Castaneda2011 tomates silvestres
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Nuestros tomates silvestres: ¿cuáles son y dónde buscarlos?
Nora Castañeda, Andy Jarvis y Julián Ramírez
Taller Internacional: El tomate silvestre en el mejoramiento genético de especies cultivadas frente al cambio climático
Chile, 12 de Mayo de 2011
Foto: Neil Palmer, CIAT
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Contenido
• Parientes silvestres de los cultivos
• Cambio climático & agricultura
• Análisis de vacíos
• Caso: tomates silvestres
Foto: Neil Palmer, CIAT
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Parientes silvestres de los cultivos
Foto: Neil Palmer, CIAT
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Utilización
Fuente: Hunter, D. y Heywood, V. 2011. Crop wild relatives: a manual of in situ conservation. (p. 414). London:Earthscan
Referencias que reportan la identificación y transferencia de caracteres útiles de 185 parientessilvestres a 29 cultivos, mostrando el número de parientes silvestres usados en cada cultivo
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Source: Okogbenin E (2010) The Use and Challenges of CWR in Breeding. Presentation for ‘Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: The Need for Crop Wild Relatives’, Bellagio, 7-9 September 2010.
Musa acuminata- black sigatoga resistance
Manihot glaziovii-cassava mosaic disease (CMD)
resistance
Aegilops tauschii-hessian fly resistance
Resistencia a plagas y enfermedades
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Estado de conservación• Alrededor del 18% del total de accesiones ex situ a nivel mundial son
parientes silvestres (FAO, 2010)
• Caso Cicer: De ~80.000 accesiones de especies de Cicer anual, hay 572 accesiones de especies silvestres anuales, de las cuales sólo 124 son únicas y distintas (Berger et al., 2003)
Fuentes: Berger J., Abbo S., and Turner N.C. 2003. Ecogeography of Annual Wild Cicer Species: The Poor State of the World Collection. Crop Sci. 43: 1076-1090.FAO. 2010. The Second Report on the State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome
wild1%
domesticated
99%
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Cambio climático y agricultura
Foto: Neil Palmer, CIAT
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Climate change is not new…but is accelerating
Adapted from IPCC. 2001. Climate change report 2001: Synthesis report: Summary for policymakers
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Escenarios
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Cambios en la precipitación…
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Aumento en temperaturas…
Source: IPCC. 2007. Climate change report 2007: Synthesis report: Summary for policymakers
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Average change in suitability for all crops in 2050s
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Recursos Genéticos: Parientes Silvestres
Fuente: Jarvis et al. 2008. The effect of climate change on crop wild relatives. Disponible en: http://www.aseanenvironment.info/Abstract/41017047.pdf
Unlimited migration scenario
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Recursos Genéticos: Parientes Silvestres
Fuente: Jarvis et al. 2008. The effect of climate change on crop wild relatives. Disponible en: http://www.aseanenvironment.info/Abstract/41017047.pdf
No-migration scenario
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Análisis de vacíos
Foto: Neil Palmer, CIAT
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Supuestos• Lo que “se ve” es lo que hay accesible al público
(caso: colecciones privadas, informacióntruncada)
• Accesiones georreferenciadas permiten conocerel ambiente del cual proceden
• Modelos de nicho permiten conocer la distribución geográfica de una especie
• Más datos disponibles, mejor identificación de vacíos
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Geographic dimension
Environmental dimensionTaxonomic dimension
Supuestos
Proxy for:
• Range of traits
Proxy for:
• Diversity
• Possibly biotic traits
Proxy for:
• Abiotic traits
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Metodología
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Variables modelaciónBIO1 = Annual Mean TemperatureBIO2 = Mean Diurnal Range (Mean of monthly (max temp - min temp))BIO3 = Isothermality (BIO2/BIO7) (* 100)BIO4 = Temperature Seasonality (standard deviation *100)BIO5 = Max Temperature of Warmest MonthBIO6 = Min Temperature of Coldest MonthBIO7 = Temperature Annual Range (BIO5-BIO6)BIO8 = Mean Temperature of Wettest QuarterBIO9 = Mean Temperature of Driest QuarterBIO10 = Mean Temperature of Warmest QuarterBIO11 = Mean Temperature of Coldest QuarterBIO12 = Annual PrecipitationBIO13 = Precipitation of Wettest MonthBIO14 = Precipitation of Driest MonthBIO15 = Precipitation Seasonality (Coefficient of Variation)BIO16 = Precipitation of Wettest QuarterBIO17 = Precipitation of Driest QuarterBIO18 = Precipitation of Warmest QuarterBIO19 = Precipitation of Coldest QuarterElevation
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Caso: Tomates Silvestres
Foto: Neil Palmer, CIAT
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Sección Especie (Peralta et al., 2008) Usos (Peralta y Spooner, 2007)
Juglandifolia Solanum juglandifolium Dunal
Juglandifolia Solanum ochranthum Dunal
Lycopersicon Solanum lycopersicoides Dunal
Lycopersicon Solanum sitiens I. M. Johnst.
Lycopersicoides Solanum corneliomulleri J. F. Macbr.
Lycopersicoides Solanum pennellii Correll Resistencia a sequía e insectos
Lycopersicoides Solanum habrochaites S. Knapp & D. M Spooner Tolerancia frio y heladas. Resistencia a insectos
Lycopersicoides Solanum chilense (Dunal) Reiche Resistencia sequía
Lycopersicoides Solanum huaylasense Peralta
Lycopersicoides Solanum peruvianum L. Resistencia a virus, bacterias, hongos, áfidos y nemátodos
Lycopersicoides Solanum arcanum Peralta
Lycopersicoides Solanum chmielewskii (C. M. Rick et al.) D. M. Spooner et al. Mejoramiento contenido azúcar
Lycopersicoides Solanum neorickii D. M. Spooner et al.
Lycopersicoides Solanum pimpinellifolium L. Color, calidad fruto. Resistencia a enfermedades
Lycopersicoides Solanum lycopersicum L.*
-- Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme**
Lycopersicoides Solanum cheesmaniae (L. Riley) Fosberg Tolerancia salinidad, lepidopteros, resistencia virus
Lycopersicoides Solanum galapagense S. C. Darwin & Peralta Tolerancia salinidad
Peralta, I. E y D. M. Spooner. 2007. History, origin and eartly cultivation of Tomato (Solanaceae). En: M. Razdan y A. Mattoo (Eds.), Genetic improvement of solanaceous crops. Vol 2. (pp. 1-24). USA: Science publishers
Peralta, I.E., D.M. Spooner, and S. Knapp. 2008. Taxonomy of wild tomatoes and their relatives (Solanum sect. Lycopersicoides, sect. Juglandifolia, sect. Lycopersicon; Solanaceae). Syst. Bot. Monogr. 84: 1-186+3 plates
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Fuentes de informaciónColección Total
Australian National Herbarium (CANB) 6
Biodiversidad de Costa Rica 2
Bishop Museum Natural History Specimen Data 2
Centre for Genetic Resources, The (CGN-PGR) 26
EURISCO, The European Genetic Resources Search Catalogue 1689
Fundación Biodiversidad, Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC): Anthos. Sistema de Información de las
plantas de España16
Herbaria of the University and ETH 3
Museo Nacional de Costa Rica 1
Herbario de la Universidad de Sevilla, SEV-Historico 1
Herbarium of The 20
Herbarium WU 1
IPK Genebank 181
Lund Botanical Museum (LD) 1
Missouri Botanical Garden 41
National vegetation diversity inventory and mapping plan - 1
National Plant Herbarium (CHR) 4
NSW herbarium collection 8
Phanerogamic Botanical Collections (S) 12
Phanerogamie 8
Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute (IHAR) 2
RBGE Herbarium (E) 2
Real Jardin Botanico (Madrid), Vascular Plant Herbarium (MA) 4
The AAU Herbarium Database 1
The System-wide Information Network for Genetic Resources (SINGER) 166
National Plant Germplasm System Collection 780
Universidad de Almería, HUAL 3
University and Jepson Herbaria DiGIR provider 3
Vascular Plant Herbarium, (O) 1
TOTAL 2985
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Inputs
Especies Accesiones germoplasma Ejemplares de Herbario Total
Solanum arcanum 6 N/D 6
Solanum cheesmaniae N/D 1 1
Solanum chilense 82 2 84
Solanum chmielewskii 34 1 35
Solanum corneliomulleri 6 8 14
Solanum galapagense N/D 1 1
Solanum habrochaites 44 4 48
Solanum huaylasense N/D N/D N/D
Solanum juglandifolium N/D N/D N/D
Solanum lycopersicoides N/D N/D N/D
Solanum lycopersicum 2402 110 2512
Solanum neorickii N/D N/D N/D
Solanum ochranthum N/D 3 3
Solanum pennellii 1 N/D 1
Solanum peruvianum 80 1 81
Solanum pimpinellifolium 189 10 199
Solanum sitiens N/D N/D N/D
Total 2844 141 2985
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Solanum arcanum
Foto: TGRC Tomato Genetic Resources Center http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu
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Solanum cheesmaniae
Foto: TGRC Tomato Genetic Resources Center http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu
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Solanum chilense
Foto: TGRC Tomato Genetic Resources Center http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu
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Solanum chmielewskii
Foto: TGRC Tomato Genetic Resources Center http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu
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Solanum corneliomulleri
Foto: TGRC Tomato Genetic Resources Center http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu
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Solanum galapagense
Foto: TGRC Tomato Genetic Resources Center http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu
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Solanum habrochaites
Foto: TGRC Tomato Genetic Resources Center http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu
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Solanum huaylasense
Foto: TGRC Tomato Genetic Resources Center http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu
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Solanum juglandifolium
Foto: TGRC Tomato Genetic Resources Center http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu
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Solanum lycopersicoides
Foto: TGRC Tomato Genetic Resources Center http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu
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Solanum lycopersicum
Foto: TGRC Tomato Genetic Resources Center http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu
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Solanum neorickii
Foto: TGRC Tomato Genetic Resources Center http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu
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Solanum pennelli
Foto: TGRC Tomato Genetic Resources Center http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu
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Solanum peruvianum
Foto: TGRC Tomato Genetic Resources Center http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu
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Solanum pimpinellifolium
Foto: TGRC Tomato Genetic Resources Center http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu
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Solanum sitiens
Foto: TGRC Tomato Genetic Resources Center http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu
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Species
Sampling
Representativit
y score(SRS)
Geographic
representativity
score (GRS)
Environmental
representativity
score
(ERS)(PC1)
Environmental
representativity
score
(ERS)(PC2)
Average
environmental
representativity
score (ERS)
Final priority
scorePriority
Solanum arcanum 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 HIGH
Solanum cheesmaniae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 HIGH
Solanum corneliomulleri 4.3 0.9 10.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 HIGH
Solanum galapagense 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 HIGH
Solanum ochranthum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 HIGH
Solanum pennellii 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 HIGH
Solanum habrochaites 9.2 1.8 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.0 LOW
Solanum chilense 9.8 8.8 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.5 NOT REQUIRED
Solanum chmielewskii 9.7 4.7 10.0 10.0 10.0 8.1 NOT REQUIRED
Solanum lycopersicum 9.6 3.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.5 NOT REQUIRED
Solanum Peruvianum 9.9 7.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.0 NOT REQUIRED
Solanum pimpinellifolium 9.5 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 8.2 NOT REQUIRED
Resultados: prioridades
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Vacíos de germoplasma
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Gap Analysis - constraints
• Datos disponibles con información geográficade calidad (descripción o coordenadas)
• Cantidad de datos disponibles por taxón(ideal: >20 registros)
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Próximos pasos
• Incluir registros de nuevas bases de datos a los análisis (ej.: COMAV, TGRC, INIA/JICA, INIA/U. Davis)
• Actualizar bases de datos de acuerdo a nuevomaterial colectado en campo
• Incluir S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme en los análisis
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Conclusiones
• Parientes silvestres: potencial para adaptarcultivos a cambio climático
• Parientes silvestres: poco conservados y amenazados
• Datos georreferenciados permiten construir herramientas para toma de decisiones
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Gracias!
Nora Castañeda: [email protected]: dapa.ciat.cgiar.orgCIAT: www.ciat.cgiar.org
Foto: Neil Palmer, CIAT