"Cultivo de La Vid en Jerez y San Lucar" de Estaban Boutelou 1949

8/2/2019 "Cultivo de La Vid en Jerez y San Lucar" de Estaban Boutelou 1949

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à|j da cgu }g|iadgdau eqcti}gdgu ù ujl|augciaftau ujf daj|ibaf axt|gfka|j& Cju |j`gfju af|iwqaeia|jf uqu eg`~ju ejffqa}gu }g|iadgdau da }id# wqa gdwqi|ia|jf af uqu ejfwqiutgu&Ceqcj ift|jdqkj af ac ta||itj|ij da Itgcig fj ujcgàfta ac ea|a-{j# uifj tg`lif gcbqfgu egutgu da }idau wqa ejfwqiut ejf uqut|iqfmju& Cju dacieijuju }ifju da @cgbg# da Gciegfta y da \jtg#diea @|& Eha}gcia| (I)# ~|jeadaf da ug|ìaftju da au~aeiau dau-ejfjeidgu af Aq|j~g# wqa af cju uibcju XII y XII I # Y af tia`~jda cgu E|q{gdgu# ua gdwqi|ia|jf af Ehi~|a# af Ej|iftj y af ^g-cautifg& Tafa`ju guiìu`j gcbqfju djeqàftju ù `jda|fjuda cgu àkj|gu wqa hg tafidj ac eqcti}j da cgu }igu af `qehju~g|gkau da Au~gg# g ejfuaeqafeig da cg ift|jdqeeif da gcbqfguegutgu djtgdgu da egcidgdau g~|aeiglcau wqa ua hgf ift|jdqeidjda |abijfau cakgdgu& Ac ,â|j Xi`fa{,# ,@gc}gug, y jt|ju }i-dqaju gtautibqgf autg }a|dgd& Cju m|gfeauau hgf t|gfu~j|tgdjejf xitj maci{ g M|gfeig cgu àkj|au }g|iadgdau da cgu }idau da

(7) Lilcijtlawq dau ~|j~|itgi|au |q|gqx# t& ]III& ~b& 79=&


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- < 1 -geaf gc eci`g& Gftau da gdìti| qfg fqa}g }g|iadgd# dala ejfqctg|ua uq fgtq|gca{g? ac dauaj da cg fj}adgd ~qada gc ejft|g|ija| ~a|kqdieigc&

Dac j|ibaf da cgu }g|iadgdau da cg }id eqctijgdg&^jegu da cgu fqà|juui`gu }g|iadgdau da cg }id wqa ua eqc}gf af cju ~gbju da }igu g~|j}aehgf ~g|g cg mgl|iegeif daifju ujl|augciaftau? ac `gyj| fà|j da cgu |autgftau ui|}af

~g|g ejà| j ~g|g ugtiumgea| cg eq|ijuidgd da gcbqu ejuaeha|ju# ~qdifdjua b|gdqg| ej`j egutgu à|gàfta dakj& Ua gqàftg ejftifqgàfta ac fà|j da cgu }g|iadgdaua cg }id af cju ~guau da }igu# yg uag ~j| cg ift|jdqeeif yfugyj da fqa}ju }idqaju wqa ua ejfdqeaf da jt|ju ~gbju diuftau# yg tg`lif ~j| cg gdwqiuieif da fqa}ju ifdi}idqju daujfjeidju wqa fgeaf af cju uaìcca|ju ~j| b|gficcg# j yg# ~j|cti`j# ~j| gcbqfgu `qdgf{gu y dabafa|geijfau wqa jl|gf b|g-qgcàfta af gcbqfgu }idau ac eci`g# ac ta||afj y ac eqcti}j#j`j cj uju~aehgf `qehju aue|itj|au axt|gfka|ju ( Ac gdacgftgìaftj da cg eiafeig da cgu }g

Cg geci`gtgeif a ift|jdqeeif da fqa}gu egutgu uj~g|g àkj|g| cg egcidgd da cju }ifju? y 5& Ac ejjeiìaftj ~|etiej da gwqaccgu }g|iadgdau wqa àkj| ~|a}gca

af af egdg ta||afj y ~|ju~a|gf ejf g||abcj gc b|gdj da egcj|hqàdgd gt`jum|ieg wqa ua ax~a|iàftg af egdg ~gu&


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- a|g cg da K~ita| af ^j~qcjfig# j yg ~g|g mj|`g| cguejcq`fgu da uqu ù mg`juju ta`~cju& @jda|fgàfta ua ;hgf}iutj cgu ~qa|tgu da cg egtad|gc da \}afg# t|glgkgdgu da autgìu`g `gda|g& Da~afda ac tg`gj da cgu ea~gu lgkgu# da cgegcidgd dac ta||afj y ta`~a|gàftj# da cg diutgfeig dac ~cgftjy dac `tjdj da ~jdg| y eqcti}g| cg }id? ~a|j# fj jlutgfta# af--b|qaugf ù ejfuida|glcaàfta cgu eggu y ea~gu da gcbqfgu}g|iadgdau uabf uq fdjca y }abatgeif& Cgu ea~gu ciutgfau#

~j| aka`~cj# e|gf bafa|gcàfta egla{gu ehiegu# gc ~guj wqacgu `juegtacau cgu ~|jdqeaf ~j| cj ej`f `jfut|qjugu&\g|g }a{ ~gugf da eifej cju l|g{ju (=) wqa ~qada fqt|i| qfgea~g }ibj|jug af Ugfceg|? uif a`lg|bj da wqa uqacaf uagcg|uagcbqfju ~iau }gciaftau ejf jehj l|g{ju af cju ta||afju ù~|i}icabigdju ~g|g uq eqcti}j&

\amcaxijfau ujl|a ac e|aeiìaftj da cju t|jfeju da cg }id&Afb|qaugf ej`fàfta cju t|jfeju da cgu }idau y gdwqia|afàd|ju tgftj ù axt|gj|difg|iju eqgftj ù ejfuida|glca au


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EGÎTQCJ II\amiaxijfau miuijcbiegu ujl|a cg }id&

\geau&Acglj|gf cgu |geau da cgu }idau `qehg ~g|ta dac fqt|iìaftj ~|j~ij ~g|g ac uqutaftj y daug||jccj }abatgc& Au eia|tj# guiìu`j# wqa cgu }idau y cju daù }abatgcau ua gciàftgf y fqt|af af `qehg ~g|ta da cgu ,a`gfgeijfau, gt`jum|iegu wqa gluj|laf uqu hjkgu? ~a|j fj ~qada dqdg|ua# ejf tjdj# da wqa uqu|geau t|glgkgf y acglj|gf cju kqbju da cg tia||g ~qautju g uqgcegfea y wqa ejft|ilqyaf gc uqutaftj }abatgc (8)& Cg ei|eqfutgfeig da ejft|ga| cju }ifju acbqutj ~g|tieqcg| da `qehju ta||afju afcju wqa ua hg eqcti}gdj cg }id# `gfimiautg wqa ua dauej`~jfaf cjuacaàftju da cg tia||g# wqa ~gugf ~j| cju mict|ju j ~j|ju (7) da cgu|geau# t|gfuìtifdjcju cju }guju gluj|laftau af cj ifta|ij| dacju }abatgcau& Autf gf ~jej ejfjeidgu cgu mqfeijfau da cgu|geau y fj dqdj da wqa# ui ua uq~iaua g mjfdj uq aejfj`g# |auqctg|gf dgtju `qy i`~j|tgftau ~g|g cju gdacgftgìaftju |q|gcau&Cju }guju j ~j|ju da cgu |geau autf djtgdju da egcidgdau ~aeqcig|au# hglifdjcju gu~i|gtj|iju# dibauti}ju y uae|atj|iju& Cguj~a|geijfau da cgu ìu`gu |geau }g|gf guiìu`j ejf g||abcjgc uitij wqa jeq~gf? cgu hgy eqyj fiej dautifj ua di|iba g uq

(7) Ha`ju |au~atgdj ac taxtj dac gqtj| gqfwqa# dalidj gc gt|guj da cg gfgtj-`g y miuijcjbg }abatgc af uq ~jeg# ejftiafa gcbqfju ejfea~tju a||faju& Ac caetj|~qada ejfuqctg|# ~g|g djeqàftg|ua ujl|a cg aut|qetq|g y mqfeijfgìaftj da |gcaau y hjkgu# jl|gu `jda|fgu ej`j# ~j| aka`~cj# cg Ljtfieg Gb|iejcg# da Ueh|ilgqxy Fgfjt (


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|afjuju ifàdigtju gc `g|# wqa bj{gf da cg m|aueq|g ej`qfi-gdg g cg gtùma|g ~j| cg l|iug# j wqa jltiafaf ac lafamieij dau |iabju uqlta||faju wqa ~|j~j|eijfgf cgu `g|agu# gej`jdgf~g|g cg }id&Fj jlutgfta# cju }ifju da q}g ejbidg af cgu g|afgu ua g~ciegfj`fàfta af Ka|a{ ~g|g ugeg| gbqg|diaftau# uiafdj mcjkju ya ~jej gbqgfta& Fjtg|f cju caetj|au jt|g dima|afeig# `jti}gdgac eci`g# af 7> ejfea|fiafta g cg acaeeif da ta||afju wqa |aej-iafdgf cju gqtj|au axt|gfka|ju ~g|g ac ~cgftj da }igu# wqia-au ejcjegf af cg ~|ià|g ecgua ~g|g }igu g cju ta||afju bqikg-|juju# g|afjuju y ecidju# ~j| eqgftj cg hqàdgd da uq eci`g|autg ej~ijuju kqbju g cg }id af uaàkgftau ta||afju& Af cgu|j}ifeigu ecidgu da Gfdgcqeg# ~j| ac ejft|g|ij# eg|aeaf uaà-ftau ta||afju da hq`j| y fj ~qadaf `gdq|g| cg q}g ej`~ca-àfta# fi ejf gwqac b|gdj da ~a|maeeif ej||au~jfdiafta# y dajfuibqiafta ujf ~jej g~tju ~g|g auta eqcti}j&


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- 1 > -

Dac `tjdj da uagcg| qfg }ig af Ugfceg|&^g|g `g|eg| ac ta||afj dautifgdj ~g|g ac ~cgftj da }igej|tgf qf ~gcj ej|tj# wqa ccg`gf auegcg# wqa uagcg cg àdidg jdiutgfeig wqa àdig dauda qfg ea~g hgutg cg ifàdigtg& Uagcgfejf cg auegcg cgu diutgfeigu da cju hjyju af qfg ujbg j eqa|dgda ~gc`g# `g|egfdj egdg ~qftj djfda tjeg cg ea~g ejf qf fqdj#qf ~adg{j da j|iccj# bi|g da ~gj j qf ~gcitj wqa gt|g}iaug da~g|ta g ~g|ta cg eqa|dg& Tafdidg utg af cg di|aeeif ù j~j|tqfg# data|ìfgf cju ~qftju da cgu ea~gu ejf uq`g mgeicidgd g

lafamieij da cg eqa|dg# wqa aut di}ididg af ibqgcau diutgfeiguejf cju ~adgeitju da j|iccj ifdiegdju& Eqidgf ~j| cj bafa|gc dawqa cgu gc`gftgu (72) ej|taf jlcieqgàfta ac daeci}ij fgtq|gc dacta||afj# au~aeigcàfta af gwqaccju uitiju wqa ~acib|gf afehg|eg|uaejf cgu gbqgu ccj}adi{gu& Ui ac daueafuj da cg ha|adgd bqg|dg uqdi|aeeif dauda ac àdijdg hgeig ac fj|ta# uagcgf cgu gc`gftguaf cg di|aeeif dac ~jfiafta hgeig ac ugciafta# y }iea}a|ug&Af egdg ~qftj da cg eqa|dg# `g|egdj ejf ac ~adgeitj daj|iccj# ecg}gf cju `qehgehju qfg egg j }g|g wqa fj`l|gftiaftj& ^|jcjfbgf ejf ~iwqatau cg cfag ui fj gcegf{g cg eqa|dg

hgutg ac |a`gta da cg tia||g# y ejftifgf `g|egfdj ejf tiaftjucgu diutgfeigu |autgftau da cgu ea~gu& Ca}gftgf uabqidgàfta qfg~a|~afdieqcg| wqa e|q{g g cg cfag ~|ià|g ~j| cg `gyj| axtafuif j gfehq|g da cg ha|adgd# ecg}gfdj guiìu`j af accg tiaftjuaf cju ~qftju ej||au~jfdiaftau g egdg ea~g& Ui ti|gf g jkj autg~a|~afdieqcg|# ej`j uqaca gejftaea|# fj wqadg uia`~|a liaf uagcgdj ac `gkqacj fi cgu ea~gu ua hgccgf g cgu diutgfeigu fi af cju~qftju dalidju& Egdg eqgt|j da utgu dalaf mj|`g| af auta egujqf eqgd|gdj ~a|maetj# tgftj ~g|g cg ha|`juq|g da cg }ig eqgftj~g|g diut|ilqi| g||abcgdgàfta cgu diutgfeigu& Lgutg mibq|g| afqfj da cju ~qftju da cg cfag ~|ià|g wqa ui|}a da lgua qf eqgd|gdj ~a|maetj wqa mika ejf axgetitqd cju eqgt|j ~|ià|ju tiaftjuj ea~gu# ~g|g ac bjlia|fj uqeaui}j da tjdg cg ha|adgd& Hgliafdjuagcgdj# ~j| aka`~cj# ac eqgd|gdj g l e d (mib& 8)# mqfdgdjujl|a cg cfag ~|jcjfbgdg g l |a 9 i# ua tj`gf cgu dju digbjfgcauibqgcau gd y ad# af cju ~qftju j tiaftju g y a? y ~gugfdj autgu


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- 1 < -af wqa autglg ecg}gdj& Gl|a uabqidgàfta ljeg j afugfeha gchjyj# gfdgfdj uia`~|a hgeig gt|u ~g|g mj|`g| qf hjyj t|igfbqcg| wqa tiafa uqu ~g|adau ~a|~afdieqcg|au j g~cj`gdgu (mib& 7>)&

g led aS ; - - v - - - - - - - # a S - - - - - - ---a----&------a----- -----a

S I S IS I S *S I SS I S IS I S IS I S I] SiI 9a a

Mib& 9&-^cgftgeif da }ig g t|auljciccj&Ghjfdgf hgutg cg ~|jmqfdidgd da qfg }g|g ~j| cj àfjuegdg hjyj# ejcjegfdj ac j~a|g|ij cg tia||g wqa axt|ga ~j| g`ljucgdju# g mif da dakg| cil|a y daua`lg|g{gdg cg cfag& Eqgftj `g-v - - - - - - - - - k S v - - - - - - - , - v - - - - - - - - - v - - Z & Z - - - -

7S , 7S I- K v k v C & i c-Mib& IJ&-@tjdjda gl|i| cju hjyju&

yj| uag cg ~|jmqfdidgd da cju hjyju# tgftj ù meicàfta ejfua|}gf y |atiafaf cg hqàdgd wqa ~a|eila ac ug|ìaftj ejf g~|j}aehgìaftj y qticidgd& Uqacaf |aegcg| ac mjfdj dac hjyj ~g|g`qcci|# dauàfq{g| y ghqaeg| cg tia||g# ejf ac mif da wqa ~g|tgfejf ù mgeicidgd cgu |geau y àd|a àkj| ac ug|ìaftj&


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- U 4 -dala auejba| cj àkj| da c# y }gca ù t|glgkg| qfg }a{ aflqueg| lqafgu ~cgftgu wqa af wqitg| gdjlg| cgu wqa fj ugligàfta lque,& Cju ugfcqwqaju auejbaf ejfutgftaàfta# ~g|guqu fqa}ju ~cgftju# cju ug|ìaftju ù |jcci{ju y m|ticau# wqaej|tgf da cgu ea~gu k}afau y fqfeg (ca cgu }iakgu j afma|ì{gu&^|amia|af uia`~|a cju egla{qdju da ea~gu eguti{gu j auwqicàguwqa tiafaf cju fqdju j egqtju au~auju# y eqyg `gda|g aut liafeq|gdg# `gdq|g y da lqaf ejcj|# uiafdj cju wqa ~|j~j|eijfgf afcj uqeaui}j ~cgftgu ù |jlqutgu y m|qetma|gu& ,Ac ug|ìaftjwqa auejbia|af# ggda Ha||a|g# da eqgcwqia| bafa|geif wqa uag#tafbg cgu ya`gu bj|dgu# au~augu# cju egqtju j qdju ej|tju? cuag gfu àu`j |adjfdj# `qy }a|da# ciuj# fj |jjuj# fi }iakj#àdigàfta dacbgdj# fj b|qauj# wqa ujf egjfg{ju# y fj ~|afdaf tgf liaf# y cju da qf gj ~|afdaf `qy àkj|&, Cju ug|ìaftju egla{qdju# j ~jutq|gu# ej`j ccg`gf af jt|gu ~g|tau#~|jdqeaf q}g qf gj gftau wqa cju ug|ìaftju cgta|gcau j fiatju&G ~aug| da autj# uqacaf gcbqfju g~|j}aehg| cju fiatju ù e|aeidju da cju ug|ìaftju ù mqa|tau? ~a|j dala daug~|jlg|ua uaàkgfta ~|etieg# wqa au ~a|kqdieigc y fgdg }aftgkjug fi gqf af~qftj da aejfj`g& Cju fiatju j ug|ìaftju cgta|gcau# cju `g`jfau# cju ug|ìaftju `qy cg|bju y cgu ~qftgu `g||gf meicàfta y e|gf ea~gu ~jej dq|gda|gu# hgccfdjua au~jfkjug y fjliaf eq|gdg cg `gda|g y ù ~|j~afug y ax~qautg g ~gdaea| dacda`guigdj egcj| j da cju hiacju& Cgu ea~gu wqa t|gaf j|ibaf daautgu ~qftgu if`gtq|gu àd|gf ~jej ~j| cj bafa|gc# y ujf gdaù ~jej m|qetma|gu j eguti{gu&Af `qehgu jeguijfau uqaca `g||g| cg `gyj| ~g|ta da cjuug|ìaftju wqa ua hgf ~cgftgdj# cj eqgc au `qy m|aeqafta eqgfdjcgu ea~gu ua hgf ej|tgdj e|igdgu af ta||afju auwqic`gdju y egfugdju ~j| cg uqeaui}g |a~|jdqeeif da cg }ig dq|gfta qfg ua|iadicgtgdg da gju# j tg`lif af uabqidg da gju `qy glqfdgftauda q}g& G||gibgf# ~j| ac ejft|g|ij# ejf mgeicidgd cgu ~jutq|gu gejftifqgaif da gju aut|icau da auta m|qtj& Hg ejfuqìdj cgea~g af cju gju ejc`gdju tjdg uq ug}ig ~g|g cg ug{f dac da`guigdj auwqic`j wqa hgf |afdidj# y ua hgccg# af ejfuaeqafeig#`qy |auaeg cg mil|g y aueguj ac ug|ìaftj da gwqaccg cifmg ejf-


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- 1 1 -e|atgdg# J uag hqàdgd j|bfiej}abatgti}g# tgf i`~j|tgfta ~g|gwqa l|jtaf cgu |geau ejf mgeicidgd& G }iutg da auta |auqctgdjdala dima|i| ac cgl|gdj| ac ~cgftj da fqa}ju `gkqacju af uabqidgda gju `qy glqfdgftau da m|qtj&

Dac tia`~jda ej|tg| cju ug|ìaftju&Auejbaf cju ugfcqwqaju# ~j| cj bafa|gc# cju ug|ìaftju ~g|gcju ~cgftju da uqu fqa}ju `gkqacju gc tia`~j da akaeqtg| cg~jdg# afta||fdjcju j da~juitfdjcju af cg tia||g hgutg cg ~|i`g}a|g& Gcbqfju ù eqidgdjuju# fj jlutgfta# ~cgftgf uif dicg

eif cju ug|ìaftju g àdidg wqa cju ej|tgf ~j| ac jtjj# &eqyj`tjdj au `qy }aftgkjuj ~g|g uq ù meic g||gibj; ,ui ua|~qdiaua# af ej|tgfdj cgu ~cgftgu cgu ~jfbgf,# dikj gea|eg daautj `qy j~j|tqfgàfta Ha||a|g& Jt|ju fj àfju iftacibaftau~jdgf cgu }igu# ~|a~g|gfdj gc ~guj y ci`~igfdj da cju fiatju ytgccju ifticau cgu ~jutq|gu j ug|ìaftju wqa uqluiutaf af cgea~g hgutg cg ~jeg da akaeqtg| ac ~cgftj& Dium|qtgf da auta`jdj dac kqbj da cg ~cgftg `gd|a# ua eq|gf y fqt|af# y ~|ju~a-&& |gf af uabqidg ejf `qehg `gyj| }aftgkg y àd|ju ù ejfuida|glcau&

Ujl|a bqtJ?|dg| y ejfua|}g| cju ug|ìaftju ej|tgdju~g|g ac ~cgftj&Aftia||gf cju da Ugfceg| ~j| ac jtjj cju ug|ìaftju wqahgf ~|a~g|gdj ~g|g ac ~cgftj da cg ~|i`g}a|g# gl|iafdj {gfkgu

af uitiju uaeju# af cgu eqgcau ua ejcjegf y da~juitgf cju ug|ìaftju# mj|`gfdj cj`j j gc`j||jfau g mif da wqa aueq||gf cgu gbqguy ua ~|aeg}gf cju dgju da cgu ccq}igu y da cgu ifqfdgeijfau& Uadakgf cgu ~qftgu dac ug|ìaftj cil|au# ~g|g fj datafa| cg t|gfu~i|geif& Uqacaf geadg|ua y ~jd|i|ua cju ug|ìaftju uif autgudicibafeigu# ejf dat|iàftj af uq g||gibj y ~|afdiìaftj& Ejf`jti}j da ~jdg| cgu }igu `qy ta`~|gfj# g||jkgf lg|liccgu cjuug|ìaftju af autju da~uitju# dau~|afdifdjua ejf ac |jea cju|qdiàftju da cgu |geau gc tia`~j da ugeg|cju da cju gc`j||jfau y# da ejfuibqiafta# ~|afdaf ejf ù mgeicidgd&


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ig cju àd|ju y |jlquta{ |au~aeti}ju da egdg qfj# ~|j~j|eijff-jcju ejfutgftaàfta gc }ibj| da cg ea~g& Af ac lqaf g||abcj dau l|g{ju da cg ea~g y af uq gea|tgdg diut|ilqeif ejfuiuta acqa cju }a|dau (7) j a`~qkau ua `gftafbgf |aejbidju& Cg }afti-eif y daughjbj da cju l|g{ju ejfdqeaf ~g|g cg `gdq|geifu ~a|maetg da cg q}g y ~g|g wqa# gujcagdju cju ug|ìaftju# ua|af ejf}afiaftaàfta ~g|g cg uqeaui}g }abatgeif da cg }id&c daueqidj y mgctg da iftacibafeig af cgu ~jdgu ujf cg egqug daqa `qehgu }aeau ~ia|dgf cgu ea~gu ac g||abcj y bjlia|fj da|g{ju ej||au~jfdiafta y ù ~|j~ij ~g|g cju àd|ju uqeaui}jua cg ~cgftg& Au `qy ej`f# guiìu`j# wqa ua gl|gf cgu egguj|tqitgàfta y wqa ua daubgkaf gcbqfju da uqu l|g{ju# dakgfdjaumibq|gdg cg ea~g# dau~|j~j|eijfgdg y mj|`gdg uif j|daf& Afaàkgftau ei|eqfutgfeigu au ifdiu~afuglca gcg|bg| cju }a|dau#"utj au# aehg| `gfj da cgu ya`gu ci`~igu (


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(7) Diutifbqaf ejf ac fj`l|a da eqautg da cju }a|dau g gwqaccg ~g|ta dac ~cgfjhj|i{jftgc uitqgdj gc|adadj| dac miac j egla{g da cg ea~g# wqa ~|j~j|eijfg cjuug|ìaftju j l|g{ju ticau# wqa bqg|dgf cg hj|i{jftgcidgd dalidg? y eqautg da cjuuaeju& j da cju mqabju# gc cgdj dac ìu`j ~cgfj hj|i{jftgc wqa jeq~gf cju ej|tauy eqehiccgdgu gftibqgu da cju ug|ìaftju wqa ua hgf ~jdgdj uqeaui}gàfta g àdidgda uq |a~|jdqeeif&


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B|gdgf da ~a|kqdieigc `gfijl|g cju ugfcqwqaju ac dau~qftg| cgu }g|gu (57)& Tjdj ug|ìaftj wqa ua hg dau~qftgdj ~|jdqea#bafa|gcàfta# ù fà|j da |gei`ju wqa ac wqa ua dakg ejf `gyj| egftidgd da ya`gu& L|jtgf# ~j| cj bafa|gc# tjdgu accgu ui uadakgf af cg }g|g ujcgàfta eqgt|j j uaiu? a`~qkgfdj# ~j| ac ejft|g|ij# àfj| fà|j da ya`gu# af `qehgu jeguijfau# ui ua hgejfua|}gdj `qehg `gyj| ~j|eif& Cju ej|tau j ha|idgu wqa uaegqugf af cg ea~g ~j| cg uq~|auif y da||ilj da cgu }g|gu cg|bguujf da àfj| ejfuida|geif# ~gdaeiafdj da |auqctgu `qy ~jejdat|iàftj cg }id& Qfj da cju djeqàftju ù i`~j|tgftau dacg ~jdg au ac ej|tg| cj àfju ~juilca# a}itgfdj ac j|ibifg| ha|idgub|gfdau gc }abatgc& Egqugf cju b|gfdau ej|tau cg eg|iau y cg ~qd|ieif da cgu ~g|tau gtgegdgu? y uqm|a# da |auqctgu# cg ugcqd da cg}id# ua }ieig uq fgtq|gca{g y ua |auiafta ejfutgftaàfta dac `gct|gtj wqa hg uqm|idj& Cgu afma|àdgdau da cgu ~cgftgu ~qadafej`~g|g|ua g cgu wqa ~gdaeaf cju ifdi}idqju dac |aifj gfi`gc&

Cju ug|ìaftju dggdju# afma|ì{ju# daubgkgdju y cguti`gdju ejf ha|idgu da ejfuida|geif# fqfeg ejf}iafaf ~g|g }g|gu&^|j`qa}af qfg }abatgeif daciegdg y ~|j~gbgf cgu afma|àdgdau a~idìegu# ejf fj ~awqaju daut|j{ju af cg }abatgeif dacgu }idau&

Eqidgf `qehgu }aeau cju eg~gtgeau da g~cieg| ~g|g }g|g# uifdgj da cg }id# g gwqaccju ug|ìaftju ~|j~iju y gej`jdgdju ~g|gauta dautifj wqa hqlia|g ejf}afidj ej|tg|# ~g|g cg mj|`geifautqdigdg da cg egla{g y ~g|g ac g||abcj uqeaui}j da cg ea~g& Fjujf dau~|aeiglcau cgu }aftgkgu wqa ua uibqaf da autg ~|etieg af`qehgu ei|eqfutgfeigu ~g|g ìfj|g| cgu eiegt|ieau y ha|idgu y~g|g gqàftg| ac fà|j da cju l|g{ju ticau# ugegfdj ~g|tidj

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da tgcau ug|ìaftju uq~a|mcqju y ujl|gftau wqa uia`~|a ua ea|-eafgf ej`j ifticau af cgu ~jdgu uibqiaftau&G amaetj da di}idi| y hgea| `qdg| da di|aeeif g cg ug}ig#uqacaf dakg| }g|g gcta|fgti}gàfta egdg gj af cju cgdju j~qau-tju da cg egla{g da cg ea~g& Cg ug}ig ua diut|ilqya da auta `jdjejf `gyj| glqfdgfeig af di|aeeijfau ejft|g|igu# cjb|fdjua acawqicil|ij da kqbju tgf ifdiu~afuglca y ~|j~ij ~g|g cg dq|geifda cg ea~g y ~g|g uq ha|`juq|g y ma|ticidgd? Eqgfdj ua dakgfcgu }g|gu ~j| `qehju gju af qf ìu`j cgdj# fj tgf ujcgàftaua daubqg|faea y a`~jl|aea egdg }a{ ù ac cgdj ejft|g|ij# uifjwqa tg`lif ua gl|af b|iatgu af uq egg y egla{g# y fj ~jegu}aeau ua ifqtici{g cg ea~g&

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q~gf cju l|g{ju y a`~qkau cju ~qautju ù g~g|aftau# daug~gaea cg lqafg mj|`geif da cg egla{g y ac g|ta |g|g }a{ ~qadaj||ab-i| gwqac damaetj& Glutfbgfua cju ejuaeha|ju# g }iutg dagu ejfuaeqafeigu tgf mqfautgu# da wqa|a| dium|qtg| ~|a`gtqgàfta ac m|qtj da cg }id# uif dg| cqbg| g wqa ug{jfa cg ea~g#f cg ejfmigf{g da wqa accg |aug|ei| glqfdgftaàfta ac tia`~jqa ua hg au~a|gdj&

\amcaxijfau ujl|a cg ~jdg ejf }g|g&Au j~ifif gdìtidg af Ugfceg| wqa qfg }ig ua hgccg tgfy af}akaeidg g cju eqg|aftg gju# qugfdj da cg ~jdg}g|g# ej`j jt|g da ibqgc egcidgd g cju eiaftj# ui ua ~jdg daadjfdj y ejf ~qcb-g|au& îafugf guiìu`j `qehju da gwqaccjul|gdj|au wqa |ifda qfg }ig ù auwqic`j af t|aiftg gju# gafamieij da cg }g|g wqa# af ibqgcau ei|eqfutgfeigu# ~|jdqea jt|gjf ~qcbg|au af eiaftj# qugfdj cg ~jdg af |adjfdj& Fj guiaftaf`qehju g autg j~ifif# y e|aaf# ~j| ac ejft|g|ij# wqa "au

ac |afdiìaftj da cju ~qcbg|au ejf ya`gu ecg|gu& Tjdj~|amia|auif dimieqctgd gwqaccgu ~|etiegu da eqcti}j wqaa |aiftab-|gf ejf ù l|a}adgd ac eg~itgc ax~afdidj y ca jm|aeafgdwqi|idgu ù ~|jftgàfta& Cg ~jdg da }g|g ~|aaftg# lgkj auta gu~aetj# qfg |g{f ~jda|jug ~g|g wqa ua hgygdìtidj af Ugfceg|& Fju mgctgf# fj jlutgfta# afugyju daeiui

~g|g data|ìfg| ejf axgetitqd tgf i`~j|tgfta eqautif? ~a|jafa`ju# uif a`lg|bj# gcbqfju dgtju g~|jxi`gdju wqa fj e;egf dqdg ujl|a cg }aftgkg ca cg }g|g af eqgftj gc `gyj| ~|j

Cju |gei`ju wqa e|g cg ea~g ejf ~qcbg|au ujf uia`~|a ù|aeidju wqa cju wqa ~|jdqeaf cgu }g|gu y# uabf cg j~ifif ba|gc da cju ugfcqwqaju# cjbTg àkj| ug{f cg q}g af accju wqaj cg da cju |gei`ju gciàftgdju af cgu }g|gu& ,Cg q}g da c q Ha||a|g-}gyg ~g|g cj wqa mqa|a auejbidj y cqa cgu }g|gu af jt|g }guikg&, @a ~g|aea `qy dibfj aca ifdgbg|uaatafidgàfta auta ~qftj& Fj ~qada fabg|ua# ejf tjdj# wqa cguua e|gf |gut|a|gu y hj|i{jftgcau ujl|a cg tia||g# uif wqa


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- 84 -g||gut|af ~j| ac uqacj eqgfdj ua ujutiafaf ~j| cgu hj|wqiccgu yfgdia ibfj|g wqa gwqe7 lgj da }g~j| wqa ua }jcgtici{g da cg tia||g ejft|ilqya uifbqcg|àfta g wqa ua ~a|maeeijfa ej`~catgàfta cg `gdq|geif da cg q}g y ua eq|a àkj| uif wqa cju |gyju dac&ujc ~|aei~itaf uq ug{f# uqueitfdjua qf b|gdj da egcj| ibqgc#"Ejftifqgdj# fj ifta||q`~idj y `qy ejf}afiafta ~g|g cg ej`~catg `gdq|geif da auta m|qtj& ,Ua faeauitg ~g|g cg mj|`geifda cg ~g|ta `qejuj-g{qeg|gdg-u-wqa fj ua dala ejfmqfdi|# ej`jha`ju diehj tgftgu }aeau# ejf ac `qejuj-dqcea--wqa tjdg cg ~cgftg aut gfabgdg# ~j| daei|cj gu# ~j| `qehj tia`~j af qf lgjda egcj|# wqa ~g|aea wqa ucj axiuta ea|eg dac uqacj# g cj àfjuaf fqaut|ju eci`gu, (7)&

Ujf jl}igu# da ejfuida|geif y `qy g~|aeiglcau cgu }aftgkguwqa |auqctgf da cg ~jdg |aejbidg ejf }g|g y# ~j| ac ejft|g|ij#ua j|ibifgf `qehgu }aeau ~a|kqieiju ejfuida|glcau g cg ea~geqgfdj ua dakgf cju l|g{ju diutgftau# g~g|tgdju y cg|bju& Qfg-da cgu }aftgkgu i`~j|tgftau da cg ~jdg |aejbidg da Ugfceg| auac àfj| daut|j{j wqa egqug af cju ug|ìaftju cg }ijcafeig da cju}iaftju# tgf mqfautju ~g|g cg }abatgeif da gwqac ~gu& Cju |aeiju }iaftju da ~|i`g}a|g jeguijfgf ù ej`fàfta aut|gbjuaf gwqaccgu }igu? ~a|j ej`j ua hgccgf cgu }g|gu ej||ajugu# tafdidgu# |gut|a|gu y ujutafidgu ~j| cgu hj|wqiccgu# |auiutaf g uq i`~atqjuidgd y ~gdaeaf àfj|au dgju wqa cgu wqa g|`gf ~j| gctj&Cju l|g{ju da cg ea~g ~jdgdg ejf cg }g|g ua bqgf egdju y g|-wqagdju hgeig ac uqacj? y af cg ~jdg ~j| ~qcbg|au ua g|`gf ~j|g||ilg& Ua }afea cg }g|g y ug|ìaftju qugfdj cg ~jdg |aejbidg#uibqiafdj cg ìu`g di|aeeif da cgu }afgu ej|tiegcau da wqa t|gafuq j|ibaf# ~|auaftgfdj# af ejfuaeqafeig# ù ej||ag# ù acgutieidgd y `gyj| |auitafeig& Uqeada cj ejft|g|ij af cg ~jdg dal|g{ju glia|tju j da ~qcbg|au gctju; gcc ua daueqgkg ac ug|ìaftj#i`~acidj y egutibgdj dac }iaftj i`~atqjuj# y ua dau~abg meicàfta da cg egg ~j| hgea| ~ ejft|g cgu }afgu j mil|gu ej|tiegcau& Au `gyj| cg mqa|{ v a u &&& guj# uqm|a ù cg ~cgftg#i1 ",?&& v &

v , ' & , "cIK", &&&&- ; ? & c & "7" ,,IIE(7) Dieeijfg|ij da Gb|ieqctq|g# &xSci;; ~|M& t| "

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daubgkfdjua y gl|if "UammU ju# ejf dgj fjtglca da cg}id (55)& v " Gcbqfju `gyatgu da kgf " u ecg|gu af cju ~qcbg|au y ejf-ua|}gf cg }g|g ~g|g cjb|g| ù m|qtj& Au uq`gàfta ~a|kqdieigcautg ~|etieg gc liafautg| da cg ea~g y |a~|afuilca af uq`j b|g-dj eqgfdj ujf da g||afdgìaftj cju `gkqacju& Dala auti~qcg|uaaf cju g||afdgìaftju da cgu }igu cg ecquqcg fabgti}g da fj

dakg| g cg ea~g }g|g y ~qcbg|au& Gqfwqa axeada# dq|gfta gcbq-fju gju# ac ~|jdqetj da cg ea~g wqa ua g||abc ejf }g|g y ~qcbg|au# ua data|ij|g af cju gju uqeaui}ju cg ugcqd y |jlquta{ da cg~cgftg y eaug ~j| b|gdju uq ma|ticidgd& Yg uag wqa ugci cg }id dacju t|ìtau |abqcg|au da uq }abatgeif y faeauitg `gyj| acglj|geif da kqbju ~g|g fqt|i| ac m|qtj wqa ua gqàftg# j yg tg`lif ~j|wqa uag eia|tj gwqac gxij`g da aejfj`g }abatgc da wqacju kqbju bgutgdju ~j| egdg ~cgftg ~g|g cg `gdq|geif da uqum|qtju y uiìaftau ujf cju wqa egqugf `gyj|àfta uq ma|ticidgd&accj au wqa uia`~|a ua dalicitg cg ea~g eqgfdj ua dakg }g|g y ~qcbg|au ejf ya`gu ecg|gu& Cg cifmg ejfuqìdg af cg `gdq|geifdac m|qtj au cg cifmg j|difg|ig da~q|gdg# gmifgdg y dauticgdg# dib`jucj gu# ~g|g ~|j~j|eijfg| ac gciàftj ù ~a|maetj# wqa auifdiu~afuglca ~g|g cg ug{f ej`~atafta da cju m|qtju& Ac ej`~caàftj da cg }idg }abatgc au cg `gdq|geif j~j|tqfg da cju m|q-tju y uiìaftau da cgu ~cgftgu? g auta mif ua afegìfgf y di|ibaftjdgu cgu ~|aegqeijfau da cg }abatgeif&Mqfdj qfj da cju ~|ifei~gcau damaetju da cg }g|g af wqa ejfuqà utg `qehg ~j|eif da gciàftj# ejf àfjueglj y data|ij|j da cgu daù ~g|tau da cg }id& Qf ug|ìaftj j }g|g da dju}a|dq|gu ejfuqà y acglj|g `gyj| egftidgd da kqbju y uqueitgqf ccg`gìaftj ù ejfuida|glca da cifmg# wqa dam|gqdg af ~g|-ta g cju l|jtau tia|fju y ug|ìaftju fqa}ju& @a ~a|uqgdj da wqacg ejfua|}geif da cju |gei`ju af cju ~qcbg|au au lafamieijug ytic g cg }id# ~qau gc ~guj wqa ua fqt|a y ug{jfg cg cag# gluj|laac |gei`j ac gciàftj da~q|gdj ~|j~ij ~g|g uq lqafg `gdq|g-eif& Tiafa# u# cg }g|g cg }aftgkg da ejfe|atg|ua af accg tjdg cgug}ig ù ~a|maetg da cg }id y fj dqdj da wqa `qehg ~g|ta dacg lqafg egcidgd da cg q}g da~afdg da autg ei|eqfutgfeig& Au


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}a|dgd wqa cg hj|i{jftgcidgd y g|wqaj da cgu }g|gu mgeicitg wqaac t|fuitj da cg ug}ig ua amaeta ejf caftitqd& ^g|g wqa afb|qa-uaf cju m|qtju y ua gqàfta cg egftidgd dac `jutj g~|j}aehg qfgglqfdgfta egftidgd da cifmg wqa gueiafda uif datafeif? `gu~g|g wqa ua ~a|maeeijfaf cju kqbju da cg q}g y axeadg cg egcidgd#ejf}iafa qfg ug}ig àfju ~|aei~itgdg y ù gtafqgdg# wqa uadatafbg af uq t|fuitj ~j| gcbqfju |a}afju y jt|ju i`~adiàf-tju g|timieigcau& Cg cifmg gueiafda ejf ~|aei~itgeif af cju ug|-ìaftju ~a|~afdieqcg|au y ~gug ~j| mict|ju ù b|qauju y eg~i;-eau? ~a|j# af cgu }g|gu g|wqagdgu# ua diuìfqya ac diàt|j j eg-cil|a da cju }guju y ua da~q|g j~j|tqfgàfta&

Da cg ~jdg da au~gdg y dgbg (54)&Fj au àfju i`~j|tgfta cg ~jdg wqa fj`l|gf da au~gdg ydgbg) ejfua|}gfdj af cg ea~g qfg }g|g cg|bg y jt|g ù ej|tgdau~qftgdg g t|au j eqgt|j ya`gu& Dju ujf cju mifau da autg

~jdg; ~|ià|j# ~g|g ~|j~j|eijfg| `gyj| fà|j da l|g{ju ti-cau a i`~j|tgftau g cg ejfua|}geif da cg egla{g# y uabqfdj# ~g|gej||abi| y egutibg| ac da`guigdj }ieij y }gcaftg axeaui}g da cg}id af gwqaccju eguju af wqa m|qetimieg utg ~j| cj{gfg }ieijug&Eqgfdj cg m|jfdjuidgd da cju ug|ìaftju au da`guigdg# dakgfcgu dju }g|gu j~qautgu# ccg`gfdj au~gdg gc ug|ìaftj ù cg|bj#y dgbg gc ù ej|tj# af ac eqgc ujcgàfta ejfua|}gf t|au j eqg-t|j ya`gu ecg|gu& Eg|bg cg ea~g af gwqac gj y ~ia|da uq da`g-uigdg cj{gfg# da eqygu |auqctgu dg m|qtj ej~ijuj af cju gju ui-bqiaftau& Qfg da cgu j~a|geijfau wqa axibaf ù daut|a{g a if-tacibafeig da ~g|ta da cju eg~gtgeau y ~jdgdj|au au cg acaeeifgtifgdg da cju ug|ìaftju ~|j~iju ~g|g auta jlkatj& Uqaca ejf-}afi| cg ~jdg da au~gdg y dgwg eqgfdj hg uidj aueguj ac m|qtj~j| hgla| cg|dagdj cg q}g ejf cgu ccq}igu da ~|i`g}a|g y eqgf-dj hgf ~|jdqeidj `qehju ug|ìaftju cgu }igu&Ui dauag ac }igdg| g|`g| cg ea~g y cjb|g| qf l|g{j tic afgcbf uitij daubqg|faeidj# ua dakgf g`lgu }g|gu ifàdigtgu& Gc#gj uibqiafta ua auejba ac àkj| l|g{j ejcjegdj af uitij g~g|af-ta# g~agfdj ac iftic# af eqyg acaeeif ua `gfimiautg cg ~a|ieig


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Da cg ~jdg da |adjfdj (51)&Ccg`gf ~jdg da |adjfdj eqgfdj fj dakgf }g|g y u ujcgàf-~qcbg|au ejf ya`gu ci`~igu& Hgy gcbqfgu }g|iadgdau da cg }idqa |ifdaf ù auwqic`j ejf autg ~jdg& Cg qugf cju ugfcqwqajuehgu }aeau ~g|g wqa ua |aeq~a|af cgu ea~gu data|ij|gdgu# af-alcau# afma|ì{gu j auwqic`gdgu& Af auta eguj |gu~gf ej`f-afta cgu ya`gu ci`~igu y ejfua|}gf ujcgàfta cgu ~acqdgu# uif}g|g& Gdwqia|af fqa}ju àd|ju cgu ea~gu ejf autg `g-

ijl|g y# af ucj qf gj# ua |afqa}gf y |aeq~a|gf uq }ibj| yjfdjuidgd& Uqaca ejf}afi| cg ~jdg da |adjfdj ah uabqidg daju `qy ejc`gdju y glqfdgftau da q}g&Di" cg& ~jdg da fijfmiate (5=)&

Ccg`gf gu g cg ~jdg da ej|tj# j ejf ~qcbg|au af cju eqgcauqadgf dju j t|au ya`gu m|qetma|gu# uif dakg| }g|g fi bqg|dg|daf fi g||abcj& ]i ~jdgdju da auta `jdj gcbqfju `gkqacju daQugf ~|ifei~gcàfta da autg ~jdg eqgfdj ua hgccgf cgu

tgf daug||abcgdgu wqa fj au ~juilca bjla|fg|cgu uabf cgubcgu dac g|ta# ejfua|}gfdj cgu ya`gu j }a|dau af cju ~g|gkaujfda lqafgàfta ua ~qada# uif uqkatg|ua g uiàt|g fi djet|ifgbqfg& Ubqaua# ~j| cj ej`f# autg ~|etieg eqgfdj ua wqia|a~g|tidj da cgu }idau af}akaeidgu y dae|~itgu# j da gwqaccguqa# ejf cg gfuig da auwqic`g|cgu# ua dakg|jf gcg|bg| da`guigdg-afta uqu }a|dau y cju l|g{ju fj bqg|dgf uitij g~g|afta& Au `-dj }ieijuj y dq|gf ~jeju gju# bafa|gcàfta# cgu ea~gu ~jdg-gu da auta `jdj&


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EGÎTQCJ ]IIIDa cgu cglj|au da cgu }igu&

Axibaf cgu }igu qf eqidgdj ejftifqj# qfg gtafeif uabqidg#fg ua|ia fj ifta||q`~idg da cglj|au y qfg iftacibafeig uq`g|g g||abcg| ejf geia|tj cgu j~a|geijfau ifdiu~afuglcau ~g|g uq|ju~a|idgd# cj{gfg y ~|jdqetj glqfdgfta& Fifbf }abatgc ~g-aea ibqgcau dau}aftgkgu ~j| cg jìuif y daueqidj dac ejcjfj#|dgfdj `qehju gju af |aeq~a|g|ua dac dgj wqa ~j| mgctg dau cglj|au ej`~ataftau |aeila af qfj ujcj& ,^j| afda# tjdg ~a|-fg ~|jeq|a gftau tafa| dia{ gcg{gfdgu liaf t|gtgdgu# wqa }aif-aehgdgu t|gu cgu au~gcdgu& Wqa af ac `qfdj fj hgy ejug gqiaf tgftj dgj hgbg ac jc}idj y auegua{ ej`j g cg }ig? ac jc-idj da qf gj af eqgt|j fj ca jc}idg# af au~aeigc ui au af ac ~jdjeg}g, (7)& Cg eiafeig ~|ifei~gc dac eg~gtg{ ua mqfdg af g||a-cg| y uqìfiut|g| af lqafg ug{f tjdgu cgu j~a|geijfau dac eqc-}j& Cg tetieg y ejfjeiìaftj da autju ~qftju au i`~j|tgftui-g ~g|g ac g~|j}aehgìaftj y m|jfdjuidgd da cg }id&

Dac tia`~j da gcq`l|g| cgu }igu&Cg di}a|ug fgtq|gca{g da cju ta||afju y ta`~a|gàftju ~idaj| faeauidgd wqa ua }g|af cgu cglj|au y cju tia`~ju da akaeq-|cgu ~g|g ugeg| da accgu ac àkj| ~g|tidj ~juilca& Cg gcq`l|gcg j~a|geif da gl|i| j axeg}g| cgu ea~gu# y fj ~qada akaeq-|ua autg cglj| ejf ibqgc qticidgd af ac ~gu m|j y af ac ecidj&

u autg cglj| cg ù i`~j|tgfta da eqgftgu ua uqìfiut|gf g cguigu? ui ua akaeqtg ejf j~j|tqfidgd y ejf ac geia|tj dalidj# au(7) Ha||a|g; Gb|ieqctq|g bafa|gc&


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- 9-7 --wqadg uia`~|a u~a|j y ccafj da ta||jfau# uif wqa gdacgftaf fiafb|qauaf cju |gei`ju# y uif wqa uq|tgf cgu daù cglj|au ac la-famieij wqa ua ~|jàta ac cgl|gdj|& Cg eiafeig ù i`~j|tgftawqa dalaf ~juaa| cju eg~tgeau au# uif dqdg# ac ejfjeiìaftj dauqu ta||afju y cg ~jeg ù gdaeqgdg ~g|g cgl|g|cju& Cgu eg}gug~|j}aehgf# bafa|gcàfta# af uabqidg da ccq}igu j~j|tqfgu y gf-tau da wqa hgyg ~a|didj cg tia||g tjdj uq kqbj# ~a|j uif wqa autda`guigdgàfta eg|bgdg da hqàdgd& Cju ~|jdqetju y àd|juda cgu }idau ujf uia`~|a `gyj|au y ù uabq|ju eqgfdj aut cgtia||g uqactg# au~jfkjug y uqg}a ~g|g `gfakg|ua ejf j~j|tqfi-dgd& ,Ac gejbj`l|g# wqa au eql|i|# hg da ua| af ejàf{gfdj gauegcaftg| ac tia`~j# ~j|wqa fj ua afxqbqa ac hq`j|# autj af cgutia||gu uaegu j egciaftau# y tjdj da ì ~g|aea| gftau wqa l|jta cg}ig& ~j| ac b|gfda dgj wqa dau~qu ua uabqi|g, ( 7 )&

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@ tjdj da |alifg|&\alifgf ejf cg g{gdg?`qy ea||gdg cg hjkg& Uibqa autg cglj|g di|aeeif da cg eg}g# e|q{gfdj g cg da cg lifg y gcq`l|g& ^|j-qfdi{g àfju cg |alifg wqa cg lifg y cju bjc~au j g{gdjfgdgujf uia`~|a ù ecg|ju& ,Af autg cglj| hg da i| cg g{gdg ci}ig-g# ej`j g||gut|gdg fj ù; ~j|wqa ca}gfta ~jc}j# wqa uabfieaf cju gb|ieqctj|au# af cqbg|au hàdju ejf ~jc}j e|aea ùg q}g# heaua ù ugl|jug# y `gdq|g ù gyfg# y fj ua ~qd|agftj# ~j|wqa gwqac ~jc}j afkqbg ù ac hq`j|, (Ha||a|g)& If-|jdqeaf cg ~gcg da cg g{gdg af ac uqacj# ~a|j fj }jctagf fi t|gu-gcgf cg tia||g# wqa ujcgàfta ejf`qa}af y |aej|tgf# uif ax-da uq uitij& Af ac eguj da wqa ua }jctagua y |jeigua cg tia-ua diui~g|g l|a}aàfta cg hqàdgd y ac ujccg ~afat|g|g yauaeg|g ejf mgeicidgd# ejf dat|iàftj da cgu ~cgftgu& Cg |ali-g au qfg ciba|g cglj| da g{gdg wqa ghqaeg y au~jfkg cg tia||g~|jmqfdi{g g }aeau ujcgàfta gcbqfgu ~qcbgdgu& Af cgu tia||gugclg|i{gu y au~jfkjugu# ~qadaf ~afat|g| cgu |alifgucg hjfdq|g da qfg eqg|tg? ~a|j af cgu g|afgu y lg||ju |i-ju ua|gf ~a|kqdieigcau qfgu cglj|au tgf ~|jmqfdgu dq|gfta cga|{g dac egcj|&

Dac gehgtgdj&Cg j~a|geif ù i`~j|tgfta da cgu |alifgu fj au tgftj cgt|aeg}g j |aej|ta wqa ua uqìfiut|g gc ta||afj# eqgftj ac gehg-

dj# guaftgdjj~gcàj da cg tia||g& Gccgfgf ejf auà|j cg uq~a|-mieia da cg }ig# uif dakg| dauibqgcdgdau eqgfdj "akaeqtgf cgu |ali-fgu& Lgtaf uabqidgàfta y ~gcàgf cg tia||g ejf ac gfehj da cg{gdg# dakgfdj `qy ciug# ej`~|iìdg y ejf gcbj da ta{ uq uq~a|-mieia& Gc ~guj da wqa af tia`~j uaej au qticui`j ac gehgtgdj# ua|guq`gàfta ~a|kqdieigc af autgeijfau hàdgu& Ac amaetj dac gehg-tgdj y uq lafamieij au ù jl}ij af cju ta||afju g|afiueju# 7> wqa2


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& - Ik; -uif dqdg da~afda da cg ~|auif ù meic dac ta||afj y cg gdhauifù qfidg da uqu `jceqcgu& Ac `gyj| lafamieij dac gehgtgdj autaf wqa ua i`~ida cg a}geqgeif da cg hqàdgd uqlta||fag y uaeia||g af gcbf `jdj ac ~guj g cju |gyju dac ujc# i`~idifdjua daauta `jdj uq geti}idgd y }ijcafeig&Tiafa da ejutj egdg |alifg uiata t i jehj kj|fgcau&

\amcaxijfau ujl|a cgu |alifgu j gehgtgdju&&Au ac gehgtgdj qfg da gwqaccgu ~|etiegu axt|gj|difg|igu wqa~idaf qf axgàf i`~g|eigc y datafidj# ~g|g fj "dadqei| ejfua

eqafeigu ~|aei~itgdgu& Tafa`ju gcbqfju dgtju wqa da`qaut|gfcgu }aftgkgu wqa jl|g af cg }abatgeif ac i`~adi| cg a}g~j|geifda cju kqbju da cg tia||g& Au faeaug|ij# fj jlutgfta# fj bafa|gci{g| auta ~|ifei~ij# uqkatj tgc }a{ g axea~eijfau# uabf cgu ei|eqfutgfeigu# cju ta`~a|gàftju y cg egcidgd da cgu tia||gu&Dala`ju jlua|}g| wqa ac ta||afj da cgu }igu da Ugfceg| auaf axt|a`j uqactj# wqa mj|`g |g|g }a{ ej|ta{g j ejut|g af uquq~a|mieia# wqa fqfeg e|g }a|df j `jhj# wqa ua cgl|g ejf mgeicidgd y wqa cjb|g jt|gu `qehgu }aftgkgu wqa ~qadaf mg}j|aea|ac lqaf xitj da autg j~a|geif& Yj dqdj wqa uag }aftgkjuj acgehgtgdj af cju ta||afju# wqa ua afdq|aeaf ejf da`gug y mj|`gf ejut|g tafg{# ea||gfdj tjtgcàfta ac ~guj g tjdg a}g~j|geif uqlta||fag& Dakg diui~g| ac ta||afj da Ugfceg| eia|tg~j|eif da hqàdgd# uif a`lg|bj dac gehgtgdj&Dju ~|ifei~iju dalaf ejfuida|g|ua af cgu |alifgu y gehgtgdju? ac ~|ià|j# ac da |aej|tg| cg t ia||g ~j| àdij da cg aft|aeg}g j cglj| da g{gdg# y ac uabqfdj# ac g~ahfg{gìaftj y ej`~|auif dac ta||afj af uq uq~a|mieia& ^g|aea g ~|ià|g }iutg uifbqcg|# y gqf iftic# autg cti`g j~a|geif? ~qau# g cg }a|dgd#ghqaeg| cg tia||g ~g|g g~ac`g{g|cg uabqidgàfta ~g|aea qfg ifejfuaeqafeig y qf t|glgkj iftic# wqa hqlia|g ~jdidj axequg|ua&Cg aft|aeg}g# |alifg j cglj| da g{gdg dauàfq{g cg tia||g af~g|teqcgu tafqau# uqueitfdjua# af ejfuaeqafeig# qfg gt|geeifj gluj|eif da cg hqàdgd uqlta||fag# wqa a`lalaf# "|atiafafy gt|gaf cju caehju |aej|tgdju y dauàfq{gdju& Cg uabqfdgj~a-


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|geif# j ac gehgtgdj# ej`~|ià cg tia||g# eia||g hgutg eia|tjb|gdj uq ~j|juidgd y mj|`g qfg ciba|g ejut|g# fgdg ~a|kqdieigc#wqa i`~ida cg diui~geif da`guigdgàfta ~|jftg da cg hqàdgdwqa hg gt|gdj cg tia||g `j}idg& ^|qalg ac |auqctgdj cg qticidgdda autg `gfijl|g& #Ui# ~j| aka`~cj# ua daueql|i cg "tia||g uaeg yuqactg hgutg cg hjfdq|g da cg lifg# ua fjtg g cju dju j t|au dguhàdg# hgeifdjua `guiccg y t|glfdjua aft|a cju dadju&

Au tgf amieg{ ac amaetj da cgu |alifgu y gehgtgdju wqa# da |a-uqctgu# geti}g ac }abatgc cg gluj|eif da cju kqbju ~|j~iju ~g|guq gciàftj y au `qehj ù mqa|ta ac `j}iìaftj da cg ug}ig yù ~|jftj ac da~uitj j ejgbqcgeif da cju hq`j|au fqt|ieiju&G mg}j| da cg |alifg j ghqaegdj ua ccg`g cg hqàdgd y ejf acgehgtgdj ua |atiafa af ac caehj da tia||g `j}idj# g egqug da wqafj ua diui~g ejf tgftg ~|jftitqd ~j| |g{f dac gehgtgdj& Aut |a-eilidj# bafa|gcàfta# af gb|ieqctq|g gwqac ~|ifei~ij i`~j|tgftada wqa gt|ga cg tia||g y a`lala cg hqàdgd# ejf ~|j~j|eif gdauàfq{g|ua af ~g|tau ù àfqdgu& Ac ta||afj gt|ga cg hq-àdgd da dju `jdju; j da cg gtùma|g# j uqlta||fagàfta&Ua|g# uif dqdg# qfg g}a|ibqgeif eq|ijug cg da data|ìfg| hgu-tg wq b|gdj ua }a|imieg auta ccg`gìaftj ifma|ij| da cju kqbjuda cg tia||g& Cgu tia||gu mifgàfta cgl|gdgu# dauàfq{gdgu y dau-ej`~qautgu af ~g|tau ù àfqdgu# `gfimiautgf ejfutgftaàftaqfg gt|geeif ù geti}g da cju kqbju da tia||g# uiafdj ~j| fa-eauidgd àfju uquea~tilcau da autg geeif cgu wqa autf g~ac`g-{gdgu y ej`~|iìdgu& Af a ut gu t ia || gu ej`~getgu y afdq|aeidguua hgccg |atafidg y ej`j g~|juijfgdg cg hqàdgd y gueiafda di-meicàfta g cg uq~a|mieia& A f cju ta||afju uqactju y liaf |aej|-gdju# egciaftg ac ujc gwqac caehj `j}idj y e gq ug q fg a}g~j|geifda cg hqàdgd wqa gt|gaf cgu `jceqcgu gtafqgdgu ejf ù jàfju mqa|{g# ejf g||abcj gc b|gdj da gluj|eif wqa cau au ~|j-~ij& Ua aca}g hgutg cg uq~a|mieia af mj|`g da }g~j| gwqaccg hq-y ~a|`gfaea af ac caehj da tia||g `j}iecg# uiafdj caftguq diui~geif ~j| |g{f gc gehgtgdj# ~j| eqyg egqug cg ehq~gfcgu |gieiccgu da cg }id y cg gdj~tgf ~g|g mjàftj da uq }aba-tgeif&Fj ha tafidj jeguif da jlua|}g| ui cju amaetju da cg |alifgu


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|idj wqa uqaca ujl|augci| af cju |gei`ju da cju `gkqacju `gc cgl|gdju y ujf ~|ama|ilcau ~g|g ejà|# ccg`fdjcgu ej`fàfta ~j| autj# af Ugfceg|# q}gu da ~cg{g& Hgy gcbqfju `gyatguwqa hgeaf b|gfka|g ejf cgu q}gu da ~cg{g# |aita|gfdj cgu |alifgu y gehgtgdju# g mif da wqa ua uqg}ieaf uqu kqbju y ua e|afù daciegdgu y g~atitjugu&Cg q}g da cju `gkqacju wqa ua |alifgf m|aeqaftaàfta auù e|aeidg# ù dacbgdg da hjccakj# ù kqbjug# uqg}a y dacieijug# gbqgftg `qehj ù tia`~j af cg ea~g uif ~gug|ua y afuqu }ifju ujl|augca ejfutgftaàfta qf g|j`g `qy g~|aeiglca&

Gcbqfju gt|gugf uq }afdiìg ~j| àdij da cgu |alifgu# af cg~a|uqguif da wqa cgu q}gu tg|dgu ~|j~j|eijfgf# af cj bafa|gc#àkj|au y ù ~|aeijuju }ifju& Af ej`~|jlgeif da auta ~|ifei~ij }a`ju wqa cju àkj|au }ifju ka|a{gfju ujf ~|jdqeidju ~j|cgu q}gu tg|dgu ~a|maetgàfta `gdq|gu& E|aj tafa| gcbf mqfdgàftj ~g|g uju~aehg| wqa eqgftj ù tg|dg ac kqbj da cg q}gaf ifej|~j|g|ua y ~a|maeeijfg|ua# tgftj ù uq~a|ij| y daciegdjau ac `jutj& Ua fjtg guiìu`j# af ~|qalg da auta gua|tj# wqa fjujcgàfta ujf ù e|aeidju cju |gei`ju da cgu ea~gu ~|xi`gu gcgu }a|adgu y ~guju t|gfuitgdju# uifj wqa ua guabq|g wqa au qf`jutj ù ~augdj wqa ac da cgu daù ea~gu wqa fj hgf tafidjibqgc lafamieij& Fj dqdgf cju ejuaeha|ju ugfcqwqaju wqa cjb|g|gf ejf autgu q}gu# ua~g|gdgu da cgu daù# qf }ifj da ùgbqgfta# ù daciegdj y ~a|maetj y da ù mqa|{g y }ibj|& Uauju~aehg bafa|gcàfta af Ugf7eg| wqa ua dala aua axeauj daegcidgd gc ~iujtaj ejftifqj da cju t|gfuaftau# y af auta eguj 7>kq{bgf ej`j qf awqi}gcafta dac gehgtgdj& Jt|ju hgy# au eia|tj#wqa kq{bgf# ejf Ha||a|g# wqa ac ~|ifei~gc ~|j`jtj| da gwqaclafamieij au ac ~jc}j wqa ca}gftgf cju ~gugka|ju gc ~guj& Fj ~g|aea# ejf amaetj# tgf a||gdg cg j~ifif da wqa ac ~jc}j fqt|a ygciàftg g cju |gei`ju# ejft|ilqyafdj g uq gqàftj# lqaf bqutjy `gdq|a{& Ha |amcaxijfgdj wqa gu ej`j gluj|laf cju }gujugu~i|gtj|iju da cju }abatgcau cgu a`gfgeijfau }gbgftau af cggtùma|g# gu tg`lif ~qadaf dauca| y qtici{g|ua dac ~jc}iccj


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- 7> ea~gu# ujl|ajt|g da ibqgc axtafuif ~cgftgdg g cg cifda# af ac ìu`j dg# ejfibqgc auà|j y af ta||afj da cg ìu`g fgtq|gca{g& Ac hlic eg~gtg{ ^glcj Bgcf# wqa au da cju ~|etieju ù iftacibaftau afac eqcti}j da }ig wqa ha t|gtgdj# cjb|# af cg }afdiìg da 78>=(hgccfdjà yj af Ugfceg|) 29 g||jlgu y àdig ù da `jutj#af cgu dju g|gf{gdgu àfeijfgdgu# wqa jltq}j jt|j eg~gtg{ }aeifj af cgu jt|gu dju g|gf{gdgu da }igu ifàdigtgu& Uqìfiut|Bgcf g uq `gkqacj t|au |ali t|au gehgtgdju y ac jt|j 8>-

E;&6W *( "(7) Autg jlua|}geif dala tj`#i|ua t g ecgua da |aua|}gu# ~qau ac ~jc}jau |agcàfta ~a|kqdieigc ~g|g cg I i f t v " a u t t l g | & ~j| cj àfju# cgu mqfeijfaufj|`gcau da cgu hjkgu&-e& i &&(


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cgàfta |alif )" gehgt qfgu gqàftgf uq }jcqàffju `g|g}icca`ju tgftj daB|gdqgfdj cju 5< kj|f cj uq`j# a`~ca ^glcj~g|g uqìfiut|g| cgu fgu axt|gj|difg|igu g uqu

g|gf{gdgu da }ig# g |g{f da dia{ |agcau egdg kj|fgc# fju|auqctg qf axeauj da bgutj da 5 |agcau ? |autgfdj autg egftidgda cju 824 |agcau y 72 `g|g}adiuau wqa ~a|eili ~j| ac i`~j|taa cgu 29 g||jlgu y àdig da `jutj# g |g{f da qf dqegdj egdgdak da qticidgd fatg 114 |agcau y 72 `g|g}adiuau ùqa cg jt|g ~j|eif wqa ujcgàfta ua |alif qfg }a{& Da`qaut|guta |auqctgdj wqa# eqgftj ù t|glgkj ua a`~cag af qf mqfdj#f tgftj axeada y ujl|a~qkg ac ~|jdqetj da cgu }igu&

Ujl|a cg qti%dgd j ~a|kqieij da auta|ejcg| cgu }igu&Uqacaf `qehju auta|ejcg| cgu }igu# yg m|qetma|gu# af Ugf-eg|& Ejf}iafaf# bafa|gcàfta# tjdju gwqaccju cgl|gdj|au y ej-aeha|ju af wqa ua gqàftg ejf ac auti|ejc ac ~|jdqetj da cgua~gu# ~a|j ~jeju fiabgf wqa dauà|aea cg

"Cultivo de La Vid en Jerez y San Lucar" de Estaban Boutelou 1949

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