Conceptos Básicos de Seguridad y de Control Temporero de...

CentrodeTransferencia deTecnología enTransportaciónDepartamento deIngeniería CivilyAgrimensura

UPR-Recinto Universitario deMayagüezCallBox9000*Mayagüez,PR00681

Tel.787-834-6385*Fax:787-265-5695*www.uprm.edu/prt2

Septiembre 2016

Instructor

Dr.Benjamín Colucci RíosDepartamento deIngeniería CivilyAgrimensura

UPR– Recinto Universitario deMayagüez

30 Años de Excelencia en el Adiestramiento de Oficiales de Transportación a Nivel Municipal, Estatal, y Federal en Puerto Rico e Islas Vírgenes

CHAPTERS

6A. General

6B. Fundamental Principles

6C. TTC Elements

6D. Pedestrian & Worker Safety

6E. Flagger Control

6F. TTC Zone Devices

6G. Type of TTC Zone Activities

6H. Typical Applications

6I. Control of Traffic through Traffic Incident ManagementAreas

PART 6. TEMPORARY

TRAFFIC CONTROL

2

PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER

Remember from morning…3

Definitions – quick overview of definitions

especially:

Standard

Guidance

Option

Support


Standard4

A. A statement of required, mandatory,

or specifically prohibitive practice

regarding a traffic control device.

All Standard statements are labeled,

and the text appears in bold type.

The verb “shall” is typically used…

http://www.sjroadworks.com/


Guidance5

B. A statement of recommended,

but not mandatory, practice in

typical situations, with

deviations allowed if engineering

judgment or engineering study

indicates the deviation to be

appropriate. All Guidance

statements are labeled, and the

text appears in unbold type. The

verb “should” is typically used...

• Fulfill a need

• Command attention

• Convey a clear, simple meaning

• Command respect from road users

• Give adequate time for proper response

Guidance:

To be effective, a traffic control device should meet five basic requirements:


Option6

C. A statement of practice that is

a permissive condition and

carries no requirement or

recommendation. Option

statements sometime contain

allowable modifications to a

Standard or Guidance statement.

All Option statements are

labeled, and the text appears in

unbold type. The verb “may” is

typically used.

http://grace.allpurposeguru.com/


Support7

D. An informational

statement that does not

convey any degree of

mandate,

recommendation,

authorization,

prohibition, or

enforceable condition.

Support statements are

labeled, and the text

appears in unbold type.

The verbs “shall,”

“should,” and “may” are

not used in Support

statements.http://www.nestechenterprises.com/


Changeable Message Sign8

28. A sign that is capable of displaying more than one message (one

of which might be a “blank” display), changeable manually, by remote

control, or by automatic control. Electronic-display changeable

message signs are referred to as Dynamic Message Signs in the

National Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Architecture and are

referred to as Variable Message Signs in the National Electrical

Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards publication.

http://www.interwestsafety.com/ http://www.csppacific.co.nz/


Channelizing Device9

May be used for general traffic control purposes such as adding emphasis to reversible lane delineation, channelizing lines, or islands. Channelizing devices may also be used along a center line to preclude turns or along lane lines to preclude lane changing, as determined by engineering judgment.

Cones

Tubular markers

Vertical panels

Drums

Lane separators

Raised islandshttp://www.quietzonetech.com/

http://www.pdbrooks.com/

http://www.peytonsbarricade.com/

CHAPTER 3H


Clear Zone10

33. The total roadside

border area, starting at the

edge of the traveled way,

that is available for an

errant driver to stop or

regain control of a vehicle.

This area might consist of

a shoulder, a recoverable

slope, and/or a non-

recoverable, traversable

slope with a clear run-out

area at its toe.http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/


Crashworthy11

43. A characteristic of a roadside appurtenance that has been

successfully crash tested in accordance with a national standard

such as the National Cooperative Highway Research Program

Report 350, “Recommended Procedures for the Safety

Performance Evaluation of Highway Features.”

http://www.cbt.com.my/


Emergency-Vehicle Traffic Control Signal12

62. A special traffic control signal that assigns the right-of-way to an

authorized emergency vehicle.

http://www.elteccorp.com/


Engineering judgment13

64. The evaluation of available pertinent

information, and the application of

appropriate principles, provisions, and

practices as contained in this Manual and

other sources, for

the purpose of deciding upon the

applicability, design, operation, or

installation of a traffic control device.

Engineering judgment shall be exercised

by an engineer, or by an individual working

under the supervision of an engineer,

through the application of procedures and

criteria established by the engineer.

Documentation of engineering judgment is

not required.


Engineering study14

65. The comprehensive analysis and

evaluation of available pertinent

information, and the application of

appropriate principles, provisions, and

practices as contained in this Manual

and other sources, for the purpose of

deciding upon the applicability, design,

operation, or installation of a traffic

control device. An engineering study

shall be performed by an engineer, or

by an individual working under the

supervision of an engineer, through the

application of procedures and criteria

established by the engineer. An

engineering study shall be documented.

http://lx-group.com.au/


Flashing Beacon15

Provides: traffic control when used

as an intersection control beacon

warning when used in other applications

Highway traffic signal with one or more signal sections that

operates in a flashing mode.

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/

CHAPTER 4L


Hybrid Beacon16

88. A special type of beacon that is intentionally placed in a dark mode

(no indications displayed) between periods of operation and, when

operated, displays both steady and flashing traffic control signal

indications.


Speed17

214. Speed is defined based on the following classifications:

(a) Average Speed

• the summation of the instantaneous or spot-measured speeds at a specific location of vehicles divided by the number of vehicles observed.

(b) Design Speed

• a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of a roadway.

(c) 85th-Percentile Speed

• the speed at or below which 85 percent of the motor vehicles travel.

(d) Operating Speed

• a speed at which a typical vehicle or the overall traffic operates.

(e) Pace

• the 10 mph speed range representing the speeds of the largest percentage of vehicles in the traffic stream.


Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) Zone18

229. An area of a highway where road user conditions are

changed because of a work zone or incident by the use of

temporary traffic control devices, flaggers, uniformed law

enforcement officers, or other authorized personnel.

http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/


Traffic Control Device (TCD)19

238. A sign, signal, marking, or other

device used to regulate, warn, or

guide traffic, placed on, over, or

adjacent to a street, highway, private

road open to public travel, pedestrian

facility, or shared-use path by

authority of a public agency or

official having jurisdiction, or, in the

case of a private road open to public

travel, by authority of the private

owner or private official having

jurisdiction.


Worker20

256. A person on foot whose

duties place him or her within

the right-of-way of a street,

highway, or pathway, such as

street, highway, or pathway

construction and maintenance

forces, survey crews, utility

crews, responders to incidents

within the street, highway, or

pathway right-of-way, and law

enforcement personnel when

directing traffic, investigating

crashes, and handling lane

closures, obstructed roadways,

and disasters within the right-of-

way of a street, highway, or

pathway.

http://www.highwaysindustry.com/

Module 5.

Description of Typical Applications (TA)

of the MUTCD applicable to urban and

rural settings

21

CHAPTER 6G. TYPE OF TEMPORARY TRAFFIC

CONTROL ZONE ACTIVITIES

22


Typical Applications:23

Support:

01. Each TTC zone is different. Many variables, such as location of work, highway type, geometrics, vertical and horizontal alignment, intersections, interchanges, road user volumes, road vehicle mix (buses, trucks, and cars), and road user speeds affect the needs of each zone. The goal of TTC in work zones is safety with minimum disruption to road users. The key factor in promoting TTC zone safety is proper judgment.


Typical Applications:24

Support:

02. Typical applications (TAs) of TTC zones are organized according to duration, location, type of work, and highway type. Table 6H-1 is an index of these typical applications. These typical applications include the use of various TTC methods, but do not include a layout for every conceivable work situation


Work Duration25

Standard:

The five categories of work duration and their time at a location shall be:

Long-term stationary

• work that occupies a location more than 3 days

Intermediate term

stationary

• work that occupies a location more than one daylight period up to 3 days, or nighttime work lasting more than 1 hour

Short-term stationary

• daytime work that occupies a location for more than 1 hour within a single daylight period

Short duration

• work that occupies a location up to 1 hour

Mobile• work that moves intermittently or

continuously

CHAPTER 6H. DESCRIPTION OF TYPICAL

APPLICATIONS OF ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED

TO HIGHWAY WORK ZONES

26


Chapter 6H: Typical Applications

(p 631)

Support

A total of 46 Typical Applications.

Can generally be adapted to a broad range of conditions.

An appropriate TTC plan is achieved by combining features from various typical applications.

Procedures for establishing TTC zones vary with conditions as

road configuration, location of the work, work activity, duration of work, road user volumes, road vehicle mix and road user speeds.

Example

Work at an intersection might present a near-side work zone for one street and a far-side work zone for the other street. These treatments are found in two different typical applications, while a third typical application shows how to handle pedestrian crosswalk closures.

27



(p 631) (Cont.)28

In general, TA’s represent minimum solutions for the

situations depicted.

Except for the notes, the information presented in the

typical applications can generally be regarded as

Guidance.



(p 631) (Cont.)29

Option

Other devices may be added to supplement the

devices.

Device spacing may be adjusted to provide additional

reaction time or delineation.

Fewer devices may be used based on field conditions.


Index to Typical Applications (p 632)30


Meaning of Symbols on Typical

Application Diagrams35


Meaning of Letter Codes on Typical

Application Diagrams36


Formulas for Determining Taper Length37

Module 6.

Workshop: Development of Traffic

Control Plan (TCP) for Temporary Traffic

Control for rural and urban settings

38

TTC ZONE EXERCISE:RURAL SETTING

39

39


Exercise # 1: TTC 4 Lane Rural Divided

Highway

Given:

4 lane rural divided highway (2 lanes per direction)

Posted speed limit or 85th percentile off-peak speed, S = 55 mph

Lane width, W = 12 ft / lane (3.65 m/lane)

Outside shoulder width, w = 10 ft (3 m)

Work space = 0.5 mile (0.8 km)

Duration of work = 2 months

Traffic = 40,000 vpd

40


Exercise # 1: TTC 4 Lane Rural Divided

Highway

Required:

1. Length of advance

warning area

2. Length of shoulder taper

3. Length of transition area

4. Length of activity area

5. Length of longitudinal

buffer

6. Length of termination

area

Calculate using MUTCD

Part 6 Standards and

Guidelines

42


Aspects to Consider in TTC Zones44

Type of work activity

Location and duration (short–term, intermediate-term, long-term)

Daytime / Nighttime / Both periods

Roadway type / functional classification

Traffic volume

Speed differential

Hazard potential

Prevention

Standard of care


Select MUTCD Typical Application (TA)

(Chapter 6H)45

46

Stationary Lane

Closure on Rural

Divided Highway

(TA-33)

46

47

Stationary

Lane Closure

on Rural

Divided

Highway

(TA-33)


Transition Area :

Shoulder, Merging and Downstream Taper48

Maximum distance in meters (feet) between devices in a

taper should not exceed 0.2 times the speed limit in km/h

(1.0 times the speed limit in mph).

Merging taper = L

Shoulder taper = 0.33L

L = taper length (feet)

W = width of offset (feet)

S = posted speed limit (mph)

85th perc. speed

anticipated op. speed

Downstream taper

49


Minimum Taper Lengths50

feetL

feetSWL

taperShoulder

feetSWL

taperMerging

5.18155033.033.0

5505510

_

6605512

_

660 feet

181.5 feet

100 feet

51

660 feet

181.5 feet

Activity

Area =

Work space

+

Buffer space

Long.

buffer

space

Traffic

space

Work

space

100 feet

52


Length of Activity Area as a Function

of Speed*53

Work space = 2640 feet

Longitudinal buffer = 495 feet

Length of Activity Area

= 2640 + 495 = 3,135 feet

660 feet

181.5 feet

Activity

Area =

3,135 feetLong.

buffer

space

Traffic

space

Work

space

495 feet

100 feet

54


V < 40 mph = Low Speed V > 45 mph = High Speed

Table 6C-1. Suggested Advance

Warning Sign Spacing

Distancias en metros (pies)

57

660 feet

181.5 feet

Activity

Area =

3,135 feetLong.

buffer

space

Traffic

space

Work

space

495 feet

100 feet

2,640 feet

1,500 feet

1,000 feet

59

TTC ZONE EXERCISE:URBAN SETTING

60

60


Exercise # 2: TTC Lane Closure on

Urban Minor Street

Given:

Utility work

2 lane urban minor street (1 lane each direction)

Posted speed limit or 85th percentile off-peak speed, S = 25 mph (low speed)

Lane width, W = 10 ft / lane (3.048 m/lane)

Work space = 150 ft (60.96 m)

Duration of work = 1 week

Traffic = 350 vpd (low volume)

61


Exercise # 2: TTC 2 Lane on Urban

Minor Street

Required:

1. Length of advance

warning area

2. Length of transition area

3. Length of activity area

4. Length of longitudinal

buffer

5. Calculate using MUTCD

Part 6 Standards and

Guidelines

63


Typical Application64

Look for Typical Application #18


Typical Application #18

65

Advance Warning Area

66

Work

Space

Longitudinal

buffer

Work

Truck

Transition

Area

Activity

Area


How long

should the

activity area

be?

67


Length of Activity Area as a Function

of Speed*68

Work space = 150 feet

Longitudinal buffer = 155 feet

Length of Activity Area

= 150 + 155 = 305 feet


Minimum Taper Length69

Where:L = taper length (feet)W = width of offset (feet)S = posted speed limit (mph)

85th percentile speedanticipated op. speed


Calculate A70

A=100 feet

V < 40 mph = Low Speed V > 45 mph = High Speed

71

Work Space

= 150 ft

Longitudinal

Buffer = 155 ft

Work

Truck

Transition Area

(Taper Length, L) = 105 ft

Activity

Area = 305 ft*

Advanced Warning Area, A = 100 ft

* 305 feet

plus length

of work

truck

Module 7.

Example of adequate and inadequate

use of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC)

in highway and utility work zones

72

Module 8.

Brainstorming for increasing awareness and

affirmative actions in the effective implementation

of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) in rural and

urban settings

73

Module 9.

The flaggers role, vest and the equipment

of Temporary Traffic Control applicable

to their functions (STOP/SLOW Paddle)

74

CHAPTER 6E. FLAGGER CONTROL

75


Qualifications for Flaggers

Guidance76

Flaggers are responsible for public safety

Flaggers make the greatest number of contacts with the public of all highway workers

Flaggers should be trained in safe traffic control practices and public contact techniques http://accesslaborservice.com/


Qualifications for Flaggers

Guidance77

Flaggers should be able to satisfactorily demonstrate the following abilities:

Receive and communicate specific instructions clearly, firmly, and courteously;A.

Move and maneuver quickly in order to avoid danger from errant vehicles;B.

Control signaling devices (such as paddles and flags) in order to provide clear and positive guidance to drivers approaching a TTC zone in frequently changing situations;

C.

Understand and apply safe traffic control practices, sometimes in stressful or emergency situations; andD.

Recognize dangerous traffic situations and warn workers in sufficient time to avoid injuryE.


High-Visibility Safety Apparel

Standards

For daytime and nighttime activity, flaggers shallwear high-visibility safety apparel that meets the Performance Class 2 or 3 requirements of the ANSI/ISEA 107-2004 publication…

The apparel background material color shall be fluorescent orange-red, fluorescent yellow-green, or a combination of the two as defined in the ANSI standard.

The Retroreflective material shall be orange, yellow, white, silver, yellow-green, or a fluorescent version of these colors, and shall be visible at a minimum distance of 1,000 ft.

The retroreflective safety apparel shall be designed to clearly identify the wearer as a person.

Guidance – For nighttime activity, safety apparel for Class 3 risk exposure should be considered

78



Guidance

For nighttime activity, high-visibility safety apparel

that meets the Performance Class 3 requirements of

the ANSI/ISEA 107-2004 publication… and

labeled as meeting the ANSI 107-2004 standard

performance for Class 3 risk exposure should be

considered for flagger wear.

79



Standards

When uniformed law enforcement officers are used

to direct traffic within a TTC zone, they shall wear

high-visibility safety apparel as described in this

section.

80


Hand-Signaling Devices

Guidance:

Primary and preferred device STOP/SLOW paddle

Standard:

Shall have an octagonal shape on a rigid handle

Shall be at least 18 in wide with letters at least 6 in high

The STOP face shall have white letters and border on a red background

The SLOW face shall have black letters and border on an orange background

When used at night, the STOP/SLOW paddle shall be retroreflectorized

81



Standard:

If flashing lights are used on the STOP face of the paddle, their colors shall be all white or all red.

If flashing lights are used on the SLOW face of the paddle, their colors shall be all white or all yellow.

… the flash rate shall be at least 50, but not more than 60 flashes per minute.

82



Guidance:

Emergency situations Red Flags

Standard:

Flags shall be red or fluorescent orange/red in color

Shall be a minimum of 24 in square

Shall be securely fastened to a staff that is ~36 in in

length.

When used at nighttime, flags shall be

retroreflectorized red.

83


Automated Flagger Assistance Devices

Types of AFADs:

A. An AFAD that uses a

remotely controlled

STOP/SLOW sign on either

a trailer or a movable cart

system to alternately control

right-of-way.

B. An AFAD that uses a remotely

controlled red and yellow

lenses and a gate arm to

alternately control right-of-

way.

84



Standard:

AFADs shall only be used in situations where there is only one lane of approaching traffic in the direction to be controlled.

When used at night, the AFAD location shall be illuminated.

Guidance:

AFADs should not be used for long-term stationary work

85



Standard:

AFADs shall meet the crashworthy performance criteria.

An AFAD shall be operated only by a flagger who has been trained on the operation of the AFAD.

The flagger(s) operating the AFAD(s) shall not leave the AFAD(s) unattended at any time while the AFAD(s) is being used.

86


STOP/SLOW


Standard:

A STOP/SLOW AFAD shall include a STOP/SLOW sign that alternately displays the STOP face and the SLOW face of a STOP/SLOW paddle.

87

Guidance:

The STOP/SLOW AFAD should include a gate arm that descends to a down position across the approach lane of traffic when the STOP face is displayed and then ascends to an upright position when the SLOW face is displayed.


STOP/SLOW


Standard:

Gate arms shall be fully retroflectorized on both sides and shall have vertical alternating red and white stripes at 16 in intervals measured horizontally.

89


Red/Yellow Lens


Standard:

A Red/Yellow Lens AFAD shall alternately display a steadily

illuminated CIRCULAR RED lens and a flashing CIRCULAR

YELLOW lens to control traffic without the need for a flagger in

the immediate vicinity of the AFAD or on the roadway.

A Red/Yellow Lens AFAD shall include a gate arm that

descends to a down position across the approach lane of

traffic when the steady CIRCULAR RED lens is illuminated and

then ascends to an upright position when the flashing CIRCULAR

YELLOW lens is illuminated.

90


Red/Yellow Lens

Automated Flagger Assistance Devices92


Flagger Procedures

Standard:

Flaggers shall use a STOP/SLOW paddle, a flag, or

an AFAD to control road users approaching a TTC

zone.

The use of hand movements alone without a paddle,

flag, or AFAD to control road users shall be

prohibited except for law enforcement personnel or

emergency responders at incident scenes…

93


Flagger Procedures94


Flagger Stations

Standard:

Flagger stations shall be located such that approaching road users will have sufficient distance to stop at an intended stopping point.

Guidance:

Flagger stations should be located such that an errant vehicle has additional space to stop without entering the work space.

The flagger should identify an escape route that can be used to avoid being struck by an errant vehicle.

97


Flagger Stations

Standard:

Except in emergency situations,

Flagger stations shall be preceded

by an advance warning sign or

signs.

Flagger stations shall be

illuminated at night

98


Flagger Stations, MUTCD 2009 Edition99


Flagger Safety Tips100

CHAPTER 6I. CONTROL OF TRAFFIC

THROUGH TRAFFIC INCIDENT

MANAGEMENT AREAS

104


Incident Management105

Support:

01 The National Incident

Management System

(NIMS) requires the use of

the Incident Command

System (ICS) at traffic

incident management

scenes.


Incident Management106

Support:

02 A traffic incident is an emergency road user occurrence, a natural disaster, or other unplanned event that affects or impedes the normal flow of traffic.


Incident General Classes of Duration107

Traffic incidents can be divided into three general classes of duration, each of which has unique traffic control characteristics and needs.

A. Major

• expected duration of more than 2 hours,

B. Intermediate

• expected duration of 30 minutes to 2 hours, and

C. Minor

• expected duration under 30 minutes.

QUESTIONS

108

109

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