Buenos Aires negra: Identidad y Cultura - Vol. 16

7/22/2019 Buenos Aires negra: Identidad y Cultura - Vol. 16

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Aukcds Ghrks cklrg. Hnkcthngn y @ubturg

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^kjgs nk Ygtrhjdchd @ubturgb76

@djphbgndrg= Bh`. Bkth`hg Jgrdcksk


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^kjgs nk Ygtrhjdchd @ubturgb 76

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JHCHP^KQHD NK @[B^[QG

Mkfk nk LdahkrcdBh`. Mdrlk kbkrjgc

Jhchstrg nk @ubturgGrq. Phbvhg Fgmrk

Puask`rktgrhg nk Ygtrhjdchd @ubturgbGrq. Jgrg nk bgs Chkvks Grhgs Hc`dbbg

Puask`rktgrhd nk Lksthc @ubturgbQdakrtd Frgc`hs`d Nh Bdrkczd

@djhshc pgrg bg Yrkskrvg`hc nkb YgtrhjdchdEhstrh`d @ubturgb nk bg @hungn nk Aukcds Ghrks

Bh`. Bkth`hg Jgrdcksk


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Aukcds Ghrks Cklrg. Hnkcthngn y @ubturg

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@djphbgndrg= Bh`. Bkth`hg Jgrdcksk

@djhshc pgrg bgYQKPKQVG@HC

NKB YG^QHJDCHDEHP^QH@D@[B^[QGBnk bg @hungnnk Aukcds Ghrks


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@djphbg`hc y @ddrnhcg`hc nk Knh`hc= Bh`. Bkth`hg Jgrdcksk

@drrk``hc y Qkvhshc `ch`g= Mugc Hlcg`hd Dmkng

Nhskd Lr`d=Nadrg Ogpusthgcsoy, Ygcdpthquk

Hjprksd kc Grlkcthcg

@dpyrhlet 1996 ay @YYE@^dnds bds nkrk`eds rkskrvgndsHPAC CWukng ek`ed kb nkpshtd quk jgr`g bg Bky 77.


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@djhshc pgrg bg Yrkskrvg`hc nkb YgtrhjdchdEhstrh`d @ubturgb nk bg @hungn nk Aukcds Ghrks

Pk`rktgrhg LkckrgbBh`. Bkth`hg Jgrdcksk

Pk`rktgrhg nk Hcvksthlg`hdcks Ehstrh`gsBh`. Bhbhgcg Agrkbg

Pk`rktgrhg nk Hcvksthlg`hdcks Juskdblh`gsBh`. Gcg Jgrg @dushbbgs

Pk`rktgrhd nk Yrkskrvg`hc y @dcskrvg`hcGrq. Mds Jgrg Ykg

Pk`rktgrhd nk Qkbg`hdcks Hcsthtu`hdcgbksYrdf. @ksgr Fhdrgvgcth

Fuc`hdcgrhg @ddrnhcgndrgBh`. Jgrg Qdsg Murgnd

Vd`gbksGrq. Cstdr ]gohj

Yrdf. Mubhc Odpk`koBh`. Bhbhgcg Jgzkttkbbk

Bh`. Bhnhg Jhrtg Nds QkhsGrq. Mdrlk Jgbbd

@dcs. Gbakrtd DrsktthJus. Jgrg ^krksg Ndcnd


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Bpkz, Bgurg @. Drlgchzg`hc pdbth`g y grthùbg`hc `dckspg`hds bd`gbks-lbdagbks nk bds gfrdnks`kcnhkctks kc Grlkcthcgkc bg bthjg n`gng..........................................................................................88

Pcèkz, N, Gcnruèdw, J, @dstg, J. K. y @drnkrd P.Kb @grcgvgb nk bds abgc`ds cklrds ............................................................. 77;

^rgdrk, Aduag`gr. Gpdrtks d ekrkc`hg nk bg ùbturg gfrh`gcgkc bg Grlkcthcg, ucg rkkxhc sdark kb nhsùrsd ehstrh`d............................7>;

]gygs nk Bhjg, Ykrbg.Bg cklrhtun cklgng y shbkc`hgng=[cg jhrgng nksnk kb tkgtrd ............................................................................7;

sglrgngs y, pdr supukstd, kb rks`gtk nk bd dùbtd trgtgcnd nk quk cd sk`dcvhkrtg kc kxgbtg`c nk bd kxth`d.

Qklhstrgr, prdabkjgthzgr, dcfrdctgr y nkvkbgr sdc ekrrgjhkctgs pgrg `dcs-

truhr `dcd`hjhkctd? kstk bhard prktkcnk skr uc gpdrtk g bg nhsùshc.


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Hctrdnu``hcBh`. Bkth`hg Jgrdcksk. Pk`rktgrhg Lkckrgb @YYE@.

Yuabh`gr kstk bhard nk bg @dbk``hc ^kjgs nk Ygtrhjdchd @ubturgb cdsbbkcg nk sgthsfg``hc. Ekjds ngnd ùjpbhjhkctd g ucg nkung pkcnhkctk nksnkquk rkgbhzgjds, kb 7> y 7; nk cdvhkjark nk 1991, bgs Mdrcgngs Aukcds Ghrks

Cklrg. Jkjdrhgs, Qkprkskctg hdcks y Yr`th`gs nk bg @djuchngn Gfrd. Cdsg`djpggrdc kc ksk jdjkctd kb Hcsthtutd Ehstrh`d nk bg @hungn nk AukcdsGhrks, bg Nkfkcsdrg nk Yukabd nk bg @hungn nk Aukcds Ghrks, kc bg ùgb NhgcgJgffg egag shnd prdjdtdrg nkb tkjg, y bg Nhrk``hc Lkckrgb nk Juskds, kcùyg nkpkcnkc`hg nk @dstgckrg Pur sk rkgbhz kb kcùkctrd.

Ydstkrhdrjkctk, kb 16 y 1< nk gldstd nk 199;, bbkvgjds g gad bgsMdrcgngs

nk Ygtrhjdchd @ubturgb Gfrdgrlkcthcd, `dcmuctgjkctk `dc kb Hcsthtutd Ehst-rh`d, shkcnd cukstrds gctrhdcks y `dbgadrgndrks kb @kctrd @ubturgb FdrtucgtdBg`jkrg, nk bg Gvkchng Pgc Mugc 0;0, drlgchsjd quk `dclrklg uc hctkrksgctkgr`d nk kxprkshdcks ùbturgbks nk drhlkc gfrdrhdpbgtkcsk.

Kb rksubtgnd nk gjads kcùkctrds ks kstk ^kjgs nk Ygtrhjdchd @ubturgbC 76= Aukcds Ghrks Cklrg. Hnkcthngn y @ubturg, quk rkck trgagmds prkskc-tgnds kc kbbds.

Pupdcld quk `gng ucd nk bds `dcvd`gctks ausàgjds kbkjkctds kc


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`djc ngnd quk dcskcsugjds uc bhstgnd nk tkjgs g trgtgr. Ygrthùbgrjkctk, ydaus`gag, kspk`hgbjkctk kc bgs bthjgs mdrcgngs, cd kb nhsùrsd nk bg cklrhtun,shcd kb nk bg abgcquhtun kc kb shstkjg nk rkprkskctg`hdcks nk bg sd`hkngn grlkc-

thcg, kspk`hgbjkctk g pgrthr nk jknhgnds nkb shlbd UHU kc kb Qd nk bg Ybgtg.

Kb jgtkrhgb quk prkskctgjds, prdnu`td nk bgs pdckc`hgs skbk``hdcgngs,gpuctg g kbbd, gucquk kst skslgnd eg`hg kb jucnd nk bgs kxprkshdcks grtsth`gs,kc bgs ùgbks bg jsh`g y bg ngczg sdarksgbkc kspk`hgbjkctk.

Ykrd guc gs, `djd ks pdshabk gprk`hgr kc bds trgagmds nkb @gptubd 7,kc kjkrlkctks ùbturgbks `djd kb tgcld, bg bhtkrgturg, kb `grcgvgb, kb tkgtrd, ks

pdshabk rgstrkgr kbnhsùrsd nk bg `dcstru``hc nk bg cg`hdcgbhngn grlkcthcg,quk gpuctg g rkjgr`gr uc prd`ksd nk abgcquhtunnk su pdabg`hc, quk sk ngkc kb nhsùrsd, kc bgs rkprkskctg`hdcks hnkdblh`d-nkjdlr`gs y egstg kc bgs`gtkldrhzg`hdcks kcsgbks, g trgvs nk bg cklg`hc y kb dùbtgjhkctd nk bgs rg`ksgfrh`gcgs kc kb `djpdckctk pdabg`hdcgb nk cukstrd pgs.

Nksnk kb tgcld, Cdrakrtd Ygabd @hrhdvg juèd js gbb nk bg kxpbh-

`htg`hc nk bg rgz cklrg nk bg pgbgarg tgcld, y aus`g prdagr bg hc`hnkc`hgcklrg kc kstk lckrd jush`gb. Gcgbhzg gs y rks`gtg 1


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eg shnd hlcdrgng y cklgng pdr bg jgydrg nk cukstrds ks`rhtdrks d eg kcquhstgndkc kb nhsùrsd tkgtrgb kstkrkdthpds y prkmuh`hds. Bd quk pbgctkg Ykrbg ]gygs nkBhjgkc kstk trgagmd ks ucg rkhvhcnh`g`hc nk kstds lrupds tch`ds y bg rkùpkrg-

`hc nk bg dc`hkc`hg kc tgctd kbbds sdc pgrtk nk cukstrg ehstdrhg. Bg hjpdrtgc`hgnkb gadrngmk nkb tkjg nksnk kb tkgtrd rgnh`g kc quk ks ucg fdrjg `bgvk nk bg`dcsthtu`hc nkb hjglhcgrhd sd`hgb, uc bulgr kc kb quk sk nkspbhklg bd sd`hgb y uc

prdnu`tdr nk cukvds shlch`gnds.

Bgurg Bpkz, kc @gcndjak y prd`ksds nk hnkcthngn nk nks`kcnhkctksnk gfrh`gcds kc Aukcds Ghrks, trgagmd ng g `dcd`kr bg jgckrg kc quk bds gfrd-nks`kc`hkctks, kspk``gjkctk bds gfrdurulugyds quk vhvkc kc Aukcds Ghrks,jknhgctk nkb `gcndjak, vhkckc `rkgcnd kc bds bthjds gds ucg rkhvhcnh`g`hcy bklhthjg`hc nk bg ekrkc`hg ubturgb gfrd g trgvs nk bg jsh`g, rkgcnd rhtkrhdsnk pkrtkckc`hg lrupgb y nhsthc`hc nk bds cd-gfrd quk prg`th`gc kb `gcndjak.

Kb trgagmd dcmuctd nkNhgcg Jgffgyclkb G`dstg Jgrtckzks pgrtk nkucg hcvksthlg`hc kc bg quk sk fuk dcstruykcnd uc dbk`thvd nk bg djuchngn gfrdkc Grlkcthcg. @dcshstk kc ucg skrhk nk kctrkvhstgs g pkrsdcgs gfrdnks`kcnhkctks

quk, nksnk bg blh`g nk bds skcthjhkctds ybg rkbkvgc`hg nk bg suamkthvhngnahdlr`g, cds rkbgtgc, g pgrthr nk fdtds quk fuc`hdcgc `djd nhspgrgndrks, susehstdrhgs. Kstd prdjukvk bg rkvgbdrhzg`hc nk bg hnkcthngn quk juègs vk`ks bgsd`hkngn chklg, `dc`hkctk d hc`dc`hkctkjkctk, y sdc tksthjdchds quk `dctrh-auykc g rkstgurgr bg trgjg nk ucg ehstdrhg cd `dctgng.

Gbh`hg Jgrtc, cds jukstrg ucg hcvksthlg`hc sdark kb fdb`bdrk y bg ubturg

pdpubgr nk bg @hungn nk Aukcds Ghrks kc bg quk kxpdck, g jdnd nk kmkjpbd,bds `gsds nk bg pgrth`hpg`hc nk bd gfrd kc bg `dcstru``hc nk bg ùbturg pdpubgrkc Pggvknrg y Bg Ad`g, y bg `djpgrsg nk `gcndjak Ogbgoc L `djd jd-vhjhkctd ùbturgb rkprkskctgthvd. G trgvs nk kstg hcvksthlg`hc, pdnkjds vkr`jd sk nkrrujag kb jhtd nk quk bds cklrds yg cd kstc, d nk quk cd tuvhkrdc

pgrth`hpg`hc kc bg `dcfdrjg`hc nk cukstrg hnkcthngn cg`hdcgb.

Kb trgagmd nk Wuhctc Wuhctgcgrkgbhzg uc rk`drrhnd ehstrh`d nksnk kb

surlhjhkctd nkb prdyk`td nk bg Glrupg`hc nk @ubturg Ydpubgr Qhdpbgtkcsk NdsDrhbbgs. Pu hnkg ks eg`kr uc rkpgsd tgctd nk g`thvhngnks y damkthvds pbgctkgnds


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kc uc `djhkczd gs `djd tgjahc `djpgrgrbds `dc bds g`tugbks y vkr ùbksfukrdc bds dcstgctks, ks nk`hr, bds quk sk egc hnd glrklgcnd js quk `gjahgcnd.Kctrk bgs g`thvhngnks nk rkvgbdrg`hc nk bg hnkcthngn gfrd, Nds Drhbbgs ukctg dc

juskd nk hcstrujkctds jush`gbks gfrdrhdpbgtkcsks, `bgsks y tgbbkrks nk jsh`g,drlgchzg`hc y prkskctg`hc kc kvkctds jush`gbks, kctrk dtrgs.

Jgrtg Ldbnakrlcds ng g `dcd`kr kc su grtùbd bg hjpdrtgc`hg quk tu-vhkrdc bgs jumkrks gfrh`gcgs y gfrdgrlkcthcgs kc kb Aukcds Ghrks nkb shlbd UHU,

puks krgc kbbgs, g `gusg nk bg fgbtg nk edjarks bbkvgnds g bg lukrrg, quhkcks bu-ègagc pdr jgctkckr vhvg bg hnkcthngn ubturgb gfrd. X cd sdbd ksd, tgjahc kbbgs

prdpdr`hdcgagc bg gyung quk kstgag g su gb`gc`k pgrg sgthsfg`kr bgs ck`kshngnksnk ùgbquhkr lrupd gfrd? hc`busd bbklgrdc g rk`dbk`tgr fdcnds pgrg bg `djprg nkbg bhakrtgn nk juèds ks`bgvds.

Bg hcvksthlg`hc nk Fbdrkc`hg Luzjckst agsgng kc kb gcbhshs djpg-rgthvd nk bds `dctrgstks kctrk Aukcds Ghrks y kb ûùjc `dbdchgbks kc rkbg`hc`dc bg prkskc`hg kfk`thvg nk gfrh`gcds y gfrdnks`kcnhkctks, ks nk`hr, bg nhspgrh-ngn nk bg bbklgng nk bds gfrh`gcds gb tkrrhtdrhd grlkcthcd, bg `djpdsh`hc nk bg

pdabg`hc cklrg, kb agbgc`k ùgcthtgthvd kc bg rkbg`hc cklrds/abgc`ds/hcnhds ybg hc`hnkc`hg kc bg kstru`turg k`dcjh`g nk bg sd`hkngn `dbdchgb y pdst`dbdchgby bg prkskc`hg, nksgpgrh`hc d vhshahbhngn nk kstg pdabg`hc.

Bg hcjhlrg`hc gadvkrnhgcg shkjprk eg kstgnd prkskctk kc kstds kcùkc-trds g trgvs nk sus rkprkskctgctks d nk bds kstunhdsds nk bg jhsjg. Jgrtg J.Jgfg y @grbds Gbakrtd Qdèg gadrngc -nksnk nhsthctds kcfdquks- su ehstdrhg,

nksnk bg sgbhng nk @gad Vkrnk g bg g`tugbhngn, bds ksfukrzds pdr jgctkckr suùbturg y su gpdrtk g bg ùbturg gfrdgrlkcthcg.

Kb trgagmd nk Ygabd Gz`dglg ks ucg rkvhshc ehstrh`g y uc rkpgsd sdarkbg hc`hnkc`hg nk bg @gpdkhrg Gcldbg `djd jdnd nk rkhvhcnh`g`hc nk bg cklrh-tun y `djd jdnd nk prdfucnhzgr kb rks`gtk ehstrh`d nksnk bg pkrspk`thvg nk bgcklrhtun. Kspk`hgbjkctk, sk trgtg bg `dcjkjdrg`hc nkb Ng nk bg @dc`hkc`hg

Cklrg (ng kc quk sk rkùkrng gb bnkr ]uja Nds Ygbjgrks y gb jdvhjhkctd nk

rkshstkc`hg gb shstkjg ks`bgvhstg) y su vcùbd `dc bg @gpdkhrg, grtk gc`kstrgb nkdrhlkc gfrd-argshbkd.


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Jgrg G. Agbjg`kngcds prdpdck uc g`kr`gjhkctd g bg ubturg gfrd g trg-vs nkb lrupd nk ngczg y jsh`g gfrdgjkrh`gcg DN[N[\, quk nksnk 7885 sk

nknh`g g bg pr`th`g k hcvksthlg`hc nk bg jsh`g y ngczg gfrdgjkrh`gcg, tdjgcnd`djd hcsphrg`hc trgnh`hdcks pdpubgrks rkbhlhdsgs gfrdargshbkgs y gfrdùagcgsquk djahcgc bg ngczg, kb gctd y bg pkrùshc, kxpbdrgcnd bg uchngn kctrk ukr-

pd-pgbgarg-jsh`g quk prdpdckc bds bkclugmks grtsth`ds nk rgz gfrd.

Phbvhg Akczg, Cgc`y Jhrgcng yLhskbbk Qdczdchdfrk`kc uc pgcdrgjgehstrh`d nk bg bbklgng nk bds cklrds ks`bgvds g Ykr y bg jgckrg kc quk fukrdc`rkcndsk bds nhsthctds lckrds jush`gbks y ngc`sth`ds trgnds nk sus pgsks nkdrhlkc. Nkb jhsjd jdnd, jd bbklgc g Aukcds Ghrks y nk qu fdrjg ks rk`hahndkstk grtk gfrd-pkrugcd. Gs sk bbklg gb surlhjhkctd nkb Agbbkt Gfrd-Ykrugcd kcAukcds Ghrks, quhcks sdc, `jd surlk, `jd sk fdrjgc, pdr qu y pgrg qu skrkckc. Bgs gutdrgs, gnkjs, cds kxpbh`gc y nks`rhakc bds shstkjgs nk shlcds(jsh`g, `drkdlrgfg, vkstugrhd y dtrds) quk sk nkspbhklgc kc `gng kjd`hdcgctkkspk`tùbd nkb Agbbkt.

Jgr`kbg Lgydsd, sk rkkrk g bg ngczg gfrd nkctrd nk bds jahtds cdrkbhlhdsds shcd grtsth`ds d kc rkbg`hc g bgs grtks ks`ch`gs y nkb jdvhjhkctd.

Cds ng nktgbbgnds pdrjkcdrks nk bg ngczg gfrd, su nksgrrdbbd, kvdbu`hc ytrgcsfdrjg`hdcksdùrrhngs g pgrthr nk bgs rkshlch`g`hdcks rkgbhzgngs nksnk suhctrdnu``hckc bg n`gng nkb 59 egstg bg g`tugbhngn.

Bgurg Qgahcdvhè cds rkbgtg su kxpkrhkc`hg pkrsdcgb djd prdfksdrg nk

ngczgs gfrd, ncndcds ucg vhshc nksnk gnkctrd nk bd quk ks cd sdbd ucg jgch-fkstg`hc nk bg kxprkshvhngn nk quhkcks bgs kmkùtgc, shcd ucg kxprkshc ùbturgby ucg fdrjg nk `dcd`kr y ngr g `dcd`kr bds vgbdrks quk sk pdckc kc mukld. Bggutdrg cds ng ucg nktgbbgng gprk`hg`hc nkb djprdjhsd pkrsdcgb quk hjpbh`g kbgprkcnhzgmk nk kstds thpds nk ngczgs, quk cd sdbd kst nkchnd pdr bd t`ch`d nkbds jdvhjhkctds shcd pdr bd quk kbbds rkprkskctgc nkctrd nk ucg `drkdlrgfg.

Kb @kctrd @ubturgb Fdrtucgtd Bg`jkrg nk Pgc ^kbjd, skgbg kc su grt-

ùbd @kbhg @dhnd, aus`g prdjdvkr kb pdsh`hdcgjhkctd y bg vhshahbhngn nk ucgnk bgs kxprkshdcks ùbturgbks js vgpubkgngs y quk cd egc tkchnd egstg gedrg


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bg sukrtk nkb tgcld= bg `ubturg gfrd, y `jd su `gnkc`hg, su rhtjd, bg `ubturgprdfucng y pdtkctk quk trgsuctgagc hjprklc hcgnvkrthngjkctk g ucg sd`hkngnquk, sh ahkc cd bg rklhstr kc su phkb, bg hc`drpdr kc su ksprhtu. Phc nung quk

fuk kb `dcd`hjhkctd nk bg bgadr quk nksgrrdbbg kstk @kctrd @ubturgb, kb quk jd-thv quk sk bd kbhlhkrg pgrg bbkvgr g `gad bgsMdrcgngs nk Ygtrhjdchd @ubturgb

Gfrdgrlkcthcd. Vgyg kctdc`ks cukstrd glrgnk`hjhkctd g @kbhg @dhnd y g PhbvhgJgnndcch, `ddrnhcgndrg nkb Yrdlrgjg @ubturgb kc Agrrhds.


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@gptubd 7=

Kb nhs`ursd nk bg `dcstru``hc

nk bg cg`hdcgbhngn grlkcthcg


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Bg prkskc`hg nkb cklrd kc lrgag`hdcks nk tgcldy lckrds gcks*

Cdrakrtd Ygabd @hrhdHcsthtutd Cg`hdcgb nk Jush`dbdlg @grbds Vklg

Kb `dcd`hjhkctd quk g`tugbjkctk tkckjds sdark bg jsh`g nk bds gfrdgr-lkcthcds ks ks`gsd y, sgbvd kx`kp`hdcks, frutd nk trgagmds `djkczgnds eg`kgpkcgs nds n`gngs. Bds jdthvds nk kstk nkshctkrs sdc vgrhds. ^gb vkz kb jshjpdrtgctk skg quk kstk lrupd fuk jgrlhcgnd pdr ucg vhshc kurd`kctrhstg nk bgrlgngtg, ndcnk tdnd rgsld ùbturgb, ùyd gadbkcld fukrg gmkcd g nhèd `dcthckctk,krg jhcusvgbdrgnd d nhrk`tgjkctk cklgnd(7).

Xg ks `dcd`hng bg rgz cklrg nk bg pgbgarg tgcld, gucquk rkstg prdagr bg

hc`hnkc`hg cklrg kc bg lkstg`hc nk kstg jsh`g, sh ks quk bg tuvd. Gucquk kxhstkkc kb rkpkrtdrhd tgclukrd ucg prdfusg prdnu``hc nk gutdrks gfrdnks`kcnhkctks(uc hcvkctgrhd pgr`hgb rkgbhzgnd pdr j dctgahbhzg 1 kc Pgcthgld (@ehbk), kc kb Gunhtdrhd nkb Hcsthtutd nkJsh`g nk bg Ydcth`hg [chvkrshngn @gtbh`g nk @ehbk, kc kb jgr`d nk bg kctrklg nkb HV Yrkjhd Bgthcdgjkrh`gcd nk Jush`dbdlgPgjukb @bgrd Vgbns, egahkcnd shnd kb sus`rhptd hcvhtgnd g hctklrgr kb murgnd.

(7) Kc jh `gsd, hch`h kc 7887 kb kstunhd nk bgs pr`th`gs jush`gbks gfrd kc dctkxtds sglrgnds, js prk`hsgjkctk bgs quk thkckcd`gshc kc kb ùbtd g Pgc Agbtgzgr, tgctd bgs quk sk rkgbhzgagc kc Aukcds Ghrks kc bg @dfrgng nk Pgc Agbtgzgr y chjgs (7


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kxprksgc gblc vcùbd `dc bd gfrdgrlkcthcd `drrkspdcnkc g gutdrks abgc`ds (1).Kc kstk grtùbd, nkskd prdabkjgthzgr trks ùksthdcks vhcùbgngs g bg prkskc`hgnkb cklrd kc kb tgcld y lckrds gcks (vgbs, jhbdclg, `gcndjak, kt`.). Ngnd

quk, `djd nhmk, bds cklrds egc `gbbgnd sus sgakrks jush`gbks trgnh`hdcgbks g bgedrg nk `djpdckr, kc prhjkr bulgr gcgbhzgr bg vhshc quk tkcgc nk kbbds bds

abgc`ds, vgbk nk`hr, kb lrupd ndjhcgctk. Kc sklucnd bulgr kxgjhcgr sh nhègvhshc lugrng drrkbg`hc dc bgs hnkgs quk nksnk bg g`gnkjhg y kb skcthnd djcsk thkck sdark bds cklrds grlkcthcds. Ydr bthjd, `dcshnkrgcnd quk bds `djpd-shtdrks abgc`ds jkc`hdcgnds nkahkrdc rkùrrhr g frjubgs jush`gbks drhlhcgbksg c nk quk kb pabh`d vhcùbgrg sus dargs `dc bg cklrhtun, puknk quk pgrg su`djpdsh`hc egygc rkùrrhnd g bg jsh`g cklrg gc`kstrgb, pdr bd quk, dctrgstgngssus dargs `dc fukctks ehstrh`gs y ktcdlr`gs, pdnrgc gdrgr rgslds jush`gbks

prdphgjkctk cklrds y, nk kstk jdnd, `dctrhauhr gb ks`gsd `dcd`hjhkctd quk skthkck sdark bg jsh`g gfrdgrlkcthcg.

Cklrds y abgc`ds kc bg sd`hkngn grlkcthcg

Gucquk nksnk gblucds sk`tdrks nk pdnkr eg egahnd rkhtkrgnds, y g vk`kspd`d fkbh`ks, hctkctds pdr arhcngr ucg hjglkc nk uc pgs bhark nk rg`hsjd y nks-hlugbngn sd`hgb agsgng kc prhc`hphds tch`ds, kb grlkcthcd jknhd ks prdfucng y`ch`gjkctk rg`hstg. Bg sd`hkngn ndjhcgctk, abgc`g, eg dcstruhnd nhvkrsds kstk-rkdthpds nk bds dtrds `degahtgctks ùbturgbks -gadrlkcks, cklrds k hcjhlrgctks-,bg jgydrg nk bgs vk`ks `dc kb hctkrs nk `dsh`grbds agmd ucg shjpbh`g`hcphctdrksquhstg, ùgcnd cd gcubcndbk su kskc`hg eujgcg gb `dcshnkrgrbds

frutds shbvkstrks ehmds nk bg thkrrg. Js gbb nk bgs aukcgs d jgbgs hctkc`hdcks nktgbks hctkctds, edy, kc kb `dcskcsd pabh`d y, js pkbhlrdsgjkctk, kc cd pd`dsg`gnjh`ds kstc kxtkcnhngs trks hnkgs? quk kc cukstrd pgs yg cd egy cklrds=quk g bds pd`ds quk euad sk bds trgt ahkc? y quk cd kfk`tugrdc gpdrtks sustgc`hg-

(1) @gak jkc`hdcgr bd nhf`hb quk rksubtg, kspk`hgbjkctk kc bg Lugrnhg Vhkmg, dc`buhr sdark bg cklrhtun nk gblucds djpdshtdrks,cd sdbd pdr bg fgbtg nk ndùjkctg`hc shcd pdrquk bg bhtkrgturg kxhstkctk sukbk skr juègs vk`ks prdnu`td nk hcvksthlgndrks g bgvhdbktg quk, js gbb nk su aukcg vdbuctgn, kègc jgcd g ngtds hjprdagabks ncndbds pdr `hkrtd, ùgcnd cd nhrk`tgjkctk bdshcvkctgc. Vgblg `djd kmkjpbd bg gtrhau`hc nk cklrd ngng pdr Drlgjahnk g Ndjhcld Pgctg @ruz, bg ùgb cd punk vgbhngr pdr

chclucg dtrg fukctk, shquhkrg ucg fdtdlrgfg nkb jhsjd (Agtks y Agtks, 7806= 01>)= Eg`hg 7589 _Z uc tgcld jkjdrg gqukbbgsmdrcgngs nk bg rkvdbu`hc nk ksk gd. Pu gutdr ks uc cklrd ehmd nk uc sdbngnd nk bg lukrrg nkb Ygrglugy, quk gjkchzgag g bg trdpg`dc ghrks nk jhbdclg. Pu cdjark= Ndjhcld Pgctg @ruz. Kb tgcld= [chc @vh`g, kc edjkcgmk g bds hcsurrk`tds nkb 89 y g bg nhvhsgquk bds `dcvd`, (Drlgjahnk, 7881=


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Kc kb hjglhcgrhd pdpubgr grlkcthcd, bd cklrd kc kb tgcld cd ks `dcshnkrg-nd rkbkvgctk, skg pdr bg kxtkcnhng hnkg nk quk kstk lrupd cd sdarkvhvh gb shlbdUHU y cd nkm gpdrtks ubturgbks sustgc`hgbks d pdrquk uc jgctd nk hcvhshahbhngn

thkcnk g pdsgrsk sdark kbbds y sus gpdrtks.Egstg kb prkskctk ndùjkct 7;7 dargs nkb rkpkrtdrhd tgclukrd kc bgs quk

bd cklrd sk prkskctg nk gblucg jgckrg (vgsk Gpcnh`k). Gucquk sklurgjkctkkstk `drpus cd rkcg bg tdtgbhngn nk bgs dargs vhcùbgngs g bg tkjth`g, bd `dc-shnkrd ùgcthtgthvg y ùgbhtgthvgjkctk rkprkskctgthvd pgrg kb prkskctk kstunhd.Bg prkjhsg nk hc`bushc `dcshsth kc quk bg darg kvhnkc`hgrg pdr bd jkcds ucrgsld cklrd vhcùbgnd g bd gfrdgrlkcthcd. Gs, kvht ucg lrgc `gcthngn nk `dj-

pdsh`hdcks kc bgs quk jkc`hdcks kc kb ttubd y/d bg bktrg, `djd Cklrd kb 19,Cklrg cdèk d Nksthcd cklrd, gpkbgc g dtrds shlch`gnds nk bd cklrd. Ph

ahkc kb gcbhshs kst `kctrgnd kc kb tgcld grlkcthcd, `dcshnkr pkrthckctk hc`buhr`hkrtgs dargs urulugygs, pdrquk sus gutdrks vhvhkrdc kc cukstrd pgs d pdrquksu nhfushc gqu fuk hjpdrtgctk. Vkgjds jd gpgrk`k kc kb ttubd, kb lckrd, bgjsh`g y bg bktrg nk bgs dargs(0).

7) ^tubd

Bg prkskc`hg nk cklrhtun kc bds ttubds ks juy gaucngctk. G c nk ucgjkmdr nks`rhp`hc, glrupgr bgs dargs pdr tkjth`g(>)=

G) Ngc ùkctg nk pkrsdcgmks cklrds, rkgbks d hjglhcgrhds=CklrgJgrg,Kb jdrkcd Pgbgzgr,Kb cklrd Qgb, @gr`gmgngs nkb cklrd Mugc,Xd sdy kb cklrd,Kb èh`dag,Ygp Agbtgsgr.A) Vkrsgc sdark kb `dbdr cklrd=Gzgagèk, @egrdb, Cklrd `grac, Kbcklrd, Jubgtgng, Gbjg nk jdrkcd, Ykcg jubgtg, Bg jubgtkgng, @grg

Cklrg,Jubgtg rdsg,Kb cklrd gbklrk, @gradcgng,Ydark cklrd,Bg cklrhtg,Cklrhtd, [cg cklrg y uc cklrhtd,Ydark cklrg.@) Qkjhtkc gb jucnd jush`gb cklrd=Bg rujahtg gcndjak,Kb agrrhdnkb tgjadr,Kb `gcndjak, @gcndjakgcnd,Bg `gc`hc nkb `gcndjakrd,@gcndclg, gcld cklrd, d` tgcl, gcld rktgcld, ^gjadr, @gcndjak-rd,Kb gcndjakrd,Nd gcndjakrd, @gcndjak nkb @egvgcld,Jhbdclgkc cklrd,Jhbdclg nk bgs jubgtgs, ^gjadrhbkrg,Ygrg cklrds, sdbgjkctk!...,

(0) Ygrg bds ngtds `djpbktds nk bgs dargs, vgsk kb Gpcnh`k.

(>) Kb drnkc nk kxpdsh`hc ks grahtrgrhd.


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@gcndjak nk Jdcskrrgt.N) Kvd`gc kb thkjpd nk Qdsgs=Ygstkbkrg,Mugc Jgcukb,Jkr`knks, chg

Jkr`knks.

K) Qkjhtkc gb frh`g cklrg y sus hnhdjgs=Kb gfrh`gcd, Jgbuja!,@dclds y akclukbgs,Jgùjag ùjag.F) ^kjgs vgrhds=Bucg jdrkcg,Ydkjg cklrd.

Bds `djpdshtdrks abgc`ds quk js trgagmgrdc kc kb tkjg sdc PkagsthcYhgcg (7< dargs), Dsvgbnd Pdsg @drnkrd (< dargs) y Mugc @grbds @`krks ( lrupds=

G) @dc vcùbd g bgs ngczgs gfrdgrlkcthcgs, kspk`hgbjkctk kb gcndj-ak=gfrd `gcndjak, `gc`hc nk ùcg `gcndjak, `gcndjak, `gcndjakjhbdclg, gcndjak prklc, jgrèg gcndjak, jhbdclg gcndjak, tgcld

`gcndjak, tgcldjak y jhbdclg agtuquk.A) @rkgcnd uc trjhcd jush`dblh`d=ngczg nkb fdbobdrk gfrd-rhdpbg-tkcsk.

@) Gpkbgcnd g bg cklrhtun=`gc`hc nk cklrds, jhbdclg cklrg y jh-bdclg cklrkrg.

N) Kvd`gcnd bg pd`g rdshstg=jhbdclg fknkrgb, rkfgbdsg fknkrgb, gc`hcnk 7509.Yukstd quk juèds nk bds lckrds ngnds pdr bds djpdshtdrks kc rkgbhngn

cd sdc tgbks, pdrquk sdc prdnu`td nk su fgctgsg (tgcldjak, kt`.), gnmkthvg`hdcksg lckrds prkkxhstkctks, quk cgng glrklgc g bd sdcdrd (jhbdclg cklrg, jhbdclg


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09

cklrkrg, kt`.), d pdrquk bds uckc grahtrgrhgjkctk g dtrd lckrd, prkstcndsk g`dcfushc (`gc`hc nk ucg gcndjak, gcndjak prklc, jhbdclg agtuquk, kt`.),

pgrg jh gcbhshs bds rknu`hr g trks lckrds jgtrh`ks, tgcld, `gcndjak, jhbdclg

y, `djd `gsds kx`kp`hdcgbks, tgcld `gcndjak y jhbdclg `gcndjak. Kc bdsnds bthjds bg g`kp`hc `gcndjak hcnh`g uc tkjpdjs vhvd y `dc bds g`kctdsjs jgr`gnds. Gucquk ksthjd js `dcgabk bg hcfdrjg`hc prdpdr`hdcgng pdrbgs pgrthturgs quk pdr bgs pbg`gs nhs`dlr`gs, `gak skgbgr bg hc`dclrukc`hg nklckrd, quk cd pd`gs vk`ks sk lkckrg kc ucg darg gb `dctrgstgr gjags fukctks=

Jubgtgnglurg kc bg pgrthturg `djd `gcndjak y kc bg lrgag`hc nkb jhsjdJdrks `dc su Drqukstg `djd jhbdclg agtuquk?Gzgag`eklurg kc bg pgrth-turg `djd jhbdclg `gcndjak, pkrd kc bg lrgag`hc nk E`tdr Ptgjpdch y suDrqukstg `djd jhbdclg y kc bg hctkrprktg`hc nk Jhlukb @gb y su Drqukstg^ph`g `djd `gcndjak jhbdclg.

0) Jsh`gKstk puctd sk egbbg nhrk`tgjkctk rkbg`hdcgnd `dc kb gctkrhdr, gucquk bg

nhjkcshc nkb `drpus jk hjphnk nksgrrdbbgr uc gcbhshs pdrjkcdrhzgnd nk `gngdarg. Bg jgydrg nk bgs `djpdsh`hdcks sdc jhxtgs= vd`gb-hcstrujkctgb. Bg ks-

`rhturg nk tdngs gqukbbgs nk bgs quk datuvk bg pgrthturg kst pgrg vdz y phgcd d,kc su nkfk`td, pgrg phgcd gucquk, djd g`krtgngjkctk skgbgc Fdrcgrd y Pztkrc(788


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07

nkvhcd kc kstkrkdthpd y yg kst, nk gblucg jgckrg, hcstgbgng kc kb skcthnd djc.Bds `djpdshtdrks quk kc kb gjahkctk tgclukrd ks`rhahkrdc dargs vhcùbgngs gbg cklrhtun kègrdc jgcd g kstk `gr`tkr rtjh`d, kjpbkgcnd kc ùgctd bulgr

ùgnrgsk bg `bubg ash`g nkb `gcndjak pdrtkd, tgjahc prkskctk kc bg jhbdc-lg y kb tgcld (skjh`drèkg - 1 `drèkgs - `drèkg `dc pucthbbd), d `dc bhlkrgsvgrhgctks, rkgbzcndbg g trgvs nks`gtgtdsy/d kc su dasthcgng rkhtkrg`hc kc kbnhskd jkbnh`d.

Dtrg jgckrg nk kvd`g`hc gfrd ks kb prhc`hphd nk fdrjg rkspdcsdrhgb,hctkrprktgcnd kb `drd dcdjgtdpkygs, ucg arkvk frgsk d uc kstrhahbbd. Gucquknkmd kb gcbhshs nk kstk rkùrsd pgrg kb puctd nknh`gnd g bgs bktrgs, `gak nk`hrquk g vk`ks gnkjs nk sdbhstg-`drd gpgrk`k sdbhstg-drqukstg, djd kc bg jhbdclg

@gcndjakrd(@gragbbd). Ydr dtrg pgrtk, kstk prhc`hphd juègs vk`ks ks gpbh`gndpdr kb hctrprktk/grrklbgndr js quk pdr kb `djpdshtdr.

Kb nhsùrsd jush`gb sukbk prkskctgr rgslds quk, `dcmulgnds `dc bgs nk-js pgrtks nk bg darg, hcnu`kc gb dykctk g bg skcsg`hc nk gfrh`gcg. Bgs bktrgs,lkckrgbjkctk nk `gr`tkr bgsthjkrd, trhstk, kvd`gthvgs nk kspbkcndrdsds thkjpds

pgsgnds (bg pd`g rdshstg, pdr kmkjpbd), sdc suargygngs `dc kb kjpbkd nkb jdndjkcdr y kb `gr`tkr rtjh`d nk bg jkbdng, bg ùgb, `djd skgbg Odegc (7888),

sukbk kstgr agsgng kc bg trgng nkspbklgng, nkpkcnhkcnd nkb g`drnk quk bg sustkctg.Juègs dargs nk bg Lugrnhg Vhkmg y jhbdclgs thkckc lhrds ksthbsth`ds `djucks`dc bg jsh`g trgnh`hdcgb adcgkrkcsk, djd @gr`gmgngs nkb cklrd MugcyJhbdclgkc cklrd, shkcnd cdrjgb bg gpgrh`hc nk uc nhsùrsd jkbnh`d ks`gbdcgnd quk`djhkczg kc bd glund y nks`hkcnk prdlrkshvgjkctk pdr lrgnd `dcmuctd egstgcgbhzgr kc bg tch`g. Kstg gpkbg`hc g bd `rhdbbd nksnk bd jush`gb cd ks `gsugbyg quk, nk gùkrnd `dc Ldykcg (7887=71) Bktrg

Wuhzs skg kc bg bktrg ndcnk js sk kvhnkc`hgc rgslds nk cklrhtun.^kchkcnd kc ùkctg quk bg gunhkc`hg nk kstgs dargs krg kb pabh`d bd`gb, prdag-


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abkjkctk bg gpukstg g ucg `djprkcshc `djpktkctk pdr pgrtk nk bds rk`kptdrksegyg shnd ucg nk bgs `grtgs fukrtks nk bds `djpdshtdrks pgrg rksgbtgr bg gfrh`gcgnk sus dargs. [c rg``dctdnk bgs bktrgs ndùjkctgngs cds `dcnu`k g ucg skrhk

nk tph`ds=G) Kb thkjpd rdshstg=Kb fgvdrhthsjd quk bds cklrds tuvhkrdc nurgctk

kb pkrdnd rdshstg pdr pgrtk nkb pdnkr, ùgcnd egstg kb jhsjd Qdsgs y su ehmgJgcukbhtg gshstgc g sus `gcndjaks, ks uc tph`d nhsùrshvd quk sk gc`bg kc kb

pgsgnd pgrg kvd`gr thkjpds nk kspbkcndr. @dc sgadr ehstdrh`hstg y cd kxkctd nktdquks cdvkbks`ds, kstg tkjth`g eg shnd kspk`hgbjkctk ùbthvgng pdr bg nupbgJg`hkb-Abdjakrl (Bg Jgzdrqukrg nk Jdcskrrgt,Bg luhtgrrkrg nk Pgc Ch`dbs,

Bg gc`hc nk Gjgbhg,Bg pubpkrg nk Pgctg Bu`g, ^hrgcg uchtgrhg,Bg adrngndrgnk Pgc ^kbjd, @gcndjak nkb `grcgvgb), gucquk tgjahc egy dargs kc bgs qukbd cklrd ks kb kmk (Kb agrrhd nkb tgjadr,Qdsg jdrkcg, @ehcg nk bg Jgzdr`g,Pgclrk fknkrgbg, ^rhstk fkarkrd).

A) Kb cklrd `djd kptdjk nk gbklrg=Juègs vk`ks bds cklrds sdcjdstrgnds djd prknhspukstds gb aghbk y bg nhvkrshc, hc`bushvk nkmgcnd kctrkvkrkc nhèg dcnu`tg hkrtd gr`tkr hcfgcthb, gblucg hcsu`hkc`hg jkctgb d pdskshcnhgabh`g (Kb `gcndjak,Kb cklrd gbklrk,Gbjg nk jdrkcd, Pgc Ndjhcld, Phlg

kb aghbk).@) Bg nksgpgrh`hc nkb cklrd=Egy bktrgs nk gr`tkr kvd`gthvd-bgsthjkrd

quk prkskctgc gb cklrd `djd uc lrupd kc vgs nk nksgpgrh`hc, ùyds bthjdsrkprkskctgctks gpkcgs sh jgcthkckc sus trgnh`hdcks gcndjakrgs kc agrrhds dtrdrg`grg`tkrsth`ds pdr ksk sdc (Gzgagèk,Cklrg Jgrg,Gbeu`kjg, ^gcld cklrd,d` tgcl,Kb agrrhd nkb tgjadr).

N) Bg pdarkzg= kchkcnd kc ùkctg kb `dctkxtd nk ks`bgvhtun y pdarkzg

kc quk kstgag sujhng bg gcthlug pdabg`hc gfrdgrlkcthcg, gblucgs bktrgs ngcùkctg nk su nkskspkrgczgng jgrlhcgbhngn sd`hdk`dcjh`g (Ydark cklrd, Xdsdy kb cklrd, @egrdb, Drd y pbgtg, d` tgcl, Wu dctkctd kst jh chd,Mksscklrd,Jgrhgcg, Ygp Agbtgzgr).

K) Kb `gcndjak=Ks ucd nk bds tph`ds js rkùrrkctks. Kstg ngczg kstrgtgng `djd shcchjd nk gbklrg sgbvgmk, quhctgkskc`hg nk bg cklrhtun y kp-tdjk nk nkskcfrkcd quk sk prkstg pgrg nks`rhahr shtug`hdcks fksthvgs ndcnk bdskxugb cuc`g kst guskctk (Gzgagèk,Mkrucnhg,Kb cklrd gbklrk, ^gcld nk bds

cklrds,Aghbk nk bds jdrkcds, @gcndjak nk bds jdrkcds,Kb agrrhd nkb tgjadr,@gcndjakgcnd, Gbjg nk jdrkcd, Pgc Ndjhcld, @gcndjak nk Jdcskrrgt,


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Abgc`gchkvks, @gf, @gcnkbg, @gcndjak rhdbbd, @gcndjak nkb grcgvgb, @gc-ndjakrd,Ygrèks y adrndcgs, Pgclrk jdrkcg, ^gjadrhbkrg).

F) Bd cklrd djd uc kxtrgd jucnd=Gblucgs dargs nks`rhakc `dstuj-

arks -rkgbks d hcvkctgngs- nk bds cklrds. Kstk tph`d ks kspk`hgbjkctk hctkrksgctkkc ugctd td`g gspk`tds prdphds nkb lrupd, djd sus rkkc`hgs shc`rth`gs dc kb`gtdbh`hsjd y bgs gc`kstrgbks trgngs nk frh`g. Gucquk cd sdc ck`ksgrhgjkctk

pkydrgthvgs, bg kxdth`hngn muklg js g fgvdr nkb jhstkrhd y nkb tkjdr quk pdrbg rkhvhcnh`g`hc nk uc lrupd ùbturgbjkctk nhfkrkctk (Jhbdclg kc cklrd, Pkhsnk kckrd,Gbeu`kjg,Kb agrrhd nkb tgjadr, @gcndjakgcnd, d` tgcl, ^ga,

Jucyhclg).L) Kb cklrd kc Aukcds Ghrks= Bds gfrdpdrtkds kstuvhkrdc kspk`hgb-

jkctk `dclbdjkrgnds kc `hkrtds agrrhds nkb sur nk bg `hungn, `djd Pgc ^kbjdy Jdcskrrgt. Pdark kstds y sus egahtgctks vkrsgc gblucgs dargs, nks`rhahkcnd`jd krg bg vhng kc sus dtrdrg aubbh`hdsgs y gbklrks `gbbks (Kb agrrhd nkb tgj-adr, Pgc ^kbjd tk vhd cg`kr, Pgc Ndjhcld,Agrrhd vhkmd nkb 59, @gcndjak nk

Jdcskrrgt, ^gcld cklrd, @gcndjak nkb `grcgvgb, Pkhs nk kckrd,Bg bbgjgagc@grac, Jgrhgcg).

E) Bg jumkr cklrg=Bg tkjth`g gjgtdrhg sk prkskctg nksnk nds clubds,

bg sknu``hc nk bg jumkr (Gzgagèk,Mkrucnhg,Ygstkbkrg,Gbeu`kjg,Jubgtgng,@ehcg nk bg Jgzdr`g, @gcndjakgcnd,Bhakrgtg, Dbvhnkjds kb `dbdr, ^rkczgscklrgs) y kb nkskclgd gjdrdsd -nk jumkrks y edjarks- y sus `dcskùkc`hgs(Gbeu`kjg, @ugtrd `drgzdcks,Jgrhgcg, Jgbuja!).

H) Qkhvhcnh`gtdrhg=[c tph`d kspk`hgbjkctk hctkrksgctk. Pdc dargs kc bgsquk bd cklrd ks rkhvhcnh`gnd nksnk sus vgbdrks ubturgbks d djd uc lrupd nhlcdnk rkspktd tkchkcnd kc ùkctg su sufrhjhkctd kc bg `dbdchg y bgs lukrrgs (Pkhs

nk kckrd,Mkss cklrd,Gbkbuyg,Jgrhgcg, Dbvhnkjds kb `dbdr, Pgclrk jdrkcg,^gjadr jdrkcd). Nkctrd nk kstk tph`d jkrk`kc rksgbtgrsk nds `djpdsh`hdcksgutdrkhvhcnh gtdrhgs nkb djpdshtdr cklrd Jg`hkb sdark kb pgygndr cklrd LgahcdKzkhzg (Kb gnhs nk Lgahcd Kzkhzg,Agrrhd vhkmd nkb 59), gucquk ùrhdsgjkctkcgng egy kc kbbgs quk kvhnkc`hk quk tgctd kjhsdr `djd rk`kptdr skgc cklrds.

Kstkrkdthpds nkb cklrd sd`hgbjkctk `dcskcsugnds nksnk bd jush`gb

G pgrthr nkb gcbhshs rkgbhzgnd pdnkjds kxgjhcgr bds kstkrkdthpds nk bdsgfrdgrlkcthcds nksnk kb tgcld. @dcshnkrd quk uc kstkrkdthpd surlk ùgcnd bgs


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`grg`tkrsth`gs -rkgbks d hjglhcgngs- gshlcgngs g tkr`krds sk eg`kc kxtkcshabksgb lrupd gb quk pkrtkck`kc. Kb kstkrkdthpd ks bg rksubtgctk nk uc prd`ksd nk shj-

pbh`g`hc ùbturgb gctk kb nkshctkrs pdr `djprkcnkr gb Dtrd kc su vkrngnkrg

nhjkcshc. Pu `dcskcsd sk bdlrg jknhgctk bg fukrzg nk bg rkpkth`hc y pdr bdlkckrgb sk glgzgpg trgs b uc hctkrs pdr jhcusvgbdrgr d rknu`hr kb pdtkc`hgb nkbDtrd, kc bg hnkg nk quk rkprkskctg ucg gjkcgzg d shjpbkjkctk pgrg suargygr uc`dcvkchkctkstgtu qud. @dc`drngcnd `dc kb kstunhd nk Frhlkrhd (1999) sdark bghjglkc nkb cklrd kc [rulugy, quk g su vkz dcùkrng dc bg hjglkc lkckrgb quksk thkck nkb cklrd kc D``hnkctk (Jkbbhclkr, 7881g y 7881a? y @gjpakbb, 788;),kc kb `drpus gcgbhzgnd, nds sdc bds kstkrkdthpds prkndjhcgctks=

G)Kb cklrd `djd uc skr shjpbk, hcfgcthbjkctk gbklrk y shkjprk prknhs-pukstd gb aghbk y g bg nhvkrshc (;).

Xd sdy kb cklrd quk gbklrk`gctgcnd g bg vhng sk sukbk pgsgr

y quk mgjs shkctk pkcgpdrquk dc bg rhsg bg sgak bbkvgr,y ùgcnd vkd dtrd cklbd

`dc `grg juy trhstkqu rhsg jk ng,mg mg mg mg mg, mg mg mg mg, mg mg mg mg mg!(Kb cklrd gbklrk - tgcld nk Vhbbdbnd)

Nkspus nk kstg kstg cklrgbds cklrds cdvhds sk fukrdc,

g uc cklrd ùgrtd suahkrdc,cklrgs sagcgs tkcnhkrdcy g ksd nk bg jknhgcdèk`dsgs nk cklrds eh`hkrdc=bg cklrg nurjh kc bg `gjg

y kb cklrd nurjh kc kb sukbd.(Jhbdclg kc cklrd - jhbdclg gcchjg. Qk`dp. y grr. nk Qhvkrd)

(;) ^dngs bgs `htgs nk bktrgs sdc frgljkctgrhgs, skbk``hdcgngs pgrg bg d`gshc.


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Jhrkcj, yd sdy kb cklrd,jhrkc `jd s aghbgr,jhrkc ahkc g jhs cklrhtgs

y su tgbbk nk gbquhtrc!(Xd sdy kb cklrd - `gcndjak nk Yhgzzdbbg y Ldrdsthzg)

A)Kb cklrd `djd uc skr aksthgb, su`knckd jkcds quk eujgcd nk bgsds`urgs skbvgs gfrh`gcgs k hc`gpgz nk hctklrgrsk g bg jdnkrchngn abgc`g.Ydr su pgrtk, bg jumkr cklrg ks shkjprk skcsugb y prdvd`gthvg=

Mkrucnhg, Mkrucnhg!,thkcks bg sgclrk nk fukld,quk `ugcnd aghbs `gcndjak

pgnk`kc pdr th bds cklrds.(Mkrucnhg - `gcndjak nk Pgb`knd)

@gbbk`htg, mgzjc y jdtg,vhlhbgng pdr uc fgrdb,

vdz nk cklrd nk gbjg tkckardsg,vdz nkb agrrhd nkb tgjadr.(Kb agrrhd nkb tgjadr - jhbdclg nk Adcgvkcg y Pgcluhcktth)

Yrkpgrgrsk pgb `gcndjakquk bg kstg vg g kjpkzgr,nkb tgjadr sgbt Jgcnhclg

y cds bbgjg g `gcndjakgr.Kcnhgabgds kstc bds cklrdsnk tgctd rkphquktkgr,

yg bgs bdcmgs ahkc tkjpbgngscds hcvhtgc g aghbgr.(@gcndjakgcnd - jhbdclg `gcndjak nk Quac @grjaubg)

Pkcnds kstkrkdthpds sk drrkbg`hdcgc dc bg hjglkc quk bg sd`hkngn abgc`ggrlkcthcg thkck nkb cklrd, tgctd kc kb skcthnd djc djd kc bds lrupds nk kbhtk,


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06

kctrk bds quk hc`buyd g juèds nk bds hctkbk`tugbks hctkrksgnds kc kb tkjg. Pdarksu prdnu``hc `gak nk`hr quk, js gbb nk bg gcthlkngn nk sus puabh`g`hdcks dnk bgs hnkgs vkrthngs, ck`kshtg ucg prdfucng rkvhshc tgctd tkrh`g djd kjprh`g,

puks lkckrgbjkctk sukbk skr prdnu`td nk kspkùbg`hdcks nk ks`rhtdrhd, ùgcndcd nk rkprdnu``hc g`rth`g nk gutdrks urulugyds -pdr `hkrtd, yg pkrhjhnds-,quk sk prkskctgc `djd drhlhcgbks y vbhnds pgrg gjags jrlkcks nkb Ybgtg. Kcdtrd trgagmd (@hrhd, 199>) ek skgbgnd `jd kc bg bhtkrgturg g`gnjh`g sdark bdsgfrdgrlkcthcds prdnu`hng kctrk 7560 y 1999 (y pdshabkjkctk egstg kb prkskctk)rkhtkrgngjkctk sk gulurg su hcjhckctk nksgpgrh`hc, agmd bg `krtkzg nk quk `dckbbds tgjahc nksgpgrk`kr su ùbturg. Ph g kbbd sujgjds kb prkmuh`hd nk quk cdeh`hkrdc gpdrtks shlch`gthvds g bg ubturg cg`hdcgb, ks f`hb djprkcnkr pdr qukb grlkcthcd `dctkjpdrckd sk rkkrk g kbbds kc thkjpd pgsgnd, `djd sh fukrgtdtgbjkctk hrrkbkvgctk prkluctgr g`kr`g nk su rdb y `dctrhau`hdcks g cukstrgùbturg `dctkjpdrckg (Frhlkrhd, 1991). Nk kstk jdnd, gb cklgrbks `dctkjpd-rgckhngn nksgpgrk`k ùgbquhkr hctkctd nk nkagtk hctkrtch`d y bg kbhtk thkck kb`gjhcd gbbgcgnd pgrg bg hjpbgctg`hc y rkprdnu``hc nk uc hjglhcgrhd g`drnkg sus hctkrksks. Gs, uc tkr`kr kstkrkdthpd sk sujg g bds kxpukstds=

@)Kb cklrd djd uc skr hc`gpgz nk rkprdnu`hrsk ahdblh`g y ubturgbjkctk

fukrg nk su eahtgt cgturgb y, krld, hc`gpgz nk bklgr sus trgnh`hdcks g tkr`krds=

@gcndjak, `gcndjak cklrd,cdstgblhg nk lkctk pdark,

pdr bgs `gbbks nk Pgc kbjdyg sk eg pkrnhnd kb `gcndjak.(Gzgagèk - jhbdclg `gcndjak nk Kxpshtd, Frgc`hch y Ptgjpdch)

Agrrhd cklrd, agrrhd trhstk,sk eg gpglgnd tu `grac,agrrhd cklrd, yg cd kxhstk,

sk eg `gbbgnd tu tgjadr.(Kb agrrhd nkb tgjadr - jhbdclg nk Adcgvkcg y Pgcluhcktth)

^gcld cklrd, tgcld cklrd,

tk fuhstk shc gvhsgr,bds lrhclds fukrdc `gjahgcnd


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05

quk mgjs egc nk vdbvkr,bds vhkmds `gctds nk gykrquk fukrdc bgs lbdrhgs jgs.

(Kb gnhs nk Lgahcd Kzkhzg - jhbdclg nk Jg`hkb y Abdjakrl)

Gbkbuyg, gbkbuyg!,kc bg thkrrg nk bds abgc`ds

sk g`ga bg ks`bgvhtun.

Kb pkng`htd nk sdjargquk kst nurjhkcnd kc tu tgbbk,ùgcnd cgz`g skr bhark,tkcnr nkrkèd y rgzc.^kcnr lgbdcks ndrgnds,

pukng skr quk skg nd`tdr.(Gbkbuyg - `gcndjak nk Yhgcg y @gsthbbd)

Qky Jgld Agbtgsgr quk `djd yd, krks cklrd,

quk vhvk kc kb `hkbd tgc `kr`g nkb Pkdr,quk trgks bds rklgbds pgrg bds chds aukcds,

yd cd tk phnd cgng, ch uc suboy ch uc tgjadr,tgc sdbd yd tk phnd quk g tdnds ksds chds,quk shkjprk jk eg`kc aurbg y dfkcnkc jh `dbdr,bks nhlgs ùgcnd vukbvgs quk Nhds kst kcdmgnd,quk b sgak quk jk bbgjgc ^drjkctg y td ^dj.

Ph vhkrgs ùctgs cdèks jk nkspkrt bbdrgcnd,gb `hkbd prkluctgcnd, pdr qu, pdr qu, Pkdr,sk aurbgc nk ksk jdnd, jk jhrgc `dc nksprk`hd,jk pdckc sdarkcdjarks y dfkcnkc jh `dbdr.

G`gsd cukstrg ehstdrhg, cd egabg nk Fgbuèd,gqukb ekrdh`d cklrd, bkgb g Pgc Jgrtc,quk gctks nk kctrklgrbks g dtrds su agcnkrg,

pkcs prhjkrd kc kbbg y prkrh jdrhr4(Pkhs nk kckrd - tgcld nk Lgbbu```h y Xhsd)


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08

Gpdrtks pgrg bg `djprkcshc nk bg jsh`g gfrdgrlkcthcg gc`kstrgb

^kcnhkcnd kc ùkctg quk kb `dcd`hjhkctd sdark bg jsh`g gfrdgrlkcthcg

gc`kstrgb ks ks`gsd, pdrquk gnkjs nk bg fgbtg nk g`tugbhzg`hc tkrh`g pgrg sugadrngmk egy quk rk`dcd`kr quk cd ks ucg nk bgs trgnh`hdcks js vhlkctks nkb

pgs, puknk kb jgtkrhgb gcgbhzgnd prdpdr`hdcgr hcnh`hds sdark kbbg4 Nhèd kcdtrds trjhcds, sh bds djpdshtdrks abgc`ds hjpbh`gnds nkahkrdc rkùrrhr g hnkgsdrhlhcgbks g c nk quk kb pabh`d gnvhrthkrg kb vcùbd kctrk sus dargs y bg ck-lrhtun, puknk quk sus hnkgs cd skgc grtsth`gjkctk grahtrgrhgs shcd quk egygcshnd hcsphrgngs kc bg prdphg jsh`g gfrdgrlkcthcg. Vkgjds g qu `grg`tkrsth`gsjush`gbks y bhtkrgrhgs rkùrrhkrdc=

G) Dcdjgtdpkyg=Qkùrsd juy uthbhzgnd y kstrkègjkctk rkbg`hdcgnd`dc kb prhc`hphd nk fdrjg rkspdcsdrhgb. Bd js djc ks quk skgc dcdjgtdpkygs,hctkrmk``hdcks djd de de, tu ru ru ru, dpg dpg d kxpbkthvds kctdcgnds pdruc `drd (Gzgagèk, gcld nk bds cklrds,Aghbk nk bds jdrkcds, Xd sdy kb cklrd,

Kb `gcndjak,Jubgtgng, ^gcld cklrd, @ehcg nk bg Jgzdr`g,Kb cklrd gbklrk,@gcndjakrd,Jgrhgcg, Pgclrk fknkrgbg).

A) Hjhtg`hc nk jd bds cklrds egabgc kc kspgdb=G c nk dtdrlgr uc

jgydr rkgbhsjd gfrd, gblucgs dargs dc sk``hdcks uyd kjhsdr ks uc cklrd kstcks`rhtgs hjhtgcnd su jgckrg nk egabgr kc kspgdb, ash`gjkctk rkkjpbgzgcndbg r pdr bg b (cklbd, aksgb,pgbèk, jdbkchtg), `dcfucnhkcnd kb lckrd (bg gjhtg)d hctkr`gbgcnd frgsks dcdjgtdpyh`gs d hctklrgngs pdr pgbgargs nk shlch`gndy drhlkc nks`dcd`hnd, `djd kxpbhqu kc kb puctd gctkrhdr (Gzgagèk,Kb cklrdgbklrk, ^gcld nk bds cklrds,Jucyhclg).

@) Kjpbkd nk pgbgargs quk rhtjgc=Ygrg suargygr kb `gr`tkr rtjh`d

nk bg jkbdng, y kc `dcmuc`hc `gcdrg `dc bds tgjadrks quk sukbkc hctkrvkchr,ks `djc quk gblucds vkrsds kstc urnhnds jkcds kc fuc`hc nk su skcthndcgrrgthvd quk nkb rhtjd nk sus sbgags y g`kctds, `rkcndsk frgsks hchctkbhlhabks`djd Qktujag `dc sgclrk y tujag / tgrujag nk tujag y sgclrk (Gzgagèk),krg hclrgtg bg jubgtg, aghbgrhcg jgrglgtg, / `dc su agtg nk ks`grbgtg tkctg`hc(Jubgtgng), kb `gjdtk jkthnd kc bg jdtg / jk fuh `dc bg dtrg y gs jk qukn(Ydark cklrd), y thclg, `gthclg, sujadcg / zgjad jgbgjad nkb sur (Gbkbuyg).Nkak rksgbtgrsk quk g c nk kjubgr kb egabg cklrg sdc kspk`hgbjkctk kjpbkgngs

bgs pgbgargs quk tkclgc bds lrgfkjgs ja y cl, juègs nk kbbgs hc`busd nkdrhlkc gfrd, `djd sgjag, jgbgjad y `gthclg.


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>9

N) Yrhc`hphd nk fdrjg rkspdcsdrhgb=Ks uc rkùrsd gpbh`gnd kc kb `dcd-`hjhkctd nk quk kstk prhc`hphd ks rkùrrkctk kc juègs ùbturgs cklrdgfrh`gcgs.Kb drd ks shkjprk jgsùbhcd y eg`k dcdjgtdpkygs, ucg arkvk frgsk d kstrhahbbd.

Kstk rkùrsd ks prdphd nk kstgs dargs, cd gnvhrthcndbd kc dtrgs `djpdsh`hdcksnkb rkpkrtdrhd tgclukrd (@egrdb,Gbjg nk jdrkcd,Jubgtgng, ^gcld cklrd,Cklrg

Jgrg, @gcndjakrd,Jgrhgcg). Vkgjds nds kmkjpbds. Bgs hctkrvkc`hdcks nkb`drd kstc jgr`gngs `dc ùrshvg=

@gcndjakrd(jhbdclg). Bktrg y jsh`g nk Buhs Gbakrtd @gragbbd.

Egy quk pdckr gtkc`hc,`gcndjak vg g `djkczgr,egy quk skr nk jh `dbdr

pgrg pdnkrbd aghbgr.

Ydcktk, cklrg, kb vksthnd cukvdpdrquk gb `gcndjak tk bbkvgr,

y eg`kjk, cklrg, ksk jdvhjhkctdhlugb quk ùgcnd jk kcgjdr.

Bhjphgjk kb trgmk y bds zgpgtds,`dc juèd arhbbd thkckc quk kstgr,y kègjk uc pd`d nk glhtg fukrtk

pdrquk kb `gcndjak jk eg`k sungr.

Vgjds, jh cklrhtg, vjdcds pgrg kb `gcndjak,vgjds, quk yg sukcgc bds `djpgsks nkb `gcndjak,gpurgtk, cklrg, quk kstdy bd`d pdr aghbgr kb `gcndjak,ùgcnd bd shkctd cd jk puknd glugctgr.

Egy quk pdckr gtkc`hc,

Gtkc`hc, gtkc`hc!

`gcndjak vg g `djkczgr,G rkr, g ldzgr,


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>7

egy quk skr nk jh `dbdr

Pu `dbdr, su `dbdr!pgrg pdnkrbd aghbgr.

Dhlgc bds ùkrds, yg kjphkzgc g rkph`grbds tgjadrhbks cds hcvhtgc g aghbgr,y bds jdrkcds cd sk puknkc glugctgr.Dhlgc bds ùkrds, yg kjphkzgc g rkph`gr.

Dvg, dvg, de, de, de!Dvg, dvg, dvg, de!Dvg, dvg, de, de, de!Dvg, dvg, dvg, de!Egy quk skr nk jh `dbdrPu `dbdr, su `dbdr!

pgrg pdnkrbd aghbgr.

Jgrhgcg (`gcndjak). Bktrg y jsh`g nk Dsvgbnd Pdsg @drnkrd.

Jgrhgcg!

Ks`bgvg Jgrhgcg!Jgrhgcg!

De, de, de, de, de! (Ahs)

û ehstdrhg `gak kc uc lrhtd,kb lrhtd nk tu `bgjdr.^k eh`hkrdc ks`bgvg uc ngy ks`bgvd fuk tu ndbdr.

Bbklgstk kc gqukb cgvd,hckrcd quk trgmd kb jgr,`hkc cdèks `dc tus `gnkcgs

cd eh`hstk js quk bbdrgr.


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>1

Jgrhgcg!



Kb frh`g hag kc tus dmds,bg gclusthg kc tu `drgzc,kb bthld nkb cklrkrdsgclrgag tu phkb `grac.

@grac, grac!Pgclrgag tu phkb `grac.Aukcds Ghrks phgndsgksùè tu ndbdr,y kc kb agrrhd nk bds `gcndjaksuc jdrkcd tk nhd su gjdr,gy! qu gjgrlg tu pkcgùgcnd tk gagcndc,kc tus argzds bbdrgag uc chd

y tu pkèd sk nksgclr.

Jgrhgcg!



Bbdrgag tu chd cklrd,quk ks`bgvd tgjahc bbkl,bg sdjarg nk su nksnhègkb gbjg tk kstrkjk`h.

Qktujad nk `hkc tgjadrksldbpkgagc kc tu `drgzc,bg cdèk quk rujad gb rd

bbkvgstk tu nksgzc.


43/399


>0

Jgrhgcg!



Kb rd tk nhd sus glugs,rklgzd nk ktkrchngn,y kc b `dc tu c egbbgstk,bg sdgng bhakrtgn.

@grac, grac!Bg sdgng bhakrtgn.

Jgrhgcg!

De, de, de, de, de! (Vgrhgs vk`ks)

K) Kjpbkd nk hcstrujkctds nk pkrùshc=Kc dcd`hjhkctd nkb gr`tkrkskc`hgbjkctk rtjh`d nk bg jsh`g gfrh`gcg, bds djpdshtdrks kègrdc jgcd g bds

hcstrujkctds nk pkrùshc kjpbkgcnd kc ùgctd bulgr ùgnrgrg bg `bubg ash`gnkb `gcndjak pdrtkd, tgjahc prkskctk kc bg jhbdclg y kb tgcld (skjh`drèkg- 1 `drèkgs - `drèkg `dc pucthbbd), d `dc bhlkrgs vgrhgctks (cklrg - 1 `drèkgs- skjh`drèkg `drèkg - skjh`drèkg - 1 `drèkgs, kt`.). Gs, kc bg vkrshc nkGrjgcnd Ydcthkr nkGzgagèk, cd sdbd egy tgjadrks g`djpggcnd bg drqukstg`dc bg prhjkrg `bubg jkc`hdcgng, shcd quk rkgbhzgc ucg arkvk hctrdnu``hc.Gucquk cd egbb ndùjkctg`hc vhsugb sdark kstgs drqukstgs, bds jkjargc-

fdcds kjpbkgnds pgrk`kc skr tgjadrhbks nk `gcndjak urulugyd y, kc jkcdrjknhng, uc adcl d uc adjad tuaubgr `rhdbbd. Dtrds hcstrujkctds nk pkrùshckjpbkgnds sdc kb pbgthbbd (kcGzgagèk) y kb lhrd (kcMkrucnhg, rkgbhzgcnd bgskùkc`hg 1 skjh`drèkgs - 1 `drèkgs - 1 lrupds nk > skjh`drèkgs `gng ucd- `drèkg). Jkc`hc kspk`hgb jkrk`kc 0 tgclds nk @`krks, ^gcld cklrd, ^d`tgcly ^gjadr, kc bds quk ucg `djpbkmg y ahkc kquhbhargng agtkrg nk hcstru-jkctds nk pkrùshc, hctklrgng pdr `gmdcks pkrugcds, tgjadrhbks urulugyds,

adjad, rkndabgctk, pbgthbbds, jgrhjags y agbgfc, kctrk dtrds, dtdrlgc g nhègs

dargs uc ghrk kskc`hgbjkctk gfrd. Kstk sgbtd sdcdrd puknk kxpbh`grsk pdrquk sdctgclds nk rk`hkctk `rkg`hc (bds nds prhjkrds kstc kc uc @N nk 1990 y kb tkr-


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`krd kc dtrd nk 199>) y gedrg cd sdbd sk nhspdckc nk jknhds nk lrgag`hc jssdsth`gnds, shcd quk gb prdphd gutdr bk hctkrks kccklrk`kr nk ksg jgckrg ksgsdargs, djd puknk bkkrsk kc ucg arkvk rkskg quk puabh`htg su @N d` tgcl.

Kstgs hctkrprktg`hdcks, js gbb nk bgs aukcgs hctkc`hdcks nk @`krks, cd kstckxkctgs nk bg hcukc`hg nkb prhjhthvhsjd rkvhshtgnd vg wdrbn jush`quk aus`g,trgs bg sgturg`hc pkrùshvg, ucg vukbtg g bds drlkcks nkb edjark, kc kstk `gsdg bg jgnrk frh`g (Ptgsh, 1999).

Nk bgs ; grg`tkrsth`gs kxpukstgs trks sdc rkùrsds bhtkrgrhds (dcdjgtdpk-ygs, hjhtg`hc nk `jd bds cklrds egabgc kc kspgdb y kjpbkd nk pgbgargs qukrhtjgc), ucg ks tgctd uc rkùrsd bhtkrgrhd `djd jush`gb (prhc`hphd nk fdrjg rks-

pdcsdrhgb) y dtrg kx`bushvgjkctk jush`gb (kjpbkd nk hcstrujkctds nk pkrùshc).@dtkmgcnd kb jgtkrhgb gcgbhzgnd `dc kb `dcd`hjhkctd ehstrh`d-ktcdlr`d qukg`tugbjkctk nhspdckjds sdark bg jsh`g gfrdgrlkcthcg, vkgjds kc qu jknhngkb rkpkrtdrhd kstunhgnd puknk gpdrtgr buz gb rkspk`td.

Kc kb rkpkrtdrhd gcgbhzgnd egbb trks thpds nk hctkrmk``hdcks u dcdjgtdpk-ygs quk cd sdc grahtrgrhgs shcd quk sk `drrkspdcnkc `dc bgs kjpbkgngs pdr bdsgfrdgrlkcthcds= agrhb, kc Cklrg Jgrg, @gb `gbuc `gclu kc bg jhbdclg

Ardc`ky g g kcBg rujahtg `gcndjak. Bg prhjkrg kst fucngjkctgng pdr

bds kstunhds nk Frhlkrhd (7880) sdark kb `gcndjak pdrtkd, bg sklucng ks `htgngpdr vgrhds kstunhds gcthluds sdark kb jhsjd gcndjak y bg tkr`krg pdr bds jdssdark bg ègrgcng, ngczg rkbhlhdsg cklrg prdphg nkb ùbtd g sgc Agbtgzgr kc @d-rrhkctks (@hrhd, 1991). Phluhkcnd kstg blh`g, quhzs uc ktcdbhclhstg gnvhkrtg qukdtrds vkrsds dcdjgtdpyh`ds skgc kc rkgbhngn pgbgargs d frgsks kc gblc gcthludhnhdjg gfrh`gcd. Bg hjhtg`hc nkb egabg cklrg nkb kspgdb sk rkjdctg g gutdrks y`djpdshtdrks nkb rkcg`hjhkctd kspgdb, djd Bdpk nk Vklg y Jgtkd Fbkèg, kb

vhkmd. Bkmds nk skr uc rkùrsd jkrgjkctk grtsth`d, egbb sustkctd ktcdlr`dkctrk gfrdnks`kcnhkctks pdrtkds, puks kc gblucds gcndjaks trgnh`hdcgbks qukrk`drngrdc gpgrk`kc pgbgargs `djd Fgsehsquhtg pdr Frgc`hsquhtg, segctd

pdr sgctd y cdc qukrk pdr cd quhkrk. Bd jhsjd jk su`knh dc kb prhc`h-phd nk fdrjg rkspdcsdrhgb, puks bds jhsjds ùbtdrks jk hcnh`gagc kc qu pgrtksnk bd quk `gctgagc rkspdcng dtrd sdbhstg d uc `drd. Kb kjpbkd nk pgbgargs qukrhtjgc, sh ahkc pgrk`k uc rkùrsd cktgjkctk grtsth`d, rkspdcnk g ucg `grg`tkrs-th`g nk, pdr bd jkcds, bg jsh`g gfrdrhdpbgtkcsk. Kb kjpbkd nk `bubgs jush`gbks

kc`gpsubgngs kc kb nhsùrsd bhtkrgrhd eg`k kctkcnkr jkmdr kb bkark kxpbkthvd qukgcthlugjkctk eg`gc bds cklrds kc sus `gcndjaks td` tgcl. Nhèg rtjh`g,


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>;

g`kctugngjkctk, cd ks dtrg `dsg quk bg `dcd`hng `bubg jgnrk nkb `gcndjakpdrtkd= skjh`drèkg - 1 `drèkgs - `drèkg `dc pucthbbd, nkb jhsjd jdnd qukkc bg ègrgcng, ùyd cdjark `gctgnd ks edjbdld gb rhtjd nkb adjad quk sk

pkrùtk= skjh`drèkg - 1 drèkgs. Ydr bthjd, rkspk`td gb kjpbkd nk hcstrujkctdsnk pkrùshc `gak nk`hr nds `dsgs= quk su usd kc bg jsh`g gfrdgrlkcthcg kstkxtkcsgjkctk ndùjkctgnd tgctd kc fukctks sk`gs djd vhvgs? y quk bds cklrdsgrlkcthcds pkrùtkc sus tgjadrks sdbd `dc jgcds, cd `dc pgbd y jgcd `djd kc[rulugy. Gs bd eg`kc kc kb adjad kc bg jkc`hdcgng ègrgcngy kc cd pd`gslrgag`hdcks nk gcndjaks nk, pdr kmkjpbd, Gbakrtd @gsthbbd, nk quhkc sk sgak qukgbtkrcgag kc gblucgs lrgag`hdcks tgjadrkrds gfrdurulugyds (quk, blh`gjkctk,td`gagc gb ksthbd urulugyd) y tgjadrkrds gfrdgrlkcthcds, quk rkgbhzgagc kstk tdquksdbgjkctk `dc bgs jgcds y, prdagabkjkctk, tgjahc egygc ekèd sulkrkc`hgssdark `jd ngr ucg hjprdctg jush`gb cklrg g ksgs dargs (6).

@dc`bushdcks

^kchkcnd kc ùkctg quk kb tgcld ks ucd nk bds rkpkrtdrhds js vgstds nk

bg jsh`g pdpubgr `dctkjpdrckg, `dc `kr`g nk 7;.999 `djpdsh`hdcks, y qukucg pgrthùbgr nhcjh`g nk jkr`gnd hc`hnh pgrg quk edy kc ng skg gprk`hgnd yùbthvgnd kc nhvkrsgs pgrtks nkb jucnd, sdpksgr nk bg rkprkskctgthvhngn, vhlkc-`hg y prkskc`hg nk bd cklrd kc b, hjpbh`g `djprdjktkrsk kc bg rkvhshc nk ucdnk bds lrupds quk bd lkst y `dcsdbhn, tgb vkz kb jkcds `dcd`hnd. Hctkctgcnd`djpdckr ucg vhshc hctklrgndrg nk bg hc`hnkc`hg ùbturgb nk kstk lrupd kc pdsnk uc agbgc`k kc tdcd pburgbhstg nk cukstrg sd`hkngn, ek `kctrgnd bg gtkc`hc kc

trks ùksthdcks= bg vhshc quk tkcgc nk kbbds bds abgc`ds? sh nhèg vhshc lugrng`drrkbg`hc `dc bgs hnkgs nkb grlkcthcd jknhd? y kb pdtkc`hgb ktcdblh`d prdphg-jkctk cklrd quk pukng `dctkckr kb rkpkrtdrhd gcgbhzgnd.

Bg jsh`g pdpubgr sk kcthkcnk cd `djd ucg kcthngn gutdsu`hkctk y

(6) Gucquk ks`gpg g bds bjhtks nkb prkskctk grtùbd, kstg pkrspk`thvg gfrd rkspk`td g djpdshtdrks y tkjth`g nk bgs dargs, kc kbfuturd pdnr kcrhquk`krsk tgjahc dc kb kstunhd nk bds hctrprktks cklrds djd ucd nk bds prhjkrds agcndckdchstgs, PkagsthcQgjds Jkmg, kb jubgtd Phcfdrdsd quk td`gag kb `bgrhcktk, `djpdshtdrks nk `dbdr quk gnkjs td`gagc `djd @gshjhrd, kb vhdbc,Jgègnd, kb g`drnkc, Jg`hkb, bg luhtgrrg, kb phgcd y kb agcndckc, Jkcnhzagb, kb phgcd, Qh`grnd, bg luhtgrrg (g`djpggcnd

nurgctk juèd thkjpd g Lgrnkb), Jdrg, kb agcndckc y bg luhtgrrg y Pgblgc, kb phgcd. G kbbd nkakc sujgrsk pdr bd jkcds ndsdrqukstgs nk tgcld nk kxtrg``hc cklrg= bg Drqukstg gcldjak, nk Jg`hkb, y bg Drqukstg @gcndjak (78>7-78>8) nk @gcgrd. Kcbg ngczg sk nkstg`g ucd nk bds jkmdrks aghbgrhcks y prdfksdrks nk bg g`tugbhngn, Fgùcnd Ydsgngs, chktd nkb `djpdshtdr cklrd@grbds Ydsgngs.


46/399


>6

gutcdjg nk skcthnd shcd `djd bg rksubtgctk hctkc`hdcgb nk sus `rkgndrks,quhkcks aus`gc kc uc jgr`d ehstrh`d y sd`hgb `dc`rktd su nhfushc y `dcsujdvg jkr`gnd. Nk kstk jdnd, bds jknhds jgshvds nk `djuch`g`hc gnquhkrkc uc

prdtgldchsjd vhtgb quk `rkgc, g bg vkz quk jdbnkgc, bds lustds y ck`kshngnksnk bg gunhkc`hg y rkfukrzgc d nksjhth`gc kstkrkdthpds g trgvs nk ucg kstth`gnkb skcthr. Kb tgcld fuk y ks ucg jsh`g kskc`hgbjkctk jknhth`g quk, js gbbnk bg g`tug`hc kc vhvd nk bgs drqukstgs, eg ekèd nk bgs `djpggs lrgagndrgs,kb `hck, bg rgnhd y bg tkbkvhshc su rgzc nk kxhsthr. @djd tdnd ekèd eujgcd,kb tgcld cd kst kxkctd nk hnkdbdlg y su sdc `dcstruy y `dcstruyk aukcg pgrtknkb hjglhcgrhd hnkcthtgrhd grlkcthcd. Nhèd kc dtrds trjhcds, sh kb grlkcthcd skvk rkkmgnd kc b, puks bd ksthjg `djd kxpbh`g`hc, musth`g`hc y gcekbd nksu vhng, ks pdrquk bds prd`ksds nk edjdbdlg, hctkrpkbg`hc y cgrrgthvhngn skegbbgc, nk gblucg jgckrg, suthbjkctk kctrkbgzgnds. Kstg tkrcg nk prd`ksds hnkc-th`gtdrhds pdr jknhd nk bg jsh`g fuk gcgbhzgng pdr Frhte, Fkbn, Vhbg y Ykbhcsoh,kctrk dtrds, `dc kb damkthvd nk nhbu`hngr bg rkbg`hc quk kctgabg kb dykctk `dcucg jsh`g nktkrjhcgng pgrg quk kstg sk `dcvhkrtg kc ùbturgbjkctk gfk`thvg yshlch`gthvg.

@dcshnkrgcnd quk kb tgcld cd fuk ch ks uc prdnu`td edjdlckd nk uc

lrupd d sk`tdr sd`hgb nktkrjhcgnd y quk g bd bgrld nk su vhng fuk y ks gtrgvksgndpdr nhfkrkctks ksùkbgs y ksthbds quk bk hjprhjhkrdc jdnh`g`hdcks kmkr`hkcndcdtgabks d suthbks hcukc`hgs sd`hgbks, ùbturgbks, ehstrh`gs y k`dcjh`gs, bgvgbhnkz nk kstg rkvhshc nk `drtk gfrh`gchstg `darg bklhthjhngn kc kb jgr`d nkdtrds kstunhds rkvhshdchstgs shjhbgrks, djd kb gpdrtk nk bds munds d bgs jumkrks.Phc kjagrld, `djd skgb gb `djhkczd, cd ks jh hctkc`hc gnkctrgrjk kc kbrksagbgnhzd y pd`d ndùjkctgnd tkrrkcd nkb drhlkc cklrd nkb tgcld (sh ks quk

bd tuvd), shcd sdpksgr bg g`tug`hc k hc`hnkc`hg nk kstk lrupd kc b. ^kchkcndkc ùkctg quk bgs dargs quk trgtgc kb tkjg cklrd sdc nk `djpdshtdrks abgc`ds,bg prkluctg ks pdr qu ucg pgrtk nkb jucnd tgclukrd sk hctkrksg kc bg tkjth`gcklrg, sh nksnk kb hjglhcgrhd lkckrgb cd sdc shlch`gthvds4 Gucquk gc fgbtgjuèd pdr sgakr sdark bg `djpbkmg trgjg sd`hgb grlkcthcg g bd bgrld nk su ehs-tdrhg y bgs nhvkrsgs hjlkcks `dcstruhngs, tgctd kc pds nkb gcekbgnd pgs g bgkurdpkg `djd kc pds nk ucg sd`hkngn pburhtch`g, nkskd `krrgr kstk grtùbdgrrhkslgcnd ucg ehptkshs quk kspkrd pdnkr musth`gr kc kb futurd. @dcshnkrd

quk bds cklrds shkjprk egc kstgnd, nk gblucg jgckrg, prkskctks kc cukstrgsd`hkngn js gbb nkb nhsùrsd nk kbhtk quk bds jhchjhzgag cujrh`gjkctk, bds


47/399


>


48/399


>5

AHABHDLQGFG

@hrhd, Cdrakrtd Ygabd= Yr`th`gs jush`gbks nk prd`knkc`hg gfrd kc kb

ùbtd g sgc Agbtgsgr. Bgègrgcngnk Kjpknrgnd (Y`hg. nk @drrhkctks,Grlkcthcg).Qkvhstg Jush`gb @ehbkcg78.

Agtks, E`tdr yBuhs M. Agtks=Bg ehstdrhg nkb tgcld=sus gutdrks.Aukcds Ghrks= Kn. pgrt. Yrhjkr tdjd. 7806.

Fdrcgrd, Jgrhtg y Pgjukb Pztkrc= 7819-78>9= Jsh`g pdpubgrk hjglkc lr`g kc [rulugy. Jdctkvhnkd= Ksùkbg [chvkrshtgrhg nkJsh`g y Ksùkbg Cg`hdcgb nk Akbbgs Grtks. 788>. 7888.^gcld. KcNh``hdcgrhd nk bg Jsh`g Kspgdbg k Ehspgcdgjkrh`gcg. Jg-nrhn= Pd`hkngn Lkckrgb nk Gutdrks y Knhtdrks. . 79= 7>1-7;>. 1991.

Jrjdb, Grskchd=Kb cklrd Jg`hkb y sus `hcùkctg `gc`hdcks. Kc

Gqu kst!C 79;7. Aukcds Ghrks, 70 nk muchd, 7-0. 78>6. Cdvgth, Mdrlk(`ddrn. y supkrv. lrgb.)=_7859Z. Gctdbdlg nkb tgcld


49/399


>8

rhdpbgtkcsk (Nksnk sus `djhkczds egstg 7819). Aukcds Ghrks= HcsthtutdCg`hdcgb nk Jush`dbdlg @grbds Vklg. 1991.

Drlgjahnk, Yknrd(skbk``hc, prbdld y cdtgs)=^gclukgcnd= ^ksthjd-

chds, ukctds y pdkjgs. Aukcds Ghrks= Hcsthtutd Jdvhbhzgndr nk Fdcnds@ddpkrgthvds. 7881.

Yccdbg, Fgahc Jgr`kbd=Qktdquks (Kb tgcld y kb fdb`bdrk kckb rd`o cg`hdcgb grlkcthcd). KcJsh`g pdpubgr kc Gjrh`g Bgthcg=

G`tgs nkb HH @dclrksd Bgthcdgjkrh`gcd HGPYJ Hctkrcgthdcgb Gssd`hgthdcfdr tek Ptuny df Ydpubgr Jush`. Pgcthgld nk @ehbk= FDCNGQ^, Yp. 1;6-168. 7888.

Yhcsc, Cstdr y Arucd @ksph= @grbds Ydsgngs. www.tdndtgcld.`dj.199>.

Qkhn Gcnrkws, Lkdrlk=_7859Z Bds gfrdgrlkcthcds nk Aukcds Ghrks.Aukcds Ghrks= Knh`hdcks nk bg Fbdr. 7858.

Ptgsh, @grbds=\drbn jush` y pkr`ushc= prhjhthvhsjd rkvhshtgnd4G`tgs nkb HHH @dclrksd Bgthcdgjkrh`gcd nk bg Gsd`hg`hc Hctkrcg`hdcgbpgrg kb Kstunhd nk bg Jsh`g Ydpubgr. Adldt.www.ehst.pu`.`b/ehstdrhg/hgspj/hgspj.etjb. 1999.


50/399


;9

Gpcnh`kBds `gshbbkrds kc abgc`d skgbgc quk bg hcfdrjg`hc cd eg pdnhnd skr `djpbktgng.

7 Gnhs Pgc kbjd Lrkbg, Qdakrtd ]gbnvgr, Knjucnd (e)1 Ge vhkck kb cklrd Qgb Yhgcg, Pkagsthc Akcgrs, Bkc

0 Gbkbuyg Yhgcg, Pkagsthc @gsthbbd, @tubd

> Gbeu`kjg Yrg`ch`d, Frgc`hs`d Pgcluhcktth, Edrg`hd

; Gbjg nk jdrkcd Agtbk Agtbk

6 Gzgagèk Frgc`hch K. y E`tdr Ptgjpdch Kxpshtd, Edjkrd

< Aghbk nk bds jdrkcds Lgvhdbh, Q., @grjkbd Hjpkrhd y Lkrchjd Xdrhd

5 Agbndsg fidmg Pgssdck, Fbdrhcnd y Mubhd Ad``gzzh Lhbgcndch, Ngctk

8 Abgc`gchkvks Ykrry, Ykpk Nkèhèk

79 Adlg adlg adtk`hcd Qd``g Qdquhtgb, Ygsùgb Qd``g Qdquhtgb, Ygsùgb

77 Ardc`k @gstkbbgcds, Yhctc @gstkbbgcds, Yhctc

71 @gf Pdsg @drnkrd, Dsvgbnd Pdsg @drnkrd, Dsvgbnd

70 @gbga Yhgcg, Pkagsthc Akcgrs, Bkc

7> @gcnkbg Qdnrlukz, @grbds Gbakrtd Yhknrgehtg, Mg`hctd Qh`grnd

7; @gcndjak @gcgrd, Frgc`hs`d @gcgrd, Frgc`hs`d

76 @gcndjak rhdbbd @gcgrd, Frgc`hs`d Bdjutd, Frgc`hs`d

7< @gcndjak nk Jdcskrrgt Pkbbks, Qdakrtd Abgc`d, Gjhb`gr

75 @gcndjak nkb @egvgcld Jgrtckz, Qh`grnd K. @ehcgrrd, Gcnrs

78 @gcndjak Bdgcng Gcchjd Gcchjd

19 @gcndjak drhkctgb @gstkbbgcds, Yhctc @gstkbbgcds, Yhctc

17 @gcndjak rhdpbgtkcsk @gstkbbgcds, Yhctc Pgcthgld, @grjkbd11 @gcndjakgcnd @grjaubg, Quac @grjaubg, Quac

10 @gcndjakrd @gragbbd, Buhs Gbakrtd @gragbbd, Buhs Gbakrtd1> @gcndclg Hsush, Mdrlk Nrgldck y Qhdagb

1; @grg cklrg Bpkz Auègrnd, Qgjc Gbakrtd

16 @gradcgng Jgrtckz, Mds

1< @gr`gmgng nkb cklrd Mugc Nk Cgvg, Gr turd

15 @gr`gmgngs nkb cklrd Mugc Vhbbdbnd, clkb Lrkldrhd Vhbbdbnd, clkb Lrkldrhd

18 @grcgvgb Qdtucnd, Frgc`hs`d, ^ht Qdssh y Y. Abgc`d

09 @grcgvgbkrg Yhgcg, Pkagsthc Jgczh, Edjkrd

07 @grujagh Yhgcg, Pkagsthc @kctkyg, Mubhc

01 @egrdb Pdsg @drnkrd, Dsvgbnd Pdsg @drnkrd, Dsvgbnd


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;7

Jhbdclg kvd`gthvg Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg 78

gcld Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg

@gcndjak Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg

Jhbdclg gcndjak Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg 78>1

@gcndjak Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb [rulugy 78>9

Jhbdclg gcndjak Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg 786>


52/399


;1

00 @dclds y akclukbgs Jgrtckz, Qh`grnd K. @ehcgrrd, Gcnrs

0> @ugtrd drgzdcks Pgctds Nhs`pdbd, Kcrhquk Pgctds Nhs`pdbd, Kcrhquk

0; Nk Aukcds Ghrks, jdrkcg... Cklrd, E`tdr Luzjc, @grjkc

06 Nd gcndjakrd Nk Agssh, Grturd Vh`kctk0< Kb gfrh`gcd Ykrkyrg, Knugrnd Lrkldrhd @edc Bd, Frgc`hs`d G.

05 Kb gbadrdtd Vhbgr, Ykz, Phkrrg Vhlcdbk y @gsgabgc`g

08 Kb aghbk nkb shktk Ldaahcd kb 9 Kb agrrhd nkb tgjadr Adcgvkcg, Gctdchd Pgcluhcktth, Edrg`hd

>7 Kb gèhvgèkrd @grjaubg, Quac @grjaubg, Quac

>1 Kb gcndjak Nk @grd, Mubhd @gn`gjd, Kcrhquk

>0 Kb gcndjakrd @gjgrgcd, Fbhx Kb ukrtd

>> Kb lgthtd kc kb tkmgnd @grjaubg, Quac @grjaubg, Quac

>; Kb jdrkcd Pgbgzgr Qg``hgtth, Ndcgtd Qhvkrd, J.

>6 Kb cklrd @drtz Bpkz, Mdgquc

>< Kb cklrd gbklrk Vhbbdbnd, clkb Lrkldrhd Vhbbdbnd, clkb Lrkldrhd

>5 Kb Cklrd @gs`dtk Gcchjd Gcchjd

>8 Kb cklrd Qgb Agssh, clkb

;9 Kb cklrd Qgb Ydbhtd, Mugc y N. Buraks (Nhjgs) Quahstkhc, Buhs y Ngctk G. Bhcykrg

;7 Kb cklrd Pèh`dag Ygbgzukbds, Mds Jgrg;1 Kb chd Mg`hctd Aruch, Gthbhd y Mugc nk bg Eukrtg

;0 Kb pghsgchtd @bgush, Y. y J. B. Yrkz

;> Kb pbgtg @`krks, Mugc @grbds @`krks, Mugc @grbds

;; Kb vkcnkndr nk vkbgs Yhgcg, Pkagsthc Akcgrs, Bkc

;6 Kc Aukcds Ghrks @grusd, Buhs y Qgb Bgvgbbk @grusd, Buhs y Qgb Bgvgbbk

;< Kstgjpg nkb 599 Xdrhd, Lkrchjd, @grjkbd Hjpkrhd y Q. Lgvhdbh

;5 Fgcngcld Jdrks, Jgrhgcd

;8 Fkbh`htg Nkb @grrhb, Euld @kctkyg, Mubhc

69 Fhkstgs nk jh hungn Ptgjpdck, Gthbhd Bhzgrrglg, Gcnrs

67 Edcdrhg

61 Eukvhtds nk dbdr Yhgcg, Pkagsthc Akcgrs, Bkc

60 Mg`hctd rkthctd Yhgcg, Pkagsthc @grckbbh, Jgrhg Buhsg

6> Mgzjc Phjc @gsthbbd, @tubd Yhgcg, Pkagsthc

6; Mkrucnhg Pgb`knd, Gctdchd

66 Mkss cklrd Vgrkbg, E`tdr y Krckstd ^hth Qdssh Hturrgstk, Mugc Aguthstg

6< Mugc Jgcukb Yhgcg, Pkagsthc Jgczh, Edjkrd


53/399


;0

@gcndjak Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg 78

@gcndjak prklc Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg 781



Jhbdclg fknkrgb Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg 780>


54/399


;>

65 Bg g`khtucg nkb cklrd Yhgcg, Pkagsthc Akcgrs, Bkc

68 Bg gc`hc nkb gcndjakrd P`dbgth Gbjkyng, F. Vhgbk Ygz, @grbds


55/399


;;

@gcndjak prklc Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg 78


56/399


;6

790 Cklrhtd Pdhfkr, Gbakrtd Nk Yrhs`d, Mds

79> Cklrhtd, qukrs gf4 Gcchjd Gcchjd

79; Cklrd grac Bd`gs`hd, B. y Ngbkssgcnrd

796 Cklrd y pbgtg Murkz, Quac @eh`d Cdvgrrd79< Dbvhnkjds kb dbdr Jumh`g, Frgc`hs`d @grgakbbh, Buhs

795 Drd y pbgtg @egrbd Jgczh, Edjkrd

798 Ygp Agbtgsgr Yhgcg, Pkagsthc Jgczh, Edjkrd

779 Ygrg cklrds, sdbgjkctk!.. Nkb Vgbbk, Kuskahd

777 Ygrèks y adrndcgs Gluhbgr, A. Gluhbgr, A.

771 Ygstkbkrg Yhgcg, Pkagsthc @gsthbbd, @tubd

770 Ykcg jubgtg Yhgcg, Pkagsthc Jgczh, Edjkrd

77> Ydark cklrg Frgc`hch, K. y E`tdr Ptgjpdch Kxpshtd, Edjkrd

77; Ydark cklrd Agssd, Mds Lgr`g Mhjckz, Frgc`hs`d

776 Ydkjg cklrd Yrkz Jgrtc, Cdrjg Ygdbu``h, Qhtg

77< Ydr bg `gbbk bgrlg Gcchjd Gcchjd

775 Wu dctkctd kst jh chd P`gpdbg, N. usdbh, E.

778 Qdpg abgc`g Jgbkrag, Gbfrknd Jgczh, Edjkrd

719 Pgc Ndjhcld Jdczklbhd, Mds @. y Djgr P`glbhg

717 Pgc kbjd tk vhd cg`kr Ndc Fhbhctd y Ngctk Lhbgrndch711 Pgclrk jdrkcg Lhbgrndch, Ngctk @edbd Ekrccnkz

710 Pk gsg kb cklrhtd Yhgcg, Pkagsthc @grckbbh, Jgrhg Buhsg

71> Pkhs nk kckrd Lgbbu``h, Grturd Xhsd, Qkycgbnd

71; Pkcskjgy Nkb @grrhb, Euld @kctkyg, Mubhc

716 Peduthcl (Lrhtgcnd) Qhktth, Kbhd

71< Phlg kb aghbk \grrkc, @grbds Gbakrtd \grrkc, @grbds Gbakrtd

715 Pdbngd, pkbd dbdrgd Yhgcg, Pkagsthc Akcgrs, Bkc718 ga Qdssh, Krckstd ^hth êdjpdc, Qh`grnd

709 gjadr @`krks, Mugc @grbds @`krks, Mugc @grbds

707 gjadr jdrkcd Bgzzgrh, @grbds, Mugc Ydbhtd y clkb Lgtth

701 gjadrhbkrg Ygsùgb, Mds Lrgvhz

700 gjadrhbkrg Ygz, Mugc Mds

70> gjadrhbks Jgtkd, M. y L. Aruj

70; gcld nk bds cklrds Nk Cgvg, Grturd Nk Cgvg, Grturd

706 gcld nk bds cklrds buadbds Gcchjd Fhlukrdg, Grhkb

70< gcld cklrd Nk Mkss Lgvgzg, Akchtd Nk Mkss Lgvgzg, Akchtd


57/399


;5

Jhbdclg gcndjak Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg 78>1

gcld jhbdclg Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg 788>


Jhbdclg cklrg Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg

Jhbdclg Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg 78>9

@gcndjak Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg 78>0



Qhvkrd, Knjucnd gcld Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg

Jhbdclg gcndjak Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg

Jhbdclg cklrg Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg 78>0


@gcndjak Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg@gcndjak Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg


gcld Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg


Pehjjy Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg

@gcndjak Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg 78;0



58/399


;5

705 gcld cklrd @`krks, Mugc @grbds @`krks, Mugc @grbds

708 gcld cklrd

7>9 gcld rktgcld @`krks, Mugc @grbds Pkagsthc, Gcg

7>7 ^hctg `ehcg Ydbhtd, Gctdchd -7>1 d` tgcl @`krks, Mugc @grbds @`krks, Mugc @grbds

7>0 dj pg seu`g Yhgcg, Pkagsthc Akcgrs, Bkc

7>> rkczgs cklrgs Nk Gclkbhs, Gbfrknd Dtkrd, Qdndbfd

7>; rhstk fkarkrd @`krks, Mugc @grbds @`krks, Mugc @grbds

7>6 [c tgcld grgc`uctgcld Gcchjd Gcchjd

7>< [cg cklbg y uc cklbhtd Qdmgs, Jhlukb B. Agrrkng, Qgfgkb7>5 Vg... gykcnd Buclgrzd, Ch`dbs y Pgbvgndr Vhdbg Buclgrzd, C. y Pgbvgndr Vhdbg

7>8 Xgjgja Nkb @grrhb, Euld @kctkyg, Mubhc

7;9 Xd sdy kb cklrd Yhgzzdbbg, stdr Ldrdsthzg, @grbds

7;7 Xujagja Pdsg @drnkrd, Dsvgbnd Pdsg @drnkrd, Dsvgbnd


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;8

Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg

Grlkcthcg

Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg

gcld jhbdclg Hcstrujkctgb GrlkcthcgVd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg

@gcndjak Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg 789 Vd`gb - Hcstrujkctgb Grlkcthcg





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69


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67

Abgcquhtun y cklrhtun kc bdsrklhstrds bhtkrgrhds rhdpbgtkcsks

J. Kulkchg Fgu

Ybgc nk trgagmd=

Fhnkbhtgs y vhcnh`tgs

Ygtkrcgbhsjd y pdskshc `djd jgr`g nk `bgsk @gtbdld nk qukmgs. Jgr`gs tkxtugbks

Pupkrag bkxhs

Nksprksthlhd skjcth`d= bg dtrkngn nk bg cklrhtun

@kbkarg`hc= kb cklrd ks ekrjdsd

Jktfdrgs nk agcd y tgcld

Ygygndrks jdrkcds= jktkjpsh`dshs

Ks bg ehstdrhg nkb tkr`kr pgthd, `ugcnd bgs `gsgs tkcgc trks pgthds.Jdrkcgng, Mds Buhs Bgcuzg

Kstk g`phtk cds rkjhtk g ucg `grtdlrgfg shjabh`g nk bg hc`drpdrg`hc nkbds jdrkcds g cukstrg hnkcthngn. Kbbds sk gshjhbgrdc nksnk kb fdcnd nk bgs gsdcgs`dbdchgbks, tgb vkz nksnk kb sk`tdr js skc`hbbd, pkrd shkjprk hc`drpdrgnds gb

jahtd edlgrkd. Ykrtkck`k gb bhard Jdrkcgng, ucd nk bds js nd`ujkctgnds ykc`gctgndrks gadrngmks nkb tkjg. Kb sustgcthvd dbk`thvd, agsgnd kc bg skjcth`g


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61

nk ucg `dccdtg`hc shkjprk pdshthvg kc cukstrgs bktrgs `dcsthtuyk ucg sctkshsnk kcuc`hg`hc= Jdrkcd, yg sustgcthvd, yg gnmkthvd, trgsuctg gfk`td kc kb trgtd y`drtkmd lgbgctk kc bg pdksg.

Mkrdjhtg, sh skluhjds uc thkjpd js kc kstk rktrktk nk bgs Gjrh`gscd cds vg g `dcd`kr ch bg jgnrk quk cds pgrh, cd egs cdtgnd quk g`tkckjds bds jdngbks `djd `glgnds nk jds`gs y cds ekjds vukbtd fgjh-bhgrks egstg `dc bds cklrds4

Ksd tk d`urrhr g th pdrquk cd thkcks gr`tkr. Ykrd yd ahkc quk dcskrvdbg `ucg.(Kc`h`bdpknhg sk`rktg nk ucg fgjhbhg grlkcthcg, nk Jgr`d Nkckvh)

Kstk phctdrks`d nhbdld kctrk ndc Qkhcktd nk Jdcnksnd`g y Yd`gtkrrg,dhndr nkb @gahbnd nk Aukcds Ghrks vhrrkhcgb y su skdrg kspdsg, rkkmg bgs jgr`gstkxtugbks y bgs hnkgs nk pd`g nk bds ehngblds kspgdbks y nk bds rhdbbds abgc`dsnkb Qd nk bg Ybgtg. Ks kb prdpshtd nk kstk jdnkstd trgagmd `djphbgr rklhstrdsbhtkrgrhds quk ksad`kc ucg rkspukstg g bgs prkluctgs g`kr`g nk bg nksgpgrh`hcnk bds cklrds d nk bg hcvhshahbhzg`hc pgrg cd rk`dcd`krbds d cd rk`dcd`krcds

kc cukstrg `djpdsh`hc tch`g.

Fhnkbhtgs y Vhcnh`tgs

Cklrg sdy, ehmg nk Mkrusgbc, pkrd sdy ahkc pgrk`hng? sdy `djd kc bgsthkcngs nk @kngr, djd kc bds pgakbbdcks nk Pgbdjc. Cd rkpgrhs kc quk

sdy jdrkcg, pdrquk kb sdb eg rdagnd jh `dbdr.(@gctgr nk bds @gctgrks, H, >-;)

@gtgbhcg Ndlgc jurh kb 07nk gldstd nk 7560, g bds sktkctg y hc`d gdsnk kngn. Fuk, kc su eujhbnk `bgsk nk shrvhkctg, uc jdnkbd nk nkbhngn yedcrgnkz.(Kphtgd kc bg tujag nk @gtgbhcg Ndlgc,Avkng nk bg fgjhbhg Phcz Agbhkctk).


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60

Kb fuckrgb pdstkrlgnd

Pklc Jgcukb Jumh`g Bhckz kc Bg js`grg shc rdstrd (7


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6>

hcjucng= Kstd nk bg pubskrg nk `gs`gakbks ks ucg hcvkc`hc suyg, sdbd suyg.@ugcnd nks`grlgc kc Qkthrd ucg rkjksg nk frh`g, Qunygrn gcng ucg edrg kctrkbgs ekjargs, jgcdskcndbgs d rdzcndbgs gpkcgs `dc bgs ykjgs nk sus nknds

suthbks. Ks`dlk bg prkfkrhng y bk `hk pgrg rk`dcd`krbg kc kb rkagd dsùrd, bgpubskrg nk dark. [cg jumkr ds quhtgrsk bg gmdr`g y rk`hah `hkc gzdtks, egagjukrtd pdr bg jhtgn nk bg ùkctg, su `gakzg pkcng `djd ucg adrbg `rkspg y

sklugc gzdtcndbg.Gctk bds sktkctg shbkc`hdsds cklrds nk bg agrrg`g, Ahcld sk dbd`g bg pubskrg

nk `gs`gakbks nk su ekrjgcg jukrtg y clk kb mukld nk bg pkrskù`hc gjdrdsgfukrg nk bg agrrg`g y sgbtg kb fdsd `djd sh ucg skrphkctk bbgjgrg kctrk bgs tucgs,ùgcnd Qunygrn `gk, bd ldbpkg `dc ucg pgbg y bd kcthkrrg muctd `dc bg pubskrg.

^dhckttkfuk bg akbbg mdvkc frgc`ksg quk nhd ttubd g dtrd ùkctd nk Jumh`gBhckz. Pknu`hng pdr kb jgnurd ^hjdtek nDsjgt, egag nkmgnd g bds vkhctkgds su gbnkg frgc`ksg pgrg `dcvkrthrsk kc bg jgrquksg nk Aukcds Ghrks. Kb`gagbbkrd bk egag daskquhgnd gb zgrpgr uc cklrhtd nk quhc`k gds quk bk shrvhnk vgbkt nurgctk bg trgvksg. Kc kb jdjkctd kc quk kb cgvd sk hc`kcnhgag, gtg-`gnd pdr bds kspgdbks frkctk g Aukcds Ghrks, ^dhckttk bbgjgag nkskspkrgng gbgfrh`gcd quk cgngag `djd uc pkz. Bk egag ekèd ghrk `dc gagch`d nk pgbjkrg

y bg egag jhrgnd nurgctk edrgs gùrru`gnd `djd uc pkrrd g sus phks? gedrg qukkbbg yg`g kctrk bgs bbgjgs y bds jukrtds, gprhshdcgng pdr kb suctudsd jdahbhgrhd,ck`kshtgag bg gyung nk Jgrd`.

Jgrd` bg aksg bgrlgjkctk. Nk uc sgbtd tdjg bg grquktg nk mdygs. Pk nkthkckmuctd g Jdcshkur nk nDsjgt, bk gbzg bg `gakzg pdr ucg drkmg, bk ksùpk kc bgjkmhbbg y sk zgjaubbk kc kb rd. Ch shquhkrg sk eg vukbtd g jhrgr g bg jumkr quklrhtg nk edrrdr.

Kb pgtkrcgbhsjd? bg pdskshc `djd jgr`g nk `bgsk

Mds Buhs Bgcuzg kc Jdrkcgng nkmg `bgrd quk guc pgrg bds rkbhlhdsdsd pgrg bgs jkctks js eujgchtgrhgs nk bg pd`g, bds cklrds cd pgsgagc nk bg`gtkldrg nk gchjgb ndjsth`d quk hcsphrgag tkrcurg d chd shc gbaknrd, pdr kb

ùgb nkak tdjgr bgs nk`hshdcks dtrd. Pgrjhkctd, kc @dch`tds y grjdcgs nkbgs rgzgs kc Gjrh`g, `htg `dc g`hkrtd uc pgsgmk nk Bg `gagg nkb ^d ^dj=


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6;

Jkr`kn g su nubzurg, g bg eujhbnk nd`hbhngn nk su `drgzc, g su gpthtun pgrg`dcgrsk g uc ksprhtu supkrhdr, g bg hcfgcthb shjpbh`hngn nk su gfk``hc y g sudbvhnd nk bgs hcmurhgs rk`hahngs.

Bg pdskshc nk uc ks`bgvd ngag bustrk, y `djd rklhstrd nk eg`hkcng sk bk`dcfkrg kb gpkbbhnd nkb gjd=

Kb gpkbbhnd hrbgcns nk jh gaukbg jgtkrcg sk gnehkrk `dc kxtrgkzg gbg grg gfrh`gcg, cd pdr hkrtd djd uc ndc d ucg `grtg nk bhg`hc, shcd djduc skbbd nk prdphkngn. X cd sk prkdùpk quk tdnds sdjds ks`bgvds nk gbld.gjahc ustknks quk sk rkkc bharks,`dctkst bg vhkmg ks`bgvg @gtgbhcg Ndlgc

g su prdphktgrhd Akrcga PkcsAgbhkctk.G cgnhk sk bk eg dùrrhnd tdjgr kc ukctg bds pdshabks hctkrksks d gfk`-

tds nkb gjg nk bbgvks gctks nk nk`hnhr su trgsbgnd g bg dtrg drhbbg. @gtgbhcg egvkchnd `dc kbbds nk jgckrg tgc cgturgb `djd bds agbks nk rdpg, bgs vgmhbbgs ybds pd`ds jukabks quk bdlrgrdc kjagbgr.

_Z kc gblucgs nk ksgs `gsgs rh`gs quk bks kcvhnhgc ksg mdyg k`gz, (@gtgbhcg Ndlgc, Bdmd, Dp. @ht).

_Z kc c, euad bg js nhvhcg dùrrkc`hg kc ucg `gsg ndcnk jurhkrdcuc chd y uc cklrhtd. Vhsthkrdc gb chd nk Pgc Jhlukb y gb cklrhtd djd gb nhgabd.

Bg jgnrk bbdr, supbh`, pkrd `djd krg ks`bgvg tuvd quk `gbbgr. Ykrd gblucggbjg aukcg fuk g ngr pgrtk nkb ekèd y vhcd ucg drnkc nk bg gutdrhngn pgrg

sg`gr gb pdark cklrhtd y kctkrrgrbd djd `rhsthgcd. (Jgrhquhtg Pcèkz `htgngpdr J. Q. Bdmd) (@gtgbhcg Ndlgc, Bdmd, Dp. @ht.)

@gtbdld nk qukmgs? jgr`gs tkxtugbks nk cdtgs vk`hcgbks y knh`tds

Kc kb ldahkrcd nk Qdsgs, bg shjpgtg nkb pdnkr eg`hg bg jdrkcgng nks-kc`gnkc kb nksgsdshkld nk bgs skdrgs prhc`hpgbks quk tkjgc bg nkbg`hc nk sus

prdphgs ks`bgvgs, kctdc`ks nkvkchngs kc puctkrgs nk pgrrdquhg.

_Z pgsquhcks kc vkrsd quk dcvhkrtkc g kstg hungn kc tkgtrd vkrldczdsdnk bds jgydrks nh`tkrhds y das`kchngnks, kc quk cd sk rkspktg ch kb edcdr ch kb

skxd, ch bds nkrkèds nk bds jgtrhjdchds, ch bgs nkahbhngnks js dùbtgs, sklcbg gùsg`hc nk uc s`gb agmd kb ldahkrcd nk Agb`gr`k, `htgnd pdr Abdjakrl.

Kc 7595, bds vk`hcds nk Jdctkvhnkd prkskctgrdc ucg qukmg gb ldakrcgndrKbd pgrg pknhr bg prdehah`hc nk bds tgclds nk bds cklrds.


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E`tdr Yknrd Abdjakrl, kc kb @gc`hdckrd Fknkrgb, kc kb ùgb `djphbbg bhrg fknkrgb, rks`gt Bg cklrhtg, bg pdksg glrgnk`hng nk bds cklrds pgrg kbch`d ldakrcgctk quk gusph`h kb grcgvgb jdrkcd, kb gcndjak y bg rkuchc nk

bgs cg`hdcks cklrgs pgrg edrrdr nk bds pgtrh`hds uchtgrhds.

VHVG C[KP^QD YGNBK BDPGP,KB LDAKBCGNDB JGP LKCD!(Drtdlrgfg y jgysùbg drhlhcgb)

Luhbbkrjhcg Qkycdsd, cklrg kb y gpklgng g su gjg, rk`drngag bgs rch-`gs sgardsgs y drhlhcgbks pgrg skrvh`hd ndjsth`d nk hkrtd pkrhnh`d drndasthtubgnd Kb cklrd Phcfdrdsd, quk datuvd sdcgnd xhtd y prdvd` kc bgs chgstgb gh``hc gb kctkrgrbgs nk bg gshstkc`hg nk sus cdvhds g bds bh`kc`hdsds aghbksnk grrgagb, quk kb dahspd nk bg nd`tg `hungn sk vhd fdrzgnd g nksgutdrhzgr `g-tbh`gjkctk nksnk kb pbphtd su puabh`g`hc,(Ndrhg, Dp. @ht).

Qdsgs, ruahd y nk dmds `kbkstks, sk `djpbg`g kc bg gshstkc`hg g bgs fksth-vhngnks nk bgs cg`hdcks cklrgs muctd g su ehmg Jgcukbhtg. Kb `grcgvgb sgbh nkb

agrrhd nkb jdcndcld, nkb tkr`kr pgthd, y nkb grrgagb eg`hg kb `kctrd nk AukcdsGhrks. Nh`kc bds nktrg`tdrks nk Mugc Jgcukb quk ksk rk`dcd`hjhkctd cd krg shcdbg jgs`grgng prdskbhthstg nkb thrgcd pgrg kcùarhr kb ksphdcgmk ndjsth`d quk bdscklrds trhautgagc hclkcugjkctk `djd `dctrgprkstg`hc nk tgb rk`dcd`hjhkctd.Kc tdng bg prdsg hcstrujkctgb nk bds knh`tds pdbh`hgbks, kx`kptd kc pd`gs nkQdsgs sk rkstrhclh y sk `dcnkc tgbks `kbkarg`hdcks. Kb vk`hcngrhd abgc`d bdsufrg `djd uc agthfdcnd shchkstrd y bumurhdsd.

Wuk chclucg jubgtg, cklrg, sgjag ch hcnhg, ch dtrg lkctk nkstg gbhngn,pukngc vksthr lckrd gblucd nk skng, ch drd, ch puctds nk chclc lckrd hctkrhdrch kxtkrhdr, ch trgkr pkrbgs nhgjgctks ch mdygs. (Drnkcgczg nkb @gahbnd `drndasnk 7655, `htgng pdr Bgcuzg).

Kc kb pbkhtd nkb ks`bgvd Qdquk nk bg Jkr`kn, nkb @gahbnd nk ûùjc kc757;, kb mdvkc Qdquk prkluctgag quhc krg b pgrg quk bds jdcmks bd tgsgrgc tgcgbtd kc bg sujg nk trks`hkctds pksds. b egag pknhnd su pgpkb nk vkctg pgrg sgbhrnkb dcvkctd y drrkr kb gbaur nk gjahgr nk gjd, pkrd kb sdarkprk`hd dùbtgag bg

hctkc`hc nk bds rkbhlhdsds nk rktkckrbds. Kc kb bxh`d nk kstg prdsg hcstrujkctgbyg `dcvhvkc nds nhgb`th`gs= kb vd`gaubgrhd nk bg rkvdbu`hc frgc`ksg y cukvgs


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`dc fgrdb quk vd`hfkrgag= Nktclgcsk sus Kx`kbkc`hgs, quk sk cds vhkck ucgtdbvgckrg pdr kb cdrtk, lugrz`gcsk sus Ydjpdshngks quk sk gprdxhjg ucg mgurgnk pkrrds sgrcdsds pdr kb dkstk, jhrkc sus Lrgcnkzgs ncnk pdckc bds phks.

Nksprksthlhd skjcth`d= bg dtrkngn nk bg cklrhtun

Krg uc jubgthtd chktd nk uc jgydrgb nk trgcvg y ucg cklrg jgzgjd-rrkrg, pkrd prkfkrg gnu`hr su drhlkc hcnhd. Js gbb kb pgrkctks`d sk pkrng kcbgs cdèks nk frh`g, quk sdc juy cklrgs, y sh bk nk`gjds g ^kbsfdrg quk krgcklrg cds gsklurgag quk egag qukngnd gs pdr fukrzg nk tdjgr agds nk sdbkc bg tkrrgzg, quk su cdvhd sk egag tdrrgnd gb ghrk.

Nk kstk jdnd, kc kb gd 78>6 ks`rhag sus glugfukrtks kc kb nhgrhd KbJucnd kb kctrkrrhgcd vhz`dcnk Bgs`gcd ^kluh. Kc kstk `gsd rktrgtg kb rdjgc`knk su kjpbkgng ndjsth`g. @dc gctkrhdrhngn, dtrd kctrkrrhgcd yg egag phctgndjglhstrgbjkctk kstk prkmuh`hd= Frgy Jdèd kc @dsgs nk Cklrds.

Ge! Krgs vds, `gakzg nk phjhkctg kc lrgcd4(Kb jgydr hcsubtd quk sk bks pdng eg`kr g gqukbbds cklrds krg trgtgrbds

nk cklrds.)Kb kctrkrrhgcd Gctdchd nk Jdctkgvgrd (Dp. @ht.), rkbgtg bg ehstdrhg nk bds

pkcnkc`hkrds cklrds @drgbks, nk jgbg `gg y bds lgbbds pglds,g bds ùgbks cdsk bds pdng gbunhr pdr su `dbdr. [cd nk kbbds jurh kc ucg pubpkrg `kr`gcg gb

pgbg`hd Pgc Mds, prdphkngn nk [rquhzg, kc ucg rkykrtg `dc uc pgrrdquhgcdkc rkfutg`hc nk bg `htgng jktfdrg nk rklhstrd gbhjkctgrhd quk bk kcnhblgag ucgnmkthvd dsùrd. Kb gutdr `djkctg, gnkjs, bg pgrgndmg skjcth`g nkb gpkbbhnd

nk bds cklrds, quk hcnh`g uc `dbdr `bgrd, rdsg cg`grgnd.Dxjdrdc=ks bg lurg rktrh`g quk hcnh`g ucg dcnh`hc hctrcsk`g dctrg-nh`tdrhg, pdr km. chkvk frg?bg bhtkrgturg ng ùkctg nk juèds cklrds quk tkcgccdjarks quk pgrk`gc rkfutgr su `dbdr= Abgc`g, Gbag, Chkvks, Qdsg, d gpkbbhnds`djd Abgc`d, Gjgrhbbd, kt`.

@kbkarg`hc nk bg cklrhtun= kb cklrd ks ekrjdsd

Qkfutg`hc nk bds nhpbdjth`ds


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Nds nhpbdjth`ds ks`rhtdrks egc grlujkctgnd `dc kbklgc`hg g`kr`g bgcklrhtun. Ks`rhah Frgc`hs`d Akbbd=

Egc nksùahkrtd bg cklrhtun, `djd bg bbgj Ghj @ksghrk y `djd bg

nkch Pkcledr kc Drfek Cdhr= ks bg sujg tdtgb nk bds vgbdrks ùbturgbks,k`dcjh`ds, sd`hgbks y pdbth`ds `grg`tkrsth`ds nk bds pukabds cklrds? egcnksùahkrtd quk kb cklrd ks ekrjdsd, `djd nk`g kb gfdrhsjd nk bds rkakbnksnk 7865. Nksùarhkrdc gctkpgsgnds ktdpks hbustrks, `djd bg rkhcg nk Pgag, bgPubgjhtg nkb @gctgr nk bds @gctgrks. Egc nksùahkrtd quk Gbfdcsd Yrhktd, kb

prhjkr cklrd quk bbkl g Gjrh`g `dc @dbc y Yhczc, vhcd djd kxpbdrgndr yphbdtd nk Bg Yhctg, y cd djd ks`bgvd. Krgc cklrds Pgc Glustc y Pgc @hprhgcd.Kb Dtekbbd nk Pegokspkgrk ks uc cklrd.

Akbbd ks`rhah tgjahc quk kc ucg nk sus jhshdcks nhpbdjth`gs bbkvgag`grtgs nk prkskctg`hc pgrg bg skdrhtgs nk bds cdjarks js kxtrgds quk euahkrgy tuvd kb pbg`kr nk `gsgrsk `dc ucg mdvkc bbgjgng frh`g. (Dp.@ht.)

Kb vhz`dcnk Bgs`gcd ^kluh sk kcdrlubbk`g nk su jgnrk= Jh jgnrk krg`rhdbbg y jdrkcg `djd bgs arkvgs. _Z y quk gb pgsgr pdr kb argskrd thahd nkbds bgahds jdrgnds nk jh jgnrk, gpdrtgag egstg kb `grg`db nk jh dnd.

b nkstg` kc kb nhgrhd Kb Edlgr nk 78>8 quk Gbkmgcnrd Nujgs krg cklrd.

^dng pkrsdcg ùbtg sk prk`hg nk egakrbd bknd pkrd cgnhk rkùkrng quk=Kb jgrqus nk bg Yghbbktkrhk, thkck uc ehmd jubgtd nk ucg ks`bgvg cklrg y

dabhlg gb ehmd g kcrdbgrsk kc kb kmr`htd dc kb gpkbbhnd nk su jgnrk. Ksk jhbhtgrskr kb lbdrhdsd lkckrgb Nujgs nk Cgpdbkc, su ehmd skr kb cdvkbhstg quk cdsdùpg y su chktd, tgjahc jubgtd, skr kb nrgjgturld gutdr nk Bg ngjg nk bgs@gjkbhgs.

Jktfdrgs nk agcd y tgcld

Cklrg sdy, ehmg nk Mkrusgbc, pkrd sdy ahkc pgrk`hng? sdy `djd kc bgsthkcngs nk @kngr, djd kc bds pgakbbdcks nk Pgbdjc. Cd rkpgrhs kc quk

sdy jdrkcg, pdrquk kb sdb eg rdagnd jh `dbdr.(Kphtgd nk @gtgbhcg Ndlgc)

Kb dbdr nk @gtgbhcg bk pgrk`k ucg gpg rgnhgctk quk bg prdtklk nkb sdby bg hctkjpkrhk.


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AHABHDLQGFG

E`tdr Yknrd Abdjakrl=@gc`hdckrd Fknkrgb, Bds pdktgs nk bg

thrgcg. Pkbk``hc y cdtgs. Knh`hdcks Gcg`dcng, As. Gs., 780>. Jgcukb Jumh`g Bhckz= Jhstkrhdsg Aukcds Ghrks. Knhtdrhgb Pu-ngjkrh`gcg, As. Gs., 7859.

Jgcukb Jumh`g Bhckz=@ukctds nk Aukcds Ghrks. Knhtdrhgb @rkg,pgrg @dbk``hc @bsh`ds Eukjub, As. Gs., 7851.

Vh`kctk Jgtckz @uhthd=@gf nk bds Hcjdrtgbks, Kb cklrd y bg jk-tkjpsh`dshs. Kn. Orgft, jgyd nk 78>8, prhjkrg knh`hc, Aukcds Ghrks.

Jgr`d Nkckvh=Kc`h`bdpknhg sk`rktg nk ucg fgjhbhg grlkcthcg. Kn.Pungjkrh`gcg, As. Gs., 785


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6,pdr kb vhz`dcnk Kjhbhd Bgs`gcd kluh.

Nhgrhd Kb Edlgr= Gbkmgcnrd Nujgs nhputgnd, pdr kb vhz`dcnk KjhbhdBgs`gcd kluh. 78>8.


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9,- ucd nk bds js cdtgabks jsh`ds grlkcthcds nk mgzz,- ucd nk bds grqukrds nk bg skbk``hc `gjpkdcg jucnhgb nk ftadb nk78


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59

- ucg `dcd`hng prdjdtdrg nk `djkndrks pdpubgrks.

Kstk hjpkrfk`td bhstgnd jukstrg quk bg `dctrhau`hc nk bds cklrds g bg

ùbturg y g bg vhng sd`hgb grlkcthcg cd sk rkstrhclk kx`bushvgjkctk gb pgsgnd. Bghnkcth`g`hc nk bds hcnhvhnuds quk hctklrgrgc kstk lrupd puknk lkckrgr agstgctknkagtk, yg quk quhkcks `dcdz`gc g kstds prdtgldchstgs nk bg ùbturg `dctkjpd-rckg grlkcthcg puknkc grjgr, nungr d cklgr vkekjkctkjkctk quk kbbds skgccklrds. Gblucds nk kbbds quhzs cd sk hnkcth`grgc djd cklrds, rk`dcd`hkcnd,`djd juèd, quk thkckc gaukbds d pgrhkctks cklrds. Dtrds trgtgrgc nk cklgrkstk ekèd y ucds pd`ds nkctrd nk kstk lrupd pdnrg rkgbjkctk cd skr, kc lrgndgblucd, gfrd-nks`kcnhkctk. Kc rkgbhngn, quk tdnds kstds hcnhvhnuds pukngc skrcklrds, jubgtds, pgrnds d abgc`ds, vg g nkpkcnkr kc lrgc jknhng nk bgblh`g nk `bgsh`g`hc rg`hgb hjpkrgctk kc bg sd`hkngn.(7)

Ph fukrgc hungngcds cdrtkgjkrh`gcds, shc kjagrld, gsh tdnds kbbds skrgc`dcshnkrgnds cklrds. Kc ksg sd`hkngn, ndcnk bd quk hjpdrtg ks kb drhlkc -lkc-th`d- nkb hcnhvhnud, ùgbquhkr rgsld cklrd quk nkcdtk su gs`kcnkc`hg agstg pgrg`gbh`gr gb hcnhvhnud nkctrd nk kstk lrupd. [cg ldtg nk sgclrk cklrg, nhlgjds,quhtg gb hcnhvhnud nk bg `gtkldrg nk abgc`d. Kc bg jgydr pgrtk nk bds pgsks nk

Bgthcdgjrh`g, pdr kb `dctrgrhd, ndcnk bd js hjpdrtgctk ks kb `dbdr y cd kbdrhlkc, bg bgsh`g`hc rg`hgb y bg hnkcth`g`hc rg`hgb nk bg jgydr pgrtk nk kstdshcnhvhnuds vgrhgrg nk gùkrnd dc su shtug`hc sd`hd-k`dcjh`g, kb dctkxtd kc kbquk sk egbbkc y g su prdphg dcstru``hc hnkcthtgrhg. @djd bg blh`g bgsh`gtdrhgbgthcdgjkrh`gcg ks bg hcvkrsg nk bg cdrtkgjkrh`gcg -ucg ldtg nk sgclrk abgc`g

pkrjhtk `bgsh`gr g uc hcnhvhnud `djd tgbks prdagabk quk kc su jgydrg skgc`dcshnkrgnds cd cklrds.

Kc Bg Grlkcthcg nk cks nkb shlbd UHU, prhc`hphds nkb UU, vgrhds nk kbbdspdnrgc egakr shnd `bgsh`gnds `djd pgrnds, ucg `gtkldrg quk `grg`tkrhzg tkjhabks `djpgnrhtds, fdrjhngabks aghbgrhcks nk tgcld y jgngjgs nk fgjg.Edy, ksg `gtkldrg `gsh eg pkrnhnd vhlkc`hg kctrk cdsdtrds, gucquk sk jgcthkckkc [rulugy. Kc Bg Grlkcthcg g`tugb, nks`grtgnd kb trjhcd pgrnd, pd`ds nk kstds

7Jk rkkrd g= @gèd Bgvgcnhcg? Ds`gr Gbkjc? E`tdr Agbky? Lkrgrnd Ydrtgbkg? Jgrlgrhtg Luhbb? Fgùcnd Ydsgngs? Edrg`hd Pgblc? bg JdcgMhjckz? @grbds Lgr`g Bpkz? Fhnkb Cgngb? Bu`gs bvgrkz? Nhkld Gbdcsd Ljkz? Kb Yuclg nk Bds Yhaks @edrrds? Kjgcukb Ctgog, Hvdcck

y Pekbby (nk bds lrupdsJgjar,AgcngcgyYukrtdJgnryc)? Q. Lhdrngcd? Yknrd Drlgjahnk? Lrhskbng Lgjagrd? Buhs NKbhg? @bgrg Murgnd yJch`g @grrgczg. Cd nkskd grjgr quk kstds hcnhvhnuds rkgbjkctk skgc cklrds -gucquk gblucds nk kbbds s rkhvhcnh`gc ksg `dcnh`hc- shcdjdstrgr jd, nk prkvgbk`kr dtrd shstkjg nk gtkldrgs rg`hgbks, ks prdagabk quk juèds nk kbbds s skgc gtgbdlgnds nk kstg jgckrg, y rksubtgrgkctdc`ks kvhnkctk kb gpdrtk quk bds cklrds `dcthcgc rkgbhzgcnd g bg ùbturg grlkcthcg. ^gjpd`d nkskd rksgbtgr bgs adcngnks nk uc shstkjg nk`bgsh`g`hc rg`hgb sdark dtrd, shcd sdbd `dcstgtgr bgs nhsjhbks dcskùkc`hgs quk sk puknkc nkrhvgr nk bds jhsjds.


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hcnhvhnuds sdc `bgsh`gnds d rk`dcd`hnds `djd cklrds, sgbvd kc bds `gsds jskvhnkctks, djd bds nk Kjgcukb Ctgog nkb lrupd Jgjar (g quhkc vgrhds jknhdsyg nkcdjhcgc kb rgstg, nkspbgzgcnd su hnkcth`g`hc rg`hgb eg`hg bd ùbturgb),

nk Fhnkb Cgngb d nk Bu`gs bvgrkz, kb arkgokr.Bg prdphg gtkldrhzg`hc rg`hgb nk kstds hcnhvhnuds prdagabkjkctk cd skg

`dcshnkrgnd uc tkjg quk prk`hsk skr nkagthnd. Nkspus nk tdnd, ùb skrg bghjpdrtgc`hg nk quk fukrgc cklrds d cd4 Ydnrgjds dclrgtubgrcds nk kstk ekèdy pkcsgr quk kc Aukcds Ghrks bgs `gtkldrhzg`hdcks rg`hgbks yg cd sdc hjpdr-tgctks y quk bds pdrtkds, sgbvd `gsds kxtrkjds, sdjds `rdjth`gjkctk `hklds.Nkslrg`hgngjkctk, bg `klukrg `rdjth`g nk bds pdrtkds sdbgjkctk gb`gczg gbds abgc`ds, g gqukbbds quhkcks gds gtrs euahkrgc shnd `dcshnkrgnds pgrnds dg dtrds jksthzds `bgrds.

Ph skr cd cklrdpgrk`kcd skr nkjgshgnd hjpdrtgctk, skr cklrd, pdrkb `dctrgrhd, s bd ks y juèd. Wuhshkrg grlujkctgr gqu quk bg `gtkldrhzg`hcnk ucg pkrsdcg djd cd cklrd cd surlk cgturgbjkctk nk bg klukrg rdjth`g

pdrtkg shcd quk sk prdnu`k g trgvs nk uc trgagmd(wdro-kc kb skcthnd nk trgagmdnk dcstru``hc sd`hgb nk bg rkgbhngn) dcstgctk nk hcvhshahbhzg`hc nk bds rgsldsfkcdtph`ds cklrds g chvkb jh`rd. Kstg hcvhshahbhzg`hc g chvkb nk bgs hctkrg``hdcks

jh`rdsd`hgbks sk `drrkspdcnk g chvkb jg`rd `dc bg hcvhshahbhzg`hc -`dcstgctktgjahc- nk bg prkskc`hg nkb cklrd kc bg ehstdrhg grlkcthcg y nk sus hcukc`hgskc -y gpdrtks g- bg ùbturg grlkcthcg.

Bg abgcqukngn (wehtkckss) pdrtkg, phkcsd, cd ks prdabkjgthzgng djd`gtkldrg sd`hgb pkrd s prk`hsg skr `dcstruhng g chvkb jh`rd, g trgvs nk uc trg-

agmd `dcthcud nk hcvhshahbhzg`hc, nk bds rgslds fkcdtph`ds cklrds pdr jknhdnk bg gns`rhp`hc nk bg `gtkldrg nk cklrdtgc sdbd g quhkcks thkckc tkz dsùrg

y `gakbbd jdtg. Nk ekèd, cklrd jdtg ks ucd nk bds trjhcds uthbhzgnds pgrggrjgr hckquvd`gjkctk quk ucg pkrsdcg ks cklrg, cklrg, quk pkrtkck`k g bgrgzg cklrg.

@dc kstg blh`g nk bgsh`g`hc rg`hgb, bds cklrds (vkrngnkrds) shkjprkskrc pd`ds. Yrdpdcld quk kstd ks sd`hgbjkctk ck`ksgrhd pdrquk=

g) bg kxhstkc`hg nk uc cjkrd hjpdrtgctk d vhshabk nk cklrds -gs `djd kbrk`dcd`hjhkctd nk quk tuvhkrdc uc rdb nk nktkrjhcgng hjpdrtgc`hg kc cukstrgùbturg d cukstrg ehstdrhg- vg gasdbutgjkctk kc `dctrg nk bg cgrrgthvg ndjhcgctk

nk cukstrg ehstdrhg -yg skg bg d`hgb `djd bg pdpubgr- y kc `dctrg nk cukstrdskcthnd `djc?


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a) gnkjs, y prhc`hpgbjkctk,pdrquk skr cklrd, `djd vkrkjds bukld,ks `dcshnkrgnd ucg `dcnh`hc cklgthvg.(1)

Yrdpdcld, kctdc`ks, quk bg hcvhshahbhzg`hc nk bds cklrds, sk prdnu`k cd

sdbd

Buenos Aires negra: Identidad y Cultura - Vol. 16

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