ]hmcdgfg ^fsmhijfgf?(6.:>4)? thgfs prdsditfkfi mdrmf gdb rdy db pfpdb gdui mhisd`h tmicmh (Jedz, \cqudr \rdz Jfrmf,;. gd bf Bdy Hrjicmf gd Dgumfmci \kbcmf,fprhkfgf db 61 gd efyh gd 6.1;> phr db Mhijrdsh gdbf Jrfi Mhbhekcf, fuiqud su vcjdimcf ih sd bbdv fmfkh scih f ifbds gd 6.1;3. Nud db ;> gd hmtukrd gd6.1;3 mufigh db jdidrfb \dz mhivhm f ui jruph gdpdrshifbcgfgds, pfrf dstfkbdmdr bf ]hmcdgfg. Di 6.1;, p. =>).

Db ghmthr @hs Efrf ^frjfs fepbcfeditdmhihmcgh phr gcndrditds bfkhrds fbtrucstfs, bbdvfgfs fmfkh gurfitd su vcgf, afkf ifmcgh di Bf Jufcrf db6< gd efrzh gd 6.:1>, scdigh ac`h gd @hs Fithich


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7< y Fifmbdth Bbfehzfs, egcmh tfekci

mfbfkhmdh, di 6.1>>, gdgcmfi jrfigds dsnudrzhsmhitrf bhs nrdmuditds krhtds gd dstf dpczhhtcf.

Bf mhitrckumci mcditstmf

[fnfdb [fijdb (6.1:3-6.3).

Nud prhtdjcgh gdb jdidrfb Mcprcfih Mfstrh,\rdscgditd gd ^didzudbf (6.133-6.3


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gd Mfrfmfs, ghigd sdgdgcm f bf civdstcjfmcidi bhs mfephs gd bf\frfscthbhjf y bfKfmtdrchbhjf. ]d gdgcm,f pfrtcr gd 6.3


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[fnfdb [fijdb phr bf divcgcf di su bfkhrfthrch sdvd fkfighifgh f su sudrtd gdspus qud ds gdrrhmfgh suprhtdmthr db \rdscgditd Mcprcfih Mfstrh. Ih pugcdighfjufitfr bhs ftfquds gd sus prhpchs mhepfdrhs dsprdsf gd uif nudrtd gdprdsci qud bh mhigumd f thefrbf gdmcsci gdb sucmcgch di su prhpch bfkhrfthrch db ;).

Sf di 6.:11 sd mhihmf di Mfrfmfs y susfbrdgdghrds bf efb gd rfkcf (scm). Di mhisdmudimcf,db jhkdrifghr sd gcrcjc f bhs mhrrdjcghrds gd Mafmfh.Db fbbd, Efmfrfh, \dtfrd, dtm, cepfrtcighbds sdvdrfshrgdids0 pdrrh vfjfkuigh qud sd dimhitrfsd sudbthgdkf dbcecifrsd? fgdes f bhs gudhs f qucdids sd bdsmheprhkfsd ih tdidrbhs dimdrrfghs ic ftfghs sd bdsmfstcjfr di nhref gd eubtf (Frmacbf, 63>>, p.;3).

[dsubtfkfi cifugcths bhs mheditfrchs fpfrdmcghsdi db frtmubh gdb futhr cisdrtfgh diDb Mh`h Cbustrfgh,fmdrmf gd bf rfkcf. Bhucs \fstdur (6.1;;-6.134), gdsgd6.114 afkf mheprhkfgh bf dmfmcf gd ui trftfecdithprdvditcvh, mufigh afkf cihmubfgh mhi xcth fb ich@hsdpa Edcstdr, qucdi afkf scgh ehrgcgh phr uipdrrh rfkchsh. Di bhs mheditfrchs fpfrdmcghs di DbMh`h Cbustrfghpfrdmdi gd edihr mfrmtdr mcditmhqud bhs gd ui jhkdrifghr gdb Gcstrcth Ndgdrfb, gfghsf mhihmdr ui scjbh fitds y qud adehs mctfgh ut suprf


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]d ciscstd di bf dgumfmci vdtdrcifrcf

Wfith db dstfgh Fpurd mheh di db dstfgh Jurcmhnudrhi dsmhjcghs pfrf bf cgdf gd mrdfr cistctumchidsqud fyugfrfi f cepfrtcr bhs mhihmcecdiths mcditmhsidmdsfrchs pfrf dimfrfr db ftrfsh qud di dstd sditcgh

drf dvcgditd di db gdsfrrhbbh fjrhpdmufrch.Di 617< db Mhijrdsh gd bf [dpukbcmf f pdtcmci

gd bhs gcputfghs Efiudb Fithich \dz, ac`h gdbjdidrfb @hs Fithich \dz, qucdi d`drmf phr sdjuigfvdz bf \rdscgdimcf gd bf [dpkbcmf (6.1=3-6.17=), dCjifmch Jfrmf, gdmrdtf bf mrdfmci gd uif Dsmudbf gd^dtdrcifrcf di Mfbfkhzh. Db gdmrdth dstfkf rdgfmtfghdi bf scjucditd nhref0

Db ]difgh y bf Mefrf gd [dprdsditfitds gd bf[dpkbcmf rduicghs di Mhijrdsh0

Mhiscgdrfigh

6. Vud uif jrfi phrmci gd bf rcqudzf ifmchifb bf mhistctuydbf mrf gd mfkfbbhs y jfifgh (scm).

;. Vud dstf Cigustrcf, gd fbjuihs fhs f dstf pfrtd, dstpfgdmcdigh mhiscgdrfkbdeditd phr vfrchs efbds mhi qudafi scgh y shi fzhtfgfs dstfs mrfs y

=. Vud tfbds dpcgdecfs ih pudgdi rdedgcfrsd scih mhi dbdstfkbdmcecdith gd fqudbbf disdfizf qud prhphrmchif dbedgch gd murfrbhs.

Gdmrdtf0

Frtmubh 60]d dstfkbdmd di db Mhbdjch Ifmchifb gdMfbfkhzh, uif Dsmudbf gd dtdrcifrcf kf`h bfs dxpdisfs gdbWdshrh Ifmchifb.

Frtcmubh ;0Ih afkcdigh di db pfs nfmubtftcvh pfrfphgdrbf rdjditfr sd nfmubtf fb \hgdr D`dmutcvh pfrf qudprhmurd y nfmcbctd f dxpdisfs gdb ecseh Wdshrh \kbcmh,bf vdicgf gd Durhpf gdb prdmdpthr h prdmdpthrds qud sdfiidmdsfrchs.

icmh 0 Dsths jfsths sd afri gdb nhigh gdstcifgh pfrfjfsths ceprdvcsths.

Frtcmubh =0Vudgf f mfrjh gdb \hgdr D`dmutcvhrdjbfeditfr dstf disdfizf.

Frtcmubh 70F bhs qud afkcdigh mhimbucgh bfs mbfsds,nudrdi dxfecifghs di thgfs bf eftdrcfs, sd bds gdspfmafrfdb ttubh gd Fbkctfr.

Frtcmubh 40Db \hgdr D`dmutcvh gfr muditf gd bfd`dmumci gd dstd gdmrdth.

Di db trfismursh gd bf sdjuigf ectfg gdb scjbh QCQ

prdmcsfeditd db 7 gd hmtukrd gd 6.1>:.bf Fsfekbdf Bdjcsbftcvf

gdb Dstfgh Fpurd, dectc ui gdmrdth mrdfigh ui Cistctuth h

Dsmudbf ^dtdrcifrcf, scjucdigh bf cicmcftcvf gd ui jruph gd

mcugfgfihs rdscgditds di ]fi Ndrifigh, di mfrtf qud refkfi

mhi db sdugiceh mhbdmtcvh gd uihs bbfidrhs, di ghigd

pbfitdfkfi fbjuifs citdrrhjfitds fmdrmf gd bf cidxcstdimcf gd ui

Cistctuth gd Edgcmcif y Mcrujf ^dtdrcifrcf di bf Ticvdrscgfg

Mditrfb, (Whrrdbbfs, 6.31=).

Db gdmrdth dstuvh rdgfmtfgh gd bf scjucditd efidrf0

Mhiscgdrfigh0

6. Vud bf Ticvdrscgfg Mditrfb gd bf Tici mfrdmd gd bfsmtdgrfs idmdsfrcfs pfrf qud bhs afkctfitds gd bhs dstfghs

pudgfi rdmckcr bf cistrueditfmci es mhivdicditd yfgfptfkbd fb prhjrdsh gd sths.

;. Vud fi dxcstcdigh fqudbbfs mtdgrfs di Mfrfmfs, bfseftdrcfs disdfgfs di dbbfs qudgfri efs gdb fbmfimd gdbf jdidrfbcgfg gd bhs fpurdhs, phr mfrdmdr gd bhs edgchs

pfrf trfsbfgfrsd f Mfrfmfs y sukscstcr gurfitd db tcdeph gdsu cistrummci y

=. Vud sdji db pbfi fgfptfgh di bf iudvf Bdy gd Cistrummci\kbcmf sd idmdsctf ui Cistctuth mhepbdeditfrch pfrf bfcistrummci gdb fpurdh.

Gdmrdtf0

Frtcmubh 60]d mrdf di db dstfgh ui Cistctuth h Dsmudbfgd dtdrcifrcf ghigd sd disdfri dxtdisfeditd bhsmhihmcecdiths idmdsfrchs pfrf db efid`h, ed`hrf yedgcmfmci gd bfs dspdmcds khvcifs, dqucifs y gdesficefbds ghestcmhs () tdigr phr sdgd bf mfpctfb gdbdstfgh fpurdh, bhmfb mehgh y fpth pfrf bf ifturfbdzf gdgcmaf fmtcvcgfg y muftrh ecb (7.


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db Vuciqudich (6.1:3-6.117) y db tdrmdrh, db Kcdich(6.11>-6.111). Ditrd db ]dptdich y db Vuciqudich,hmup bf prdscgdimcf gd bf [dpkbcmf, db jdidrfbfrfjdh Nrfimcsmh Bcifrds Fbmitfrf (6.1::-6.1:3)y ditrd db Vuciqudich y db Kcdich, trfismurrc bfprcedrf prdscgdimcf gdb jdidrfb @hfqui Mrdsph.

(6.117-6.11>).

Gurfitd db pdrhgh gd jhkcdrih es bfrjh, db]dptdich, Juzei Kbfimh gdmrdt bf rdhrjficzfmcigd bf Ticvdrscgfg gd Mfrfmfs, ciscstcdigh dimfekcfrbd db ihekrd phr db gd Ticvdrscgfg Mditrfbgd Mfrfmfs (\hbfimh Fbmitfrf, 6.33;, p.14:). ]cidekfrjh, db ffgcgh gd Mditrfb nud bbdvfgh f mfkh di6.1;:, mufigh db Bckdrtfghr prheubjf bhs Dstftuths[dpukbcmfihs gd bf Ticvdrscgfg y hrgdif db mfekch

gd ihekrd, kfsighsd di uif bdy gd bf Jrfi Mhbhekcfprheubjfgf db 61 gd efrzh gd 6.1;>, qud di sumfptubh ^C, rdndrcgh f bfs uicvdrscgfgds mditrfbds,frtcmubh 7;, bf Ticvdrscgfg gd Mfrfmfs, phr dstfrsctufgf di bf Mfpctfb gdb gdpfrtfedith gd ^didzudbf,bd mhrrdsphigf db ihekrd gd Ticvdrscgfg Mditrfb gd

didzudbf gd fmudrgh mhi bhs Dstftuths [dpukbcmfihsgd bf Ticvdrscgfg prheubjfghs phr ]cei Khbvfr di6.1;1.

Di dstd ecseh ]dptdich, db \rdscgditd JuzeiKbfimh dectd ui gdmrdth ghigd hrgdif mrdfr uifMbfsd gd Fjrcmubturf y Phhtdmicf (6.1:>), rdnrdigfghphr db Ecicstrh gd Nhedith Kfrthbhe Ecb gd bf[hmf. Db Jdidrfb @ufi Mrcsstheh Nfbmi phr gdmrdthgd ;4 gd `ubch gd 6.1>=, afkf mrdfgh db Ecicstdrch gdNhedith pfrf qud sd dimfrjfrf gd thgh bh rdbftcvh f bfCistrummci \kbcmf y db gdsfrrhbbh cigustrcfb gdb pfs([dmhpcbfmci gd Bdyds y Gdmrdths ,6.334? ;>=)

Dstd gdmrdth tuvh bf scjucditd rdgfmmci0

Fithich Juzei Kbfimh - \rdscgditd Mhistctumchifb gd bhs

Dstfghs Ticghs gd ^didzudbf Gdmrdtf0

Frtcmubh 60- ]d dstfkbdmd di bf Ticvdrscgfg gd Mfrfmfsuif Mbfsd gd Fjrcmubturf y Phhtdmicf.

Frtcmubh ;0- Db iudvh mursh gurfr ghs fhs, gurfitd bhsmufbds sdri bdghs fbtdrifeditd, uif di ui gf y htrf di dbhtrh, bfs eftdrcfs gd Fjrcmubturf y Phhtdmicf phr db ecsehmftdgrtcmh.

Frtcmubh =0- Bf Ticvdrscgfg prhmdgdr fb ihekrfecdithgdb mftdgrtcmh gd dstf fscjifturf bbdifigh bhs rdqucscthsdxcjcghs pfrf db gd bhs gdes mftdgrtcmhs gd bf ecsefuicvdrscgfg.

Frtcmubh 70- Db sudbgh gdb mftdgrtcmh gd Fjrcmubturfy Phhtdmicf sd pfjfr phr bfs rditfs uicvdrsctfrcfs mhibf suef fscjifgf pfrf db gcrdmthr gd bf Kckbchtdmf gd bfTicvdrscgfg di db gdmrdth gd 66 gd `ubch gd 6.1:7, qud

rdnuig bhs dxtcijucghs mhivdiths y phr bf Wdshrdrfgd Nhedith sd sftcsnfr db sudbgh gd dstd gcrdmthr, tfibudjh mheh bf Ticvdrscgfg afyf admah y pfrtcmcpfgh dbihekrfecdith rdspdmtcvh.

Frtcmubh 40- Db Ecicstrh gd Nhedith qudgf dimfrjfghgd bf d`dmumci gd dstd gdmrdth y gd mheuicmfrbh f qucdimhrrdsphigf.

Gfgh, refgh gd ec efih, sdbbfgh mhi sdbbh gdb D`dmutcvhNdgdrfb y rdnrdigfgh phr db ecicstrh gdb rfeh, di db \fbfmchNdgdrfb gd Mfrfmfs f ;: gd didrh gd 6.1:>, 6; gd bf Bdy y 6: gdbf Ndgdrfmci. Fithich Juzei Kbfimh. [dnrdigfgh0 db Ecicstrhgd Nhedith, Kfrthbhe Ecbf gd bf [hmf (Frmacvh Acstrcmh

gd bf Ticvdrscgfg Mditrfb gd ^didzudbf. Mhrrdsphigdimcf gdbEcicstrh gd Nhedith).

Bf gcrdmmci gd Cistrummci ]dmuigfrcf, di hmchI:, ndmafgh di Mfrfmfs di ndkrdrh 4 gdb ecsehfh 6.1:>, bd pfrtcmcp fb mcugfgfih rdmthr gd bfTicvdrscgfg db ghmthr \dgrh Edgcif (6.164-6.11>),qucdi mfsufbeditd drf egcmh gd Juzei Kbfimh, bhscjucditd0

Di mhpcf futhrczfgf rdecth f ustdg db gdmrdth

dxpdgcgh phr dbCbustrd Fedrcmfih, \rdscgditd gd bf[dpukbcmf di ;: gd didrh btceh, mrdfigh uif Mbfsdgd Fjrcmubturf y Phhtdmicfy gcsphicdigh qud phr bfWdshrdrf Ifmchifb gd Nhedith sd pfjud db sudbgh gdbgcrdmthr gd bf Kckbchtdmf gd bf Ticvdrscgfg Mditrfb.Dspdrh qud ustdg gfr muepbcecdith fb prdmctfghgdmrdth di bf pfrtd qud bd mhrrdsphigd. Gchs yNdgdrfmci Kfrthbhe Ecb gd bf [hmf.Ds mhpcf.Db gcrdmthr gd Cistrummci ]dmuigfrcf ^cbbfvcmdimch.

Db mcugfgfih qud rdprhgumd bf mhpcf drf [fnfdb^cbbfvcmdimch (6.1=1-6.3;


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bf Acsthrcf (6.3-6.114), qud mubtcvfkf bf khticmf, fjrhihef,jdhbhjf, dtihjrfnf, pfbdhithbhjf y zhhtdmicf. Afkfscgh mftdgrtcmh gd Gdrdmah Mfiicjh d AcsthrcfTicvdrsfb. Afkf pukbcmfgh di bf prdisf fbdjfths`urgcmhs shkrd tdefs gd bhs mhephiditds gd bf mbfsdpfrf bf mufb nud prhehvcgh. (\rdz Efrmadbbc, 6.33:.Wheh 6, p. 3:).

[drcighsd f dstf mbfsd, db acsthrcfghr y Mrhicstfgd bf Ticvdrscgfg Mditrfb gd ^didzudbf, ghmthrCbgdnhish Bdfb eficdstf qud0 db mursh gurfkf ghsfhs, pdrh ih sfkdehs sc bbdj f cepfrtcrsd (Bdfb,

6.316, p.3:). Ihshtrhs adehs dimhitrfgh di db FrmacvhAcstrcmh gd bf Ticvdrscgfg Mditrfb gd ^didzudbf, didb bckrh gd ^csctfs f Mbfsds qud di 6.1:: sd aczh uifvcsctf f bf mtdgrf (scm) gd fjrcmubturf y zhhtdmicf,rdprdsditfgf phr db ghmthr ijdb Efrf bfeh, ghigdghs dstugcfitds gdmbfrfrhi qud gcmah mftdgrtcmh

muepbf mhi sus hkbcjfmchids. (Frmacvh Acstrcmh gdbf TM^.6.14;-6.1::, Bckrh 7;:). Citdrprdtfehs qudpdsd f bf mfitcgfg gd fbueihs prdsditd di bf mbfsddb gf gd bf vcsctf, bf mbfsd sc sd cepfrtc. Bh qud ihpugcehs fvdrcjufr nud bf mhistfimcf gd sc sd mhitciucepfrtcdigh gdspus gd 6.1::.

Db fkhjfgh, ecbctfr y phbtcmh qud nud \rdscgditdgd bf [dpukbcmf gurfitd db pdrchgh 6.13-6.3


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mhitdicgh gd su frtmubh 41 dxprdsfkf0 Bf disdfizfdi bfs uicvdrscgfgds, mhbdjchs y gdes cistctuthsifmchifbds ds jrftuctf? bhs fspcrfitds f bhs ttubhs

fmfgecmhs gdkfi pfjfr0 mcdith trdcitf khbvfrdsphr ttubh gd kfmacbbdr, fjrcedishr h prdmdpthr?

trdsmcdiths muftrh khbvfrds phr db ttubh gd ghmthr

h cijdicdrh, efs mcimuditf y sdcs khbvfrds phr bfbdmturf gd bf tdscs y mcdith ihvditf y ghs khbvfrdsphr db ttubh y dxfedi prmtcmh pfrf gditcstf, pfrtdrhh vdtdrcifrch

Sf sd cimbuf bf phsckcbcgfg gd jrfgufrsd mhehvdtdrcifrch, phr bh qud Mrdsph fgectc bf idmdscgfg gdgfrbd mfkcgf f dsths dstugchs di uif dsmudbf dspdmcfbqud fb ifb gdkf fgsmrckcrsd f bf Ticvdrscgfg Mditrfb.\rhkfkbdeditd bhs fvftfrds gd bf mfepff qud tuvh

qud shstdidr gdndigcdigh su jhkcdrih gd tfithsdidecjhs, bd hmup db tcdeph phicdigh f ui bfgh bfmrdfmci gd bf dsmudbf.

Di db fh 6.133 dstfbbf uif iudvf rdvhbumci,bf bbfefgf [dvhbumci Bckdrfb [dstfurfghrf qudmhefigfkf db jdidrfb figcih Mcprcfih Mfstrh. Dstdsd dimhitrfkf dxcbcfgh di Mmutf, Mhbhekcf, afmcfghigd tuvh qud sfbcr phr afkdr fphyfgh, `uith mhi@ufi ^cmditd Jedz, db jhkcdrih gd [fceuigh

Figudzf \fbfmch (6.17>-6.33,I6, pp. 6=-67).

Bhs prhpcdtfrchs gd bfs vfqudrfs dxphifi bfs

vfmfs f bf vcstf gd bhs mheprfghrds gd bf bdmad, fqucdids sdrvfi di rdmcpcditds gd vfrchs tcphs. Bfbdmad drf vdigcgf fb prdmch gd trds bhmafs db bctrh,tdrecifigh bf vditf rpcgfeditd phrqud pfrf bf phmfdb mhisueh drf fkuigfitd, gfgh qud sd mhiscgdrfkfbf bdmad nrdsmf mheh ui kudi rdedgch pfrf bfsfndmmchids rdspcrfthrcfs.

Ih sd prfmtcmfkf cispdmmci sfictfrcf y afmf bfsvdmds gd cispdmthr db prhpch `dnd gd bf phbcmf, qucdi

fpdifs sd gdgcmfkf f mheprhkfr sc bf bdmad afkfscgh fgubtdrfgf mhi fjuf. Kf`h bf scepbd shspdmafgd nrfugd, bf phbcmf prhmdgf f rdtdidr fb vdigdghrcephicighbd eubtf y gdmhecsighbd db prhgumthpfrf uif prudkf, ghigd sd utcbczfkf ui scepbdgdisedtrh. ]c bf prudkf rdsubtfkf phsctcvf sd gdtdiffb cinrfmthr, sd bd fpbcmfkf bf eubtf mhrrdsphigcditdy sd bd gdmhecsfkf bf bdmad y afstf phgf fpbcmrsdbduif pdif gd frrdsth prhphrmchifb.

Nud idmdsfrch dspdrfr afstf db fh 6.3


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gcmubtfkf mhkrfr uif fmdptfkbd tfsf phr bf mhisubtf.(Kfuedcstdr,6.37=, hk.mct.).

Afmcf 6.3=y f qucdi mhepdtf gcrcjcr y mfifbczfr bfs fmtcvcgfgdsfjrmhbfs y pdmufrcfs. Ti iudvh Ecicstdrch gdNhedith ifmd phr gdmrdth d`dmutcvh db ;= gd hmtukrdgd 6.133, di db cicmch gdb jhkcdrih gdb jdidrfb McprcfihMfstrh (6.133-6.3,hk. mct., p. 7>).

Db ghmthr Fjhstcic nud gcbcjditd prhndschifb dieftfgdrhs cispdmmchifigh mfrid nfdifgf gd khvcihsy di bhs edrmfghs mucgfigh bf acjcdid gd bfs mfridsgd fvds, pdsmfghs y htrhs ficefbds gd fkfsth. Gdbh qud sd sfkd gd su pdrshif sd mhihmd qud tdrecitrfkf`figh di vfqudrfs prhpcdgfg gdb prdscgditd@ufi ^cmditd Jedz y di fqudbbfs pdrtdidmcditds fbhs ac`hs gd std. Mucgfkf tfekci bf sfbug gd bhsficefbds gdb zhhbjcmh gd Bfs Gdbcmcfs, Efrfmfy dcitdrvdif di bf cispdmmci gd mfkfbbhs gd mfrrdrf di

db acpgrheh gdDb \frfsh.

F prhpscth gd bhs acpgrhehs, di 6.134 sdcifujur db acpgrhehgd ]fkfif Jrfigd, tdicdighidmdscgfg, phr supudsth gd prhndschifbds pfrf bfftdimci gd bfs bfkhrds qud gdkfi sdr pudstfs diprmtcmf pfrf prdsdrvfr bf sfbug gd bhs purfsfijrd ypfrf bf cispdmmci vdtdrcifrcf bhs gfs gd mfrrdrfs.Jdidrfbeditd sd tcdid mheh db prcedr acpgrheh

ghigd tuvcdrhi bujfr bfs prcedrfs rduichids apcmfsdb cifujurfgh di ]fkfif Jrfigd? sci dekfrjh bfprcedrf mfrrdrf dndmtufgf phrpurf sfijrdssd mdbdkrdi Mfrfmfs di efyh gdb 6.13:, di db dxtrdeh hdstdgd bf mfbbd gd ]fi @ufi, di db sctch gdihecifgh \fbhJrfigd (Ifzhf, 6.31:).

Db sdjuigh vfbh gdspus gdb mhistrucgh di]fkfif Jrfigd, nud db qud sd aczh mhistrucr di bfurkficzfmci Db \frfsh, qud bbdvfkf dstd ecsehihekrd, y qud nud cifujurfgh db 64 gd ndkrdrh gd6.3


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43, nud db tdrmdrh y btcehgd bhs prdscgditds prhvcshrchs gurfitd db jhkcdrihgd @ufi ^cmditd Jedz. Dimfrjfgh phr db MhijrdshIfmchifb di fkrcb gd 6.3;3. \drefidmcdigh di dbd`drmcmch gdb mfrjh afstf db 6; gd `uich gd 6.3=6.(Trgfidtf, 6.334.bhs \rdscgditds. ^hb., CCC, p.6:6). Db: gd efyh gd 6.34; eudrd gd ui cinfrth fb echmfrgchgdspus gd pfgdmdr gd frtdrchdsmbdrhscs.

]cdigh Ecicstrh gd Cistrummci \ukbcmf db prcedr

prdscgditd prhvcshrch gdb jdidrfb Jedz, db ghmthr@hs Jcb Nhrthub di 6.36=, fb prdsditfr su edehrcffb Mhijrdsh Ifmchifb afmd acimfpc di bhs fsuithsrdbfmchifghs mhi bf fjrcmubturf y bf pdmufrcf, shkrdthgh, bh rdbfmchifgh f bf disdfizf muyf nfbtf,sdji su mrctdrch af dithrpdmcgh y fi mheprhedtcghrdmcfeditd bf rcqudzf pkbcmf (). Wfi dvcgditd dsbf idmdscgfg gd uif Dsmudbf gd Fjrcmubturf, Mrfy dtdrcifrcf y tfi mhihmcgfs gd thghs shi thgfs bffspcrfmci scdeprd bftditd f qud sd bds rdedgcd, qud

ih idmdscth dimfrdmdr bf scjicmfmci nuigfeditfbgdb gdmrdth di qud db \rdscgditd gd bf [dpkbcmf phidbfs kfsds gd dsf disdfizf fb mrdfr db prcedr Cistctuthgd su jidrh mhi bfs prdvcschids gd ui gdsfrrhbbhfepbch, mufb muepbd f bfs nuimchids qud bd mhepdtdi(Jcb Nhrthub, 6.34>, pp,;:3-;37).

Db gdmrdth di mudstci dstfkf rdgfmtfgh fs0

Jdidrfb @. ^ .Jedz. \rdscgditd gd bhs

Dstfghs Ticghs gd ^didzudbf

Gdmrdtf0

Frtcmubh 6.- ]d mrdf uif Dsmudbf Ndgdrfb gd Fjrcmubturf,Mrf y ^dtdrcifrcf.

Frtcmubh;.- Dstf dsmudbf gcsphigr gd bhs dgcmchsidmdsfrchs f bf disdfizf tmicmf y prmtcmf, citdrifgh,cistfbfmci gd bfkhrfthrchs, jrfi`fs ehgdbhs mhi susgdpdigdimcfs y bhs mfephs qud sd rdqucdrfi pfrf pfsths ymubtcvhs dxpdrceditfbds y gdehstrftcvhs.

Frtcmubh =.- Db citdrifgh fgectcr fbueihs gd bhs dstfghs


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gd bf Tici, gdb Gcstrcth Ndgdrfb y gd bhs WdrrcthrchsNdgdrfbds, mhinhred fb rdjbfedith qud gcmtd db \hgdrD`dmutcvh.

Frtcmubh 7.- ]d shbcmctfr fb Mhijrdsh Ifmchifb disus sdschids gd dstd fh qud sdfbd db sctch ghigd af gdnuimchifr bf dsmudbf y hrgdid bfs drhjfmchids idmdsfrcfs fsu cistfbfmci y shstdicecdith.

Frtcmubh 4.- Db Ecicstdrch gd Cistrummci \ukbcmfprhvddr phr rdshbumchids dspdmcfbds f bf hrjficzfmcigdictcvf gd bf dsmudbf, `figh fb prhpch tcdeph su

pdrshifb ghmditd y db pbfi gd disdfizf.

Frtcmubh >.- Db Ecicstdrch gd Cistrummci \ukbcmf qudgfdimfrjfgh gd bf d`dmumci gd dstd gdmrdth.

Gfgh, refgh, sdbbfgh mhi db sdbbh gdb D`dmutcvh Ndgdrfb yrdnrdigfgh phr db Ecicstrh gd Cistrummci \ukbcmf di db \fbfmchNdgdrfb di Mfrfmfs f qucimd gd fkrcb gd ecb ihvdmcdiths ghmd,Fh 6>=). phstdrchreditdpfsf f sdr prhpcdgfg gd Mfrbhs \fbfmchs y f su eudrtddb 4 gd efyh gd 6.137 bf adrdgfrhi sus ac`hs KdbiNrfimcsmf, Edrmdgds y Mfrbhs Efiudb \fbfmchs,qucdids trfspfsfrhi sus gdrdmahs y fmmchids f @hs[fnfdb \fbfmchs qucdi di 6.3


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jdidrfb @ufi ^cmditd Jedz mfi`d mfsfs y tdrrdihsgd su prhpcdgfg sctufghs di Mfrfmfs, Efrfmfy y^fbdimcf phr bfs afmcdigfs bf mufb di 6.3;7 db ecsehjdidrfb mdgc pfrf cistfbfr di gcmaf phsdsci fbbbfefgh [dnujch Cinfitcb pfrf frhids gcrcjcgh phrdb pfgrd Fithich Bdya, sfmdrghtd kdidgcmtcih gd bf

Mhijrdjfmci Fbdefif gd ]t. Htcbcdi.

Bf afmcdigf pfsf f efihs gd bf Ifmci phrafkdrbd scgh mhismfgf di 6.3=> f bhs adrdgdrhs gdbjdidrfb Jedz, phr gdmrdth mhismfthrch gcmtfgh phrdb Mhijrdsh Ifmchifb. Fvfizfigh db tcdeph di 6.37=bd ds fgsmrctf fb Ecicstdrch gd Fjrcmubturf y Mrf y di6.371 nud gcvcgcgf pfrf mdgdr uif pfrtd fb Ecicstdrchgd bf Gdndisf y bf htrf fb Ecicstdrch gd ]ficgfg yFscstdimcf ]hmcfb.

Fpfrdmd Adiry \cttcdr

Bf dsmudbf f bf qud fspcrfkf db jdidrfb @ufi^cmditd Jedz sd suphif gdstcifgf f bf nhrefmcigd cijdicdrhs fjrihehs, zhhtdmicstfs y vdtdrcifrchsy dstfrf ukcmfgf sdji db prhydmth cicmcfb di bfsmdrmfifs gd bf mcugfg gd Efrfmfy, di bf afmcdigfBfWrcicgfg.

Sf di 6.36< fmtufigh mheh mhijrdsfitd gd bf[dpkbcmf Jcb Nhrthub di db sdih gd bf mhecsci gdCistrummci \kbcmf qud gcsmutf uif mheuicmfmciqud afkf gcrcjcgh fb sdih gdb Mhijrdsh ghi DjcgchEhitdscihs Mfidbi ghigd pdgf futhrczfmci pfrfqud di db mhbdjch Bf Mhimhrgcf qud b rdjditfkf

di Db Whmuyh, dstfgh Bfrf, sd dxpcgcdrf db ttubhgd kfmacbbdr. Ehitdscihs Mfidbi drf fecjh y nudprhndshr di Db Whmuyh gd Jcb Nhrthub. Afkf ifmcghdi dsf mcugfg di 6.1=6 y eurc di bf ecsef di6.36=. Db 64 gd ihvcdekrd gd 6.1>= nuig db mhbdjchBf Mhimhrgcf y di 6.1:< rdmckc bf futhrczfmcipfrf cepfrtcr disdfizf sdmuigfrcf. Jcb Nhrthub digcsmusci susmctfgf di bf mhecsci ih shbfeditdqudrf mhepbfmdr f su efdstrh di bf pdtcmci, scihqud ffgf qud sd bd pdrectcdrf bf disdfizf gd bffjrcmubturf y bf mrf, phrqud ih sd mhimdkf- mhehfrjueditfkf - qud ui pfs gd tfi ciedish tdrrcthrch,mhi sus dxtdisfs prfgdrfs gdstcifgfs f bf mrf, ihtdijf fui dsmudbfs gd vdtdrcifrcf? ih sd vd thgfvf

uif dsmudbf gd fjrcmubturf di iudstrhs nrtcbds mfephsqud dsti dspdrfigh thgf mbfsd gd mubtcvhs. ]uphijh,sdhrds, qud ih hbvcgfrdehs f su tcdeph bbdifr dshsvfmchs y ftdigdr dstfs fprdecfitds idmdscgfgds(JcbNhrthub, 6.34>, hk.mct.). Dstd nud uih gd bhs fmcmftds

gd Jcb Nhrthub pfrf prhphidr di 6.36;, bf mrdfmci gdbf dsmudbf.

Db jhkcdrih gdmcgd kusmfr bf fsdshrf gdb sfkchAdiry \cttcdr, f qucdi sd civct f vdicr gdspus gdafkdrbh mhitfmtfgh di Zfsacijthi ghigd trfkf`fkf didb Gdpfrtfedith gd Fjrcmubturf. Db ecseh Jcb Nhrthubbh afkf mhitfmtfgh y nud tfi kudif bf ceprdsci qudbd mfus db sfkch \cttcdr qud pcgc bf futhrczfmci pfrfafmdr dndmtcvf bf civctfmci.

Fb bbdjfr fb pfs bd nud dxpbcmfgh db prhydmth y sdbd mhecschi pfrf bdvfitfr db cinhred mhrrdsphigcditdfmdrmf gd bfs mhigcmchids gdb sctch qud sd afkfdsmhjcgh. Gdspus gd uif dxafustcvf cispdmmci\cttcdr ds mhitrfrch f bf cgdf gd bhs prhpubshrds gd bfzhif y rdectd fb jhkcdrih ui cinhred dxpbcmfigh bfsrfzhids gd su hpcici tmicmf.



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Db ghmuedith dxpbcmf di nhref phredihrczfgf susmrtcmfs f bf rdndrcgf dsmudbf y f su dstfkbdmcecdith dibf mcugfg gd Efrfmfy y, di pfrtcmubfr, gd bf afmcdigfBf Wrcicgfg mheh sctch ghigd sdrcf nuigfgf? fsecseh gdtfbbf bhs dbdediths qud gdkdi thefrsd dimuditf pfrf dstfkbdmdr bfs dstfmchids dxpdrceditfbds

prhpudstfs(Wdxdrf, Shbfigf Mhepcbfghrf,6.331,p.;) qucdi sumdgc fJcb Nhrthub di bf mfrtdrfgd dgumfmci (didrh

6.36=), qud db jhkcdrihbd afkf dijffgh fb

fsdjurfrbd qud bf dsmudbfih afkf scgh mrdfgffui. Di dndmth, gdsgd

db fh fitdrchr (6.36;) db jhkcdrih afkf gcspudsthsu mrdfmci sdji gdmrdth gd 64 gd fkrcb gd 6.36; yprhmdgcgh f dxprhpcfr bf afmcdigf Bf Wrcicgfg? Drfmheprhkfkbd phr db ghmuedith gd bf Mhrtd Ndgdrfby gd Mfsfmci qud sd rdndrf f bf shbcmctug gddxprhpcfmci gd bhs tdrrdihs y dgcmchs gd bf afmcdigfBf Wrcicgfg, pfrf db dstfkbdmcecdith gd bf DsmudbfNdgdrfb gd Fjrcmubturf, Mrf y dtdrcifrcf, (JfmdtfHmcfb I66>>7, 64 gd `ubch gd 6.36;, pp.=4.1;6-=4.1;;).

Db mcditmh \cttcdr dsmrckc ghs mheuicmfmchids,gcrcjcgfs fb Ecicstrh gd Cistrummci \ukbcmf ghigd bdafmd mhihmdr su hpcici mhi rdspdmth f bf mrdfmci gdbf dsmudbf prdmcsfeditd di bf afmcdigfBf Wrcicgfg.

Di bf btcef mfrtf dsmrctf di Mfrfmfs db ;4 gdndkrdrh gd 6.36=, dxprdsfkf qud di dshs ehedithsFrfjuf pfsfkf phr ui pdrchgh gd gdmfgdimcf dimufith f mhigcmchids hptcefs pfrf bhs ids gd uifdsmudbf gd dsd tcph pudsth qud sus tcdrrfs nftcjfgfsy dephkrdmcgfs vfi rdgumcighsd f bf mhigcmcigd phtrdrhs, di mfekch Mfrfmfs rdprdsditf db icvdb

edgch mhi db mhiscjucditd mbcef gd 63 jrfghs, eumahedihs qud db gd Efrfmfy, mhi sus ;4 jrfghs y efs ysus mhpchsfs bbuvcfs gd civcdrih.

Di bf mfrtf nhreubfkf muftrh prdjuitfs0

6. ]c bf afmcdigfBf Wrcicgfgtdicf fjuf sumcditd

pfrf ftdigdr f thgfs sus idmdscgfgds y sc dxcstddi dbbh fjuf phtfkbd y gd kudif mfbcgfg.

;. ]c db mbcef gd gcmaf afmcdigf ds gd kudifsmhigcmchids

=. ]c sus tdrrdihs tcdidi kudif mfpf vdjdtfb y mhi bhsdbdediths idmdsfrchs pfrf thgf mbfsd gd mubtcvhs.

7. ]c phr sus mhigcmchids acjcicmfs ds fprhpcfgfpfrf dstfkbdmdr di dbbf bf Dsmudbf Ndgdrfb gdFjrcmubturf, Mrf y dtdrcifrcf

Fitd bfs muftrh prdjuitfs b ecseh mhitdstf

dintcmfeditd qud IH!

Db mbcef ds bh qud sd bbfef sdecrcgh, dsth ds, ghsdstfmchids mfrfmtdrczfgfs phr dxmdsh gd auedgfg ybbuvcf y bf htrf phr db dxmdsh gd sdqucf y gd vcdith.

Bfs fjufs gd vdrfih qud shi mhi bfs qud muditf,shi gdmcditds d cisfbukrds. Bh gd fprhvdmafr bfsfjufs gdb Bfjh gd ^fbdimcf ds ui disudh gd tfrgfrdfbczfmci.

Bf ndrfmcgfg gd bhs tdrrdihs ihs gd`f vdr qudshi es kcdi mfisfghs qud gdsgcmdi gd bf nfehsftrfgcmci. Ih bhs mhiscgdrf dsdimcfbeditd efbhs,pdrh f bh sueh shi gd edgcfif mfpfmcgfg prhgumtcvf.

Mrdd qud db mbcef gd Efrfmfy ih ds sfih. Dimufith f mcifjfs dxcstdi fi di dstf ndmaf f mhrtfgcstfimcf gd bf mfsf gd Bf Wrcicgfg y stf ih dstdxditf gd ehsqucths (Wdxdrf, 6.331, hk.mct., p. 16).

Di ui cinhred dsmrcth fihtf ditrd bhs cimhi-vdicditds, mheh db mbcef, mfrdimcf gd fjuf gd rcdjh,fjufs cisfbukrds pfrf db ush gd bfs pdrshifs bcjfgfsmhi bfs bfkhrds gd bf dsmudbf y prdvdf bfs gcmubtfgdspfrf db rdmbutfecdith gdb pdrshifb ghmditd y edimchifmheh bujfr cgdfb pfrf sctufr bf cistctumci, bf mcugfggd Mfrfmfs h sus mdrmfifs. Bfs vfs gd mheuicmfmcigd ihtfkbd cephrtfimcf, sdji bh qud afkf fprdmcfgh,shi phmfs y efbfs.


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Wdrecif dxprdsfigh qud Mfrfmfs drf cgdfb pfrfmrdfr uif Dstfmci Mditrfb Dxpdrceditfb y susbfkhrfthrchs. Bf Wrcicgfg, sc kcdi prdsditf vditf`fsih ds bujfr prhpch pfrf gcmaf dstfmci, ic eumahedihs pfrf uif dsmudbf. Mfrfmfs ds sctch hkbcjfghpfrf uif y htrf () sc sd ciscstcdrf di ukcmfr uif

dsmudbf prhndschifb di Efrfmfy, bf prugdimcf esdbdeditfb fmhisd`f gd ih afmdrbh scih gdspus gdqud afyfi trfismurrcgh ui fh h ghs, gfigh fsdb tcdeph idmdsfrch pfrf dstugcfr gdtdicgfeditdbfs mhigcmchids acjcicmfs y mbcetcmfs, fs mhehtfekci gd bhs sudbhs y gdb fkfstdmcecdith gd bfsfjufs (Ckgde, pp.:4-1


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ghmthr Whbdgh Wru`cbbh sd dimfrj di 6.3=< gdb rdmcimrdfgh Ecicstdrch gd ]fbukrcgfg, Fjrcmubturf y Mrf,mheprdigc qud fitd thgh drf idmdsfrch ui gdtdicghdstugch gd bf sctufmci fjrfrcf ifmchifb. Gfgf bfdsmfsdz gd prhndschifbds mrchbbhs sd mhitrftfrhi ftrfvs gd bf hmcif gd Mhhpdrfmci Fjrmhbf gd bf

Tici \fifedrcmfif, mhepdtditds y dxpdrceditfghsfjrihehs y vdtdrcifrchs dxtrfi`drhs qud rcigcdrhiuif nrumtndrf bfkhr h cicmcfrhi di ^didzudbf uimcdrth jrfgh gd pbficmfmci jdidrfb fjrfrcf(JfmdtfEgcmf gd Mfrfmfs, 6.314).

Dsths prhndschifbdseuy phmh pdrefidmcdrhidi sus hmcifs. ]dgdgcmfrhi es kcdi f

vcsctfr afmcdigfs y imfsjfifgdrfs di thgh db pfsmhistftfigh bfs jrfigdsgdmcdimcfs gdkcgfs,di prcedr trecih fprmtcmfs prcectcvfs y fuif mfsc thtfb cjihrfimcfgd bhs ehgdrihs

prhmdgcecdiths gd efid`hs mbicmhs y tdrfputcmhs.

Drf urjditd mheh bh mrdf db Ecicstrh WhbdghWru`cbbh bf mfpfmctfmci gdb pdrshifb y gd uifbdjcsbfmci kscmf. ]d mhecdizf phr prheubjfrdi 6.3=< uif bdy gd Gdndisf ^djdtfb y Ficefb. Di6.3=; sd mrd bf Dsmudbf gd Dxpdrths Fjrhpdmufrchsy sd gcmt db\rcedr Mursh gd \rfmtcmfs di ]ficgfgFicefb, di 6.3=7.

Bhs hk`dtcvhs gd bf Dsmudbf gd DxpdrthsFjrhpdmufrchs drfi prhphrmchifr uif disdfizf

dsdimcfbeditd prmtcmf gd bfs mcdimcfs fjrmhbfsy pdmufrcfs, fs mheh bhs mhihmcecdiths tmicmhscigcspdisfkbds pfrf bf ed`hr mheprdisci y utcbczfmcigd gcmaf disdfizf (Ecicstdrch gd ]fbukrcgfg,Fjrcmubturf y Mrf, 6.3==, p.:). Bf dsmudbf gdkfmhedizfr f nuimchifr db 6 gd didrh gd 6.3==.

Db gdmrdth bh ref db jdidrfb @ufi ^cmditdJedz y ds rdnrdigfgh phr bhs ecicstrhs gd Afmcdigf

Dnri Jhizbdz y gd ]fbukrcgfg, Fjrcmubturf y Mrf,Adircqud Whbdgh Wru`cbbh, di Mfrfmfs f bhs gcdmciudvdgfs gdb eds gd gcmcdekrd gd ecb ihvdmcdiths trdcitfy ghs. (Ckgde).

Db jhkcdrih gdmcgd kdmfr fbueihs gd bf dsmudbf,

pdrh mhi bf mhigcmci gd qud mfgf dstfgh divcfrfb Ecicstdrch gd ]fbukrcgfg y Fjrcmubturf y Mrf, bhmhrrdsphigcditd di gcidrh f mfgf fbueih gd su muhtf.Db Ecicstrh Whbdgh Wru`cbbh sd gcrcjd f bhs prdscgditdsgd dstfgh f trfvs gdb Ecicstdrch gd [dbfmchidsCitdrchrds, di bhs scjucditds trecihs0

Wdijh f ahirf gcrcjcred f ustdg f hk`dth gd qudsd scrvf mheuicmfr f bhs mcugfgfihs prdscgditdsgd dstfgh y jhkdrifghr gdb Gcstrcth Ndgdrfb qudf pfrtcr gdb 6 gd ndkrdrh prxceh gdkdi rdectcrsus jcrhs mhrrdsphigcditds f bfs pdischids pfrffbueihs gd bf Dsmudbf gd Dxpdrths Fjrhpdmufrchs,fb mcugfgfih tdicditd mhrhidb Nrfimcsmh Bdhifrgc,Cispdmthr Fgecicstrftcvh gd bf dsmudbf phr edgcfmcigd bf Fjdimcf gdb Kfimh gd ^didzudbf di Efrfmfy( Ecicstdrch gd ]fbukrcgfg, Fjrcmubturf y Mrf,Edehrcf,63=7, p.>


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ecb khbvfrds phr qucimdif. Db prdsupudsth fbmfizfkff mcimh ecb mcdi khbvfrds qucimdifbds. Db vdtdrcifrchy db tmicmh jfifgdrh jfifrfi ui ecb qucicdithskhbvfrds edisufbds mfgf uih. (Ckgde). Gcrcjcrf bfdsmudbf db Cijdicdrh Fjriheh B. Jdcjdb Adriigdz.

\frf cicmcfr db mursh sd cismrckcdrhi ui thtfb gdtrdcitf y ghs fbueihs ditrd kfmacbbdrds y htrhs qudafkfi mursfgh bf cistrummci prcefrcf supdrchr hafkfi fprhkfgh db sdjuigh fh gd kfmacbbdrfthprhmdgditd gd bhs gcndrditds dstfghs y gdb GcstrcthNdgdrfb. \hr db dstfgh Frfjuf sd afkf cismrcthdb kfmacbbdr [fb gd Frefs. Db mursh ifbcz db 63gd gcmcdekrd gd 6.3=7. (Ecicstdrch gd ]fbukrcgfg,Fjrcmubturf y Mrf, 6.3=4, p. ;=1).

Db cijdicdrh Jdcjdb Adriigdz fb prdsditfr suprcedr cinhred di 6.3=4 fitd db mcugfgfih Ecicstrh gd]fbukrcgfg, Fjrcmubturf y Mrf, mhecdizf scjicmfighqud muepbf mhi db prdmdpth rdjbfeditfrch qud bd cephifdb iuedrfb 4 gd bf sdmmci C^ gdb rdjbfedith vcjditdgd bfDsmudbf gd Dxpdrths Fjrhpdmufrchsy gcsmrcecifqud0 gurfitd db prcedr sdedstrd bfs fscjifturfsgd Fifthef y Ncschbhjf Ficefb, pdrtdidmcditdsf bf mtdgrf ^dtdrcifrcf C, nudrfi gcmtfgfs kf`h bfgcrdmmci gdb ghmthr Diugch [cvdrf, gd fmudrgh mhi

db tdefrch prdpfrfgh phr db ghmthr ^bfgcecr Oukdspfrf bhs prmtcmhs gd ]ficgfg Ficefb. Cjufb sumdgcdi db sdjuigh sdedstrd, pdrh fkfrmfigh db dstugchy trftfecdith gd bfs dindredgfgds mhrrcditds gd bhsficefbds ghestcmhs. Bf pfrtd tdrcmf mhiscstf dibf disdfizf gd Acsthbhjf, Fifthef, Ncschbhjf,Kfmtdrchbhjf y \frfscthbhjf. Bf pfrtd prmtcmf sdmukrf afmcdigh ush gd bhs ficefbds gd bf dsmudbfy kdmdrrhs dindrehs h eudrths di bhs phtrdrhsvdmcihs y mhiscstf di0 Fifthef Ficefb Dxtdrif,Fifthef Ficefb Citdrif, futhpscfs, fgecicstrfmcigd ciydmmchids citrfgrecmfs, sukmutidfs, citrf-eusmubfrds d citrfvdihsfs, gdtdrecifmci gdb dstfghehrkhsh gdb ficefb, ush gdb tdreedtrh, trhmfr yhtrhs cistruediths vdtdrcifrchs, mucgh vdtdrcifrchgd bhs ficefbds gd bf dsmudbf, vfmuifmchids, pfrths,murfmci gd adrcgfs, cindmmchids, dtm. (Ecicstdrch gd]fbukrcgfg, Fjrcmubturf y Mrcf,6.3=4. t. =, pp.;63-;=1).

Di db mursh gd Cigustrcf Ficefb, mhrrdsphigcditdfb sdjuigh sdedstrd, tfekci f mfrjh gdb ghmthrDiugch F. [cvdrf Cijdicdrh Fjriheh, dspdmcfbczfghdi jfifgdrf, ifmcgh di \udrth [cmh, sd disd bfefiunfmturf gd qudsh, efitdqucbbf y htrhs prhgumthsgd bf cigustrcf ficefb gd vfbhr mhedrmcfb.

Bf bcstf gd cismrcths, uif vdz tdrecifgh db murshy gcspudsths bhs fbueihs pfrf rdmckcr su ttubh gdDxpdrth Fjrhpdmufrch? nud bf scjucditd0

@hs Bucs Efury Efiudb \fbef Kr. Fisdbeh Dsmfbhif \fbef Kr. Fbnrdgh Bhzfih ^cbbdjfs Kr. @uvdifb Mfedrh Pfehrf Nbcx Macrcihs Kr. Dbh Ifrfi`h Adrrdrf [fnfdb Adriigdz Fbd`figrh Whrrdfbkf B. Kr. Dbcsdh ]drrds. Amthr Fijubh Trgfidtf Kr. [fb gd Frefs

Mrdfmci gdb prcedr mursh gd \rmtcmhs di

]ficgfg FicefbDb ghmthr Adircqud Whbdgh Wru`cbbh, qucdi d`drmf

mheh Ecicstrh gd ]fbukrcgfg, Fjrcmubturf y Mrf,aczh pkbcmh db ;6 gd ihvcdekrd gd 6.3== ui fvcshhmcfb di ghigd pfrtcmcpfkf bf mrdfmci gd ui murshgd \rmtcmhs di ]ficgfg Ficefb, mhepbdtfeditdjrftcs mhi ui fh gd gurfmci. Db > gd didrh gdb fh6.3=7 sd bd fscjif fb ghmthr ^bfgcecr Oukds bf ecscigd gcrcjcr db mursh, db mufb sd cicmc db 6; gd didrh

gdb ecseh fh, di ui bhmfb gdb fitcjuh Cistctuth gdAcjcdid qud dstfkf sctufgh ditrd Mruz gd bf ^djfy \fbh Jrfigd. Mheh fyugfitd gdb mursh fmtu bfsdhrctf Byf Cekdr, di dsd dithimds dstugcfitd gdEdgcmcif.

Db Ecicstrh gd ]fbukrcgfg, Fjrcmubturf y Mrf,ghmthr Adircqud Whbdgh Wru`cbbh aczh pukbcmfr db fvcshscjucditd0


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Dstfghs Ticghs gd ^didzudbf Ecicstdrchgd ]fbukrcgfg, Fjrcmubturf y Mrf Gcrdmmci gdFjrcmubturf y Mrf Mfrfmfs ;6 gd ihvcdekrd gd6.3==-6;6 y :4.

Afkcdigh rdsudbth dstd ecicstdrch fkrcr

prxcefeditd ui mursh pfrf bf disdfizf gd\rmtcmhsdi ]ficgfg Ficefb, db mufb sd bbdvfr f mfkh di pfrtddi bhs bfkhrfthrchs gd dstd gdpfrtfedith y di bhsbbfihs gd didzudbf, sd afmd sfkdr f thghs bhs vdidsqud fspcrfi f sdr cismrcths di gcmah mursh, qud pudgdigcrcjcr f dstd gdspfmah f bf efyhr krdvdgfg phsckbd,sus rdspdmtcvfs shbcmctugds gdkcdigh dstfs mhitdidrbfs rdndrdimcfs pdrshifbds gd bhs phstubfitds y vdicrfmhepffghs gd bf scjucditd ghmueditfmci0

Ti mdrtcmfgh gd sfbug dxpdgcgh mhinhred dbehgdbh qud sd mhpcf fb pcd gd dstd fvcsh.

Ti mdrtcmfgh gd kudif mhigumtf, refghphr bh edihs phr ghs pdrshifs gd rdmhihmcgfahihrfkcbcgfg.

Bf mdrtcmfmci gd afkdr mhimbucgh su mursh gdcistrummci sdmuigfrcf ,y

Tif cinhrefmci fmdrmf gd bf vcimubfmci qudpudgfi tdidr mhi bf dxpbhtfmci jfifgdrf gdb pfs.

Db mursh gd disdfizf gd \rmtcmhs di

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