Conservación de ecosistemas

marinos: estamos planificando

para un clima cambiante?

Miriam Fernández

Departamento de Ecología

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

0

5

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1976

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2016

Increase in number: 3 times more AMP in the last 15 years

Increase in area protected: 80.000 times increase in the last 15 years

41% of the Exclusive Economic Zone under some conservation

instrument (23% under no-take; largest fraction in the world)

Advances in marine conservation

2.4

km

2

2.5

km

2

14 k

m2

150.0

00 k

m2

1.5

00.0

00 k

m2

Fernández et al (submitted)

Num

be

r of M

PA

Where are concentrated marine protected

areas?: 14 ecoregions

Rovira & Herreros 2016

Where are concentrated marine protected

areas?: 14 ecoregions

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20

40

60

80

100

Norte

grand

e

Papo

so Ta

ltal

Atacam

a

Los M

olles

Chile

centr

al

Cent

ro su

r

Chilo

é Tait

ao

Kawes

qar

Mag

allan

es

Pacif

ico Su

deste

Pacif

ico Au

stral

Oceán

ico

Archipi

élago

de Ju

an Fe

rnan

dez

Islas

Des

vent

urad

as

Isla d

e Pas

cua

Coastal Oceanic

15%

>56%

Very small efforts in coastal areas

Clear imbalance among ecoregionsRovira & Herreros 2016

Fernández et al (submitted)

<2,5% en promedio

Perc

enta

ge o

f ecore

gio

ns p

rote

cte

d

• 34 priority latitudinal bands

• 19 coastal MPA established

• 15 matching (44% priority)

• 56% latitudinal coastal bands need

attention

Tognelli et al. (Cons. Biol. 2009)

Coarse grain approach(only sp presence/absence; no site-

specific information)

Coastal MPA do not fully match priority sites

Can other instruments fill the gap in

the coastal ocean?

Management areas: territorial user rights

for fishers (TURF)

Coastal areas (CA) of native ethnic groups

Expansion of terrestrial parks

Can other instruments fill the coastal gap?: management areas for fishers and native ethnic groups

> 450

TURFS in

place

190 in place

for > 8

years

(660 km2)

89 CA for

ethnic

groups

requested

9 in place

(450 km2;

potential >

30,000 km2)

100% fisheries

82% fishing

Hiriart et al (submitted); Fernández et al (submitted)

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Num

ber

of pro

tecte

dare

as

Coastal Oceanic

Distribution of management areas for fishers and native

communities across ecoregions

CO

NS

ER

VA

TIO

N

INS

TR

UM

EN

TS

Fernández et al (submitted)

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Num

ber

of

pro

tecte

dare

as

Coastal Oceanic

CO

NS

ER

VA

TIO

N

INS

TR

UM

EN

TS

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

MPA

MCAIP

TURF

ALT

ER

NA

TIV

E

INS

TR

UM

EN

TS

Alternative area-based instruments could

enhance the coastal area protected (20%), but

the gap in protection of coastal ecoregions

remains (app 4%)

Very unstable instrument (less than 50% TURFs

last at least 8 years)

There is a potential, if incentives are established

Fernández et al (submitted)

Distribution of management areas for fishers and

native communities across ecoregions

Can other instruments fill the coastal gap?

Decrees offer the opportunity of extending marine

parks to the ocean in southern Chile (Decrees):

National Park Bernardo O´Higgins

Increase the number of prioritized latitudinal bands

“protected” (19 matching; 56% priority bands

protected)

But …..

Fishing is allowed

Aquacultures is allowed

Marine protection questioned

• Significant advances: champion in declaring marine

protected areas– Effective management questioned (20% AMP with management plan, 0%

effective management IUCN Protocols; Petit et al. 2018)

• Relevant problems: – Ecoregion representation

– More impact (coastal) = less protection

• Climate change is not yet incorporated in the defining

conservation priorities and management of ecosystem

services– Biomass of exploited species

– Sequestering CO2

The platform for marine conservation

and the challenges

A few concerns: deterioration of kelp

forests in coastal areas of central Chile

• Macroalgae are as important as mangroves and sea grass for storing

carbon in the bottom of the sea

• High efficiency to extract CO2 from the atmosphere and lock it away at

the ocean floor

• Kelp forests cover larger areas than mangroves and grass forest together

• Kelp forests are very dense and productive along the coast of Chile:

• Productivity fueled by upwelling

• Upwelling intensity and persistence is expected to increase

under climate change scenarios (increase in wind)

“Bolsonaro effect” in kelp forest in Chile:

destruction by fisheries

Alteration by

exploitation of

carnivores

Deforestation

Increase in temperature negatively affects the development of

early stages of Lessonia trabeculata

Warming might affect kelp recovery

0

20

40

60

80

100

Female gametophyte fertility (%)

15°C 19°C

Gonzalez et al 2018

Hours over “optimum” temperatures

on each year correlate negatively with recruitment: fished stock

recovery?

Mean duration hot episodes(h)

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0r2 = 0.58

p < 0.01

Warming affects larval stages

Recru

itm

entra

te

Tapia et al. in prep

N

The problem of the “locas”:

protection of embryos and warmingN

um

ber

of em

bry

os (

mm

2capsule

)

Fernández et al 2007

Population recovery determined by temperature?

Many small pieces of evidence of

deterioration of marine ecosystems and

response to climate change

Needs and opportunities to

adjust conservation plans

Higher biodiversity in southern Chile

Fernández et al. Ecol. Lett. 2009