RHETORICAL FUNCTIONS

*Main functions used by EST writers.

*Fundamental parts of the organization of scientific and technical information.

*Provide readers with different kinds and amounts of information.

VISUAL-VERBAL RELATIONSHIP

INSTRUCTIONS CLASSIFICATION

DEFINITION

DESCRIPTION

RHETORICAL FUNCTIONS

Location markers: above, below, to the right, at an angle to, near, far, 1 mm directly above,

at an angle of 45º, 2 cm out of the perimeter, and others

Dimension, shape, weight, material, volume and texture

Gives the physical characteristics of

an object

Describes the physical Describes the physical nature of somethingnature of something

Markers: the purpose of, dials with (v), and others

It is frequently associated with causality and result

It gives information about the functioning of the each of the main parts

of the device

It gives information of It gives information of the use or purpose the use or purpose

of a deviceof a device

Markers: sequence connectors (first, then, before, after, and others)Modal verbs, and others

It gives information about the goal of the procedure

It gives information about the order these steps occur

It gives information of It gives information of the steps of a procedurethe steps of a procedure

It gives information about the description of a new way of looking an idea

It gives information about the explanation of new technology

It gives information of It gives information of new conceptsnew concepts

It gives information about levels of generalization and of related specifics

It gives information about one or more apparently related

items and looks for the largest group

It gives information of It gives information of one or more members one or more members

of a classof a class

TIPO DE TEXTO DESCRIPCIÓN INSTRUCCIÓN

TIPOS DE VERBOS Verbos de estado Dinámico(Verbos de acción)

FORMA VERBAL Presente simple, Presente continuo, presente perfecto,

entre otros.

Imperativo(Stem)

ORGANIZACIÓN No secuencial (general a específico/específico a general)

Secuencia de acciones

MARCADORES DEL DISCURSO Adjetivos, comparaciones, contrastes, categorías, modales (can, may, must,

might, could, should, etc.)

Indicadores de secuencia (First, second, then)Conectores

Verbos modales (can, may, must, should)

DefiniciónD. FísicaClasificaciónD. de

Función

TIPO DE TEXTO NARRACIÓN PROCESOTIPOS DE VERBOS Verbos de acción Verbo de estado+verbos de acción

FORMA VERBAL Pasado simple, pasado continuo, perfecto o voz pasiva en pasado.

Voz pasiva (to be+stem+en)Tiempos perfectos(has/have+stem+en)

ESTRUCTURA SVO COMPUESTO, SVO, SV, SVAA, SVOO

SpP, SpVO, SpV, SpVAA

ORGANIZACIÓN Secuencia cronológica Secuencia de etapas

MARCADORES DEL DISCURSO

Condicionales, modales, indicadores de orden y secuencia cronológica

(fechas)

Modales, indicadores de secuencia, tiempo, orden, formas impersonales (It

is/ It was)

Sujeto+verbo+objeto

Sujeto pasivo+PredicadoSujeto+verb

o

VOZ PASIVA

Estructura

SUJETO VERBO to be PARTICIPIO PASADO COMPLEMENTO

INGLES ESPAÑOL

The pizza is eaten by us La pizza es comida por nosotros

I was given a book Me dieron un libro

The porter carries the bags El portero lleva los bolsos

The bags are carried by the porter Los bolsos son llevados por el portero

FORMA VERBAL FÓRMULA INGLÉS ESPAÑOL

Presente simple am/are/is + participio pasado

She is watched by the teacher

Ella es observada por el profesor

Presente continuo

am/are/is being + participio pasado

She is being watched by the teacher

Ella esta siendo observada por el

profesor

Futuro Simple will be + participio pasadoShe will be watched by

the teacher Ella será observada por el profesor

Futuro próximo am/are/is going to be + participio pasado

She is going to be watched by the teacher Ella va a ser observada

por el profesor

Pasado simple was/were + participio pasado

She was watched by the teacher Ella fue observada por

el profesor

Pasado continuo was/were being + participio pasado

She was being watched by the teacher

Ella estubo siendo observada por el

profesor

Pretérito perfecto have/has been + participio pasado

She has been watched by the teacher

Ella ha sido observada por el profesor

Pretérito pluscuamperfecto

had been + participio pasado

She had been watched by the teacher

Ella habia sido observada por el

profesor

Futuro perfecto will have been + participio pasado

She will have been watched by the teacher

Ella habrá sido observada por el

profesor.

TIEMPOS PERFECTOS

Se forman con el verbo TO HAVE (HABER), el cual sufre la modificación.La estructura básica de los tiempos perfectos es:

PRESENTE PERFECTO

TIEMPOS PERFECTOS

FUTURO PERFECTO

PASADO PERFECTO

CONDICIONAL PERFECTO

I have walked

I had walked

I will have walked

I would have walked