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REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA

MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL EXPERIMENTAL POLITÉCNICA

DE LA FUERZA ARMADA

(UNEFA)

INFORME N° 2

GRANULOMETRIA, COLORIMETRIA

INTEGRANTES

 Jacks! C"#$!a%$&'

a$" assa#'

R*+,! M%a"$s'

SAN CRISTOBAL- ./01'

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INTRODUCCION

  E" 2%$s$!3$ 4!5%#$ s$ %$a"4& c! "a 6!a"47a7 7$ c!c$% *! 2c#8s s+%$ $" ca#2 7$ 4!9$s34:ac4;! 7$ "s s*$"s 2% #$74 7$745$%$!3$s 2%c$ss c# 7$ La :%a!*"#$3%<a =a >*$ $s3a #4s#a $s*!a 2%24$7a7 7$" s*$" <!34#a#$!3$ %$"ac4!a7a c! $"c#2%3a#4$!3 7$" #4s#- =a >*$ 34$!$ $s2$c4a" 4!?*$!c4a s+%$ "aa4%$ac4;!- %$3$!c4;! = #94#4$!3 7$ a:*a- %$3$!c4;! = 74s2!4+4"47a7 7$!*3%4$!3$s- 3%a+a@a+4"47a7 = $%s4!a+4"47a7 7$" #4s#' Ya que "a+3$!c4;! 7$ *!a #*$s3%a %$2%$s$!3a349a 7$ *! s*$" >*$ s$ %$>*4$%$a!a"4&a% 2a%a 27$%" ac$23a% %$ca&a% c# 2s4+"$ 5*$!3$ 7$#a3$%4a"- s$ 2*$7$ ":%a% a 3%a9,s 7$ "a a2"4cac4;! 7$ *! 2%c$s#$3;74c = s4s3$#834c 7$!#4!a7 c*a%3$- $" c*a" +*sca >*$ "a

2%c4;! >*$ s$ a!a"4&a $! %$a"47a7 s$a ca%ac3$%<s34ca 7$ "a #*$s3%a a$s3*74a%'

 S4 $s3 ! ""$:a%a a s$% as<- $s 2s4+"$ >*$ s$ +3$!:a! %$s*"3a7s$%%;!$s >*$ ! %$?$@$! "as 9$%7a7$%as 2%24$7a7$s 5<s4cas = #$c8!4cas7$ "a :%a! 2a%3$ 7$ "s #a3$%4a"$s s4! s" 7$ *!a 2$>*$a 5%acc4;!- ">*$ c!7*c4%<a a "a 3#a 7$ 7$c4s4!$s $>*49ca7as'

 D$ a""< "a 4#2%3a!c4a 7$ >*$ $s3$ 2%c$74#4$!3 s4$#2%$ s$a %$a"4&a7a!3$s 7$ ""$9a% a ca+ c*a">*4$% $!sa= s+%$ *!a #*$s3%a 7$ 3$%%$!'

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COLORIMETRIA

  A" 3%a+a@a% c! 749$%ss 342s 7$ a:%$:a7s $s2$c4a"#$!3$ $! "sa:%$:a7s 6!s (ARENAS) $s c#! $!c!3%a% #a3$%4a %:8!4cac!5%#a7a $! :%a! 2a%3$ 2% %$s47*s 7$ 3$@47s a!4#a"$s = 9$:$3a"$s-"s c*a"$s $s38! 5%#a7s 2%4!c42a"#$!3$ 2% ca%+!- !43%;:$! = a:*a'D$+47 a $s3$ 342 7$ #a3$%4a $s 5%$c*$!3$ >*$ 2%$s$!3$ a"3 %4$s: 2a%a"as 2%24$7a7$s 7$" c!c%$3- c# "a %$s4s3$!c4a- 7*%a+4"47a7 = +*$!7$sa%%"" 7$" 2%c$s 7$ 5%a:*a7' Es 2% $s3 >*$ $s 7$ 943a"4#2%3a!c4a c!3%"a% "s !49$"$s 7$ #a3$%4a %:8!4ca 7$ *!a ARENA'

 

Pa%a 27$% 7$3$%#4!a% = c!3%"a% "a ca!347a7 7$ 74ca #a3$%4a4!7$s$a+"$- $" a:%$:a7 s$ s#$3$ a *! ENSAO COLORIMÉTRICO $" c*a"s$ $2"4ca a c!34!*ac4;!

MATERIAL Y EQUIPOS

P%+$3a 7$ .H/ #" (T*+ 7$ 947%4 c$%%a7 2% *! $3%$# $! $" c*a"s$ "$ 4!3%7*c4%8 "a #*$s3%a 7$ a:%$:a7 6!')

A:%$:a7 F4! (M*$s3%a %$2%$s$!3a349 7$" a:%$:a7 7$" c*a" s$*34"4&a%8 2a%a "a $"a+%ac4;! 7$" c!c%$3')

  47%;47 7$ S74 #$&c"a7 c! a:*a (S*s3a!c4a >*<#4ca >*$%$acc4!a c! $" a:%$:a7')

Ta%@$3a 3a+"a 7$ c"%$s (I!74ca7% 7$ c"%$s >*$ !s 4!74ca!

2a%8#$3%s >*$ c!34$!$ "a #*$s3%a'

PROCEDIMIENTO

0' P%$2a%ac4;! 7$" c"% +as$ S$ #$&c"a! . c#K 7$ *!a s"*c4;! 7$8c47 38!4c a" .- c! 'H c#K 7$ *!a s"*c4;! 7$ ssa c8*s34ca a"K'

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.' S$ 2!$! . :%a#s 7$ 8c47 38!4c $! 0/ c#K 7$ a"c" 7$ -a:%$:a!7 7$s2*,s / c#K 7$ a:*a' S$ a:43a $" 5%asc 2a%a#:$!$4&a% "a s"*c4;!'

 K' S$ c"ca! / c#K 7$ a:*a' S$ "$ a:%$:a! K/ :%a#s 7$ SsaC8*s34ca a" K' S$ #$&c"a! a:438!7s$ 2a%a #:$!$4&a% "a s"*c4;!'

Pa%a 7$3$%#4!a% $" c!3$!47 7$ #a3$%4a %:8!4ca $! "a a%$!a'

 0' S$ 3#a *!a #*$s3%a 7$ // :%a#s 7$ "a a%$!a 2% a!a"4&a%- 2a%a>*$ 2% c*a%3$s s$ ""$:*$ a "a ca!347a7 $>*49a"$!3$ a 1'H !&as (*!a

!&a .Q :%')- "as c*a"$s s$ c"ca! $! *! %$c424$!3$ :%a7*a7' .' S$ a:%$:a "a s"*c4;! 7$ S7a C8*s34ca 2%$2a%a7a- as3a ""$:a% a"!49$" #a%ca7 7$ 'H !&as'

 K' U!a 9$& c"ca7as $! $" %$c424$!3$ "as 2a%3$s c%%$s2!74$!3$s a SsaC8*s34ca a" K = "a a%$!a- s$ a:43a 2$%5$c3a#$!3$ = s$ 7$@a %$2sa% .1%as- 2a%a +3$!$% $" c"% 2%7*c47 2% $" c!3$!47 7$ #a3$%4a%:8!4ca $! "a a%$!a'

 1' S$ ac$ "a c#2a%ac4;! c! $" c"% +as$- $" c*a" 7$+$ $s3a% c"ca7$! *! %$c424$!3$ 7$ ca%ac3$%<s34cas s4#4"a%$s 2a%a ! a5$c3a% $" c"%'

N3a S4 $" c"% 2%7*c47 2% "a #a3$%4a %:8!4ca 7$ "a a%$!a $s #8s 7,+4">*$ $" c"% +as$- $" c!3$!47 7$ #a3$%4a" %:8!4ca $s +a@' S4 $" c"% +3$!47 $s #8s 5*$%3$ >*$ $" c"% +as$- $" c!3$!47 7$

#a3$%4a %:8!4ca $s a"3 = ! $s a7$c*a7 2a%a *sa% $sa a%$!a c#a:%$:a7 6! 2a%a $"a+%a% c!c%$3'

La $sca"a 7$ c"%$s s$ c"as46ca $! $" %7$! s4:*4$!3$

N*#' D$sc%42c4;! 7$" c"%'0 a#a%4"" c"a%'

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. a#a%4"" 5*$%3$K #a%%;! a!a%a!@a7 (c"% +as$)' L<#43$ #84# ac$23a+"$1 a!a%a!@a7 %@4&'H a!a%a!@a7 +sc*%'

N3aLs #a3$%4a"$s >*$ a%%@a! *! c"% #a=% a" N' K 7$+$%8! 7$ s$%"a9a7s- = %$2$34%s$ "a 2%*$+a 2a%a as$:*%a% >*$ 2*$7$! $#2"$a%s$ $!"a 5a+%4cac4;! 7$ c!c%$3'

GRANULOMETRIA

S$ 7$!#4!a c"as46cac4;! :%a!*"#,3%4ca :%a!*"#$3%<a- a "a #$74c4;!

= :%a7*ac4;! >*$ s$ ""$9a a ca+ 7$ "s :%a!s 7$ *!a 5%#ac4;!s$74#$!3a%4a- 7$ "s #a3$%4a"$s s$74#$!3a%4s- as< c# 7$ "s s*$"s-c! 6!$s 7$ a!8"4s4s- 3a!3 7$ s* %4:$! c# 7$ s*s 2%24$7a7$s#$c8!4cas- = $" c8"c*" 7$ "a a+*!7a!c4a 7$ "s c%%$s2!74$!3$s a ca7a*! 7$ "s 3a#as 2%$94s3s 2% *!a $sca"a :%a!*"#,3%4ca' La:%a!*"#$3%<a 7$ *! s*$" 34$!$ c!s47$%a+"$ 4#2%3a!c4a' Las74#$!s4!$s 7$ "s 5%a:#$!3s >*$ " 4!3$:%a! s!- $! 2a%3$- "a +as$ 7$"a s*+7494s4;! $! :%a9as- a%$!as = a%c4""as' E" 3a#a = "a *!45%#47a7 7$"a 74#$!s4;! s$"$cc4;! %$9$"a! "a c#2$3$!c4a = $6c4$!c4a 7$" a:$!3$

7$ 3%a!s2%3$'E! #a3$%4a"$s !%#a"$s 7$2s43a7s 2% a:*a- s* 3a#a $s $! c4$%3:%a7 *! <!74c$ 7$ "a 2%4#47a7 #a=% #$!% 7$ "a %ca :$!$%a7%a'P% $s- *! s*$" c! :%a!s #*= :%*$ss 4!74ca 2c 3%a!s2%3$' Ls74s34!3s a:$!3$s = #7s 7$ 3%a!s2%3$ c!7*c$! a 7$2;s43s >*$746$%$! #a3$%4a"#$!3$ $! s$"$cc4;! = ca2ac47a7 7$ 3%a!s2%3$' Lasc%%4$!3$s 7$ 3*%+47$& s! ca2ac$s 7$ c!7*c4% #a3$%4a"$s :%*$ss a"a%:as 74s3a!c4as s4! #a=% s$"$cc4;!- #4$!3%as >*$ "as c%%4$!3$s!%#a"$s 7$ a:*a a4%$ 7$2s43a! a":*!s 7$ "s s$74#$!3s #$@%

s$"$cc4!a7s >*$ s$ c!c$!- $s 7$c4%- a%$!as 7$ 2"a=a- #,7a!s'Método de determin!i"n #rn$%ométri!o

E" #,37 7$ 7$3$%#4!ac4;! :%a!*"#,3%4c #8s s$!c4"" $s ac$% 2asa%"as 2a%3<c*"as 2% *!a s$%4$ 7$ #a""as 7$ 74s34!3s a!cs 7$ $!3%a#a7(a #7 7$ c"a7%$s) >*$ ac3$! c# 6"3%s 7$ "s :%a!s >*$ s$""a#a c#!#$!3$ c"*#!a 7$ 3a#4c$s' P$% 2a%a *!a #$74c4;! #8s

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$ac3a s$ *34"4&a *! :%a!*";#$3% "8s$%- c*= %a= 745%ac3a $! "as2a%3<c*"as 2a%a 27$% 7$3$%#4!a% s* 3a#a' O 3a#+4,! s$ 2*$7$!*34"4&a% "s %a=s :a##a +s'

Grn$%ometr& de %o' #re#do' (no'

D$2$!7$ 7$" 342 7$ 3%a+a@- 7$ "a %4>*$&a 7$ "a #$&c"a- = $" 3a#a#84# 7$" a:%$:a7 :%*$s' E! #$&c"as #8s 2+%$s- c*a!7 s$$#2"$a! a:%$:a7s :%*$ss 7$ 3a#a 2$>*$- "a :%a!*"#$3%<a >*$#8s s$ a2%4#$ a" 2%c$!3a@$ #84# >*$ 2asa 2% ca7a c%4+a %$s*"3a" #8s c!9$!4$!3$ 2a%a ":%a% *!a +*$!a 3%a+a@a+4"47a7' E! :$!$%a"- s4"a %$"ac4;! a:*a c$#$!3 s$ #a!34$!$ c!s3a!3$ = "a %$"ac4;! 7$a:%$:a7 6! a :%*$s s$ $"4:$ c%%$c3a#$!3$- s$ 2*$7$ ac$% *s 7$*! a#2"4 %a!: 7$ :%a!*"#$3%<a s4! 3$!$% *! $5$c3 a2%$c4a+"$ $! "a%$s4s3$!c4a' E!3%$ #as *!45%#$ s$a "a :%a!*"#$3%<a- #a=% s$%8 "a

$c!#<a' Es3as $s2$c46cac4!$s 2$%#43$! >*$ "s 2%c$!3a@$s #<!4#s($! 2$s) 7$" #a3$%4a" >*$ 2asa "as #a""as 7$ /'K/## (N' H/) = 7$0H## (N' 0//) s$a! %$7*c47s a 0H = /- %$s2$c349a#$!3$- s4$#2%$= c*a!7

0) E" a:%$:a7 >*$ s$ $#2"$$ $! *! c!c%$3 >*$ c!3$!:a #8s 7$ .: 7$ c$#$!3 2% #$3% c*+4c c*a!7 $" c!c%$3 ! 3$!:a 4!c"*s4;!7$ a4%$'

.) *$ $" #7*" 7$ 6!*%a ! s$a 4!5$%4% a .'K !4 s*2$%4% a K'0- $"

a:%$:a7 6! s$ 7$+$%8 %$ca&a% a #$!s 7$ >*$ s$ a:a! "s a@*s3$sa7$c*a7s $! "as 2%2%c4!$s $" a:%$:a7 6! = :%*$s'

Las ca!347a7$s 7$ a:%$:a7 6! >*$ 2asa! "as #a""as 7$ /'K/ ## (N'H/) = 7$ 0'0H ## (N' 0//)- a5$c3a! "a 3%a+a@a+4"47a7- "a 3$3*%as*2$%6c4a"- = $" sa!:%a7 7$" c!c%$3' E" #7*" 7$ 6!*%a (FM) 7$"a:%$:a7 :%*$s 7$" a:%$:a7 6! s$ +34$!$- c!5%#$ a "a !%#aASTM C 0.H- s*#a!7 "s 2%c$!3a@$s ac*#*"a7s $! 2$s 7$ "sa:%$:a7s %$3$!47s $! *!a s$%4$ $s2$c46ca7a 7$ #a""as = 749474$!7 "as*#a $!3%$ 0//' E" #7*" 7$ 6!*%a $s *! <!74c$ 7$ "a 6!*%a 7$"

a:%$:a7 $!3%$ #a=% s$a $" #7 7$ 6!*%a- #as :%*$s s$%8 $"a:%$:a7' E" #7*" 7$ 6!*%a 7$" a:%$:a7 6! $s 34" 2a%a $s34#a% "as2%2%c4!$s 7$ "s 7$ "s a:%$:a7s 6!s = :%*$ss $! "as #$&c"as 7$c!c%$3'

Tmi!e'

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C*a">*4$% $s3*74 s+%$ $" c#2%3a#4$!3 7$" $>*42 7$ s$2a%ac4;! 2%3a#as- $" 7$ #acaca7 = #"47- 4#2"4ca "a 7$3$%#4!ac4;! 7$ "aca!347a7 7$ #a3$%4a" 7$ 745$%$!3$s 3a#as >*$ a= 2%$s$!3$' E" !4c#,37 :$!$%a" = 2%8c34c 2a%a $""- $s 7$3$%#4!a% "a 5%acc4;! 7$"a #*$s3%a >*$ 2asa a 3%a9,s 7$ *! 3a#4& c! *!a a2$%3*%a 7$ #a""as

7a7a'

  En')o de Tmi*do

Pa%a s* %$a"4&ac4;! s$ *34"4&a *!a s$%4$7$ 3a#4c$s c! 745$%$!3$s

748#$3%s >*$ s! $!sa#+"a7s $!*!a c"*#!a' E! "a 2a%3$ s*2$%4%-7!7$ s$ $!c*$!3%a $" 3a#4& 7$ #a=%748#$3%- s$ a:%$:a $" #a3$%4a" %4:4!a"(s*$" s$74#$!3 #$&c"a7) = "ac"*#!a 7$ 3a#4c$s s$ s#$3$ a94+%ac4;! = #94#4$!3s%3a3%4s 4!3$!ss $! *!a #8>*4!a$s2$c4a"' L*$: 7$ a":*!s #4!*3s- s$%$34%a! "s 3a#4c$s = s$ 7$s$!sa#+"a!-

3#a!7 2% s$2a%a7 "s 2$ss7$ #a3$%4a" %$3$!47 $! ca7a *! 7$ $""s = >*$- $! s* s*#a- 7$+$!c%%$s2!7$% a" 2$s 33a" 7$" #a3$%4a" >*$ 4!4c4a"#$!3$ s$ c"c; $! "ac"*#!a 7$ 3a#4c$s (C!s$%9ac4;! 7$ "a Masa)'

Determin!i"n de %o' tm+o' de %' rt&!$%'

E" 3a#a 7$ *!a 2a%3<c*"a 2*$7$ $2%$sa%s$ 7$ 745$%$!3$s #7s' S4 "a2a%3<c*"a $s $s5,%4ca- $" 9a"% %$2%$s$!3a349 27%8 s$% s* 748#$3%- s*8%$a 2%=$c3a7a s+%$ *! 2"a!- s* 9"*#$!  "a s*2$%6c4$ 33a" 7$ "a2a%3<c*"a' S4 5%#a c+4ca- $" 9a"% %$2%$s$!3a349 7$ s* 3a#a 2*$7$s$% "a "!:43*7 7$" "a7- $" 8%$a 2%=$c3a7a- $" 9"*#$! "a s*2$%6c4$33a" 7$" c*+'E4s3$! 749$%ss #,37s 2a%a #$74% $" 3a#a 7$ "as 2a%3<c*"as- c*=s%$s*"3a7s 7$2$!7$! 7$ "a 745$%$!c4a 4!3$%9a" 7$ "s 3a#as- 7$ s*s2%24$7a7$s 5<s4cas = 7$ "as ca%ac3$%<s34cas 2$%#4347as 7$ 7$s$cac4;!

N#$%7$ #a""as

D48#$3%7$

#a""as-#4c%!$s

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*#$7a7' E! $" "a+%a3%4 s$ *sa!- 2a%a %$:*"a% "a 2$%ac4;! 7$3a#4&a7- "s s4:*4$!3$s #,37s

 

Mi!ro'!"i!o 2a%a "as 2a%3<c*"as #*= 2$>*$as- 7$" %7$! 7$*!as 2cas #4c%as (0 #4c%a /-//0 ##) "a #*$s3%a 2*$7$

$a#4!a%s$ c! $" #4c%sc24 7$3$%#4!as$ $" 3a#a 2% s4#2"$#$747a s+%$ *!a #4c%53:%a5<a 7$ a*#$!3 c!c47- 2*$7$a""a%s$ 74%$c3a#$!3$ #$74a!3$ *! #4c%;#$3% 7$ %$3<c*"a' E"#,37 #4c%sc;24c s$ *34"4&a c! 5%$c*$!c4a $! "a #$74c4;! 7$2a%3<c*"as 7$ 2"9 c!3$!47as $! "a a3#;s5$%a- as< c# 2a%aa""a% "a $6cac4a 7$ *! 6"3% 7$ *! a4%$'

 

Tmi*do c!s4s3$ $! 2asa% $" #a3$%4a"- 7$ #7 s*c$s49- 2%*!a s$%4$ 7$ 3a#4c$s c$7a&s >*$ 2s$$! %46c4s #a""as2%:%$s49a#$!3$ 7$c%$c4$!3$s' E" #a3$%4a" >*$ 2as; a 3%a9,s 7$ *!3a#4& = a s47 %$3$!47 2% 3%- 2%>*$ s*s %46c4s s! 7$

#$!% 3a#a >*$ $" a!3$%4%- s*$"$ c!s47$%a%s$ c# 7$3a#a 4:*a" a "a #$747a a%43#,34ca 7$ "as a+$%3*%as 7$ a#+s3a#4c$s $s3$ 9a"% %$2%$s$!3a $" 3a#a #$74 748#$3% #$74-= s$ %$2%$s$!3a 2% $" s<#+" D#'

 

Sediment!i"n s$ +asa $! $" $c 7$ >*$ "as 2a%3<c*"as2$>*$as 7$ *! 7$3$%#4!a7 2%7*c3 ca$! $! $" s$! 7$ *!?*47 a *!a 9$"c47a7 *!45%#$ = 2%2%c4!a" a s* 3a#a'

  E%$tri!ion s$ +asa 3a#+4,! $! "a 9$"c47a7 7$ s$74#$!3ac4;!' S4s$ s43a $" #a3$%4a" s;"47 $! *!a c%%4$!3$ asc$!7$!3$ 7$ *!?*47 7$ 9$"c47a7 6@a- "as 2a%3<c*"as c*=a 9$"c47a7 "<#43$ 7$ca<7a s$a 4!5$%4% a "a 9$"c47a7 7$" ?*47- s$%8! a%%as3%a7as 2% "ac%%4$!3$ = ""$9a7as 5*$%a 7$" %$c424$!3$' R$c:4$!7 = 2$sa!7 "as5%acc4!$s +3$!47as $! *!a s$%4$ 7$ $!sa=s c! 9$"c47a7$s 7$?*47s c%$c4$!3$s- s$ c!s4:*$ *! a!8"4s4s :%a!*"#,3%4cc#2"$3'

 

Centri-$#!i"n 2a%a "as 2a%3<c*"as 7$ 748#$3% 4!5$%4% a /-H#4c%as- "a s$74#$!3ac4;! $s 7$#as4a7 "$!3a' D$ a< >*$"a 5*$%&a 7$ "a :%a9$7a7 s$ %$$#2"ac$ 2% "a 5*$%&a c$!3%45*:a7%ac*a!7 a= >*$ 7$3$%#4!a% $" 3a#a 7$ 2a%3<c*"as #*=2$>*$as'

7/16/2019 Colorimetria

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/colorimetria-568bd2b7c4189 9/9

CONCLUSIONES

E! c!c"*s4;! 27%<a#s 7$c4% >*$

• Es3a :%a!*"#$3%<a s$ 7$3$%#4!a ac4$!7 2asa% *!a #*$s3%a%$2%$s$!3a349a 7$ a:%$:a7s 2% *!a s$%4$ 7$ 3a#4c$s %7$!a7s-2% a+$%3*%a- 7$ #a=% a #$!%'

• La s$%4$ 7$ 3a#4c$s >*$ s$ $#2"$a! 2a%a c"as46ca% a:%*2a7s 2a%ac!c%$3 s$ a $s3a+"$c47 7$ #a!$%a >*$ "a a+$%3*%a 7$ c*a">*4$%3a#4& s$a a2%4#a7a#$!3$ "a #43a7 7$ "a a+$%3*%a 7$" 3a#4&4!#$74a3a#$!3$ s*2$%4%- s$a- >*$ c*#2"a! c! "a %$"ac4;! 0 a.'

• E" 3a#4&a7 a #a! s$ ac$ 7$ 3a" #a!$%a >*$ $" #a3$%4a" s$#a!3$!:a $! #94#4$!3 c4%c*"a% c! *!a #a! #4$!3%as s$:"2$a c! "a 3%a- 2$% $! !4!:! cas s$ 7$+$ 4!7*c4% c! "a#a! $" 2as 7$ *!a 2a%3<c*"a a 3%a9,s 7$" 3a#4& R$c#$!7a!7->*$ "s %$s*"3a7s 7$" a!8"4s4s $! 3a#4& s$ c">*$! $! 5%#a

3a+*"a%'• La a2a%4c4;! 7$ #a3$%4a %:8!4ca a $s3$ 342 7$ #a3$%4a $s

5%$c*$!3$ >*$ 2%$s$!3$ a"3 %4$s: 2a%a "as 2%24$7a7$s 7$"c!c%$3- c# "a %$s4s3$!c4a- 7*%a+4"47a7 = +*$! 7$sa%%"" 7$"2%c$s 7$ 5%a:*a7'