CURSO INTRODUCTORIO REIKI ANDINO

7/23/2019 CURSO INTRODUCTORIO REIKI ANDINO

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ETXUM JNRXMBTERMXJM BD XDJAJ LNBJNM

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DUETDFL BD XDJAJ LNBJNM

Lrnlfbm \ujspd (Xdjaj Glstdr*www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg


SJFLXDU BDF XDJAJ ― XDJAJ SLXL RMBMUEMUGMYJUJÕN LNBJNL ― XDJAJ LNBJNM

UDNBDXM AL[ULZ STXJZ ― RÊENJELUDNDXKÊRJELU LNBJNLU

http://c/Users/Arnaldo/Desktop/AAA%20LIBROS/REIKI%20ANDINO/www.reikiandino.com







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GÕBTFM <

SJFLXDU BDF XDJAJ ― XDJAJ SLXL RMBMU






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Fdeturl

FL IFMX BD EXJULNRDGM (FDZDNBL BDF MXJKDN BDF XDJAJ*

Smr Lrnlfbm \ujspd

Dstl ds fl `jstmrjl bd un sdümr olpmnês fflglbm Gjalm& hudn

dspmsm& hudn plbrd y hudn trlhlolbmr& qujên dn sus rltms fjhrds sd

bdbjelhl l gdbjtlr y mrlr emgm hudn hubjstl& sjdgprd fd plslhl pmr

fl elhdzl df `de`m bd dnemntrlr fl glndrl bd slnlr l fms dnidrgms

bd un gmbm sjgpfd y nlturlf& pmr dffm& lbgjrlhl gue`m fl `jstmrjl






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bd Odsÿs& bdf Hubl y bd mtrms slnlbmrds bd fl lntjködblb& sd

prdkuntlhl pmr dodgpfm euìf drl df gjstdrjm bd eurlr emn fls glnms

y emgm drl mhvjm& bõnbd dstlhl df sderdtm.

Df sdümr Gjalm huseõ pmr gue`m tjdgpm bjidrdntds imrgls

bd eurlr l fms bdgìs bd gmbm nlturlf& prmhõ bjidrdntds gêtmbms y

têenjels ― jnefusm nm mrjdntlfds'& nm emntdntm emn tmbm dffm rdlfjzõ

flrkls pdrdkrjnlejmnds `lejl slntulrjms guy bjstlntds y gldstrms

bdf emnmejgjdntm bd lfdolbls rdkjmnds. Eulnbm erdyõ qud su

hÿsqudbl drl dn vlnm y pdnslnbm dn blrsd pmr vdnejbm lfkm guy

dxtrlmrbjnlrjm meurrjõ. Suds unl nme`d ― bd rdkrdsm l Olpõn' smüõ

qud elgjnlhl dn un `drgmsm prlbm ffdnm bd plstms irdsems y vdrbds&

dn su sdnbdrm unl ifmr bd erjslntdgm lglrjffl slfjõ l su dneudntrm&

lf ledrelr sus glnms l fl bdfjelbl ifmr emn df ijn bd emkdrfl mhsdrvõlfkm eurjmsm& drl emgm sj fl ifmr fd `lhflsd y fd pjbjdsd nm sdr

lrrlnelbl& dsd letm elghjm fl letjtub bdf sdümr Gjalm& qujên

lrrdpdntjbm sd lrrmbjffõ dn sdülf bd sugjsjõn& fl ifmr lf vdrfm

pmstrlbm fd bjom qud mfjdrl su lrmgl y sjntjdrl df prmiunbm fdnkulod

bd fls ifmrds y bd fl nlturlfdzl jnijnjtl.

Emn df pdrgjsm bd fl ifmr& df sdümr Gjalm emnmejõ fl hmnblb

bd fl glbrd tjdrrl gdbjlntd df lrmgl y bdsbd dsd gmgdntm

emgprdnbçõ qud dn fms letms sjgpfds bd fl vjbl dstlhl df sderdtm bd

emndetlrsd emn fl dndrkçl dntdrl bdf eõsgms. Lsç gjsgm& bdseuhrjõ

gdbjlntd fl ifmr bd erjslntdgm qud tmbm eulntm dxjstd vjvd y pmsdd






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dndrkçl jntdfjkdntd& fl smfl dndrkçl pmtdnejlf elplz bd pdndtrlr fms

ÿftjgms rjnemnds bd fl `uglnjblb gìs bjstlntd. Fl dxpdrjdnejl emn

fl ifmr fd rdvdfõ qud tmbm eulntm dxjstd sd dneudntrl jntdrrdflejmnlbm

emgm unl rdb bd tdflrlül y qud fl dndrkçl eõsgjel ― sjdgprd vjvl y

bjspmnjhfd' sd pmbçl rdbjrjkjr emn df pmbdr bdf pdnslgjdntm& fl

plflhrl& df sjfdnejm& fl gdbjtlejõn y df rdspdtm `lejl df prõojgm.

Eulnbm df sdümr Gjalm bdspdrtõ bd su sudüm erdyõ guy

jnspjrlbm tdndr fl fflvd qud fm emnbuejrçl l elnlfjzlr fl dndrkçl bd

fl glbrd nlturlfdzl pmr gdbjm bd sus glnms& dsm fd pdrgjtjrçl

rdbjrjkjrfl `lejl tmbm mhodtjvm ndedslrjm. Srletjem y prletjem `lstl

emgprdnbdr pmr emgpfdtm fls bjgdnsjmnds bd fl dnsdülnzl rdejhjbl.

Dntrdnõ bçl y nme`d emn sus prmpjls glnms& emn su prmpjm eudrpm y

pmr gue`m tjdgpm. Dn lbdflntd elbl dxpdrjdnejl sdrçldnrjqudedbmrl d jnnmvlbmrl y bd l pmem sd emnvdnedrçl bd dstlr

blnbm imrgl l un gêtmbm nlturlf bd slnlejõn& emn df smfm `de`m bd

lprmxjglr fls glnms dn bjvdrsls pmsjejmnds lfrdbdbmr bdf eudrpm.

Bd dsm sd trltlhl ― emnefuyõ' bd elnlfjzlr fl dndrkçl bdf unjvdrsm

`lejl un mhodtjvm gìs jnbjvjbulf y emnerdtm d jbdõ pmndr ― pmr

prjgdrl vdz' df nmghrd bd Xdjaj l su kdnjlf bdseuhrjgjdntm.

Dsl tdgpmrlbl df sdümr Gjalm ― guy dntusjlsglbm' sd rdtjrõ

dn lyunm l unl gmntlül l ijn bd lkrlbdedr l fl slhjl nlturlfdzl

pmr df bmn bdf eulf `lhçl sjbm mhodtm. Dn emntletm bjrdetm emn fl

gmntlül ― y dstl vdz bdspjdrtm' tuvm fl jgprdsjõn qud tmbm eulntm fd






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rmbdlhl sd mrklnjzlhl bd dndrkçl edfdstjlf dgdrkjdnbm l sus moms

puntjtms bd fuz guy hflnel y hrjfflntd. Iud lsç emgm dn letjtub bd

`ugjfblb& sjfdnejm y trlned lfelnzõ fl vjsjõn bd fl fuz& un bmn qud fd

pdrgjtjrçl vdr bdsbd su jntdrjmr df elgjnm bd fls dndrkçls sutjfds& nm

vjsjhfds l fms moms emgunds. Xmbdlbm bd un glr bd dndrkçl Gjalm

dntrõ dn fl gìs prmiunbl emndxjõn emn df eõsgms lfelnzlnbm fl

jfugjnlejõn y df dntdnbjgjdntm ijnlf bd fms gjstdrjms bd fl prmpjl

vjbl. L su rdkrdsm bd fl gmntlül& plrl dntrlr dn fl vjbl emtjbjlnl df sdümr Gjalm sd bjom l sç gjsgm qud `lhçl ffdklbm fl `mrl bd

trlhlolr gue`m l ijn bd dnsdülr tmbm eulntm `lhçl bdseuhjdrtm. Drl

df nlejgjdntm bdf sdnbdrm bdf Xdjaj.

IJN.






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ELSJRTFM <? FMU SJFLXDU BDF XDJAJ

Gjalm Tsuj prmpusm l jnjejms bdf sjkfm plslbm& qud XDJAJ ds un gêtmbm

nlturlf bd lutmeurlejõn dndrkêtjel y lf gjsgm tjdgpm ds unl bjsejpfjnl

euyl prìetjel emnffdvl lf erdejgjdntm dspjrjtulf bd fl `uglnjblb.






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:

<. @JURMXJL BDF XDJAJ

Udnsdj Gjalm Tsuj (<094'<:89*

Df Xdjaj iud prmpudstm pmr prjgdrl vdz pmr df Udnsdj olpmnês Gjalm

Tsuj l jnjejms bdf sjkfm PP. Eudntl fl trlbjejõn qud Tsuj drl un dtdrnm

huselbmr bd fl vdrblb y su jntdrês prjgmrbjlf drl fmkrlr unl glndrl

bd slnlr jntdkrlnbm eudrpm& gdntd y dspçrjtu. Eulnbm Tsuj prmpusmdf Xdjaj l fl `uglnjblb tuvm dn un jnjejm glrelbls jnifudnejls dn df

hubjsgm& s`jntmjsgm y `lstl dn df erjstjlnjsgm& prmhlhfdgdntd Tsuj

sd hlsõ dn df dodgpfm bd pdrsmnlods emgm Hubl y Odsÿs& puds dffms

tdnçln df bmn bd fl slnlejõn bjvjnl l trlvês bdf usm bd fls glnms.






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<3

Elhd lkrdklr 'pmr dxtrlüm qud plrdzel' qud `lstl df gmgdntm nm

dxjstd unl hjmkrliçl mijejlf smhrd Gjalm Tsuj& nj smhrd fl `jstmrjl bdf

Xdjaj. Smr dstd gmtjvm fm pmem qud sd emnmed smhrd Gjalm Tsuj m

ledrel bd fms jnjejms bdf Xdjaj sd hlsln dn trlbjejmnds mrlfds&

emnodturls y `lstl dn supudstms. Fl hjhfjmkrliçl dn gÿftjpfds jbjmgls

ds dxtdnsl y elsj sjdgprd nms nlrrln df tdgl bd sus mrçkdnds dn su

vdrsjõn meejbdntlf.

Umhrd df Udnsdj Gjalm Tsuj sd bjed gue`m y l vdeds unl `jstmrjl

bdsvjrtul l mtrl. Ds pmsjhfd qud `lyl tdnjbm unl gmtjvlejõn dspdejlf

plrl prmpmndr Xdjaj y qud `uhm un puntm bd plrtjbl& plnmrlgl qud

`my pmr `my sd fmkrl prdejslr krlejls l nudvls iudntds bd

jnimrglejõn prmvdnjdntds bdf Olpõn. Ylgms l supmndr 'pmr sdntjbmemgÿn' qud Tsuj tuvm unl iudrtd emnvjeejõn pmr df

lutmemnmejgdntm y fl eurlejõn bd fms glfds& y qud drl lijejmnlbm l

sdkujr fls bjsejpfjnls bd bdslrrmffm dspjrjtulf& smhrd tmbm mrjdntlfds.

Rmbm dstm gìs m gdnms emjnejbd emn fl ijnlfjzlejmn bdf sjkfm PJP. Ds

pmsjhfd qud `lyl rdlfjzlbm bjidrdntds vjlods bd pdrdkrjnlejõn y qud

lbdgìs dn su hÿsqudbl pdrsmnlf `lyl jnefujbm fl prìetjel s`jntmjstl

olpmndsl& df hubjsgm olpmnês y e`jnm*& df `jnbujsgm y `lstl

erjstjlnjsgm. Nm slhdgms emn prdejsjõn sj rdplrõ dn vjlolr l E`jnl&

Rjhdt m fl Jnbjl. Fm gìs prmhlhfd ds qud sç. Tnl hudnl iudntd

lsdkurl qud Tsuj dnemntrõ fms prjgdrms sçghmfms bd eurlejõn&






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<<

krlejls l fl jnvdstjklejõn bd vjdoms tdxtms dserjtms dn sìnserjtm

fdnkulod bd fms vdbls dn fl Jnbjl lntjkul*. Uçghmfms bd eurlejφn

qud tlntm `lhçl huselbm. Dstm plrded sdr fl eflvd dn dstl ilsd&

lunqud jnjejlfgdntd nm dnemntrlrçl glndrl bd uslr bje`ls iudntds.

Fls bjidrdntds vdrsjmnds emjnejbdn dn sdülflr qud df sdnsdj Tsuj

rdlfjzõ un lyunm prmfmnklbm bd 8< bçls dn df gmntd slkrlbm

Aurugl Zlgl Aymtm*& dn df eulf dnemntrõ rdspudstls l fm qud

huselhl& nlrrl unl vdrsjφn qud iud jfugjnlbm dn un pdrçmbm bd

trlned& fudkm bdf eulf dnemntrφ fl emnvjeejφn dn df usm bd fl dndrkçl

plrl eurlr& lunlbm lf usm bd sçghmfms& blnbm pmr ijnlfjzlbl su

hÿsqudbl jnjejìtjel. Fudkm pmnbrçl dn prìetjel fm lprdnbjbm.

Smstdrjmrgdntd Tsuj jntrmbued df tdrgjnm Xdjaj& blbm qud unjijel fmsemnedptms Xdj y Aj& elbl unm emn un sjknjijelbm plrtjeuflr. Xdj ds fl

dndrkjl unjvdrslf qud dstl prdsdntd dn df emsgms& dn tmbm y Aj ds fl

dndrkjl jnbjvjbulf prdsdntd dn elbl sdr vjvjdntd. Ejdrtlgdntd

ountlnbm lghms emnedptms tdndgms ‖dndrkjl unjvdrslf prdsdntd dn

elbl unm bd nmsmtrms‗. Lsj fm bdijnjõ Tsuj gìs m gdnms. Emn df

plslr bd fms lüms pmnd fls hlsds plrl fl erdlejφn bdf Tsuj U`jaj

Xym`m Gêtmbm bd Ulnlejõn Tsuj*. Dstl dseudfl sd bdnmgjnlrçl

Tsuj Xdjaj Xym`m Klaalj y pmr dxtrlüm qud plrdzel dxjstd `lstl fl

letulfjblb y sdrçl df dqujvlfdntd l unl dseudfl bmnbd sd dodred df

bjsejpuflbm y fl prìetjel bd fl eurlejφn pmr fl dndrkçl.






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<8

Tsuj jnemrpmrõ lbdgìs fms prjnejpjms dspjrjtulfds erdlbms pmr df

dgpdrlbmr Gdjoj& qud tdnçln gue`m sjknjijelbm dn êf y drln guy

bjiunbjbms dn fl êpmel& fms eulfds sd pudbdn rdsugjr dn?

Uõfm pmr `my nm td prdmeupds.

Uõfm pmr `my nm td dnilbds.

@mnrl l tus gldstrms& plbrds& vdejnms& lgjkms.

Kìnltd df pln `mndstlgdntd.

Ud lkrlbdejbm `my.

Emgm drl bd dspdrlrsd fl prìetjel bdf Xdjaj emntjnuõ dvmfuejmnlnbm.

Df gêtmbm mrjkjnlf sd iud jnnmvlnbm krlejls l nudvls

jnvdstjklejmnds y l fms lpmrtds bd sus bjseçpufms olpmndsds y

meejbdntlfds. L Tsuj fd tmgõ 8< bçls bd rdtjrm y lyunm& bd dstlr

‖emnsjkmgjsgm‗. Dstms prmedsms pdrsmnlfds smn hjdn emnmejbms

bdsbd fl lntjkudblb y pdrgjtdn dn df gdomr bd fms elsms fl lpdrturl

l un nudvm plrlbjkgl? df lutmemnmejgjdntm& lfkm lsj emgm jnsjk`t m

‖jfugjnlejõn‗ pdrsmnlf.

Xdjaj dn meejbdntd? Bdsbd @lyls`j& Rlaltl `lstl nudstrms bçls.

Lf gmrjr Tsuj (sd fd bjed dn fls trlbjejmnds mrjdntlfds ‖trlnsjejõn‗*& df

Br. E`uojrm @lyls`j gêbjem bd fl lrglbl olpmndsl sd emnvjdrtd dn

unm bd sus gìs lplsjmnlbms sdkujbmrds& qujên slhjdnbm bd fl

prìetjel bd Tsuj& dn <:83& nm bubõ dn sdr un lpfjelbm lfugnm suym&






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<5

plrl fudkm gmntlr unl efçnjel dn Rmajm plrl dstd prmpõsjtm. L êf sd

fd ltrjhuyd fl sdplrlejõn dn krlbms m dtlpls plrl fl imrglejõn bdf

rdjajstl y mtrms rjkmrds prmidsjmnlfds 'pudstm qud drl gêbjem' emgm

eulnbm lijrglhl dn un jnjejm qud fl prìetjel bdf Xdjaj dstlhl

rdstrjnkjbl l fms dxtrlnodrms& ds bdejr Xdjaj nm pmbrjl slfjr bdf Olpφn.

Srmhlhfdgdntd Tsuj rdemnmed dn df Br. @lyls`j emgm un

jgpmrtlntd y bdbjelbm sdkujbmr& nm sõfm pmr df rdsplfbm gdbjem&

sjnm pmr df `de`m bd `lhdr jgpfdgdntlbm unl dstrueturl içsjel

lhjdrtl emn fl ÿnjel emnvjeejõn bd eurlr gdbjlntd Xdjaj. @ly qud

emnsjbdrlr qud @lyls`j nm drl plrtd bd fl Dseudfl iunblbl pmr Tsuj&

pmr tlf gmtjvm rdjaj yl bdsbd df Olpõn emgdnzlhl l bjvjbjrsd.

@my slhdgms qud df Br. @lyls`j nm iud df ÿnjem nj df gìsjgpmrtlntd bjseçpufm 'emgm `l sjbm trlnsgjtjbm dn fl vdrsjõn bd

Rlaltl vdrsjõn meejbdntlf*'& ds gìs @lyls`j iud un bjsjbdntd bd fl

Dseudfl iunblbl pmr Tsuj y bd `de`m fl dseudfl mrjkjnlrjl `l tdnjbm

bdsbd sus jnjejms unl ifujbl flhmr bd slnlejõn y bjsejpuflbm bdntrm

bdf prmpjm Olpõn bd gmbm jnjntdrrugpjbm.

Bdntrm bd dstl vdrsjõn meejbdntlf& elhd rdslftlr fl ijkurl edntrlf bd

@lwlym Rlaltl& pudntd dntrd Mrjdntd y Meejbdntd plrl qud df

gêtmbm ffdkud lf gunbm dntdrm& plslnbm prjgdrm pmr Dstlbms

Tnjbms& yl qud Rlaltl drl lgdrjelnl `jol bd jngjkrlntds olpmndnds&

rdsjbdntd dn @lwlj. Tnl nmtl hjmkrìijel sdülfl qud Rlaltl emnmejõ






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<2

dn <:54 dn un vjlod l Olpφn lf Br. @lyls`j& dn lquêf dntmneds dffl

plbdeçl bd gÿftjpfds prmhfdgls bd slfub fjtjlsjs hjfjlr& lpdnbjejtjs y

`lstl un tugmr*& pmr fm qud tdnbrçl qud sdr mpdrlbl. Emn df rdjaj

plufltjnlgdntd iud lfjvjìnbmsd bd sus glfds y emn dffm lbqujrjdnbm

unl eurjmsjblb nlturlf bd slhdr emgm iunejmnl êstm bd eurlr emn fls

glnms. Lf ledptlr l Rlaltl emgm prletjelntd bd rdjaj df Br. @lyls`j

rmgpd emn df dsqudgl trlbjejmnlf bd emnsdrvlr df rdjaj dntrd fms

olpmndsds.

L fl tdgprlnl gudrtd bdf Br. @lyls`j (‖Rrlnsjejmn‗* Rlaltl `drdbõ

bd glnms bd su gldstrm df fdklbm bd emntjnulr su flhmr dn

meejbdntd. Rlaltl rdtmrnl l @lwlj& bmnbd jnjejl unl jntdnsl flhmr

bd slnlejõn& bjiusjõn y imrglejφn. Yjlol jntdnslgdntd imrglnbmnudvms bjseçpufms. Dntrd fms gìs bdstlelbms bjseçpufms ijkurln su

prmpjl njdtl S`jffjps Iurugmtm y fl smejõfmkl Hlrhlrl [dhdr Xly. Lf

ffdklr su ‖trlnsjejφn‗& lghms fjbdrlzkms tmgln bjstlnejl y emn dffm

Xdjaj dn Meejbdntd sd bjiunbjrçl l trlvês bd bms krlnbds krupms y

nugdrmsls lsmejlejmnds& blnbm fuklr l fm qud `my emnmedgms emgm

fjnlods y gldstrçls jnbdpdnbjdntds. Nmrglfgdntd tmbm rdjajstl

jnjejlbm pmsdd un fjnlod& qud su prmpjm gldstrm `l slhjbm dxpfjelr

dn df jnjejm bd su imrglejõn. Df fjnlod rdprdsdntl unl bd fls

trlbjejmnds bdf rdjaj& blbm qud df emnmejgjdntm ds plslbm bd

gldstrm l lfugnm& pmr dffm tmbm rdjajstl tjdnd dn Tsuj lf gldstrm






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<4

iunblbmr. Ds jgpmrtlntd dxpfjelr lf lfugnm df eursm `jstõrjem bd fl

trlsgjsjõn bd dstd emnmejgjdntm.

Xdjaj dn Mrjdntd? Fls trlbjejmnds emntjnuln

@lstl `led unms pmems lüms df gunbm bdsemnmeçl bd fl emntjnujblb

bdf Xdjaj dn Olpõn. Ud ledptlhl fl vdrsjõn bd Rlaltl emgm ÿnjel y

vlfdbdrl bd gmbm unjvdrslf. Ujn dghlrkm df Xdjaj emntjnuõ

dvmfuejmnlnbm dn Olpõn lÿn bdspuês bd fl gudrtd bd Tsuj y bd

@lyls`j. Krlejls lf lpmrtd bd gldstrms bd Xdjaj emgm Irlna Lrolvl

Sdtdr `my slhdgms bd fl emntjnujblb bdf Xdjaj dn Olpõn& slhdgms

pmr dodgpfm qud fl dseudfl iunblbl pmr Gjalm Tsuj tuvm

emntjnujblb& bd jkulf glndrl mtrls dseudfls emgm fl bd @lyls`j y

mtrms bjseçpufms bjsjbdntds. Dn Olpõn df Xdjaj sjkujõ su eursm lÿn

bdspuês bd fl sdkunbl kudrrl gunbjlf y guy prmhlhfdgdntd dstl

`jstmrjl iud jknmrlbl bdsbd dntmneds pmr fls emnsdeudnejls hêfjels

bd fl êpmel. Fm ejdrtm ds qud df rdjaj bd mrjkdn olpmnês sd glntuvm

vjkdntd `lstl df bçl bd `my y dxjstd unl lgpfjl emhdrturl bd bjiusjõn

pmr plrtd bd gldstrms olpmndsds qud vjloln pmr df gunbm hjnblnbm

sdgjnlrjms& emnejfjlnbm df gêtmbm mrjkjnlf unl vdz erdlbm pmr df

Udnsdj Gjalm Tsuj emn fl vdrsjõn meejbdntlf.






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<9

L gmbm bd rdifdxjõn? ‖Nm pdrbdr df sdntjbm mrjkjnlf‗.

Df Xdjaj dn meejbdntd `l pdrbjbm gue`m bd su sdntjbm mrjkjnlf&

sdntjbm qud Tsuj prmpusm plrl df hjdn emgÿn? XDJAJ EMGM ELGJNM

DUSJXJRTLF. Fl meejbdntlfjzlejφn bdf rdjaj sd bdhd dn plrtd lf

gmvjgjdntm bd dxplnsjõn bd ndw lkd nudvl drl*& emgÿngdntd sd

ltrjhuyd l rdjaj plrtd jgpmrtlntd dn dstd gmvjgjdntm. Emn fl eufturl

meejbdntlf ds nmrglf mhsdrvlr nmvdbmsls dstrltdkjls bd emgdrejm y

glradtjnk dspjrjtulf& emn df emrrdspmnbjdntd emhrm bd eumtls

kdndrlfgdntd lftls plrl elbl njvdf& l fms eulfds sd pudbd leedbdr

sjn glymrds emnbjejmnds nj lptjtubds. Nugdrmsms gldstrms

emnvdrkdn dn lsmejlrsd plrl sdntjrsd gìs rdsplfblbms. @my pmr `my

fms rdjajstls huseln imrglrsd dn tmbls fls dseudfls bd rdjaj lfugnmsguftjfjnlod*& ds bdejr emn gìs bd un gldstrm y bjidrdntds fjnlods.

Gue`ms emnsjbdrln qud ds mpmrtunm letulfjzlrsd bd glndrl

urkdntd dn têenjels bd fl dseudfl trlbjejmnlf olpmndsl& fm eulf lyubl

l rdemnejfjlr fl pmsturl meejbdntlf bdf rdjaj y fl vdrsjõn mrjdntlf.

@ln surkjbm dn df gunbm nudvms gêtmbms sjgjflrds

‖eujblbmslgdntd‗ pltdntlbms& Emsgje @dlfjnk& Srlnmtdrlpjl&

Ulnlejõn Srlnjel& Glknjijdb `dlfjnk& @dlfjnk Rmue`& \ulntug

Rmue`& dte. pdrm qud nm bjstln gue`m bd fl prìetjel bdf Xdjaj. @ly

gÿftjpfds vlrjlejmnds rdjaj lfkunls 'jkulfgdntd' pltdntlbls? Alrunl&

Rjhdtlnm& Xym`m (rdjaj ‖olpmnês‗*& Kdnblj& Smflrjzlbm& Rdrlglj&






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Jglrl& Lremjrjs& Dkjpejm& Emghlt& Hjmrdjaj& dte. Xdjaj `l ffdklbm l

glnms prmidsjmnlfds& gêbjems& mbmntõfmkms y psjeõfmkms qud

jnemrpmrln dn su prìetjel prjvlbl ‖trltlgjdntms rdjaj‗. Df rdjaj sd

dstì bjiunbjdnbm dn fms `mspjtlfds emgm un emgpfdgdntm l fl eurl

slnjtlrjl. @ly letjtubds dxtrdgls& bdsbd fms qud lsdkurln nm emhrlr

nunel nlbl& fms qud ledptln eupms vmfuntlrjms& fms qud rdeurrdn l

tlrjils guy bjvdrsls y qujdnds jgpfdgdntln fuomsms dsplejms

lfdolbms bd fls ejublbds& l gmbm bd elsls bd elgpm m rdtjrm& emn

lghjdntds guy rdflolntds qud jnvjtln l un rdflx tmtlf dsplejms

vdrbds& sjfdnejm& jnejdnzm& vdfls& hubls& tmbm l gdbjbl y bd prjgdrl*.

Dstl `jstmrjl ds irutm bd fl fdeturl bd bjidrdntds iudntds& fjhrms y

glnulfds& sjn dghlrkm nudstrl emnefusjõn nm pudbd sdr mtrl qud nmlplrtlrsd bdglsjlbm bdf sdntjbm mrjkjnlf bdf Xdjaj prmpudstm pmr

Udnsdj Tsuj? ‖XDJAJ DU TN ELGJNM DUSJXJRTLF‗& êstm nm bdhd sdr

pdrbjbm bd vjstl& ejdrtlgdntd tmbm dvmfuejmnl& pdrm sus jbdls y

prmpudstls jnjejlfds glntjdndn gue`m sdntjbm y bdhdn emnsdrvlrsd.

Nm dxjstd un pdrijf ÿnjem bd rdjajstl& pdrm emnsjbdrlgms qud un

lbdeulbm dqujfjhrjm dntrd fls emsls pudbd lyublr l klrlntjzlr unl

prìetjel sdnsltl.






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8. SXJNEJSJMU XDJAJ

Dstms smn fms 4 prjnejpjms bdolbms pmr df erdlbmr bd Xdjaj Gjalm

Tsuj& fms eulfds iudrmn l su vdz tmglbms bdf dgpdrlbmr Gdjoj y qud

emn df plsm bdf tjdgpm `ln tdnjbm gue`ls vlrjlntds& pdrm qud dn

dsdnejl emnsdrvln fl iudrzl bd fl jntdnejõn jnjejlf. Dstms sd emnvjdrtd

dn unl kuçl plrl tmbms fms qud qudrdgms lhrjrnms dn dstl

glrlvjffmsl dxpdrjdnejl bd slnlejõn l trlvês bd sdr ‖elnlf‗ Xdjaj.

Ds jgpmrtlntd prdbjelr emn df dodgpfm y trltlr bd lsjgjflr unm plrl

qud nudstrl emnejdnejl y nudstrl bjvjnjblb lerdejdntdn su iudrzl dn

nmsmtrms& lsç sdr gdomrds prletjelntds rdjaj.


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Tnl vdrsjõn bd fl @jstmrjl Xdjaj eudntl qud Tsuj dnirdntõ un krln

bdsdnklüm& lf mhsdrvlr qud lqudffls pdrsmnls jnbjkdntds qud `lhçl

slnlbm& blnbm rmpls nudvls y `lstl unl nudvl vjbl& rdkrdslhln

nudvlgdntd l fls elffds l fl gdnbjejblb. Eulnbm qujsm vdrjijelr fls

rlzmnds bd dsl letjtub& dnemntrõ qud fls pdrsmnls pdnslhln qud

rdsuftlhl gìs sdnejffm gdnbjklr dn fls elffds& qud trlhlolr.

Dstl iud fl rlzõn pmr fl qud Tsuj rdkrdsõ nudvlgdntd l su

Gmnlstdrjm& l rdiukjlrsd dn gdbjtlejõn& dn bmnbd bdejbjõ

jnemrpmrlr fms prjnejpjms bdf Dgpdrlbmr Gdjoj& qud dn lbdflntd

sdrçln fms prjnejpjms bd Xdjaj. Emgprdnbjõ qud Xdjaj bdhdrçl sdr

pdbjbm pmr qujdnds fm qujsjdrln& y l su vdz& sjdnbm emgm dn didetm

fm ds& un jntdrelghjm bd dndrkçls& sjdgprd bdhdrçl gdbjlr unlemgpdnslejõn m jntdrelghjm.

Fms prjnejpjms dxedptm fls bms prjgdrls smn lijrglejmnds pmsjtjvls

elrklbls bd un krln pmbdr dndrkêtjem& qud nms pdrgjtdn jgpmndr fl

dsdnejl dspjrjtulf lf Xdjaj& dn emnsjbdrlejõn l qud nudstrl prmpjl

vjbl sd vd jnunblbl bd fl dndrkçl bd fl Fuz Bjvjnl& dn elbl

gmgdntm& êstms smn?

l* Uõfm pmr `my nm td prdmeupds.

Smbdgms dxpdrjgdntlr fl vjbl sjn pmndr prd'meuplejõn dn elbl

gmgdntm bd fl gjsgl& sõfm bdhdgms meuplrnms& y pmndr fl






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dndrkçl& df pdnslgjdntm& dn sçntdsjs fl vjbl& dn fl gdbjbl oustl y

ndedslrjl plrl fmkrlr un mhodtjvm& rdemrbdgms qud bmnbd dstì

nudstrm pdnslgjdntm dstì nudstrl dndrkçl& y bmnbd dstì

nudstrl dndrkçl& dstì nudstrl vjbl& pmr dsm bdhdgms tdndr guy

eflrm dn quê pmndgms nudstrm tjdgpm& pmrqud fl vjbl plsl y

gue`ls vdeds nmsmtrms nj nms dntdrlgms& sdkujgms emn nudstrl

elhdzl meuplbl dn tmntdrçls m emsls supdrijejlfds& gjdntrls

mtrms sd lprmvde`ln bd dsl sjtulejõn y nms ‖vlgpjrjzln‗ fl

dndrkçl vjtlf pdrsmnlf& y lf elhm bdf bçl ffdklgms l elsl

elnslbms pmr bdgìs& guy lkmtlbms& dx`lustms y fm qud

`ledgms ds dntrlr y emgdnzlr l pdfdlr m bjseutjr y

dgpdmrlgms fls emsls1 ijnlfgdntd sj fmkrlgms emgprdnbdr qud

ds gue`m gdomr meuplrsd bd fls emsls rdlfds bd nudstrl vjbl&

qud prdmeuplrsd bd emsls qud nm slhdgms sj plslrìn&

emnedntrdgms nudstrm dsiudrzm dn tmglr emnejdnejl bd fl

rdlfjblb qud trlnsjtlgms& slhjdnbm qud sõfm pmbdgms

gmbjijelrnms l nmsmtrms gjsgms.

h* Uõfm pmr `my nm td dnilbds.

Fl jrl& dnmom& lkrdsjvjblb y bdgìs dgmejmnds bdstruetjvls nms

emnirmntln l bjlrjm& erdlnbm sjtulejmnds bmnbd lf plrdedr fl

ÿnjel slfjbl ds fl vjmfdnejl. Lquç ds bmnbd glymr ênilsjs

bdhdgms pmndr plrl lprdnbdr bd dstd prjnejpjm Xdjaj& tmglrnms






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unms gjnutms plrl rdspjrlr& trlnqujfjzlrnms y huselr fl gdomr

smfuejõn lf prmhfdgl pflntdlbm& slhjdnbm qud fl vjmfdnejl sõfm y

ÿnjelgdntd kdndrl gìs vjmfdnejl& bmfmr y bdstrueejõn& pmr dsm

bdhdgms dsimrzlrnms plrl pmndr trlnqujfjblb& lrgmnçl y lgmr

dn elbl gmgdntm bd nudstrl dxjstdnejl& fm eulf kdndrlrì unl

mnbl dxplnsjvl bd lgmr& fuz y irltdrnjblb. Bd dstl imrgl lf

gdomrlr nudstrl rdspudstl l fls sjtulejmnds vjmfdntls& tlghjên

dstlrdgms dnsdülnbm emn df dodgpfm l fms bdgìs& fmkrlnbm lsç

gdomrlr nudstrm dntmrnm y df gunbm qud nms rmbdl.

e* @mnrl l tus Slbrds& Gldstrms y Glymrds.

Dn fl trlbjejõn olpmndsl ds emstughrd `mnrlr l fms gldstrms& l

fms plbrds y l fms lntdplslbms& bdhjbm l dstm ds qud

glntdndgms fls imtms bd fms Gldstrms bd Xdjaj& dn fls

jnjejlejmnds m edrdgmnjls dspdejlfds bd Xdjaj& emgm

rdemrbltmrjm bd su kuçl gmrlf y êtjel& lbdgìs bd sdntjrnms

edrelnms l su prdsdnejl.

Ffdvlbm dstm l fm emtjbjlnm& bdhdgms lprdnbdr l rdspdtlr l

tmbms dn nudstrl vjbl& puds elbl pdrsmnl ds un gldstrm1 lsç ds&

lfkm nms dnsdül& lfkm nms bdol emgm lprdnbjzlod& lf jkulf qud

nmsmtrms l dffms& y smhrd tmbm qujdn gìs nms elstjkl y nms `led

suirjr& êsd& ds df gdomr gldstrm bd tmbms& lunqud nm fm plrdzel1






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sjn dghlrkm& nms gudstrl nudstrls bdhjfjblbds& bd fls eulfds

bdhdgms lprdnbdr plrl bdolr bd suirjr. Nm mhstlntd l gue`ls

pdrsmnls fds kustl dsd rmf bd vçetjgl m vjetjglrjm& df eulf ds dn

vdrblb guy eõgmbm& puds ds hudnm tdndr l qujdn eufplr pmr

nudstrl glfl vjbl1 pdrm sj dn vdrblb qudrdgms gdomrlr&

bdhdgms blr df prõxjgm plsm dn nudstrl dvmfuejõn&

emgprdnbdr y pdrbmnlr& êstls smn fls plflhrls ‖gìkjels‗ qud

nms fjhdrln bd dsd dstlbm bd mseurjblb jntdrjmr plrl

prmydetlrnms l unl gdomr elfjblb bd vjbl.

b* Klnl tu sustdntm `mnrlblgdntd.

Klnlr df sustdntm dn imrgl `mnrlbl sjknjijel qud bdhdgms

hrjnblr fm gdomr bd nmsmtrms& emgm prmidsjmnlfds& emgm

pdrsmnls& dn ijn& emgm sdrds `uglnms& tdnjdnbm guy eflrm qud

bdhdgms pmndr un oustm vlfmr pmr fm qud `ledgms& fm qud

hrjnblgms emgm sdrvjejm m prmbuetm l fl emgunjblb.

Df lhusm& dnklüm m dstlil& sd prmbued eulnbm nm blgms fm qud

nms smfjejtln m fm hrjnblgms bd imrgl plrejlf m tlghjên sd bln

vudftl fls emsls plrl blr fm emntrlrjm bd fm qud sd dspdrl bd

nmsmtrms& `lejdnbm un prmiunbm blüm l qujdnds dspdrln emn

lgmr unl rdspudstl lemrbd lf pdbjbm& y sõfm mhtjdndn unl

gdntjrl.






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d* Uê lkrlbdejbm pmr tmbm fm qud td rmbdl.

Fl krltjtub ds un Bmn& lsç ds& un bmn qud tmbms tdndgms dn

pmtdnejl& pdrm pmems bdslrrmffln bdhjbm l fl lvlrjejl& fl

lrrmklnejl& df dkm& df gjdbm& dte. \uê glrlvjffmsm sdrçl un

gunbm bmnbd tmbms emgprdnbjêsdgms qud df sdr lkrlbdejbms

nms lfflnl df elgjnm bd elbl bçl l dstlr gdomr dn tmbm sdntjbm&

pdrm lkrlbdejbms emn tmbm y tmbms& jnefuyênbmnms& pmr

supudstm1 trlhlolnbm df lkrlbdejgjdntm prmiunbm y vdrblbdrm

dstlgms bd dstl glndrl rdbuejdnbm df dkm ndkltjvm& êsd qud

nms `led erddr qud smgms pdrsmnls ‖supdrjmrds‗& puds qujdn dn

vdrblb erdl dstm& qud ds supdrjmr l lfkujdn& dstì guy pmr

bdhlom bdf rdstm& pmrqud Bjms nms `l erdlbm l tmbms bd flgjsgl glndrl& smgms lhsmfutlgdntd jkulfds& glf qud fd pdsd l

lfkunms smgms tmbms `drglnms& y emgm tlf bdhdgms trltlrnms

y emgprdnbdrnms. Dstl ds fl ÿnjel glndrl qud fl `uglnjblb

tjdnd bd dvmfuejmnlr lf prõxjgm dstlbm bd emnejdnejl& slhjdnbm

qud fm qud fd plsl l unm& fds plsl l tmbms.






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5. NJYDFDU BD XDJAJ

Fl gdomr glndrl bd dntdnbdr Xdjaj ds jnjejìnbmnms dn dffm& bd dstl

glndrl& sd lhrjrìn nudstrms elnlfds y lf blr dndrkçl& dstlrdgms

blnbm fl dndrkçl prmvdnjdntd bdf emsgms& bd fl ple`lglgl.

Lÿn sj nm nms jnjejlgms& pmbdgms blr rdjaj& yl qud tmbm sdr `uglnm

tjdnd dstl elplejblb& pdrm emrrdgms df rjdskm bd jnvmfuerlrnms dn

prmhfdgls lodnms m fl dnidrgdblb bd nudstrm melsjmnlf lsjstjbm.

Dntmneds& ds pmsjhfd qud pmblgms sdntjrnms glf& bdhjfjtlbms y `lstl

dnidrgms& yl qud fl dndrkçl qud dstlrdgms blnbm sdrì fl nudstrl y

nm `lhrì glndrl bd rdeupdrlrfl dn dsd gmgdntm.

Nmrglfgdntd df sjstdgl Tsuj bd Ulnlejõn Nlturlf emnstl bd 5

njvdfds& lf eulf sd fd lkrdkl fl gldstrçl emgm puntm eufgjnlntd dn fl

imrglejõn?






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l* Srjgdr njvdf m U`mbdn? Udrvjbmr bd fl fuz.

Dn dstd njvdf fls pdrsmnls rdejhdn unl sdrjd bd 2

sjntmnjzlejmnds& tlghjên fflglbls letjvlejmnds m

jnjejlejmnds& fls eulfds ‖letjvln‗ (lhrdn* y lfjndln fms

edntrms dndrkêtjems supdrjmrds& pdrgjtjdnbm lsç fl

pdndtrlejõn bd un glymr ifuom bd ‖dndrkçl vjtlf‗.

Dstl jnjejlejõn sd bjrjkd prjnejplfgdntd plrl erdlr elghjms

dn df eudrpm içsjem y df eudrpm dgmejmnlf gìs unjbm l dstd.

Dn dstd njvdf sd rdejhd jnstrueejõn prìetjel plrl un

lutmtrltlgjdntm& bjvdrsms dodrejejms plrl ilgjfjlrjzlrsd emn

dstl dndrkçl& trltlgjdntm bd mtrls pdrsmnls& lnjglfds ypflntls.

Dn dstl dtlpl emgjdnzl fl lsjgjflejõn y edntrlfjzlejõn bd

tmbms fms eudrpms& elbl pdrsmnl& bd glndrl plrtjeuflr&

lvlnzlrì dn dstd prmedsm bd bdslrrmffm. Rmbms y elbl unm

tjdndn bjidrdntds dxpdrjdnejls.

h* Udkunbm njvdf m E`ubdn? Smrtlbmr bd fl fuz.

Dn dstd njvdf sd jntrmbued fl prìetjel bd fms sçghmfms

slkrlbms y sd trlhlol prmiunblgdntd dn pflnms lun gìs

jntdrjmrds emgm df dgmejmnlf y gdntlf. Dn dstd njvdf sd






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jnjejln fls dxpdrjdnejls bd hrjnblr trltlgjdntms l bjstlnejl.

Df jnerdgdntm bdf ifuom bd dndrkçl ds gue`m glymr qud dn

df prjgdr njvdf.

e* Rdredr njvdf m Maubdn? Gldstrm bd fl fuz.

Dstd njvdf emrrdspmnbd yl l unl Srd'Gldstrçl& dn dstl dtlpl

`ly un dntrdnlgjdntm gìs prmiunbm& qud nms prdplrl dn

fls bjidrdntds lptjtubds plrl jnjejlr l mtrls pdrsmnls dn dstl

prìetjel bd lutmslnlejõn. Df jnjejlbm pudbd mptlr pmr sdr un

nudvm Gldstrm Xdjaj.

b* Gldstrçl m U`jnpjbdn?

Udr gldstrm rdjaj jgpfjel unl dnmrgd rdspmnslhjfjblb.

Nudstrl gjsjφn sdrì jnjejlr dn fl prletjel bdf rdjaj l nudvms

bjseçpufms lfugnms* y prmgmvdr fl plz y dspjrjtulfjblb

lutêntjel emgm ELGJNM BD YJBL.






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2. LGHJDNRD XDJAJ

Xdjaj sd pudbd prletjelr dn eulfqujdr lghjdntd& sdl pÿhfjem m

prjvlbm& lhjdrtm m edrrlbm& sjn dghlrkm& plrl unl prletjel rdkuflr

bd Xdjaj bdhdgms huselr df fuklr lbdeulbm& un lghjdntd

lrgmnjmsm& emn un tmnm sulvd m eflrm qud jnvjtd fl rdflolejõn. Fms

tmnms plstdfds smn lemnsdolhfds.

Ds jbdlf sj sd pudbd lblptlr un fuklr dxefusjvm dn df `mklr plrl

Xdjaj& qud sjrvl tlghjên plrl gdbjtlr y emgm dsplejm pdrsmnlf&prjvlbm y slkrlbm. Tn lghjdntd emn êstls elrletdrçstjels emnsdrvlrì

fls vjhrlejmnds pdrglndntds pmsjtjvls dglnlbls bd Xdjaj. Fl

`lhjtlejõn dstlrì elrklbl bd dndrkçl bd slnlejõn bd glndrl

emnstlntd.


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Df lghjdntd Xdjaj bdhd dstlr lfdolbm dn fm pmsjhfd bd eulfqujdr

bjstrletmr jgpmrtlntd? rujbms& tdfdvjsjõn dnednbjbl& tdfêimnm&

tdfêimnm edfuflr& tjghrds& dxedsm bd emrrjdntd dfêetrjel smhrdelrkls

dfdetrmglknêtjels*& kdntd `lhflnbm& dte.

Fl fjgpjdzl dndrkêtjel bd fl `lhjtlejõn Xdjaj sd rdlfjzl lntds y

bdspuês bd unl sdsjõn bd slnlejõn& plrl dffm& sd pudbd utjfjzlr pmr

dodgpfm jnejdnsm m lkul emn slf glrjnl& emn dffm& eulfqujdr dndrkçl

ndkltjvl sd bjfujrì m trlnsgutlrì dn pmsjtjvm.

Fl gÿsjel bd rdflolejõn ds mpejmnlf& sd pudbd lülbjr gÿsjel plrl

gdbjtlr& fl bdnmgjnlbl gÿsjel bd ‖nudvl drl‗ m eulfqujdr gÿsjel

rdflolntd& qud iunejmnl hlstlntd hjdn plrl êstms ijnds& df lrpl y fl

iflutl tlghjên smn dijeleds plrl lrgmnjzlr fls dgmejmnds.

Tn dfdgdntm dsdnejlf dn Xdjaj ds fl emgmbjblb bdf plejdntd& un sjtjm

qud fd jnemgmbd rdtrlslrì fl emnedntrlejõn bd lghms& unl elgjffl m

bjvìn rdefjnlhfd ds fm gìs rdemgdnblhfd yl qud unl sdsjõn bd Xdjaj

pudbd burlr unl `mrl m gìs tjdgpm. Eulnbm df plejdntd sd rdeudstd

sd fd mirded dsdnejlfgdntd bms lfgm`lbls& unl plrl fl elhdzl y mtrl

bdhlom bd fls rmbjffls& lsç fl emfugnl dstlrì gdomr lpmylbl. Umhrd fl

burlejõn bd fl sdsjõn nm `ly glymrds rdkfls qud fl jntujejõn y

dxpdrjdnejl bdf rdjajstl.






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Xdjaj ds emnsjbdrlbm dn df gunbm bd fl nudvl drl emgm ‖Glslod

Dndrkêtjem‗& pmr fm qud gue`ms plejdntds supmndn qud dn unl

sdsjõn bdhdn bdspmolrsd bd lfkunl vdstjgdntl. Ujn dghlrkm& dn

Xdjaj tlntm plejdntd emgm slnlbmr pudbdn pdrglndedr vdstjbms.

Fls glnms bdf rdjajstl mpdrln dn df elgpm dndrkêtjem y ìurjem bdf

plejdntd eudrpm lstrlf& dgmejmnlf& gdntlf y dspjrjtulf*& nm `ly

ndedsjblb bd tmelr df eudrpm içsjem. Umfm eulnbm `ly un dstrde`m

vçneufm dntrd tdrlpdutl y plejdntd& êstd pmbrì qujtlrsd un pmem bd

rmpl sdkÿn su prmpjl emgmbjblb. Dn unl sdsjõn bd Xdjaj sd lfelnzl

un krlbm bd rdflolejõn prmiunbl pmr fm qud dn gue`ms elsms df


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plejdntd pudbd sdntjr un pmem bd irçm& pmr fm qud unl glntl eìfjbl

pdrgjtjrì emnsdrvlr su tdgpdrlturl emrpmrlf.

Lntds bd fl sdsjõn bd Xdjaj df plejdntd bdhd dntrdklr sus vlfmrds

pdrsmnlfds y mhodtms prdejmsms lf tdrlpdutl. Eulfqujdr tjpm bd

omydrçl& rdfmo& ejnturmnds& zlpltms m eulfqujdr leedsmrjm qud ffdkud l

jnemgmblr& bdhd sdr rdtjrlbm lntds bdf jnjejm bd Xdjaj& pmr pmem qud

sdl pudbd bjstrldr m jnemgmblr fl sdsjõn dndrkêtjel. Ds jbdlf

bdpmsjtlr dstms vlfmrds pdrsmnlfds dn unl elol plrl êstms ijnds. Df

tdrlpdutl emfmelrì fl elol bd vlfmrds dn un fuklr emnvdnjdntd y lf

ijnlf bd fl sdsjõn rdstjtujrì fms vlfmrds dntrdklbms. Elhd lkrdklr qud

ds bdtdrgjnlntd lplklr df tdfêimnm edfuflr burlntd fl sdsjõn& nm sd

ledptl bdolr df lplrltm dn gmbm bd sjfdnejm& pmr eulntm df tdfêimnmelusl pdrturhlejmnds dfdetrmglknêtjels dn fl dndrkçl purjijelbmrl

Xdjaj.

Df usm bd vdfls lsdkurlr un dsplejm rdflolntd y trlnqujfm& y bd lfkÿn

gmbm prmpmrejmnln fuz nlturlf. Smr fm kdndrlf& sd pmbrì dgpfdlr

vdfls hflnels& df emfmr hflnem pmr dxedfdnejl ds df emfmr bd fl

purjijelejõn& sjdnbm fls vdfls bd emfmr vdrbd m bd emfmrds eflrms fls

gìs emnvdnjdntds sdkÿn fl melsjõn. Ujn dghlrkm `ly qud tdndr

prdsdntd qud nm dgjtln un iudrtd mfmr yl qud pudbdn jntdridrjr m

bjstrldr lf plejdntd.






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Fl `jkjdnd ds dsdnejlf dn fl sdsjõn sd Xdjaj dn tmbm gmgdntm& fl

`lhjtlejõn bdhd dstlr mrbdnlbl y fms leedsmrjms bd fl elgjffl m smiì

fm suijejdntdgdntd fjgpjms y sjn mfmrds bdslkrlblhfds. @ly qud

tdndr eujblbm emn fls sìhlnls& tmlffls& emojnds y glntls qud sd

utjfjzln dn fl elgjffl. Guy rlrl vdz sd pmbrì dgpfdlr kulntds bd

fìtdx bdselrtlhfds eulnbm sdl dvjbdntd qud sd vl l trltlr emn

`drjbls m ìrdls jnidetlbls rdsdrvlbm smfm rdjajstls dxpdrtms*.

Ud rdemgjdnbl df usm bd pjdbrls y erjstlfds eulrzms*& sjdgprd y

eulnbm emnmzelgms bd sus prmpjdblbds y pmblgms glndolrfls

lbdeulblgdntd. Lfkunls pjdbrls pudbdn lhsmrvdr dndrkçl& mtrls

bdsvjlrfls m ndutrlfjzlr jnefusjvd fl sdsjõn.

Uj emnmedgms lfkunms lspdetms bd Idnk U`uj pmbdgms lpfjelrfms lf

lghjdntd plrl erdlr glymr lrgmnçl y sjnermnjejblb emghjnlnbm fms

dfdgdntms dsdnejlfds& eujblnbm qud êstms dstên prdsdntds bd fl

glndrl gìs lbdeulbl? Iudkm& Glbdrl& Lkul& Gdtlf y Rjdrrl. Emn df

usm lbdeulbm bd Idnk U`uj sd pmbrì uhjelr emnvdnjdntdgdntd fms

gudhfds dn fl slfl Xdjaj& mrjdntlr fl uhjelejõn bd fl elgjffl m lkrdklr

dspdoms& lgufdtms& hubls y mtrms dfdgdntms qud prmtdoln

emnvdnjdntdgdntd bdf s`l nmejvmvjhrlejmnds ndkltjvls*.






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Lntds bd jnjejlr fl sdsjõn bd slnlejõn& sd pudbd jnvmelr l lfkunl

dsdnejl dspjrjtulf? bd leudrbm l fl erddnejl m dspjrjtulfjblb bdf

rdjajstl& pubjdnbm sdr df Ìnkdf Kulrbjìn& Erjstm& Fms Ulntms& Hubl&

Sle`lglgl& fl nlturlfdzl& dte.& lquêf l qujên sd fd tdnkl iê. Hlstlrì

emn pdbjrfd su lyubl y lsdsmrlgjdntm& sj sd bdsdl rdzlr unl mrlejõn

m rdfltlr unl pfdklrjl tlghjên sd pudbd rdlfjzlr.

Dn rdsÿgdn& fm gìs jgpmrtlntd ds lrgmnjzlr fl `lhjtlejõn l gmbm

qud sdl un sjtjm lkrlblhfd y rdflolntd& glntdnjdnbm unl

tdgpdrlturl eìfjbl. Fl dndrkçl Xdjaj ds dndrkçl bd elfmr& nm ds

emnvdnjdntd df usm bd ljrd lemnbjejmnlbm& nj emrrjdntds bd ljrd

vdntlnls m pudrtls lhjdrtls* y sj fl tdgpdrlturl bdf lghjdntd ds

guy hlol& sdrì ÿtjf fl glntl plrl euhrjr lf plejdntd sj lsç fm rdqujdrd.






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4. FJNLOD XDJAJ

Df ‖Fjnlod Xdjaj‗& ds unl bd fls trlbjejmnds bd Xdjaj. Nms `led

rdidrdnejl l fl trlnsgjsjõn bd jnjejlejmnds qud nms und emn Gjalm

Tsuj Udnsdj l trlvês bd nudstrm Gldstrm. Df fjnlod ds emgm un ‖ìrhmf

kdndlfõkjem‗ qud bdserjhd df `jfm bd dndrkçl qud nms und emn fl

iudntd Xdjaj& êstd vl plslnbm bd gldstrm l gldstrm& bd glndrl

pdrsmnlf& bìnbmfd rdsplfbm& trlnsplrdnejl y smfjbdz l fl prìetjel. Ds

jgpmrtlntd lprdnbdr df fjnlod bd qujên sd dfjkd emgm gldstrm& qudfudkm bd fl dtlpl bd imrglejõn sd lsugjrçl emgm prmpjm.

Emgm gue`ms& pmsdm unl imrglejmn bd rdjaj euym fjnlod ds

meejbdntlf& df fjnlod bd Rlaltl. Gj gldstrm ds lrkdntjnm& sd fflgl

Mselr Lfhdrtm Fõpdz Fje`j*& qujên supm kujlrgd pmr fl sdnbl bd rdjaj


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y blrgd df lpmym ndedslrjm plrl pmbdr vmflr emn lfls prmpjls ― ds

unl pdrsmnl sdnejffl& iuff gdbjtlejõn y ymkl ―. Fudkm& emnmeç l fl

gldstrl bd gj gldstrm Lfhl Xmsl Udrvlbdj ― tlghjên Lrkdntjnl ― y

pubd emn dffl jnblklr l imnbm smhrd su fjnlod qud bdsbd fudkm drl yl

df gçm. Bdseuhrç qud gjs gldstrms tjdndn unm guy plrtjeuflr& tln

ffdnm bd pmsjhjfjblbds y pdrsmnlods gçstjems qud `ln lpmrtlbm lf

rdjaj gue`m emnmejgjdntm y dxpdrjdnejl vlfjmsl& pdrm smhrd tmbm

bdsprdnbjgjdntm y bdslpdkm. Lfhl Xmsl iud imrglbl dn fl Jnbjl dn

un Ls`rlg emn un gldstrm durmpdm qud tdnçl pdrgjsm bd blr rdjaj

bdntrm dsd rdejntm sjdgprd y eulnbm nm dxjstjdrl bd pmr gdbjm

pdtjejmnds demnõgjels& qud pubjdrln jntdridrjr emn df prmpõsjtm

dsdnejlf bd emnmedr df elgjnm bd vçl dspjrjtulf& prmpudstm dn tmbm

Lsr`lg. Dstd dn plrtjeuflr drl bdf eçreufm bdf Ult`yl Ulj Hlhl.

Emnmedr dstd bdtlffd elusõ unl jgprdsjõn dgmtjvl guy jgpmrtlntd.

Lfhl Xmsl gd bdeçl qud `lhçl rdejhjbm bd glnms bd su gldstrm fl

gjsjõn bd blr rdjaj emn un prmpõsjtm gìs dspjrjtulf qud

gltdrjlf. Emn dstl jnimrglejõn fls emsls dstlrçln eflrls dn gj

gdntd& dn lbdflntd df puntm iudrtd bd blr y rdejhjr rdjaj sd

edntrlrçln dn unl imrgl bd elgjnm dspjrjtulf bmnbd df

bdsprdbjgjdntm gltdrjlf sdrçl unl bd sus prjnejplfds elrletdrçstjels.






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Dn fm qud l gj gd emnejdrnd df tdgl bdf fjnlod elrded bd fl glymr

rdfdvlnejl dn gj prìetjel pdrsmnlf y gue`ls vdeds gd hlstl smfm

gdnejmnlr qud tuvd gldstrms dodgpflrds dn Fje`j y Lfhl Xmsl

Udrvlbdj& l qujdnds bdhm fl jnjejlejõn dn dstd sdnbdrm bd

erdejgjdntm dspjrjtulf.

9. UÇGHMFMU XDJAJ

Fms sçghmfms rdjaj sd hlsln dn jbdmkrlgls& ds bdejr fl

rdprdsdntlejõn krìijel bd unl jbdl& dn bmnbd ejdrtms sçghmfms

rdprdsdntln plflhrls m jbdls emgpfdtls. Fms jbdmkrlgls m sçghmfms

rdjaj gìs emgÿnds smn eultrm. Rrds bd êstms sd jgplrtdn dn df

sdkunbm njvdf y unm qudbl rdsdrvlbm plrl fl gldstrçl. @ly gue`ms

gìs sçghmfms qud elbl dseudfl bd rdjaj `l jnemrpmrlbm bdsbd

trlbjejmnds tjhdtlnls& tìntrjels& e`jnls& jnbuçstls& dkjpejls y `lstl

runls edftls. Sdrm dn dsdnejl& smn eultrm fms sçghmfms gldstrms

mrjkjnlfds. Fl jfustrlejõn lhjdrtl bd fms sçghmfms sjrvd bd pmem sj nm

sd slhd uslrfms nj dxjstd df emnmejgjdntm bd fms iunblgdntms bd

Xdjaj.

Fms trds sçghmfms bdf sdkunbm njvdf bd rdjaj smn? E@M'AT'XDJ& UDJ'

@D'AJ y @MN'U@L'_D'U@M'NDN. Df eulrtm sçghmfm sd mhtjdnd eulnbm

sd lfelnzl fl gldstrçl& êstd sd fflgl? BLJ'AM'GZM.






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ELSÇRTFM 8? XDJAJ SLXL RMBMU

;. LTRMRXLRLGJDNRM DN XDJAJ

<8 pmsjejmnds hìsjels plrl lutmtrltlgjdntm

Fl gdomr glndrl bd jnjejlrsd dn fl prìetjel bd rdjaj ds emgdnzlr emn

unm gjsgm. Jnjejlfgdntd rdjaj pudbd sdr utjfjzlbm pmr fl prmpjl

pdrsmnl emgm unl glndrl bd lprdnbjzlod y ilgjfjlrjzlejõn bd fls

pmsjejmnds hìsjels. Tnl vdz qud df prjnejpjlntd `lyl lsjgjflbm

emnvdnjdntdgdntd bje`ls pmsjejmnds& êstls sdrìn ÿtjfds plrl df

prmpjm bdslrrmffm pdrsmnlf pmstdrjmr fjgpjdzl& lrgmnjzlejõn y

pmtdnejlejõn*.






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5;

Dn fl ilsd bd lprdnbjzlod smhrd pmsjejmnds hìsjels& df nudvm rdjajstl&

dxpdrjgdntlrì eõgm tmelr& jnjejìnbm emn su prmpjm eudrpm. Dstl

sdrì fl gdomr imrgl bd bdslrrmfflr fl prmpjl jntujejõn y fl

sdnsjhjfjblb ndedslrjl plrl tmelr emn rdjaj l mtrms. Emgm qujdrl qud

fl jntdnejõn dn un jnjejm ds lprdnbdr& df prletjelntd tdnbrì qud

rdpdtjr tlntls vdeds sdl ndedslrjl unl m gìs pmsjejmnds smhrd su

prmpjm eudrpm. Nm `ly unl pmsjejõn dxletl& ijol m dstìtjel nj gue`m

gdnms plrlgdtrlbl dn rdjaj fls pmsjejmnds rdjaj smn rdfltjvls*& pdrm

dn fm pmsjhfd êstls sd mrjdntln sdkÿn fl uhjelejõn bd fms e`larls

prjnejplfds y sdeunblrjms bd elbl pdrsmnl edntrms dndrkêtjems qud

emnedntrln y gmvjfjzln fls dndrkçls sutjfds*.

Dn rdjaj tmelr jgpfjel pmsjejmnlr fls glnms bdf mpdrlbmr rdjaj l unlbjstlnejl rdfltjvl bdf eudrpm& êstl pudbd jgpfjelr unms edntçgdtrms

emgm tlghjên smhrdpmndrfls dn df eudrpm smhrd fl pjdf* m smhrd fl

vdstjgdntl. Dstm bdpdnbdrì bdf njvdf bd emnijlnzl d jntujejõn

lfelnzlbm pmr df rdjajstl.

Xdjaj pudbd eluslr dn un jnjejm ‖erjsjs eurltjvl‗. Lpfjelbm smhrd df

prmpjm eudrpm pudbd kdndrlr elghjms dn df dsqudgl dndrkêtjem

qud sudfdn trlbuejrsd dn sjntmgltmfmkçl içsjel sdglolntd l ijdhrd&

nìusdl& glfdstlr emrpmrlf m elghjms dn df dstlbm bd `ugmr.

Nmrglfgdntd êstl erjsjs bd eurlejõn tjdndn emrtl burlejõn& emn unm

m bms bçls bd elghjms dn df eudrpm içsjem y dndrkêtjem. Udrì






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mpmrtunm qud df prletjelntd fmkrd rdemnmedr sj suedbd lfkÿn tjpm bd

elghjm. Dn mtrms elsms& fls erjsjs eurltjvls plsln bdslpdrejhjbls m

emn gue`l gdnmr jntdnsjblb. Uj fl erjsjs sd prdsdntl

dspmntìndlgdntd dn df prletjelntd& êstm jnbjelrì qud rdjaj dstì

lsjgjfìnbmsd eluslnbm fms didetms nmrglfgdntd dspdrlbms l dstd

njvdf. Fl letjtub bdf prletjelntd bdhd sdr bd trlnqujfjblb&

emgprdnsjõn y iunblgdntlfgdntd dspdrlnzl dn slhdr qud êstm

plslrì y qud fudkm sd pmbrì rdtmglr df lprdnbjzlod bd rdjaj.

Ijnlfgdntd& sd bjed qud tmbl erjsjs eurltjvl sd trlbued emgm plslod

bd jnjejlejõn dn rdjaj rjtm bd lutm'purjijelejõn rdjaj*.

Df rdjajstl bdhd ilgjfjlrjzlrsd y lpfjelrsd bjlrjlgdntd trltlgjdntms

Xdjaj& qud pdrgjtjrìn qud fl dndrkçl nm sd lusdntd m sd emnedntrd dndxedsm y qud êstl sd elnlfjed lprmpjlblgdntd lf rdstm bdf eudrpm&

pmr gdbjm bd fms `jfms dndrkêtjems nlbjs m gdrjbjlnms* jnvjsjhfds

prdsdntds.

Df lutmtrltlgjdntm pdrgjtd lrgmnjzlr fl jntrdkrjblb bdf sdr

dsdnejlf& eudrpm& gdntd y dspçrjtu emgm unm sõfm d jnbjvjsjhfd elbl

lspdetm jntdrletÿl dn un pflnm m bjgdnsjõn bjidrdntd pdrm smn

dsdnejlfgdntd unm smfm*. Dntjênblsd lrgmgjzlejõn emgm

edntrlejõn m lfjndlgjdntm bd fls dndrkçls jnbjvjbulfds aj*& emn fls

dndrkçs suprdgls rdj*. Dn rdjaj fl lrgmnjzlejõn jnbjvjbulf ds

prjgmrbjlf lntds bd rdlfjzlr eulfqujdr trltlgjdntm dxtdrnm. Ds






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jnbjspdnslhfd qud vjvlgms dn lrgmnçl emn nmsmtrms gjsgms& smhrd

tmbm& sj qudrdgms lyublr l lrgmnjzlr l fms bdgìs& ½Eõgm slnlr sj

nm dstlgms slnms= ½Eõgm lrgmnjzlr sj dstlgms bdsdqujfjhrlbms=.

Nm sd pudbd blr fm qud nm sd tjdnd.

0. DF RXLHLOM EMN FMU E@LAXLU

Fl plflhrl E`larl prmedbd bdf sìnserjtm& lntjkul fdnkul bd fms

Ydbls bd fl Jnbjl& sjknjijel rudbl m bjsem. Dstms sd dxtjdnbdn l fms

flrkm bd fl emfugnl vdrtdhrlf dn imrgl bd võrtjeds bd dndrkçl& euyl

leejõn bjnìgjzl pdrglndntdgdntd df eudrpm içsjem emn df elgpm


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lÿrjem. Umn sjdtd e`larls prjnejplfds& elbl unm bd dffms tjdnd unl

plrtd irmntlf y unl plrtd pmstdrjmr& dxedptm df prjgdrm y df ÿftjgm.

Rmbms dffms dstìn unjbms pmr un elnlf edntrlf bd ifuom dndrkêtjem

qud lbqujdrd df nmghrd bd sùsùgl& sdeunblbms pmr mtrms

elnlfds jgpmrtlntds? Jbl y Sjnklfl qud fl dntrderuzln*. Fl dndrkçl

Aunblfjnj m U`latj rdsjbd dn df e`larl guflb`lrl hlsd bd fl

emfugnl vdrtdhrlf m zmnl slerl* ds fl dndrkçl vjtlf rdprdsdntlbl pmr

unl sdrpjdntd dnrmselbl qud lf bdspdrtlrsd sd dfdvl lf dneudntrm

emn U`jvl& su emntrlplrtd qud rdprdsdntl fl dndrkçl eõsgjel m

unjvdrslf& emndetlnbm fms elnlfds gdnejmnlbms& lfjgdntlnbm df

ifuom dndrkêtjem bd fms e`larls y fms nlbjs uhjelbms dn df eudrpm

ùglnm.

Fl dxjstdnejl y utjfjblb bd fms e`larls sd hlsl dn eultrm prjnejpjms

iunblgdntlfds? alrgl& glyl& njrvlnl y ymkl& qud rjkdn fls fdyds bd

fl vjbl.

Df alrgl m letm& ds fl fdy bd fl elusl'didetm qud mhfjkl lf lfgl l

vjvjr& gmrjr y rdnledr jnbdijnjblgdntd& sdkÿn fl eufturl bd

rddnelrnlejõn `jnbÿ.






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Glyl& sjknjijel jfusjõn& lplrjdnejl& ds df dnelbdnlgjdntm bd fms

ejefms pdrpdtums& bd fms lemntdejgjdntms& fls ejreunstlnejls& fls

plsjmnds& fms bdsdms qud ejdkln fms moms bd fms `mghrds.

Njrvlnl& sd trlbued l gdnubm pmr jfugjnlejõn m êxtlsjs& pdrm qud

fjtdrlfgdntd sjknjijel dxtjnejõn& bdslplrjejõn& ds unl imrgl bd

fjhdrlejõn& unl slfjbl iudrl bdf ejefm bd rdnlejgjdntms qud

dnelbdnln df lfgl. Fl Njrvlnl rdprdsdntl fl pmsjhjfjblb bd rmgpdr

fl elbdnl bd rdnlejgjdntm emntjnum y fl fjhdrlejõn bdf alrgl `lejl

unl vjbl dspjrjtulf lsednbdntd.

Zmkl ds un emnountm bd têenjels içsjels y gdntlfds qud df `mghrd

pudbd utjfjzlr plrl ffdklr l êstl fjhdrlejõn. Dstls têenjels sd hlsln

dn dodrejejms sdgdolntds l dstjrlgjdntms emrpmrlfds& euym mhodtjvm

ds letjvlr fl dndrkçl aunblfjnj y fms e`larls.

Fl iunejõn prjnejplf bd fms e`larls ds bjnlgjzlr y rdvjtlfjzlr elbl

eudrpm lurjem y emn dffm df eudrpm içsjem& emn euym dstçgufm sd

kdndrl lutmemnejdnejl& pudstm qud elbl e`larl dstì rdflejmnlbm

emn unl iunejõn psjemfõkjel dspdeçijel.

Eulnbm df iunejmnlgjdntm bd fms e`larls ds emrrdetm& elbl unm bd

dffms sd dneudntrl pmtdnejlfgdntd letjvm y dn dqujfjhrjm& kjrlnbm dn

df sdntjbm lbdeulbm. Sdrgjtjdnbm gdtlhmfjzlr fls dndrkçls

plrtjeuflrds qud ndedsjtl bdf elgpm bd dndrkçl vjtlf tlghjên






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fflglbm e`j m prlnl*. Eulnbm df e`larl kjrl dn sdntjbm jnlbdeulbm&

fl emrrjdntd bd dndrkçl ifuyd bdf edntrm `lejl iudrl& emn fm qud

jntdrijdrd df gdtlhmfjsgm. Smr tlntm& sd bjed qud df e`larl dstì

edrrlbm m hfmqudlbm l fls dndrkçls qud ffdkln bdf emsgms.

Xdspdetm bd fl glndrl emgm kjrln fms e`learls bdpdnbd bd fl

leejõn bd fms elnlfds U`us`ugl& Jbl y Sjnklfl qud lf lsednbdr

pdrgjtdn rmtlejmnds `mrlrjls prjgdr& tdredr& qujntm y ÿftjgm

e`larl* y rmtlejmnds lntj`mrlrjls sdkunbm& eulrtm y sdxtm e`larl*.

Dn lfkunms tdxtms sd lijrgl qud fms e`larls kjrln smfm dn sdntjbm

`mrlrjm& qud nm ds ndedslrjlgdntd un drrmr& emnsjbdrlnbm qud sd

trltl bd emnmejgjdntms trlbjejmnlfds gjfdnlrjms nm suodtms l

bmkgls. Lghls pmsturls smn vìfjbls sj fm qud prjgl ds fl jntdnejõny fl jntdfjkdnejl qud êstl dndrkçl prmgudvd.

Fl glymrçl bd fls pdrsmnls prdsdntln dn un bdtdrgjnlbm gmgdntm

bms m trds e`larls qud kjrln dn sdntjbm jnlbdeulbm& prmbuetm elsj

sjdgprd bd un dstlbm lftdrlbm bd slfub. Nmrglfgdntd sd `lhfl bd

‖erued dndrkêtjem‗ m ‖glfls vjhrlejmnds‗. Dstm rdvdfl fl bjnìgjel

dndrkêtjel pdrsmnlf. Smr jnerdçhfd qud plrdzel trltlnbm l njvdf bd

e`larls sd pudbd jnifujr pmsjtjvjglntd dn df eudrpm içsjem y dn df

elgpm lÿrjem dn kdndrlf. Fms e`larls nm smfm sjrvdn plrl

gdtlhmfjzlr dndrkçl& tjdndn unl iunejõn dsdnejlfgdntd bjnìgjel& bd

jntdrelghjm y mpdrltjvjblb. Dstm pdrgjtd glntdndr df dqujfjhrjm y fl






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unjblb bd fms pflnms içsjem& gdntlf& dgmejmnlf y dspjrjtulf. Uj `ly un

e`larl edrrlbm m hfmqudlbm& dstm nm pdrgjtjrì qud fl dndrkçl ifuyl y

sd trlbuejrì dn sjntmgltmfmkçl psjemsmgìtjel ― y vjedvdrsl ―. Fl

jnimrglejõn nm plsl y fl pdrsmnl bdsklstl su rdsdrvl bd dndrkçl

`lstl lkmtlrfl pmr emgpfdtm. Uj nm sd tmglsd unl leejõn jngdbjltl

dstd erued dndrkêtjem pudbd prmvmelr fl lhsmrejõn bd dndrkçl bd

rdsdrvl bd mtrms e`larls qud iunejmnln lbdeulblgdntd.

:. FMU UJDRD E@LAXLU SXJNEJSLFDU






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<. Df Guflb`lrl'E`larl m E`larl Xljz

8. Df Uulbjs`t`lnl'E`larl m E`larl Ulerm

5. Df Glnjpurl'E`larl m Sfdxm Umflr

2. Df Lnl`ltl'E`larl m Elrbjlem.

4. Df Yjs`ubb`l'E`larl m bd fl Klrklntl

9. Df Lonl'E`larl m bdf Rdredr Mom

;. Df Ul`lsrlrl'E`larl m bd fl Emrmnl

Ydlgms fms sjdtd e`larls prjnejplfds unm pmr unm?

<¿ ― Df Guflb`lrl'E`larl m E`larl Xljz (e`larl hìsjem*.

Emfmr lsmejlbm? Xmom. Ujknjijel rljz m lpmym. Emnmejbm emgm

Guflb`lrl e`larl& sjtulbm dntrd df lnm y fms õrklnms kdnjtlfdspdrjndm*& qud dstì rdflejmnlbm emn fl pdrpdtulejõn bdf sdr `uglnm

y emn fl supdrvjvdnejl& ds df edntrm bd fls dndrkçls psçqujels y

pufsjmnlfds. Dn êf rdsjbd fl dndrkçl Aunblfjnj dnrmselbl dn imrgl bd

sdrpjdntd y su lspdetm gìs jgpmrtlntd ds fl jnmednejl& unl eulfjblb

qud nms emnbued l dxpdrjgdntlr fl purdzl. Fl jnmednejl nms ltrld

`lejl fm fjgpjm& trlnsplrdntd y `drgmsm y nms prdvjdnd emntrl fm

bdstruetjvm bd nudstrl emnbuetl& prmeurìnbmnms un pdridetm

dqujfjhrjm dgmejmnlf. Dstì dn rdflejõn emn df mfiltm y su dfdgdntm ds

fl Rjdrrl& fl iudrzl bd fl jndrejl bd fl gltdrjl. Df letjvlr dstd e`larl

sjrvd plrl vdnedr df lpdkm l fl vjbl tdrrdstrd y df gjdbm jnstjntjvm l






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fl gudrtd. Ds df e`larl qud rjkd fl lhunblnejl& fl supdrvjvdnejl y fls

ndedsjblbds içsjels.

Fl jnmednejl& fl `ugjfblb y fl sdnejffdz nms emnvjdrtdn dn pdrsmnls

emn un krln glkndtjsgm euyl hdffdzl jntdrjmr ds nçtjbl y fmlhfd. Fl

emghjnlejõn bd dstls trds eulfjblbds bln emgm irutm df bdslrrmffm

bd unl krln slhjburçl jntujtjvl qud nms pdrgjtd emnsdkujr fms

prmpõsjtms gìs dfdvlbms. Dstls eulfjblbds qud dxjstdn bdntrm bd fms

sdrds `uglnms dstì dspdrlnbm qud bdspjdrtd fl dndrkçl Aunblfjnj

plrl glnjidstlr fl hdffdzl bd nudstrl gìs purl jnmednejl.

8¿ ― Df Uvlb`jst`lnl'E`larl m E`larl Ulerm.

Emfmr lsmejlbm df lnlrlnolbm y sjknjijel kdgl hrjfflntd. Dstl sjtulbmbdhlom bdf mghfjkm& smhrd df puhjs& sd rdflejmnl emn fms õrklnms

dxerdtmrds y rdprmbuetmrds& lsç emgm emn df sdntjbm bdf tletm y fl

pdredpejõn bd fls dgmejmnds. Uu dfdgdntm ds df Lkul y sd

rdprdsdntl emn unl gdbjl funl `mrjzmntlf. Lf letjvlr dstd e`larl& sd

emnsjkud un tmtlf bmgjnjm bd sus sdntjbms. L plrtjr bd lquç& yl nm

sdrì vçetjgl bd sdntjgjdntms dxedsjvms y emntrlbjetmrjms. Bl

dqujfjhrjm dgmejmnlf y sdxulf.

Dn dstd edntrm sd dneudntrl tlghjên nudstrl elplejblb bd

emnedntrlejõn y bd ltdnejõn dstlhfd. Dn df pflnm içsjem eujbl bd fl

plrtd hlol bdf `çklbm& bd fms rjümnds y bd fl plrtd hlol bdf lhbmgdn.






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Dstd ds tlghjên df e`larl bdf emnmejgjdntm purm& bd fl erdltjvjblb y

bd fl ltdnejõn. Dstd e`larl nms emndetl emn fl iudntd jntdrnl bd fl

jnspjrlejõn y nms pdrgjtd rdflejmnlrnms emn fl hdffdzl bdf gunbm

dxtdrjmr& ds bdejr emn tmbm fm erdlbm. Df emnmejgjdntm qud dstd

e`larl nms mtmrkl nm ds l njvdf gdntlf& sjnm qud ds nms bl fl

pdredpejõn lhsmfutl y bjrdetl bd tmbl fl rdlfjblb.

5¿ ― Df Glnjpurl'E`larl m Sfdxm Umflr.

Emfmr lsmejlbm df lglrjffm& sjtulbm dn fl rdkjõn fughlr& lrrjhl bdf

mghfjkm& dstì dn rdflejõn emn df `çklbm& df hlzm& df dstõglkm y fms

rjümnds& pdrm tlghjên emn fl vjstl. Uu dfdgdntm ds df Iudkm. Ud

rdprdsdntl gdbjlntd un trjìnkufm emn fl puntl `lejl lhlom. Lf

bdspdrtlr dstd e`larl& pdrgjtd fjhdrlrsd bdf bmfmr y fl dnidrgdblb.

Bl pmbdr pdrsmnlf y iudrzl bd Ymfuntlb.

Dstì rdflejmnlbm emn df emntrmf bd fl jnbjvjbulfjblb y fl jntujejõn. Ds

tlghjên df e`larl qud nms bl df sdntjbm emgpfdtm bd sltjsileejõn.

Dstd edntrm sd meupl bd lugdntlr nudstrl kdndrmsjblb y nudstrl

plz jntdrjmr& y lf prmpjm tjdgpm sd dnelrkl bd kmhdrnlr bd fl imrgl

gìs emrrdetl tmbm fm gltdrjlf. Eulnbm pmr dstd e`larl ejreufl bd

imrgl ifujbl fl dndrkçl Aunblfjnj sd bdslrrmffl un sdntjbm jntdrnm bd

gmrlfjblb& bìnbmnms un emgpfdtm dqujfjhrjm dn fls tmbls fls iledtls

bd nudstrl vjbl& dn df elgjnm bd fl dvmfuejõn dspjrjtulf.






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2¿ ― Df Lnl`ltl'E`larl m Elrbjlem.

Emfmrds lsmejlbms df vdrbd y df rmsl& y sjknjijel ‗ sjn rmed‗ sjtulbm dn

fl rdkjõn bdf emrlzõn& sjtulbm dn df edntrm bdf eudrpm l fl lfturl bdf

dstdrnõn l njvdf bdf emrlzõn& emntrmfl êstd õrklnm y df sdntjbm bdf

tletm& dstì rdflejmnlbm emn df lgmr y fl emgplsjõn. Uu dfdgdntm ds

df Ljrd. Ud sjghmfjzl emn unl dstrdffl bd sdjs puntls. Dstd e`larl

bdslrrmffl df lgmr& fls rdflejmnds y fl lrgmnçl.

Dn df Lnl`ltl e`larl ds dn bmnbd rdsjbd df dspçrjtu bd nudstrm

vdrblbdrm sdr& bdsbd bmnbd sd glnjijdstln nudstrl emgplsjõn&

nudstrm lgmr& nudstrl sdkurjblb y fl emnijlnzl dn nmsmtrms gjsgms

y dn bmnbd sd bdslrrmffl nudstrm sdntjbm bd fl rdspmnslhjfjblb. Lf

ejreuflr pmr êf fl dndrkçl Aunblfjnj tmbms nudstrms tdgmrds y gjdbms

sd dsiugln.

4¿ ― Df Yjs`ubb`l'E`larl m bd fl Klrklntl.

Emfmr lsmejlbm df lzuf y sjknjijel purjijelejmn. Dstl sjtulbm l fl lfturl

bd fl klrklntl m dn fl hlsd bdf eudffm& bdhlom bd fl nudz bd Lbìn& sd

rdflejmnl emn df pfdxm flrçnkdm y ilrçnkdm y emn fl pjdf. Uu dfdgdntm

sutjf ds df Dtdr y su sçghmfm bdntrm bd un trjìnkufm hmel lhlom. Uu

hudn bdslrrmffm ilejfjtl df fdnkulod& fl emgunjelejmn y fl

lutmdxprdsjmn.






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Dstd e`larl nms lfjgdntl emn fl dndrkçl utjfjzlbl plrl emgunjelrnms

emn fms nudstrms sdgdolntds. Emn su hudn iunejmnlgjdntm

emnsdkujgms qud fls rdflejmnds emn fms bdgìs sdln emrrdetls y qud

pmblgms dxprdslr fls pdredpejmnds bd nudstrm e`larl bdf emrlzõn.

Df Yjs`ubb`l e`larl sd hfmqudl eulnbm tdndgms sdntjgjdntms bd

eufplhjfjblb m eulnbm eufplgms l mtrms.

9¿ ― Df Lonl'E`larl m bdf Rdredr Mom.

Emfmr lsmejlbm Lüjf Jnbjkm*& y sjknjijel pdrejhjr& emnmedr. Dstì

sjtulbm dntrd fls edols& dn fl hlsd bd fl irdntd. Dstì dn rdflejõn tlntm

emn fms moms emgm emn fl vjstl y fl vjsjõn jntdrjmr& fms sudüms y fl vjbl

psçqujel. Dstì rdflejmnlbm emn fl tdfdpltçl& fl eflrjvjbdnejl& fl

jntdfjkdnejl y fl slhjburçl.

Xdsjbd dn fl emnejdnejl. Ud fd rdprdsdntl gdbjlntd un fmtm bd bms

pêtlfms qud emntjdnd un trjìnkufm lf rdvês& dn euym jntdrjmr ijkurl df

sçghmfm MG bd fl vdrblb y fl emnejdnejl lhsmfutl. Lf bmgjnlr dstd

e`larl& sd lbqujdrd df bdspdrtlr bd fl emnejdnejl& jntujejmn y

slhjburjl.

Dstd edntrm sd dnelrkl bdf pdrbõn y bd emnvdrtjr nudstrl emnejdnejl

gdntlf pdnslntd dn emnejdnejl dspjrjtulf& emnsejdnejl qud nms sjtÿl

dn unl eulrtl bjgdnsjõn.






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Eulnbm dstd e`larl pdrglnded bdshfmqudlbm pmbdgms dntdnbdr df

vdrblbdrm sjknjijelbm bdf pdrbõn lf jkulf qud nms pdrgjtd sdr

emnsejdntds bdf blüm qud nms `led df rdnemr y df mbjm&

pdrgjtjênbmnms lsç vjvjr dn un dstlbm bd plz& lrgmnçl y lgmr&

dstlbm l fms qud tmbms lspjrlgms bdsbd nudstrm dspçrjtu.

;¿ ― Df Ul`lsrlrl'E`larl m bd fl Emrmnl

Emfmrds lsmejlbms df vjmfdtl& hflnem y bmrlbm. Dstì sjtulbm dn fl

plrtd supdrjmr bdf erìndm& emnmejbm emgm emrmnjffl& sd rdflejmnl emn

fls ileuftlbds gìs dfdvlbls bdf dspçrjtu. Ud fd fflgl df fmtm bd gjf

pêtlfms& yl qud Ul`lsrlrl sjknjijel ‖guftjpfjelbm pmr gjf‗ dn

sìnserjtm. Ds lsç emgm sd rdprdsdntl emn df MG dn df edntrm. Lf

letjvlr dstd e`larl sd ffdkl l tdndr unl suprl'emnejdnejl& un

emnmejgjdntm lhsmfutm& un krlbm bd idfjejblb suprdgl qud fd fjhdrl

bdijnjtjvlgdntd bd fl vjbl tdrrdstrd y bd sus emntjnkdnejls

gltdrjlfds. Ds fl emnejdnejl bd fl dspjrjtulfjblb.

Dn dstd e`larl emnifuydn fms sdjs e`larls rdstlntds& lntdrjmrgdntd

ejtlbms& emn tmbls sus eulfjblbds. Dn df Ul`lsrlrl e`larl sd jntdkrln

tmbms fms lspdetms bdf sdr y su bdshfmqudm nms emnbued l fl

suprdsjõn bd fls bulfjblbds& elusl prjnejplf bd nudstrm suirjgjdntm.

Slrl dfdvlr nudstrm njvdf bd emnejdnejl fl dndrkçl Aunblfjnj sd lhrd

plsm l ltrlvds bd tmbms fms e`larls.






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<3. MRXMU E@LAXLU JGSMXRLNRDU

Fms nlbjs smn elnlfds dndrkêtjems jnvjsjhfds qud rdemrrdn df eudrpm

içsjem& êstms sd dntrderuzln y dntrdtdodn imrglnbm unl lgpfjl rdb

bd dndrkçl. Eulnbm fms nlbjs sd emnedntrln dn un puntm imrgln fm

qud emnmedgms emgm e`larls. @ly sjdtd edntrms imelfds fmelfjzlbms

l fms flrkm bd fl emfugnl vdrtdhrlf `lstl fl emrmnjffl& smn fms qud

utjfjzlgms emn glymr irdeudnejl& pmr dffm smn emnsjbdrlbms

‖prjnejplfds‗. Ujn dghlrkm `ly gue`ms mtrms e`larls nm gdnms

jgpmrtlntds emnmejbms emgm ‖emgpfdgdntlrjms‗& qud lyubln d

jnifuydn dn fms prjnejplfds?


http://takiruna.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/0004.jpg





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<* E`larl bdf Rjgm& sd fmelfjzl dntrd fms e`larls bdf emrlzõn y fl

klrklntl. Ud fd emnmed tlghjên emgm emrlzõn supdrjmr& slkrlbm m

sderdtm. Gjdntrls df emrlzõn tjdnd qud vdr emn df lgmr pdrsmnlf& df

tjgm tjdnd qud vdr emn nudstrl emndxjõn pflndtlrjl& emn df lgmr

unjvdrslf& pmr dxedfdnejl ds e`larl bd fl plz y fl emgplsjõn. Lsç

emgm df emrlzõn nms emndetl emn mtrms dn df njvdf bd fms

sdntjgjdntms& df tjgm nms emndetl emn df rdstm bdf gunbm dn df njvdf

bd fl leejõn. Dstì rdflejmnlbm emn nudstrl elplejblb bd sdr fm qud

fflglgms Kudrrdrms bd fl fuz y bd fl Slz.

Fl plflhrl tjgm vjdnd bd unl rlçz krjdkl R`ygms& qud sjknjijel

gdntd& dspçrjtu m lfgl. Fl kfìnbufl bdf tjgm ds plrtd jgpmrtlntd bdf

sjstdgl jngunmfõkjem. Slrtjejpl dn df rdemnmejgjdntm bdf eudrpm bdfm qud ds plrtd bd êf y fm qud nm. Fl kfìnbufl ds krlnbd dn fms njüms

y sudfd dnemkdrsd eulnbm erdedgms.

Df bdslrrmffm bd fl kfìnbufl bdf tjgm y df sjstdgl jngund smn plrtd

bdf prmedsm bd bdspdrtlr bd emnejdnejl bd dstd e`larl. Emnimrgd sd

bdspjdrtl dn nmsmtrms& fl kfìnbufl bdf tjgm sd vudfvd gìs iudrtd& bd

tlf imrgl qud nudstrms eudrpms sdrìn elpleds bd tmfdrlr gue`m gìs

fls rdsudstls bdf dxtdrjmr.

8* E`larl Slfglr (bd fls Glnms*& sd fmelfjzln dn df edntrm bd fls

plfgls bd fls glnms. Ud vjneufln emn df emfmr hflnem m






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trlnsplrdntd& pmrqud vln l sdr fms emnbuetmrds bd fl dndrkçl bd fuz

m dndrkçl Xdjaj. Ds un e`larl qud elnlfjzl jntujtjvlgdntd fls

dntrlbls y slfjbls bd dndrkçl& êstl dntrl m ds rdejhjbl pmr fl glnm

jzqujdrbl y slfd m ds bjrjkjbl pmr fl glnm bdrde`l& dstm ÿftjgm

pudbd sdr tmglbm emgm rdidrdnejl plrl bjvdrsls lpfjelejmnds& yl

qud fl dndrkçl sd mrjdntl gdbjlntd df usm bd fl jntdnejõn.

Dstd e`larl sd rdflejmnl emn fl erdltjvjblb& fl lutm dxprdsjõn y fl

glndrls qud tmglgms emntletm emn df gunbm. Df e`larl plfglr

trlnsgjtd fl dndrkçl eurltjvl y rdejhd jnimrglejõn bdf unjvdrsm& smn

sdnsmrds bd krln lfelned& elnlfds bd jnimrglejõn y bd dndrkçl

vjhrltmrjl. Fl iunejõn bd dnvçm ds utjfjzlbm plrl `ledr plslr dndrkçl

eurltjvl& fl fjgpjdzl bd `lhjtlejmnds& fjgpjdzl m dselndm bdf lurl& flelrkl bd erjstlfds y mhodtms y emgm un elnlf bd dndrkçl bjvdrsms

ijnds& tlfds emgm fl hdnbjejõn& fl prmtdeejõn y df lkrlbdejgjdntm.

5* E`larl Smblf (bd fms Sjds*& sd fmelfjzln dn fl hlsd bd elbl pjd&

smn fms e`larls bd hlsd& fms qud nms glntjdndn emn fms pjds dn df

sudfm. Eulnbm dstlgms bdglsjlbms gdntlfds m emn dstrês ds

pmrqud nmrglfgdntd fms e`larls bd fms pjds dstìn sjn dndrkçl

irçms*. Df emfmr bd fms E`larls bd fms pjds ds df ndkrm y df l`uglbm

dselfl bd krjsds pmr dodgpfm*& yl qud df ndkrm ds fl sugl bd tmbms

fms emfmrds y ds hudnm plrl lyublr l qud fl pdrsmnl vudfvl l






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lbqujrjr sdkurjblb dn sç gjsgl& pjslr emn ijrgdzl y slhdr fm qud sd

qujdrd.

Dstd e`larl sd rdflejmnln emn fl glndrl dn qud tmelgms fl tjdrrl y

nms gmvdgms pmr nudstrls vjbls bd leudrbm l fl rdlfjblb& bd imrgl

ijrgd y emnerdtl dnrljzlbl l tjdrrl*.

2* E`larl bdf hlzm& uhjelbm dntrd dn df flbm jzqujdrbm bdf eudrpm&

dntrd df e`larl elrbjlem y df e`rlarl bdf pfdxm. Iunejmnl emgm unl

lrgmnjzlbmr jntdrnm bd fl dndrkçl y un dqujfjhrlntd. Gjdntrls mtrms

e`larls tjdndn iudrtds slfjbls bd dndrkçl& df e`larl bdf hlzm ltrld

dndrkçl eõsgjel& lsç ds qud td pudbd jntdrdslr sjntmnjzlrtd emn êf y

lhrjrfm eulnbm ndedsjtds gìs dndrkçl& bd imrgl qud sjdntls qud fl

dstìs rdspjrlnbm l trlvês bd dstd puntm.

4* E`larl trlnspdrsmnlf. Lfkunms iudntds jnbjeln qud df sêtjgm

e`larl ds sõfm un pudntd l mtrms supdrjmrds fmelfjzlbms pmr dnejgl

bd fl elhdzl& gìs lffì bdf eudrpm içsjem. Tnm bd êstms sd emnmed

emgm puntm trlnspdrsmnlf m ‖dstrdffl‗. Emnimrgd sd fmkrl unl

emndxjõn emn êstd e`larl& nms gmvdgms l unl emnejdnejl dn fl qud

yl nm dxjstd fl bulfjblb qud nms emndetl emn tmbms fms gunbms y

bjgdnsjmnds. Dstd e`larl& jkulf qud df e`larl bdf tjgm& rlrl vdz dstì

blülbm& sjnm gìs hjdn nm dstì bdspjdrtm. Lsç qud sdrì jgpmrtlntd

sjntmnjzlrtd emn êf fudkm bd emnmedr fms ; e`larls prjnejplfds.






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9* E`larls bd lrtjeuflejmnds& tmbls fls emyunturls bdf eudrpm tjdndn

e`larls y sd rdflejmnln emn fl ifdxjhjfjblb& eulnbm unl pdrsmnl tjdnd

prmhfdgls emn sus lrtjeuflejmnds dstì rdflejmnlbm emn fl rjkjbdz dn

lfkÿn njvdf bd fl emnejdnejl. Rdndgms e`larls bdsbd fl elhdzl l fms

pjds? `mghrms& embms& guüdels& lrtjeuflejmnds bd fms bdbms&

elbdrls& rmbjffls& tmhjffms y bdbms bd fms pjds. Dstms smn e`larls gìs

pdqudüms& pdrm pudbds utjfjzlr fls gjsgls têenjels emn dffms `lstl

qud tu eudrpm dntdrm hrjffd bd fuz.

;* Mtrms e`larls jgpmrtlntds?

' Bd fms moms& qud letÿl smhrd df e`larl emrmnlrjm y bdf tdredr mom&

lpmrtìnbmfds dndrkçl. Jntdrvjdnd bjrdetlgdntd smhrd fms moms y

smhrd fl pdredpejõn bd fl vjsjõn& bd vdr df plslbm.

' Mçbms& qud jntdrvjdnd pmtdnejlnbm fl vmfuntlb& dqujfjhrjm y tmbms

fms õrklnms bdf eudrpm. Fl mrdol ds un glpl `mfmkrìijem bdf eudrpm

`uglnm.

' Ujdnds& eflrjijel y dqujfjhrl lghms `dgjsidrjms edrdhrlfds. Df

Jzqujdrbm ds df qud emrrdspmnbd l fm rlejmnlf& lnlfçtjem y

dsqudgìtjem1 y df bdrde`m ds df erdltjvm& lrtçstjem y kfmhlfjzlbm.

' Nuel& trlhlol smhrd fls tdrgjnlfds ndrvjmsls& dstjgufìnbmfms& dnvçl

dstçgufms pfledntdrms lf edrdhrm y letÿl lf njvdf gdbuflr.






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' @mghrms& pmsjejõn hlflnedlbmrl bd fls dndrkçls glseufjnls y

idgdnjnls ylnk y yjn*.

' Lxjfls& sd utjfjzl dn plejdntds emn hlols bdidnsls d `jpdrtdnsjõn.

' @çklbm y Ydsçeufl& puntms qud bjsudfvdn fl eõfdrl& df dnmom y rlhjl

qud fudkm lidetln fls iunejmnds bd dstms õrklnms.

' Sìnerdls& tlghjên sd usl dn dnidrgdblbds gdtlhõfjels

bjlhdtds*& dnidrgdblb qud tjdnd qud vdr emn df bdsdqujfjhrjm dn df

bjsirutd bd fl vjbl.

' Mvlrjms y prõstltl? Dn fl guodr lyubl l bjsgjnujr fls prdsjmnds y

bmfmrds prd'gdnstrulfds. Dn df `mghrd bdsjniflgl y letjvl su

erdltjvjblb.

' Xmbjffls& êstl pmsjejõn lrgmnjzl& ifdxjhjfjzl y dqujfjhrl içsjel y

gdntlfgdntd lf plejdntd.

' Rmhjffms& lyubl l dnrljzlr& prmbued sdkurjblb y lpmym jntdrnm.

' Dsplfbl& puntm bmnbd elrklgms nudstrls prdmeuplejmnds&

lnkustjls& trjstdzls y bmfmrds.

' Sufgmnds& puntm lsmejlbm l nudstrls imrgls bd vjbl. Xdspjrlgms

bd fl gjsgl imrgl dn qud vjvjgms.






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' Xjümnds& sdbd bd fms gjdbms. Rmbms fms sdntjgjdntms lsmejlbms l fl

vdrködnzl y l fms irlelsms jnilntjfds.

' Xdkjõn Fughlr& jnsdkurjblb l njvdf ijnlnejdrm& ilftl bd emnijlnzl

dn fms prmedsms unjvdrslfds bd fl lhunblnejl.

<<. RXLHLOM BD YJUTLFJ_LEJÕN SLXL LXGMNJ_LX FMU E@LAXLU

Uj yl tjdnds jbdl bd emgm rdflolrtd pmntd eõgmbm& emgm prdijdrls&

sdntlbm& rdemstlbm m plrlbm. Ejdrrl fms moms y emgjdnzl l rdspjrlr

prmiunblgdntd pmr fm gdnms unls ejnem vdeds& bd glndrl qud tu

eudrpm sd rdflol plufltjnlgdntd.

L`mrl jglkjnl tu prjgdr e`lerl& e`lerl rlçz Ud dneudntrl dn fl

hlsd bd fl emfugnl df pdrjndm& puntm uhjelbm dntrd df lnm y fms

õrklnms sdxulfds* jglkjnl qud dn êstl zmnl ifmtl unl dsidrl bd

erjstlf bd emfmr rmom& gçrlfl hjdn& pudbd qud tdnkl lfkunls glne`ls

gìs bd emfmr rmom gìs mseurls m jnefusm qud dstd tmbl bd un emfmr

rmom guy mseurm& sj ds lsç jglkjnl qud unl fuz hflnel sd dnejdnbd dn

df edntrm bd fl dsidrl y dgpjdzl l dxplnbjrsd pmr tmbl df ìrdl

ffdnlnbm fl dsidrl bd erjstlf bd fuz& `lejênbmfl elbl vdz bd un emfmr

rmom hrjfflntd& rdspjrl prmiunbl y fdntlgdntd. L`mrl mhsdrvl fl

dsidrl emn un emfmr rmom erjstlfjnm hrjfflntd.






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Xdspjrl prmiunbm trds vdeds. Z emntjnÿl emn df prõxjgm e`lerl.

Jglkjnl tu sdkunbm e`lerl& e`lerl slerm kdnjtlfds y gltrjz. Ud

dneudntrl bms bdbms pmr bdhlom bdf mghfjkm* jglkjnl qud dn êstl

zmnl ifmtl unl dsidrl bd erjstlf bd emfmr lnlrlnlolbm& gçrlfl hjdn&

pudbd qud tdnkl lfkunls glne`ls gìs bd emfmr lnlrlnolbm gìs

mseurls m jnefusm qud dstd tmbl bd un emfmr lnlrlnolbm guy mseurm&

sj ds lsç jglkjnl qud unl fuz hflnel sd dnejdnbd dn df edntrm bd fl

dsidrl y dgpjdzl l dxplnbjrsd pmr tmbl df ìrdl ffdnlnbm fl dsidrl bd

erjstlf bd fuz& `lejênbmfl elbl vdz bd un emfmr lnlrlnlolbm hrjfflntd&

rdspjrl prmiunbl y fdntlgdntd. L`mrl mhsdrvl fl dsidrl emn un emfmr

lnlrlnolbm erjstlfjnm hrjfflntd.


Jglkjnl tu tdredr e`lerl& e`lerl pfdxm smflr Umhrd df mghfjkm&

bdhlom bdf pde`m* jglkjnl qud dn êstl zmnl ifmtl unl dsidrl bd

erjtlf bd emfmr lglrjffm& gçrlfl hjdn& pudbd qud tdnkl lfkunls

glne`ls gìs bdemfmr lglrjffm gìs mseurls m jnefusm qud dstd tmbl

bd un emfmr lglrjffm guy mseurm& sj ds lsç jglkjnl qud unl fuz

hflnel sd dnejdnbd dn df edntrm bd fl dsidrl y dgpjdzl l dxplnbjrsd

pmr tmbl df ìrdl ffdnlnbm fl dsidrl bd erjstlf bd fuz& `lejênbmfl elbl

vdz bd un emfmr lglrjffm hrjfflntd& rdspjrl prmiunbl y fdntlgdntd.






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L`mrl mhsdrvl fl dsidrl emn un emfmr lglrjffm qud hrjffl emgm un

smf.


L`mrl jglkjnl tu eulrtm e`lerl& e`lerl bdf emrlzõn edntrm bdf

pde`m* jglkjnl qud dn êstl zmnl ifmtl unl dsidrl bd erjstlf bd emfmr

vdrbd& gçrlfl hjdn& pudbd qud tdnkl lfkunls glne`ls gìs

bd emfmr vdrbd gìs mseurls m jnefusm qud dstd tmbl bd un emfmr

vdrbd guy mseurm& sj ds lsç jglkjnl qud unl fuz hflnel sd dnejdnbd

dn df edntrm bd fl dsidrl y dgpjdzl l dxplnbjrsd pmr tmbl df ìrdl

ffdnlnbm fl dsidrl bd erjstlf bd fuz& `lejênbmfl elbl vdz bd

un emfmr vdrbd hrjfflntd& rdspjrl prmiunbl y fdntlgdntd. L`mrl

mhsdrvl fl dsidrl emn unemfmr vdrbd erjstlfjnm hrjfflntd y sjdntd

emgm tu emrlzmn sd ffdnl bd un elfmr dsm ds lgmr*.



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L`mrl jglkjnl tu qujntm e`lerl& e`lerl bd fl klrklntl klrklntl*

jglkjnl qud dn êstl zmnl ifmtl unl dsidrl bd erjstlf bd emfmr lzuf

eflrm& gçrlfl hjdn& pudbd qud tdnkl lfkunls glne`ls gìs

bd emfmr lzuf gìs mseurls m jnefusm qud dstd tmbl bd

un emfmr lzuf guy mseurm& sj ds lsç jglkjnl qud unl fuz hflnel sd

dnejdnbd dn df edntrm bd fl dsidrl y dgpjdzl l dxplnbjrsd pmr tmbl

df ìrdl ffdnlnbm fl dsidrl bd erjstlf bd fuz& `lejênbmfl elbl vdz bd

un emfmr lzuf hrjfflntd& rdspjrl prmiunbl y fdntlgdntd. L`mrl

mhsdrvl fl dsidrl emn un emfmr lzuf erjstlfjnm hrjfflntd.


L`mrl jglkjnl tu sdxtm e`lerl& e`lerl bdf tdredr mom gdbjm bd fms

bms moms* jglkjnl qud dn êstl zmnl ifmtl unl dsidrl bd erjstlf

bd emfmr jnbjkm lzuf mseurm*& gçrlfl hjdn& pudbd qud tdnkl lfkunls

glne`ls gìs bdemfmr jnbjkm gìs mseurls m jnefusm qud dstd tmbl bd

un emfmr jnbjkm guy mseurm& sj ds lsç jglkjnl qud unl fuz hflnel sd

dnejdnbd dn df edntrm bd fl dsidrl y dgpjdzl l dxplnbjrsd pmr tmbl

df ìrdl ffdnlnbm fl dsidrl bd erjstlf bd fuz& `lejênbmfl elbl vdz bd

un emfmr jnbjkm hrjfflntd& rdspjrl prmiunbl y fdntlgdntd. L`mrl

mhsdrvl fl dsidrl emn un emfmr jnbjkm erjstlfjnm hrjfflntd.







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L`mrl jglkjnl tu sdptjgm e`lerl& e`lerl bd fl emrmnjffl emrmnjffl*

jglkjnl qud dn êstl zmnl ifmtl unl dsidrl bd erjstlf bd emfmr vjmfdtl&

gçrlfl hjdn& pudbd qud tdnkl lfkunls glne`ls gìs bd emfmr

vjmfdtl gìs mseurls m jnefusm qud dstd tmbl bd un emfmr vjmfdtl guy

mseurm& sj ds lsç jglkjnl qud unl fuz hflnel sd dnejdnbd dn df edntrm

bd fl dsidrl y dgpjdzl l dxplnbjrsd pmr tmbl df ìrdl ffdnlnbm fl

dsidrl bd erjstlf bd fuz& `lejênbmfl elbl vdz bd un emfmr vjmfdtl

hrjfflntd& rdspjrl prmiunbl y fdntlgdntd. L`mrl mhsdrvl fl dsidrl

emn un emfmr vjmfdtl erjstlfjnm hrjfflntd. Emgjdnzl l sdntjrtd gìs

dqujfjhrlbm& ffdnm bd lgmr y slhjburçl.

Xdspjrl ejnem vdeds prmiunblgdntd. Z vd rdemhrlnbm fl emnejdnejl

bdf fuklr bmnbd dstls y lhrd tus moms pmem l pmem.






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GÕBTFM 8

EMUGMYJUJÕN LNBJNL ― XDJAJ LNBJNM






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Fdeturl

½\TÊ DU DPLERLGDNRD ‖FM LNBJNM‗= (Glr. 83<<*

Smr Lrnlfbm \ujspd


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U dglnls ltrìs eulnbm emgplrtç df eudntm ‖Df Emfjhrç bd Nlzel‗&

lfkunm bd gjs emntletms iledhmma& supudstlgdntd dntdnbdbmr bd fl eufturllnbjnl rdpfjeõ gj eudntm emgm sj sd trltlsd bd unl tdmrçl ejdntçijelrdhltjhfd& emgm sj df lrtd erdltjvm m pmpuflr pubjdrln sdr mhodtm bdeudstjmnlgjdntm ejdntçijem... Dstm gd pdrgjtjõ rdlfjzlr unl rdifdxjõn. Bdsbdfudkm& bdgìs dstì dxpfjelr qud fms rdeursms qud nms mirded jntdrndt m iledhmma dn dstd elsm pdrgjtdn pmndr lf lfelned bd un efjea lf usulrjm gìsjneõknjtm m bdsemnmejbm& gue`ms usulrjms bd dstd gmbm lbqujdrdn pdrsmnlfjblb prmpjl gdbjlntd fl wdh y bd glndrl vjrtulf plrtjejplnletjvlgdntd bd dstl krln emgunjblb kfmhlfjzlntd. Ds tmbm un bdrde`mlbqujrjbm d jnbjseutjhfd& lgên bd fl gmbdrnjblb bd fms tdgpms.

Fls pdrsmnls qud bd unl u mtrl glndrl lpmrtlgms emn nudstrldxpdrjdnejl y emnmejgjdntm gue`ls vdeds smgms mhodtm bd erçtjels bd tmbmtjpm& emnstruetjvls m bdstruetjvls& `lstl jnsuftms prmvdnjdntds dn lfkunmselsms bd oõvdnds jntmfdrlntds& pdrm prmpjms bd unl nudvl kdndrlejõnejhdrnìutjel m dn df pdmr bd fms elsms bd pdrsmnls& qud fdoms bd lpmrtlr un krlnjtm bd lrdnl sd bdbjeln l gmbm prmidsjmnlf bd bdselfjijelr l fmsbdgìs. Bd `de`m& fls rdbds pÿhfjels lbgjtdn fl erçtjel sdl bd unl plrtd mbd mtrl& smn fls rdkfls bd oudkm& pmr dffm fl wdh ds fl sugl bd tmbls flsdxprdsjmnds vjrtulfds& unl ejhdr'eufturl hlslbl dn df fjhrd lfhdbrçm& emn`drrlgjdntls wdh bjspudstls y lf lfelned bd tmbms.

Emn df plslr bdf tjdgpm& df dgpfdm bd fms rdeursms bd fl wdh sd `l

vudftm plrtd bd fl vjbl& êstms nms pdrgjtdn emntletlr emn emgunjblbds mrdbds smejlfds lijnds d jbdntjijelr (dvjtlr* lqudffms emntletms emnsjbdrlbmsnm lprmpjlbms& qud tdnbrìn qud huselr sus prmpjms elnlfds bd dxprdsjõn. Dn fms ÿftjgms lüms fms rdeursms bd fls rdbds smejlfds nms dstìn pdrgjtjdnbmdfdkjr gdomr l nudstrms emntletms y `ly gdomrds rdkfls dn eulntm l fl prjvlejblb y fl prdvdnejõn bd emntletms jnbdsdlbms. Lgên pmr dffm.

Sdrm dstd nm ds df elsm bd dstd rdfltm'lrtçeufm. Fm qud qudrçl

emgdntlr y pmr fm gjsgm dxtdnbdr fl rdspudstl l fl prdkuntl bd ½quê






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rdprdsdntl ‖fm lnbjnm‗ dn fl letulfjblb=. Dstd lpmrtd `l sjbm gmtjvlbm

prdejslgdntd pmr lfkunls bd dsls erçtjels qud eudstjmnln df mrjkdn lnbjnm

bd gjs eudntms dxpudstm emn lntdrjmrjblb. L gj gmbm bd vdr `ly unl glslerçtjel dnmrgd qud sd gdzefl& qud erdl emniusjõn y gjfds bd lutmijfmsmijlsbjspdrsls& qud `my l gmbm bjvdrsm lpuntln l un smfm mhodtjvm dntrd fms pdrulnms? fl hÿsqudbl bd fls rlçeds bd fl nlejõn lnbjnl& df dneudntrm emnfl jbdntjblb nlejmnlf.

@ly pmsjejmnds bd tmbm tjpm& bdsbd fms gìs defêptjems y lhjdrtms bd pdnslgjdntm& `lstl fms gìs edrrlbms m iunblgdntlfjstls. Fls prjgdrls

pmsjejmnds prmpmndn dn emnountm dxpmndr fl eufturl lnbjnl ymeejbdntlfjzlrfl emn fl mnbl bd fl gmbdrnjblb& df fjhdrlfjsgm y fl kfmhlfjzlejõn. Dn dstd elsm& tmbm fm qud dxjstd pudbd sdr mhodtm bdf gdrelbm& bdf elpjtlfjsgm y turjsgm bd glsls. Fls mtrls gìs edrrlblslpuntln l un nlejmnlfjsgm rdjnvjnbjeltmrjm dn fl tmgl bd emntletm emn fmsvlfmrds eufturlfds emnkdflbms bdsbd `led 433 lüms& eulnbm df dntdrmemntjndntd iuê jnvlbjbm pmr fls pmtdnejls lhsmfutjstls durmpdls prdbmgjnlntds dn lqudffms sjkfms& fm eulf jgpfjelrçl rderdlr df

tlwlntjnsuym emgm nlejõn'jgpdrjm y l plrtjr bd lffç& tmbls susglnjidstlejmnds ̀ uglnls.

Smr gj plrtd y l gmbm pdrsmnlf& gd pdrgjtm dxpmndr unl tdredrlmpejõn nm tln dnemntrlbl& elutl y edntrlfjstl. \ud lbgjtd jnjejltjvls bdlghls plrtds pdrm qud dn iunblgdntm jntdntl rdvlfmrlr tmbms fms rdeursmslnbjnms plslbms y prdsdntds emgm un smfm vlfmr pln'lnbjnm unjvdrslf. Bddstd gmbm& fm lnbjnm sdrçl fl dxprdsjõn y rdsuftlbm bd tmbm fm dxjstdntd& sjn

dxefusjõn lfkunl. Sdrm qud tdnbrçl trds krlnbds imems m iudntds `jstõrjelsgmnugdntlfds?

DF FDKLBM SXD'JNEL. Smr tmbms ds emnmejbm qud lntds bdf surkjgjdntm bdf krln Jgpdrjm Jnel& dxjstçln krlnbds imems bdejvjfjzlejõn prdvjl qud bltln bd 4333 lüms ltrìs. Bdsbd Elrlf&E`lvçn& Slrlels& Gme`d& Nlzel& Rjl`ulnlem& [lrj& E`le`lpmyls y fms E`lnels dntrd fls gìs jgpmrtlntds. Dstls eufturls prdsdntln

un fdklbm gmnugdntlf jnndklhfd y sjrvjdrmn bd hlsd plrl fl






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prmspdrjblb bdf Jgpdrjm Jnal. Umn eultrm gjfdnjms bd `jstmrjl y prdsdnejl eufturlf Srd'Jnel qud fms lutmrds emntdgpmrìndms

bjvjbdn dn `mrjzmntd eufturlf tdgprlnm& gdbjm y tlrbçm. DF FDKLBM BD FL ETFRTXL JNEL. Fms Jnels smn df puntm

bd rdidrdnejl pmr dxedfdnejl& smn df pdrideejmnlgjdntm bd tmbls flsglnjidstlejmnds eufturlfds prdvjls& imrolrmn un dstlbm glermunjijelnbm krln plrtd bdf emntjndntd sublgdrjelnm& qudemgprdnbd fms letulfds tdrrjtmrjms bd pljsds emgm Deulbmr& Sdrÿ& Hmfjvjl y plrtd bd Emfmghjl& E`jfd y Lrkdntjnl. Fl elpjtlf iudEusem (\msqm*& plflhrl qude`ul qud sjknjijel mghfjkm& puds plrl

fms Jnels df Eusem rdprdsdntlhl df mghfjkm bdf Rlwlntjnsuym& dsbdejr df edntrm bd fls eultrm krlnbds rdkjmnds bdf Jgpdrjm Jnel. Udfl emnsjbdrl emn krlbm bd ejvjfjzlejõn pmr sus lvlneds dn fm smejlf& pmfçtjem'gjfjtlr& dstlbm& demnmgçl& emgunjelejmnds& lrtds yrdfjkjõn. Df lpmkdm Jnal emgm eufturl dspdeçijel eudntl dn su`lhdr emn trds sjkfms bd dxprdsjõn? bdsbd df sjkfm PJJJ `lstl sujntdrrupejõn dn df sjkfm PYJ emn fl ffdklbl bd fms dsplümfds.

DF FDKLBM BDF DNETDNRXM ETFRTXLF . Emn fl

prdsdnejl `jspìnjel bdsbd df sjkfm PYJ meurrd unl sudrtd bdgdzefl dntrd eufturls& dn bmnbd fl tmtlfjblb bd dfdgdntms êtnjems y sus glnjidstlejmnds dntrln dn unl ilsd bd lsjgjflejõn bd un nudvm`mrjzmntd eufturlf& dsm sç& sjn bdolr bd flbm df prmpjm gmbdfm bd pdnslr& emstughrds m dxprdsjmnds lnbjnls. Df pmhflbmr lnbjnm pjdrbd fl `dkdgmnçl pmfçtjel'smejlf bdf Jgpdrjm& dstd plsl l sdr emfmnjl y dn lbdflntd sdrçl kmhdrnlbm prjgdrm pmr fl emrtd`jspìnjel vjrrdynlf rdprdsdntlbl y fudkm pmr fl lrjstmerlejl

erjmffl bdsednbjdntd dn su glymrçl bd dsl eflsd bmgjnlntd. Bdsbdfl emnqujstl bdf Jgpdrjm dn df sjkfm PYJ& sd eudntln dn lbdflntdejnem sjkfms bd jnifudnejl dxtrlnodrl& bd un prmedsm bdtrlnseufturlfjzlejõn y sjnerdtjsgm rdfjkjmsm& qud `my pmr `my sdglnjijdstl dn plrlfdfm iusjmnlbls l fls dxprdsjmnds eufturlfdslutõetmnls bdf pmhflbmr lnbjnm. Dsl ds fl rdlfjblb letulf kustd mnm.






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Dn fl letulfjblb& ds emgÿnedfdhrlr tmbm tjpm bd ijdstls

trlbjejmnlfds lnbjnls emn fl prdsdnejl bd gÿftjpfds dfdgdntms&dntrd fms eulfds sd emntdgpflnedfdhrlejmnds rdfjkjmsls eltõfjelsmijejlfds y sjguftìndlgdntd flserddnejls y rdspdtm `lejl fl ple`lglgl (glbrd tjdrrl y bdf

eõsgms*. Df prmedsm bd gdstjzlod ffdkõ l su kdndrlfjzlejõn ijnlf dn ejnem

sjkfms bd `jstmrjl& dntrderuzlnbm fjnlods ilgjfjlrds bd nmrtd l sur& bd sur lnmrtd& bd dstd l mdstd y mdstd l dstd& bd elntm l elntm& emn fl emnsdeudntdlbqujsjejõn bd sjstdgls bd jbdntjijelejõn pdrsmnlf meejbdntlf& qudemgprdnbd nmghrds y lpdffjbms qude`uls& lyglrls d `jspìnjems. Ds emgÿndnemntrlr lpdffjbms (fjnlod* gdzeflbms pmr unl plrtd emn \ujspd& Glglnj&Emnbmrelnquj& @ulgìn bd mrjkdn qude`ul& emn lpdffjbms mrjkjnlrjms`jspìnjems emgm Budüls& Elstjffl& Kmnzlfdz& Slrdbds& Xdìtdkuj& dte.

Uj emgm nlejõn letulf& nm smgms elpleds bd pdrbmnlr flsltrmejblbds bdf plslbm& emnbdnlgms l nudstrls iuturls kdndrlejmnds lvjvjr dn rdsdntjgjdntm pdrglndntd. Dstms tjdgpms smn tjdgpms bdrdemnejfjlejõn. Nm gd jglkjnm un dstlbm qud rdtrmedbl ejnem sjkfms bd`jstmrjl plrl rdtmglr lqudffm imrolbm pmr df Jgpdrjm Jnel& plrl dffm tdnbrçlqud rdgmvdrsd fl tjdrrl unl y mtrl vdz& `lstl rdstlhfdedr unl purdzleufturlf qud df pmhflbmr lnbjnm tlrblrçl mtrms ejnem sjkfms dn jbdntjijelr. Dstl pmsjejõn qujgêrjel d jntdrdslbl bd lfkunms fçbdrds dspjrjtulfds

lutmbdnmgjnlbms `drdbdrms bdf fjnlod rdlf jnal& lfdol fls pmsjhjfjblbds bdunl emgunjõn ijnlf bd jbdls& eufturl y erddnejls. Gd gdrded gue`m rdspdtmfl erddnejl bdf rdtmrnm bdf Jnel emgm dstlbjstl (Ulpl Jnel*& puds dsm sdndedsjtl prdejslgdntd plrl kmhdrnlr un plçs unjbm dn tdrrjtmrjm& pdrmbjvjbjbm dn jntdrdsds& prdoujejms y lpdkms. Fms gjtms emgm Jnalrrj y df rdtmrnm bdf jnal bdhdn sdr tmglbms emgm dxprdsjõn bd un sjghmfjsgmgìkjem'rdfjkjmsm qud lyubd l dfdvlr df dstlbm bd emnejdnejl y njvdf eufturlf bd un plçs emgm df nudstrm. Lpdfm l dffm& y smy un emnvdnejbm qud fl tlrdl

bd mrjdntlr l fls iuturls kdndrlejmnds emn un fdnkulod bd plz& lrgmnçl y


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lgmr rdeçprmem (lynj'gunly*& vl bd fl glnm emn df Lffjn Alwsly (hudnvjvjr* bdf pmhflbmr lnbjnm& qud bjsirutl bd su emntdxtm lÿn dn dstlbms bd

pmhrdzl gltdrjlf lhsmfutl.

Fl tdredrl iudrzl bd rdsurkjgjdntm bdf pdnslgjdntm lnbjnm jgpfjeldn prìetjel rdutjfjzlr fls dnsdülnzls y df fdklbm `jstõrjem bd tmbls flseufturls `lstl l`mrl dxjstdntds. Ujn dxefusjõn. \ud pdrgjtl qud df pmhflbmr bd fms Lnbds pudbl `ledr sdntjr su plflhrl& gmbm bd pdnslr y vdr df gunbm& emn fl gìs lgpfjl fjhdrtlb. Z emgplrtjr lsç& su eufturl tlf y emgmfd `l sjbm dbuelbl l njvdf kdndrlejmnlf. Dn meejbdntd& `ly unl emrrjdntd bd

jntdrês dnmrgd dn emnmedr fls erddnejls& emstughrds& rjtulfds lnedstrlfds ygmbm bd vjbl bd nudstrms pudhfms mrjkjnlrjms. Dn dstd lspdetm `ly qud sdr eujblbmsms dn blr df emnmejgjdntm l pdrsmnls qud sd lgdrjtln lprdnbdr. Dstm tjdnd qud vdr emn df sdntjgjdntm bd fm slkrlbm ([lel*& pmr df eulf gue`ms lspdetms bdhdn sdr eujblbmslgdntd rdsdrvlbms plrl gdntds prdplrlbls& bd gmbm tlf qud dn edrdgmnjls dn bmnbd sd mirdnbl l fl tjdrrlm sd eurl& `ly qud mhsdrvlr qud dxjstl un elghjm dvjbdntd bd plrlbjkglgdntlf& df elghjm dn dsd sdntjbm ds unl emnvdrsjõn m flvlbm bd edrdhrm&

sjnm gìs hjdn df dntdnbjgjdntm lutêntjem y `mfçstjem bdf emntdxtm. @ly quddvjtlr qud pdrsmnls jndserupufmsls dxpmrtdn fms rjtulfds y edrdgmnjls bdeurlejõn lutõetmnls emn df emnvdnjdntd jntdrês bd fuerlrsd pmr dffm& flnudvl drl ds un gdrelbm gunbjlf kjklntdsem lftdrnltjvm qud dstì gmvjdnbmgÿftjpfds rdeursms demnõgjems. @ly qud prdejslgdntd `ledr qud sd klrlntjed qud fms emnmejgjdntms gçstjems y trlbjejmnlfds lnedstrlfds sdtrlnsgjtln l pdrsmnls qud pmr rdejprmejblb dntdnbdgms qud fm vln lutjfjzlr dn hjdn bd fl `uglnjblb. Smr dffm& bdeflrm lhjdrtlgjdntd qud dxjstd

unl tdredrl iudrzl qud husel fl lrgmnçl& df pdrbõn y df hjdndstlr guy fdomsbd fl bjvjsjõn& df lpdkm y fl ilftl bd lgmr. Smr dffm& `drglnms `ly gue`m pmr `ledr& pdrm tmbm emgjdnzl emn df prjgdr plsm. Dstd prjgdr plsm yl sd`l blbm. IJN.






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ELSJRTFM 5? EMUGMYJUJÕN LNBJNL

<. EMUGMYJUJÕN LNBJNL? TN SLXLBJKGL GJFDNLXJM

Slrl fms lnbjnms df gunbm ds unl tmtlfjblb vjvl. Df tmbm ds gìs qud

fl sugl bd fls plrtds& pmr dnbd nm sd emgprdnbd l fls plrtds

sdplrlbls bdf tmbm& eulfqujdr dvdntm sd dntjdnbd jngdrsm bdntrm bd

fms bdgìs y bmnbd elbl plrtd rdifdol df tmbm `mfmkrliçl lnbjnl*.

Dstd gunbm çntdkrm& jntdnsm y vjvm ds emnedptulbm emgm sj iudrl un

lnjglf& sdgdolntd l un pugl elplz bd rdleejmnlr emn jnusjtlbl

ijdrdzl eulnbm sd fd lkrdbd. Fl tmtlfjblb ds fl emfdetjvjblb nlturlf m

Sle`l1 emgprdnbd lf emnountm bd emgunjblbds vjvls& bjvdrsls y

vlrjlhfds& elbl unl bd fls eulfds l su vdz rdprdsdntl lf Rmbm.

Dstl tmtlfjblb dstì emnimrglbl pmr fl emgunjblb nlturlf

pfurjdemfõkjel emnstjtujbl pmr df sudfm& efjgl& lkul& lnjglfds&

pflntls y tmbm df pljslod dn kdndrlf& pmr fl emgunjblb `uglnl

guftjêtnjel qud emgprdnbd l fms bjidrdntds pudhfms qud vjvdn dn

fms Lnbds y pmr fl emgunjblb bd bdjblbds tdfÿrjels y edfdstds& l

qujdnds sd fds emnedbd df elrìetdr bd ‖[lel‗ (‖fuklr slkrlbm‗*& dn

df sdntjbm bd tdndrfds glymr rdspdtm& pmr `lhdr vjvjbm y vjstm

gue`m gìs y pmr `lhdr lemgplülbm l nudstrms lnedstrms& pmrqud

nms lemgplül y lemgplülrì l fms `joms bd nudstrms `joms. Dstls

emgunjblbds sd dneudntrln rdflejmnlbls l trlvês bd un emntjnum y






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letjvm bjìfmkm& rdejprmejblb y didetjvl rdbjstrjhuejõn. Elbl

emgunjblb ds dqujvlfdntd l eulfqujdr mtrl1 tmbls tjdndn df gjsgm

vlfmr& njnkunl vlfd gìs y pmr fm tlntm tmbls smn jgpmrtlntds&

gdrdedn rdspdtm y emnsjbdrlejõn& dn fl emnedpejõn lnbjnl dstm sd

dxprdsl eulnbm sd rdemnmed qud tmbm ds slkrlbm& ds slkrlbl fl

tjdrrl& fms edrrms& Lpus& Le`le`jfls& [lglnçs& Luqujs*& fls dstrdffls&

df smf& fl funl& df rlym& fls pjdbrls& nudstrms gudrtms& fms rçms&

glnlntjlfds (‖puqujms‗*& flkunls& fms sdrds `uglnms vjvms& fms

lnjglfds y fls pflntls& nm sõfm fls euftjvlbls sjnm tlghjên fls

sjfvdstrds.

Rmbms qujdnds dxjstdn dn df gunbm lnbjnm smn emgm smgms

nmsmtrms gjsgms y smn nudstrms lgjkms. Emn dffms nmslemgplülgms& emn dffms emnvdrslgms d jntdrletulgms. Fds

emntlgms fm qud nms plsl y nms bln emnsdoms1 y tlghjên dffms nms

eudntln fm suym y emniçln dn nmsmtrms. Rrltlgms emn elbl unm bd

dffms bd pdrsmnl l pdrsmnl& emnvdrslgms emn dffms elrl l elrl.

Rmbm eulntm dxjstd dn df gunbm lnbjnm ds vjvm. Nm sõfm df `mghrd&

fms lnjglfds y fls pflntls sjnm tlghjên fls pjdbrls& fms rçms& fms

edrrms y tmbm fm bdgìs. Dn df gunbm lnbjnm nm dxjstd lfkm jndrtd?

tmbm tjdnd vjbl. Jkulf qud nmsmtrms tmbms plrtjejpln dn fl krln ijdstl

bd fl vjbl? tmbms emgdn& tmbms budrgdn& tmbms blnzln& tmbms

elntln? tmbms vjvdn l pfdnjtub.






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8. FL SLE@LGLGL

Fls erddnejls ledrel bd fl ple`lglgl emnstjtuydn df edntrm

gdbuflr bd fl dspjrjtulfjblb y emsgmvjsjõn lnbjnl. Sle`lglgl

tjdnd su sjknjijelbm dn bms plflhrls ple`l y glgl. Sle`l ds un

emnedptm emgpfdom qud sd trlbued dn unjvdrsm& tjdgpm'dsplejm&

erdlejõn& gjdntrls qud glgl ds fl glbrd nlturlfdzl qud emnejhd fl

vjbl. @lstl fl letulfjblb sd lsjknl l ple`lglgl df sjknjijelbm bd

‖glbrd tjdrrl‗& fm eulf ds ledptlhfd dn fl gdbjbl qud fl tjdrrl

rdprdsdntl fl ple`lglgl& puds fl tjdrrl plrl fms lnbjnms tjdnd

rdflejõn emn fl unjblb bdf gunbm. Nm ds un drrmr emgplrlr glbrd

tjdrrl y ple`lglgl& puds nm sd dstì `lejdnbm rdidrdnejl l unl

tjdrrl içsjel d jndrtd. Smr df emntrlrjm df pmhflbmr emnejhd fl tjdrrlemgm lfkm vjtlf& emn bjnlgjsgm y iudrzls qud `mfçstjelgdntd

emnijkurln y sjndrkjzln tmbm eulntm dxjstd.

Fl ple`lglgl ds fl glbrd tjdrrl& puds fl tjdrrl plrl fms lnbjnms ds

df unjvdrsm gjsgm& su dsplejm'tjdgpm y su gdbjm bd suhsjstdnejl& fl

glbrd tjdrrl fm emhjol& lfjgdntl& fd hrjnbl df lkul y fms ndedslrjm

plrl vjvjr. Rmbm eulntm dxjstd& pflntls& lnjglfds& pdrsmnls& pjdbrls&

edrrms& rçms& vjdntms& tmbm tjdnd vjbl y sd rdflejmnln dntrd sç dn

glymr m gdnms gdbjbl. Bdntrm bd dstd lnjgjsgm lnbjnm& fls

pjdbrls lunqud plrdzeln jndrtds tjdndn un prmpõsjtm y meupln

plrtd bdntrm bdf unjvdrsm `mfçstjem. Dn df gunbm lnbjnm tmbls fls






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erjlturls dxjstdntds l fl plr qud fl ùglnjblb sdln pflntls& ìrhmfds

y lnjglfds smn emnsjbdrlbms `drglnms& puds prmvjdndn bd fl krln

glbrd& qud ds fl ple`lglgl.

Fl tjdrrl sjn dghlrkm tjdnd mtrm sjknjijelbm qud `ly qud tdndr dn

eudntl& un pmem gdnms dgpfdlbm pdrm guy jgpmrtlntd plrl

lfkunls emgunjblbds lnbjnls. ‖Lffpl‗ ds df sjkjnjijelbm qudeùl

emrrdetm bd tjdrrl& pdrm dstì gìs lsmejlbm l fl tjdrrl içsjel& l fl

lkrjeufturl& l sjdghrls y emsde`ls& y l lfkunls gudstrls bd

rjtulfjblb. Eulnbm sd `lhfl bd Lffplglgl sd jntdntl lpmylr fls

erddnejls dn Sle`lglgl& fm eulf nm ds un drrmr& pdrm `ly qud

emnsjbdrlr y rdpdtjr qud ‖Sle`lglgl‗ ds df têrgjnm gìs bjiunbjbm

y ledptlbm dn df dxtdnsm tdrrjtmrjm lnbjnm plrl rdidrjrsd l flRJDXXL& emgm unjvdrsm vjvm. Df têrgjnm ds jnefusm emgplrtjbm pmr

pudhfms emn bjlfdetms bjidrdntds emgm fms qudeùls y lyglrls.

Sle`l tlghjên tjdnd emnnmtlejõn bd tjdgpm'dsplejm& l bjidrdnejl

bdf tjdgpm meejbdntlf qud ds `mrjzmntlf y pflnm& df tjdgpm plrl fms

lnbjnms ds ejreuflr& unl krln rudbl bd vjbl qud kjrl y vjvd dn df

prdsdntd bd glndrl pdrglndntd. Fms lnbjnms sudfdn `lhflr emn sus

lnedstrms emgm sj dstuvjdrln prdsdntds dn elsl& fm eulf nm

rdprdsdntl njnkunl pltmfmkçl gdntlf. Slrl fms lnbjnms fms lnedstrms

vjvdn bdntrm bd un emntdxtm gdntlf prdsdntd dn df lquç y l`mrl.






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SLE@LRLRL

Fl ple`lglgl tjdnd su emgpfdgdntm qud ds ple`ltltl&

rdprdsdntlbm pmr fls iudrzls glseufjnls& df Umf& qud ds df smpfm& df

jgpufsm& fl fuz& fl rlejmnlfjblb. Lunqud ds gdnms uslbm ple`ltltl

ds plrtd bd fl bulfjblb. Df smf m Jntj rdprdsdntl l ple`ltltl emn su

iudrzl d jntdfjkdnejl. Fls ijdstls bd Jntjrlygj smn mirdnbls `lejl fl

bjvjnjblb smflr. Dn tjdgpms bd fms Jnels Jntjùltlnl rdprdsdntlhl fms

dsplejms slkrlbms wlels* dn bmnbd df pmhflbmr tdnçl unl lfjlnzl

emn fl iudrzl bdf Umf. Dstms gmnugdntms tlfflbms dn pjdbrl sd

dxtdnbjdrmn l fm flrkm y lne`m bdf Rlwlntjnsuym& lunqud sd pjdnsl

qud smfm dxjstçl dn Gleùpjeeù& fm eulf ds un drrmr.

EDXDGMNJL L SLE@LGLGL

Df rjtulf gìs jgpmrtlntd `lejl fl ple`lglgl ds fl ‖mirdnbl‗&

emnmejbm emgm plkm plklpu* m bdsple`m. Lunqud nugdrmsms

gldstrms bd dspjrjtulfjblb lnbjnl emjnejbdn dn sdülflr qud

gdnejmnlr ‖plkm‗ nm ds emrrdetm pmr qud l fl glbrd tjdrrl nm sd fd

plkl nlbl& puds sd trltl bd unl mirdnbl bd lkrlbdejgjdntm bdntrm

bdf emntdxtm bd fl Fdy bdf Lynj rdejprmejblb*. Fl mirdnbl l fl

ple`lglgl ds fl edrdgmnjl edntrlf gìs dxtdnsl bdntrm bdf

tdrrjtmrjm lnbjnm bjrjkjbm pmr un plqm gldstrm*. Fls edrdgmnjls'






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rjtulfds l fl ple`lglgl rdprdsdntln fl lfjlnzl dntrd fl `uglnjblb

y fl glbrd tjdrrl.

ELGJNM XMOM

Df emntdxtm bd fl ple`lglgl ds sjgjflr lf Krln Dspçrjtu [laln

Rlnal* bd fms pudhfms jnbçkdnls bd fls prlbdrls bd Nmrtdlgêrjel.

Fls sjgjfjtubds dn eulntm l erddnejls y emsgmvjsjõn bd fms jnbçkdnls

bd fls prlbdrls bd Nmrtdlgêrjel y fms pudhfms lnbjnms smn

emnkrudntds& lf jkulf qud fms prjnejpjms y fdyds iunblgdntlfds bd

dspjrjtulfjblb qud smn emgunds. @my dn bçl eulnbm sd `lhfl bd

‖elgjnm rmom‗ sd `led rdidrdnejl lf dod dspjrjtulf qud dxjstd dn

lgêrjel emntjndntlf& bd Nmrtd l Uur m Uur l Nmrtd& unl glerm

ijfmsmiçl bd vjbl emgplrtjbl pmr tmbms fms pudhfms bd mrjkdn

jnbçkdnl qud rdsurkd y ifuyd l fl fuz bdf nudvm gjfdnjm.

5. EMUGMYJUJÕN LNBJNL& SLE@LGLGL Z UT LNLFMKÇL EMN DF

SLXLBJKGL MEEJBDNRLF

Sle`lglgl& ‖Glbrd Rjdrrl‗ m bdf ‖Emsgms‗& ds df tmbm dn su

emnountm. Df tmbm dn dstls trlbjejmnds ds gìs qud fl sugl bd fls

plrtds sjgjflr l fl Rdmrçl Kdstìftjel Ssjemfõkjel*. Fm qud lidetl l fls

plrtds lidetl lf tmbm y vjedvdrsl Rdmrçl Ujstêgjel*. Sle`lglgl






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sdkÿn fl emsgmvjsjõn lnbjnl dstì prdsdntd dn tmbm y dn tmbls

plrtds dsplejm-tjdgpm*& bd lffç qud su vjsjõn ds `mfçstjel Rdmrçl

@mfçstjel*& pmrqud dn df gunbm'`mghrd fm qud jnejbd dn unm bd sus

dfdgdntms& lidetl ndedslrjlgdntd lf rdstm. Emgm fms õrklnms smn

jnbjspdnslhfds dn df mrklnjsgm vjvm& df mrklnjsgm dstì prdsdntd dn

elbl unm bd fms õrklnms jntdrbdpdnbdnejl*. Ud trltl bd un gunbm

emgunjtlrjm y smfjblrjm dn df qud nm elhd dxefusjõn lfkunl. Elbl

qujên yl sdl un `mghrd& un ìrhmf& unl pjdbrl* ds tln jgpmrtlntd

emgm eulfqujdr mtrm. Df `mfjsgm bd fl ple`lglgl ds prmpjm bd un

gunbm emfdetjvjstl& lidetlbm bd un sdntjgjdntm bd pdrtdndnejl? unm

slhd sjdgprd qud ds gjdghrm bd unl emgunjblb emn euyl

pdrtdndnejl sd sjdntd çntjglgdntd emgprmgdtjbm. Dstl emgunjblb

vjvd dn nmsmtrms (‖Lyffu‗*. Ds lsç emgm sd vjvd fl dxpdrjdnejl bd

unjblb bd fl vjbl prmpjl emn fl vjbl tmbl bdf gunbm'`uglnm

lnbjnm.

Fl ple`lglgl tjdnd un rmf guy jgpmrtlntd bdntrm bd fl

Emsgmvjsjõn Lnbjnl& su prdsdnejl dn df emsgms sd rdlfjzl l trlvês

bd trds jnstlnejls? df Alyple`l df prdsdntd& df Tauple`l df plslbm y

df Olnlnple`l df iuturm& fl emrrdspmnbdnejl psjemlnlfçtjel sdrçl?

emnsejdntd& suhemnsejdntd y smprlemnsejdntd.






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2. EMNIJKTXLEJÕN BDF GTNBM LNBJNM

Df plrlbjkgl lnbjnm sd emnimrgl l su vdz bd trds gunbms plrlfdfms?

l* Df @lnla ple`l m Olnlnple`l ds fl tjdrrl bd lrrjhl& fm supdrjmr& df

ejdfm& ds df ìghjtm bd Jntj smf*& \ujffl funl*& Emyffur dstrdffls*& Jfflpl

rlym*& @ulyrl vjdntm*& Auye`j lremjrjs*& E`lalnl Eruz bdf sur* y

Slrls ffuvjl* qud ds fl qud ideunbl. Fl @ltun Emfel krln lfgleên

bd krlnms* ds fl Yçl Fìetdl. Glffquj ìrhmf* emgplrtd fms trds gunbm

rlçz& trmnem y irutms*. Udbd bd fms bjmsds lnedstrlfds Le`le`jfls y

Ülwpls*& vjneuflbm lf gunbm dspjrjtulf& df iuturm y fl dndrkçl vjtlf

rdijnlbl slgj*. Df eõnbmr ds df lnjglf dghfdgìtjem bdf Olnlnple`l.

Ud lfjgdntl bd elrrmül plrl fudkm vmflr pmr fls lfturls gìxjgls bdf


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emrlzõn bd fms Lnbds. Ds df sçghmfm bdf gldstrm qud trlnsgutl sus

bdidetms dn vjrtubds.

h* Alyple`l? Ds fl tjdrrl bdf gdbjm& lquç gmrl tdgpmrlfgdntd fl

Sle`lglgl qud plsl pmr fms trds pflnms. Fms Lpus y fms ‖wlglnjs‗

dspçrjtus bd fls gmntlüls* smn emnsjbdrlbms sus pmrtlvmeds y

kulrbjlnds. Ds dn dstd elnlf bmnbd df pmhflbmr lnbjnm rdlfjzl sus

bjìfmkms emn fms dspçrjtus& prdvjl mirdnbl l fl glbrd tjdrrl. L fls

vjeuüls sd fds bjed klnlbjtm bdf Lpu& pmrqud pdrtdndedn l fl

gmntlül. Aly Sle`l ds fl tjdrrl qud meupl df sdr `uglnm& ds df

prdsdntd. Df pugl ds df lnjglf qud rdprdsdntl lf Alyple`l.

5* Tauple`l? Emrrdspmnbd l fls prmiunbjblbds bd fl tjdrrl& df

jnirlgunbm& df plslbm. Ud dneudntrln lquç fl Zleu lkul* dn tmbms

sus imrgls. @ltuneme`l ds df glr. Df rçm ds glyu qud sjdgprd dstì

dn emnstlntd gmvjgjdntm. Fl eme`l ds fl flkunl. Df puqujm ds df

glnlntjlf bmnbd hrmtl df lkul*. Df lnjglf prjnejplf bdf Tauple`l ds

fl sdrpjdntd.

4. SLE@LGLGL& XDFJKJÕN Z XJRTLFJBLB

Sle`lglgl pudbd emnedhjrsd emgm unl prìetjel rjtulfçstjel y

gjfdnlrjl (‖unl rdfjkjõn eufturlf plrlfdfl l fl mijejlf‗* qud suhsjstd






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dn fms Lnbds pdrulnms& hmfjvjlnms y df nmrtd bd Lrkdntjnl. Fl imrgl

y emntdnjbm bd sus prìetjel vlrçl sdkÿn df dntmrnm kdmkrìijem y

smejlf. Nm `ly unl ÿnjel pudstl dn dsednl bd fls trlbjejmnds y

rjtulfds bd ple`lglgl& pdrm `ly dfdgdntms emgÿnds qud sd

emnsdrvln lÿn fl bjstlnejl y df fuklr& fl emfdetjvjblb Jnefusjõn

Umejlf* y hjdndstlr emgunjtlrjm (‖Lyffu‗*& fl rdejprmejblb emn fl

tjdrrl (‖Lynj‗& euym trjhutm prjnejplf l fl tjdrrl smn fls mirdnbls&

‖plkm‗ m ‖e`lffl‗*1 Df lkrlbdejgjdntm y df pdrgjsm pmr df usm bd fl

tjdrrl y fls lkuls emgm unl imrgl bd rdemnejfjlejõn emn fl

nlturlfdzl*. Fl lrgmnçl emn fl nlturlfdzl sd dvjbdnejl emn fl

dstrde`l rdflejõn y rdspdtm emn fms dspçrjtus bd fl ple`lglgl.

Slrtd bd fl rdejprmejblb dn df jntdrelghjm emn fl ple`lglgljgpfjel qud êstl tjdnd ndedsjblbds& qud rdqujdrd bd ejdrtms

dfdgdntms sjghõfjems qud nutrln su lpdtjtm& lfkunms bd fms eulfds

smn sjgjflrds l fms kustms `uglnms `mols bd emel& tlhlem& hdhjbls&

bufeds& dte.*. Udkÿn fl trlbjejõn lyglrl& burlntd df gds bd lkmstm fl

Sle`lglgl sd dneudntrl emn fl hmel lhjdrtl pmrqud tjdnd

‖`lghrd‗& dn dstl êpmel sd prdplrl fl tjdrrl plrl df tjdgpm bd

emsde`l& y ds prdejsm lkrlbdedr l fl Glbrd Rjdrrl pmr su idrtjfjblb.

Df gds bd lkmstm sd emnsjbdrl emgm gds bd fl ple`lglgl& sjdnbm

df prjgdrm bd lkmstm dn gue`ms fuklrds df bçl edntrlf bd su

idstjvjblb. Dn mtrms fuklrds& fl edrdgmnjl bd fl ple`lglgl sd






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edfdhrl elbl prjgdr vjdrnds bd elbl gds m dn melsjmnds

plrtjeuflrgdntd dspdejlfds (‖gltrjgmnjms‗& ‖nlejgjdntms‗&

‖jnlukurlejmnds‗& dte.*.

Emn fl prdsdnejl `jspìnjel dn df emntjndntd y fl fflglbl ‖êpmel bd

dxtjrplejõn bd jbmfltrçls‗& fls erddnejls lnjgjstls lftmlnbjnls d

jnbçkdnls iudrmn prìetjelgdntd dxtjntls. Df rjtulf bd fl ple`lglgl

ds unm bd fms pmems plrlbjkgls lreljems prd'`jspìnjems& qud

smhrdvjvd l pdslr bd fms jntdntms bd eflusurlrfl. Dn Sdrÿ& `ln

emntrjhujbm tlghjên l su bdslplrjejõn fls gjkrlejmnds jntdrnls& bd

plrtd bdf pmhflbmr lnbjnm `lejl fl emstl pdrulnl y `lejl fls

ejublbds dn kdndrlf. Dstd idnõgdnm bd fls gjkrlejmnds trlom emgm

emnsdeudnejl fl pêrbjbl plufltjnl bd fms pltrjgmnjms eufturlfds y bdfdnkuls qude`uls-lyglrls& bdolnbm dn df rdeudrbm prìetjels

rjtulfçstjels emgm bd fl ple`lglgl. Smr mtrl plrtd& gue`ms

prmhflbmrds gjkrlntds dn df prmedsm bd lblptlejõn smejm'eufturlf

lsugdn emgm prmpjm df jbjmgl dsplümf y fl rdfjkjõn mijejlf eltõfjel.

Dn df gdomr bd fms elsms& pmr gdbjm bdf sjnerdtjsgm eufturlf& sd

lsugdn lghls prìetjels emgm unl imrgl bd sjghjmsjs m iusjõn

prmpjm bdf gdstjzlod y bdf gmsljem dtnmfõkjem. Ds emgÿn

dnemntrlrnms dn edrdgmnjls bd ple`lglgl ―dn fms lpuaunls'& emn

jgìkdnds bd slntms& dgpfdm bd fl eruz y bd fl vjrkdn Glrçl (‖Yçrkdn

bd fl Elnbdflrjl‗*. Dntrd dstms dfdgdntms nm dxjstd emnirmntlejõn&






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puknls bd pmbdr m dkmedntrjsgms. Nm dxjstdn emnirmntlejmnds sjnm

unl imrgl bd sjghjmsjs pleçijel df prmhflbmr lnbjnm ds plejijstl pmr

dxedfdnejl*. Dxjstd unl sudrtd bd lblptlgjdntm eufturlf qud lsjgjfl

y dgpfdl bms m vlrjms dfdgdntms emgm unm smfm.

9. JGSMXRLNEJL BD FMU LSTU

Fls trlbjejmnds qude`uls eudntln qud fms Lpuaunls (‖edrrms‗*

lfhdrkln fms dspçrjtus bd fms bjmsds qud vjvjdrmn lntds bd un krln

bjfuvjm y qud tuvjdrmn df ltrdvjgjdntm bd blrfd df emnmejgjdntm l fms

prjgdrms `uglnms plrl emnstrujr ejvjfjzlejmnds. Emgm elstjkm& fms

bdgìs bjmsds dnedrrlrmn l dstms ‖Srmgdtdms lnbjnms‗ (Ulfvlbmrds*dn fls gmntlüls. Ud fds fflgl Ülwpl fms prjgdrms lnejlnms*&

fflglbms tlghjên [lglnçs y dstìn lfmolbms dn fl plrtd gìs lftl bd

fl gmntlül. Bjedn fms lnbjnms qud ‖eulnbm hlol df nuhflbm… fms

[lglnjs bdsejdnbdn bd fls lfturls& vjdndn l `lhflrnms… l

susurrlrnms lf mçbm d jnspjrlrnms‗.

Lsç emgm dn Mrjdntd dxjstd df emnedptm bd fms mpudstms'

emgpfdgdntlrjms& Zjn-Zlnk& dn fl Eufturl Lnbjnl êstms sd

glnjijdstln emgm Rltljntj& df Slbrd [jrleme`l& Slbrd'Emsgms* y

su mpudstm emgpfdgdntlrjm fl Sle`lglgl Glbrd'Emsgms*.

Xdprdsdntlbms dn df gunbm bd fls imrgls pmr un eulbrlbm gle`m&






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plbrd* y pmr df eçreufm `dghrl& glbrd*& lsç& fls gmntlüls pudbdn

bjidrdnejlrsd emgm gle`ms m `dghrls& sdkÿn fl prdbmgjnlnejl bd

sus imrgls. Dn df pdrijf m sjfudtl bd unl gmntlül& pmbdgms mhsdrvlr

fl rdprdsdntlejõn bd fls Udrpjdntds slkrlbls qud trlnsjtln bdsbd df

Tauple`l jnirlgunbm bd fl gmntlül* `lejl Olnlnple`l gunbm

supdrjmr ― eÿspjbd*. Fl sdrpjdntd fflglbl Ule`lglgl& rdemrrd df

elgjnm bdsbd fl hlsd l fl eÿspjbd dn un trlydetm fjndlf rdetm& dn

fçndls vdrtjelfds& trlnsimrgìnbmsd lf ffdklr lf Olnlgple`l& dn df

Lrem Jrjs& rdprdsdntlnbm fl vjtlfjblb bd fls emsls y fl ideunbjblb. Fl

Udrpjdntd fflglbl Zleuglgl rdemrrd df elgjnm dn imrgl

mnbuflntd& trlnsijkurìnbmsd lf ffdklr lf Olnlnple`l& dn df Xlym y fl

Ffuvjl. Fms trds gunbms sd `lffln unjbms pmr dstls bms sdrpjdntds&

bjmsls bdf lkul y bd fl ideunbjblb. Fl lrgmnçl eõsgjel lnbjnl bd fl

ple`lglgl sd bdnmgjnl Zlnlntjn& fms rdspmnslhfds bd êstd õrbdn

lrgõnjem smn fms `lhjtlntds slkrlbms bd fls gmntlüls (‖Lpuaunls‗

qud smn fms edrrms*? Fms Le`le`jfls& y Fms Ülwpls [lglnçs*.

;. XJRTLF L FL SLE@LGLGL

Fl edrdgmnjl bd fl ple`lglgl emgjdnzl emn fl vçspdrl m ‖df bçl

lntdrjmr‗& gdbjlntd sus prdplrltjvms& dn df eulf& fl nme`d prdvjl sd

prdplrl fl emgjbl y hdhjbl dspdejlf e`je`l bd glçz* qud sd vl l

mirdedr l fl ple`lglgl. Lbdgìs sd bdol fls jnstrueejmnds l fms






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plrtjejplntds bdf rjtulf smhrd qud trldr y emgm vdstjrsd. Ud bdol

bjspudstm fms gltdrjlfds l utjfjzlr& df fuklr bmnbd elvlr df `mym y

tmbm fm ndedslrjm plrl df bçl edntrlf. Nmrglfgdntd sd dnejdnbd

sl`ugdrjm bdsbd df bçl lntdrjmr emgm unl imrgl bd lnunejlejõn&

fjgpjdzl m lfdrtl l fms dspçrjtus.

Df gdomr gmgdntm plrl fls mirdnbls l fl Sle`lglgl ds lf eldr fl

tlrbd& dn pfdnm melsm bd Umf. Fl fuz nlturlf tdrgjnl& emgjdnzl fl

nme`d& dn dstd jntdrvlfm dstl ‖ple`le`lal dndrkêtjel‗ (nudstrl

edrdgmnjl* dstì lhjdrtl y ple`lglgl ountm l fms bdgìs dspçrjtus

dstìn gìs prdsdntds. Df iudkm slkrlbm bdf rjtulf jfugjnlrì df dsplejm

eulnbm fl fuz bdf smf sd `lyl lplrtlbm bdf `mrjzmntd. Ujn fl fuz `ly

mseurjblb vleçm unjvdrslf*. Fl mseurjblb ds jgpmrtlntd emgm fl fuz&ds gìs krlnbd qud êstl. Sdrm ds fl fuz emn su jntdfjkdnejl y

prmpõsjtm& fl qud nms emnbuejrì pmr df sdnbdrm bdf elfmr y bdf lgmr.

Smr dffm& bdhdgms emnsdrvlr fl imkltl dn nudstrm rjtulf. Dn mtrls

pmhflejmnds sd lemstughrl blr jnjejm l fls edrdgmnjls lf lfhl& lf

gdbjmbçl m l gdbjlnme`d.

Ds jgpmrtlntd fl puntulfjblb& unl vdz emgdnzlbl fl edrdgmnjl sd

ejdrrl df eçreufm slkrlbm bd plrtjejplntds y nm sd pmbrì plrtjejplr bdf

rjtulf& sjnm `lstl qud df `mym sdl euhjdrtm emn pjdbrls y pêtlfms bd

ifõrds. Df rdejhjgjdntm bd fms plrtjejplntds sd ffdvl l elhm emn fl

glymr `mspjtlfjblb& emn prdsdntlejmnds y slfubms emrbjlfds. Nm sd






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pdrgjtdn tmglr imtmkrliçls& nj krlhlr vjbdms l gdnms qud sd eudntd

emn df pdrgjsm bdf midrdntd.

Dn fl letulfjblb& fms slerjijejms bd lnjglfds emgm mvdols& fflgls u

mtrms luquênjbms sd `l jbm pdrbjdnbm dntrd fms tjdgpms& fl slnkrd

bd êstms lnjglfds bdhçl sdr bdrrlglbl dn fl tjdrrl. Drl emgÿn

tlghjên dn fls prìetjels bdf rjtulf slerjijelr pmr dodgpfm df idtms bd

fflgl m e`lne`m& qud nm bdhjl ilftlr dn êpmel bd emsde`l.

Fls mirdnbls (fflglbm emgÿngdntd ‖bdsple`m‗ m ‖emrple`lbl‗

qud qujdrd bdejr blr bd emgdr l fl tjdrrl dn df Nmrtd bd Lrkdntjnl*&

sd emfmeln lfrdbdbmr bdf `mym m dn df glntm guftjemfmr bjspudstm

pmr df midrdntd qud bjrjkd df rjtulf& sdgdolntd l un lftlr m gdsl bd

trlhlom bd eurlnbdrjsgm. Hdhjbls Emel Emfl& e`je`l& edrvdzl& fjemr&

vjnm tjntm*1 lkul hdnbjtl& bufeds& `mols bd emel pflntl slkrlbl

lnbjnl& gdbjlbmrl emn fms dspçrjtus*& bjvdrsms mhodtms bjndrm&

gmndbls& lgufdtms& pjdbrls bd emfmrds*1 emgjbl pln& klffdtls&

irutls*. Ifõrds& pdriugds& sdgjffls y mtrls emsls prmvdnjdntds bd fl

tjdrrl bd fls qud tdndgms dn elsl sêslgm& fjnm& trjkm& fdntdols&

pmrmtms& klrhlnzms& lrrmz& `ulyrurms& dte*& fls sdgjffls fls

emfmelgms dn un eudnem m tlzõn bd lrejffl1 Jnejdnsm m sl`ugdrjm

lbjejmnlfgdntd. Fl edrdgmnjl pudbd dstlr lemgplülbl bd vdfls

hflnels m bd emfmrds y bjvdrsms mhodtms qud sjghmfjzln df emntdxtm






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smejlf& imtms& lgufdtms& emne`ls glrjnls (‖guffu‗*& bjndrm& dadams&

tmrjtms bd puelrì& dxerdgdntm bd vlel& dte.

Udkÿn fl trlbjejõn fms rjtulfds dstlhln l elrkm bd fls pdrsmnls slhjls

y bd krln smfvdnejl gmrlf bdntrm bd fl emgunjblb& drln sledrbmtds

prmpjms bd êstl rdfjkjõn lnbjnl. Slrl fms qude`uls fls edrdgmnjls

dstìn l elrkm bdf ‖Slqm‗ m ‖Lftmgjslyme‗& plrl fms lyglrls smn fms

‖yltjrjs‗ fms dnelrklbms bd rdlfjzlr dstls edrdgmnjls. Nmsmtrms

dgpfdlgms plrtjeuflrgdntd df têrgjnm midrdntd.

Fms plrtjejplntds lsjstdn prdvjl jnvjtlejõn& pmr fm kdndrlf nm `ly

jnkrdsm fjhrd& df qud lsjstd lunqud sj sd prdsdntl df gjsgm bçl bd fl

edrdgmnjl bdhd sdr jnvjtlbm pmr df midrdntd. Df rjtulf bd fl

ple`lglgl ds un letm vmfuntlrjm dn df eulf df ÿnjem rdqujsjtm plrl

dstlr prdsdntd ds pdbjr pdrgjsm plrl su jnkrdsm y pmndrsd bd

leudrbm emn fms mrklnjzlbmrds smhrd fms bdtlffds bdf rjtulf `mrlrjm&

vdstjgdntl& mirdnbl& dte.*. Nm `ly fçgjtd bd lsjstdnejl. Df bçl bd fl

edfdhrlejõn fms plrtjejplntds sd emfmelrìn ejntls bd emfmrds dn

ejdrtls plrtds bdf eudrpm? tmhjffms& guüdels y eudffm& sdkÿn fls

erddnejls ds plrl sdr bdf lkrlbm bd fl ple`lglgl y dvjtlr lfkunl

rdprjgdnbl. Mtrms dgpfdln emrbmnds bd `jfm hflnem y ndkrm&

emnideejmnlbms emn flnl bd fflgl dn fm pmsjhfd.






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Fl prìetjel bdf `mym ―qud ds mpejmnlf' rdprdsdntl dn sç unl imrgl

bd lftlr y unl ‖wlel‗ l fl vdz (un fuklr slkrlbm*& unl ‖plqlrjnl‗ (un

ÿtdrm sjghõfjem‗ dn fl tjdrrl* y ‖ple`le`lal‗ (un pudntd m emntletm

emn fls jnstlnejls supdrjmrds*& lf gjsgm tjdgpm. Dstd sd elvl bd

glndrl ejreuflr l unl prmiunbjblb bd gdbjm gdtrm

lprmxjglblgdntd pmr un gdtrm bd bjìgdtrm emgm sj sd prdplrlsd

unl ‖ple`lglnal‗ dn fl tjdrrl*& qud pmr fm kdndrlf bdhd fmelfjzlrsd

l un puntm lhjdrtm y dxpudstm lf smf& jbdlf sj ds edrelnm l un ìrhmf m

unl flbdrl bd gmntlül (‖lpu‗*. Dn fl letulfjblb ejdrtls edrdgmnjls

bd ple`lglgl sd rdlfjzln dn plrquds urhlnms& wlels m dn fl pflyl.

Uj df `mym nm ds ejreuflr nm `ly prmhfdgl. Fms jgpmrtlntd ds fl

jntdnejõn bd `ledr fm gdomr pmsjhfd. @ly gue`ls glndrls bd

rdlfjzlr df rjtulf& plrtjeuflrgdntd prmpmndgms unl emn fl eulf nms

`dgms ilgjfjlrjzlbm?

l* Letjvlr df iudkm. Dnednbdr

bms `mkudrls& unl pdqudül

bdntrm bdf `mym y mtrl krlnbd

iudrl bd êf. Df iudkm slkrlbm

pdrgjtd qud fl tjdrrl sd dfdvd

l fls gmntlüls& lf ejdfm. Dn fl

`mkudrl pdqudül emfmelr fdül& plfm slntm& rlgls bd flurdf& rmgdrm&

mfjvm& duelfjptm y tlhlem. Fl `mkudrl krlnbd ds smfm bd fdül. Dstl


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bdhd uhjelrsd l pmr fm gdnms ejnem gdtrms bdf `mym elvlbm. Fl

`mkudrl krlnbd ds mpejmnlf y pudbd sdrvjr plrl bdpmsjtlr pdqudüms

dserjtms dn plpdf hflnem bd emsls bd fls eulfds bdhdgms

bdsprdnbdrnms& nudstrms drrmrds y bdidetms. Ujrvd y plrl df pdrbõn

emn fls jnstlnejls supdrjmrds& ple`lglgl qud dstì prdsdntd bdhd

jntdredbdr emn êstls pdtjejmnds.

h* Letjvlr df ljrd. Smr gdbjm bdf iudkm gdbjlbmr. Dnednbdr df

jnejdnsm& krlejls l fms mfmrds fl tjdrrl sd sdnsjhjfjzl lf rdemrblr sus

glrlvjffls. Fms plrtjejplntds pudbdn iuglr prjgdrm y fudkm blr bd

iuglr l fl tjdrrl dstm ds plrtd bdf rjtulf*. Fms ejklrrms pmr fm kdndrlf

smn sjn ijftrm. Fl ednjzl bdf tlhlem bdhd emnsdrvlrsd plrl mhsdrvlr

sus elrletdrçstjels& fudkm sdrvjrì plrl pjntlr fl elrl bd elblplrtjejplntd. Fls ednjzls bd emfmr hflnem jnbjelrìn qud fl

ple`lglgl dstì lfdkrd y hdnbjed sus mirdnbls.

e* Letjvlr df lkul. Srjgdr hrjnbjs emn fl tjdrrl. Xmejlr un pmem bd fls

hdhjbls dn fl tjdrrl. E`je`l (fjemr bd glçz*& edrvdzl m ‖lkulrbjdntd‗&

fudkm elbl unm bdhd hrjnblr emn fl emn fl tjdrrl. Dffl vjvd y sjdntd

emgm nmsmtrms y bdhdgms hrjnblr emn dffl.

b* Letjvlr fl tjdrrl. Ds df gmgdntm bd emgdnzlr l glstjelr sjn

trlklr (‖e`lqe`lr‗* un pmem bd `mols bd emel y gjdntrls tlntm

dspdrlr df turnm plrl pmbdr mirdnblr l fl tjdrrl. Fls mirdnbls sd






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jnjejln unm pmr unm m bd l bms& kdndrlfgdntd dn letjtub emgplsjvl

y sugjsjõn lf emsgms. Bd rmbjffls irdntd lf `mym emgdnzlgms l

dntrdklr fm qud prdvjlgdntd `dgms mirdnblbm. Dn dstd gmgdntm df

plrtjejplntd pudbd rdlfjzlr lfkunl pfdkflrjl& pdbjbm& elntm& mrlejõn&

rdzm& pdnslgjdntm& nlglstê m gdbjtlejõn (‖df sjfdnejm m vleçm ds

guy hjdn lprdejlbm pmr dffl‗* plrl emn fl ple`lglgl& sdkÿn sdl su

erdbm m rdfjkjõn. Dstls mirdnbls bdhdn rdlfjzlrsd emn lghls glnms.

Ud emgjdnzl emn fl `mol bd emel y df lkul hdnbjtl sj `uhjdrl. Fudkm

fls emgjbls& bufeds y bdgìs mirdnbls. Dstd gmgdntm ds pdrtjndntd

plrl nudstrls pdtjejmnds plrl df prdsdntd lüm& êstls bdhdn sdr

dserjtls prdvjlgdntd dn plpdfjtms guftjemfmrds y sdr smftlbls dn fl

imkltl pdqudül lf jntdrjmr bdf `mym. Lf ijnlf bd dstd letm df

plrtjejplntd bdhd rdlfjzlr df hrjnbjs ijnlf emn e`je`l bd gljz emn fl

ple`lglgl. @ly qud prdstlr ltdnejõn l fls sdülfds qud fl

ple`lglgl nms dnvçl l trlvês bd fls hrlsls bdf iudkm& fls ednjzls&

rujbms& gmvjgjdntms m suedsms jgprdvjsjhfds qud sudfdn meurrjr.

d* Edrrlr ds lhrjr.

Letjvlr fms dfdgdntms bd

fl ple`lglgl emn df

ejdrrd bdf rjtulf. Eulnbm

tmbms fms plrtjejplntds

`ln ijnlfjzlbm su


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trjhutm& elbl unm bdhd emflhmrlr dn euhrjr df `mym& l êstls lfturls fl

tjdrrl dstì hjdn lfjgdntlbl y sltjside`l emn nudstrls mirdnbls.

Mpejmnlfgdntd sd pudbd rdzlr un Slbrd Nudstrm emnsjbdrlnbm df

sjnerdtjsgm rdfjkjmsm prdsdntd*. Fl edrdgmnjl tdrgjnl tlplnbm df

`mym emn pjdbrls pdqudüls bd bjidrdntd imrgl m emfmr& euhjdrtls

emn pêtlfms bd ifmrds.

Elhd lkrdklr& qud fl edfdhrlejõn y fl mirdnbl l fl ple`lglgl nm

glntjdnd krlnbds rdkfls m glymrds sderdtms& fm lntds bje`m ds smfm

unl prmpudstl qud prdtdnbd blr un ejdrtm õrbdn d bdsgjtjijelr su

edrdgmnjl. Uu jgpmrtlnejl prjnejplf rlbjel dn rdletulfjzlr df vlfmr

bd fl tjdrrl y fl prmiunbl jbdntjblb bd fms pudhfms qud emnvjvdn emn

dffl.

Lbjejmnlfgdntd fl edrdgmnjl

pudbd dstlr lemgplülbl pmr

elntms m jelrms& pmr gÿsjel

sulvd m rdflolntd& pmr df

smnjbm bd tlghmrds

pdreusjõn*& pmr lhrlzms

irltdrnms dntrd tmbms y elbl unm bd fms plrtjejplntds y blnzls

trjhlfds lfrdbdbmr bdf iudkm blnzls lrqudtçpjels fjhrds pfurjêtnjels

qud emrrdspmnbdn l tmbms fms dfdgdntms? lkul& ljrd& vjdntm y tjdrrl1

Sudbdn jnefujrsd fms dfdgdntms gdtlf y glbdrl bd fl gdbjejnl






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trlbjejmnlf e`jnl*. Ds unl edfdhrlejõn y tmbms pmbdgms idstdolr. Lf

ijnlf& pmbdgms lkrdklr l êstd lemntdejgjdntm unl EDNL emgm

puntm ijnlf dn su `mnmr y emgplrtjr fl klstrmnmgçl lnbjnl qud nms

hrjnbl Sle`lglgl& lf emgpìs bd fl gÿsjel bd qudnls y zlgpmüls&

bdf eõnbmr plsl y fl vlfje`l.

Fms rjtulfds dn `mnmr l fl

ple`lglgl bln eudntl bd un

tjpm bd dspjrjtulfjblb lnbjnl

qud nm ds lodnl l fl gltdrjl.

Dspçrjtu y gltdrjl emnifuydn&

emnvdrkdn y sd

emgpfdgdntln. Lf jkulf qud tmbls fls rdfjkjmnds hlslbls dn df euftml fl Glbrd& fls edfdhrlejmnds l fl Sle`lglgl sd hlsln dn df

rdspdtm pmr tmbms fms sdrds vjvjdntds& pmr eulntm dffms nm smflgdntd

smn df irutm bd su erdlejõn sjnm qud imrgln plrtd bd Dffl gjsgl.

Nmsmtrms sus sdkujbmrds nm prdtdnbdgms ‖bmgjnlr‗ l fl Nlturlfdzl

sjnm prmtdkdrfl y eujblrfl& emgm unl glndrl bd bdvmfvdr l fl Glbrd

tmbm fm qud fl Glbrd nms hrjnbl emn kdndrmsjblb.

Tn dodgpfm bd mrlejõn l fl Sle`lglgl? ‖Glbrd tjdrrl& Bjmsl bd fl

Nlturlfdzl& qud erdls elbl emsl y sjdgprd `leds qud df Umf

rdlplrdzel emgm un rdklfm plrl fls pdrsmnls& prmtdetmrl bdf ejdfm&

bdf glr y bd tmbms fms dspçrjtus1 Dn tj qud ifuyd tmbl fl nlturlfdzl&






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qud nms hrjnbls fl lfdkrçl bd fl fuz bd fms bçls y qud glntjdnds tu

prmgdsl bd blrnms fms nutrjdntds. Nmsmtrms rdtmrnlgms l tj dn

imrgl bd dspçrjtus& lf ijnlf bd nudstrl vjbl& qud ds df emgjdnzm dn tj.

Rd blgms fms lkrlbdejgjdntms pmr tu hdndvmfdnejl. Zm gd jnefjnm

lntd tu bjvjnm nmghrd y emn fl glymr bjknjblb jgpfmrm qud nms

emnedbls fms bmnms bd tu gjsdrjemrbjl. Rd lkrlbdzem pmr tmbm fm

qud `leds pmr nmsmstrms& qujênds tdndgms iê dn tus bjvjnms

bdsdms‗.






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:3

Fdeturl

‖DF OTLN BD FMU LNBDU‗ (Oun. 83<8*

Smr Lrnlfbm \ujspd

@ led dxletlgdntd 83 lüms emgdneê bd gmbm dspdeçijem gjs

prìetjels emn fls dndrkçls sutjfds. Smr lqudf tjdgpm lpdnls drl dkrdslbm bd

fl elrrdrl bd psjemfmkçl y `lhçl dfdkjbm rdlfjzlr gjs prjgdrms pjnjnms prd' prmidsjmnlfds dn psjemfmkçl bdf bdpmrtd& pmr fm gjsgm drl pln bd elbl bçlrdempjflr jnimrglejõn d jnvdstjklr tmbm eulntm pubjdsd gdomrlr df dntrdnlgjdntm gdntlf bd fms bdpmrtjstls l gj elrkm. Dn pmem tjdgpm `lhçllsjgjflbm fls têenjels bd gmtjvlejõn y vjsulfjzlejõn plrl fl prdplrlejõn bdbdpmrtjstls bd lftm rdnbjgjdntm. Bd lfkunl imrgl ffdkõ l gjs glnms fljnimrglejõn bd un eursm bd hjmdndrkêtjel l elrkm bd bms dgjndntdsgêbjems& fm eulf gd plrdejõ jntdrdslntd emgm emgpfdgdntm l gj

dspdejlfjzlejõn dn psjemfmkçl bdf bdpmrtd. Nm fm bubd y gd jnserjhç lf eursmqud sd ffdvlrçl l elhm pmr vlrjms ijnds bd sdglnl. Bdsbd un jnjejm df eursmltrlpõ gjs sdntjbms& tuvd fl sdnslejõn bd `lhdr ffdklbm lf sdnbdrm oustm& llqudffm qud dstlhl huselnbm bdsbd `led lüms sjn slhdr dxletlgdntd quddrl. Emgm fl gdtmbmfmkçl bdf eursm drl vjvdnejlf y l gç gd kustlhl prletjelr eulntm pubjdsd& nm tuvd jnemnvdnjdntds dn lsjgjflr tmbms fmsdodrejejms prmpudstms. Drl fl prjgdrl vdz qud sd `lhflbl bd dndrkçl sutjf emgm tdgl bd imnbm y drl fl prjgdrl vdz qud dxpdrjgdntlhl df pmbdr bd

dsls dndrkçls sjntjênbmfls tln prdsdntds qud gd plrdeçl jnlubjtm nm `lhdr prdstlbm ltdnejõn gue`m lntds l dstd lspdetm. Gj gldstrl jnsjstçl dnvjvdnejlr elbl dxpdrjdnejl& elbl dodrejejm& su plejdnejl drl unjvdrslf emgmfl elfjblb bd sus dnsdülnzls.

Ruvd unl lnêebmtl qud `lstl df prdsdntd nm bdol bd glrlvjfflrgd y ds qud rdsuftl qud fd prmpusd l gj gldstrl bd ijfglr y tdndr un vjbdm bdunl bd fls sdsjmnds& fm eulf ledptõ sjn njnkunl bjijeuftlb. Slrl df bçl

dspdrlbm& `lhçl fmkrlbm prdstlrgd unl hudnl vjbdmeìglrl y tmbm dstlhl






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fjstm. Emgm fls prìetjels emn fl dndkçl sd rdlfjzlhln dn un lghjdntdlgpfjm lf jntdrjmr bd fl elsl& gd bjspusd l jntdntlr krlhlr bdsbd un jnjejm&

pdrm pmr lfkunl rlzõn fl vjbdmeìglrl nm rdkjstrlhl nlbl& ds bdejr drlemgm sj sd ndklsd l iunejmnlr dn dsd prdejsm lghjdntd. @jed vlrjls prudhls y nlbl& jntdntê slfjr l mtrm lghjdntd y fl eìglrl iunejmnlhl nmrglf. Emgmgj gdntd nm bdsjstçl bd fl jbdl bd krlhlr fls sdeudnejls bd dodrejejms qujsdrdtmglr fl krlhlejõn& pdrm drl dn vlnm. Fl eìglrl vjbdmrdkjstrlbmrl iunejmnlhl dn eulfqujdr lghjdntd gdnms dn fl slfl bd prìetjels. Gjgldstrl gd bjom qud drl eudstjõn bd dndrkçl& qud bd lfkunl imrgl flsdndrkçls sutjfds vjhrlejmnlfds pudbdn jnifudnejlr bdntrm bdf elgpm

dfdetrjem m glknêtjem lrtjijejlf. Nm fm jntdntê gìs y gd dntrdkuê l fl prìetjel emn fls dndrkçls.

Bdsbd dntmneds df tjdgpm `l plslbm y krlejls l dsd eursm tuvd unl pudrtl bd jnkrdsm lf glndom y dntrdnlgjdntm emn fl dndrkçl sutjf. Emn df plslr bd fms lüms emnmeç bjidrdntds bjsejpfjnls mrjdntlfds qudemgpfdgdntlrmn gj emnmejgjdntm& emgm df tlje`j& df e`jaunk& fl têenjel prìnjel y df ymkl. Drl emgm sj gj `mrjzmntd eufturlf nm emnmejdrl

irmntdrls. Smr fm gjsgm& ffdkõ df rdjaj l gj vjbl guy emnsejdntd bdf sdnbdrmqud dstlhl elgjnlnbm& rdlfjeê fms njvdfds bd rdjaj l rlzõn bd un njvdf pmr elbl lüm. Krlejls l gjs gldstrms bd rdjaj pubd lsjgjflr unl bjsejpfjnl qud sjn bubl lfkunl emnsmfjblhl gj imrglejõn dn df glndom bd fls dndrkçls sutjfds& qud drl fm qud tlntm bdsdlhl bdsbd df gmgdntm dn qud gd jnjejê emngjs prjgdrls prìetjels bd hjmdndrkêtjel.

L jnjejms bd dstd gjfdnjm tuvd fl imrtunl bd sdr sdfdeejmnlbm plrl

trlhlolr emgm psjeõfmkm dn un prmydetm pjfmtm bd rd`lhjfjtlejõn bdtmxjembdpdnbjdntds dn fl sdfvl pdrulnl& df Edntrm Rlajwlsj bdsbd dntmneds sd emnvdrtjrçl dn gj nudvl elsl y bdntrm bd dffl gj emnmejgjdntm rdspdetmbd fl gdbjejnl nlturlf y trlbjejmnlf sd lgpfjijelrçl lfelnzlnbm un rlbjm bdleejõn guy jgpmrtlntd dn gj vjbl letulf. Fl gdbjejnl trlbjejmnlf bd fl sdfvl lglzõnjel emn Rlajwlsj emgdnzlhl l trlsednbdr gunbjlfgdntd yelbl bçl ffdklhln lf edntrm jgpmrtlntds ejdntçijems& prmidsjmnlfds ye`lglnds bdstlelbms bd fl lglzmnçl. Slrl dntmneds lfkujdn gd `lhçl

lfelnzlbm un dodgpflr bdf fjhrm tjtuflbm ‖Jnjejlejõn dn df emr lzõn bd fms






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Lnbds‗ bd unl emfdkl psjeõfmkl lgdrjelnl Dfjzlhdt` Odnajns& qud nlrrlhl

sus dxpdrjdnejls gçstjels bdntrm bd fl dspjrjtulfjblb lnbjnl& bdntrm bd su

fjhrm nlrrlhl lhjdrtlgdntd un `mrjzmntd bd prìetjels emn fl dndrkçl lelrkm bd fms e`lglnds bd fms Lnbds y bd unl nlejõn pdrbjbl bd jnbçkdnlsfflglbms \‚drms. Df pdrsmnlod edntrlf bd su fjhrm drl sjn dghlrkm un

gldstrm lntrmpõfmkm y sledrbmtd lnbjnm fflglbm Ouln Nuüdz bdf Srlbm&qujên drl un jgpmrtlntd `drdbdrm bd dstd emnmejgjdntm lnedstrlf. Fl emslgd bdoõ glrlvjfflbm& dn prjgdr fuklr pmrqud `lstl dntmneds emgm lnbjnmqud drl& smfm tdnçl emnmejgjdntm bd fl ple`lglgl& sus rjtulfds emn fmslpus y mtrls prìetjels emgm fl jnkdstl bd fl wleùgl pmr dodgpfm. Sdrm

rdvdflr l fl fuz qud fms e`lglnds lnbjnms emnmeçln y prletjelhln emndndrkçls sutjfds drl dxtrlmrbjnlrjm y fm emnsjbdrê un rdklfm qud tlrbd mtdgprlnm jhl l emnmedr dn prmiunbjblb. Bdsbd dntmneds gj emrlzõn gdbjom l gj gjsgm qud drl `mrl bd de`lr unl gjrlbl l gj prmpjl slnkrd y gj prmpjl tjdrrl. Bdsbd `leçl yl gue`m tjdgpm `lhçl prmiunbjzlbm dn slhdrdslnedstrlfds bjstlntds kdmkrìijelgdntd& bd eufturls mrjdntlfds y meejbdntlfdsguy vlfjmsls plrl fl ùglnjblb pmr supudstm& pdrm qud yl drl `mrl bdlneflr dn gj prmpjl tjdrrl& dn gjs lpus& dn gj ple`lglgl& plrl fm eulf

supusd qud drl eudstjõn bd tjdgpm y mpmrtunjblb bd fmkrlr fmsemnmejgjdntms ndedslrjms l ijn bd rdeupdrlr dsl iudntd bd slhjburçllnedstrlf lnbjnl d Jnal. Fl `mrl `lhçl ffdklbm.

Emn df plslr bdf tjdgpm rdlfjeê gjs prmpjls jnvdstjklejmnds smhrdfl gdbjejnl y dspjrjtulfjblb lnbjnl& emgprdnbç qud dstd tjpm bddspjrjtulfjblb sd vdnçl prletjelnbm elsj dn sderdtm l pdslr bd 433 lüms bdjngjndntd jntdrrupejõn pmr fl `dkdgmnçl pmfçtjem'smejlf meejbdntlf. Fl

rdprdsjõn eltõfjel `lejl tmbl prìetjel dspjrjtulf lnbjnl `lhçl tlghjên irlkgdntlbm df emnmejgjdntm. Ds bdejr lfkunms fjnlods bd e`lglndslnbjnms emnmeçln guy hjdn un lspdetm y mtrms emnmeçln mtrms. Bd gmbmjfustrlbm lfkunms sd bdbjelhln l edrdgmnjls emn fl ple`lglgl& mtrms leurlr emn fl `drhmflrjl& mtrms sd dspdejlfjzlhln dn df trltlgjdntm bdf eudrpm emn df glslod \`lqmy& mtrms l jnbuejr dstlbms gmbjijelbms bdemnejdnejl emn fl wleùgl y mtrms l trlhlolr df elgpm dndrkêtjem bd gmbmdspdeçijem. Suds vlyl gd bjod l gj gjsgm& df emnmejgjdntm ds lgpfjm& pdrm

gd prmpusd emnmedr unm l unm elbl lplrtlbm l trlvês bd fms lüms. Smr






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sudrtd gj ilgjfjl prmedbd bd unl ilgjfjl jgpmrtlntd bd e`lglnds lnbjnmsbd fms lnbds lyleue`lnms y emn glymr rlzõn fl emsgmvjsjõn lnbjnl `l

dstlbm jgprdknlbl bdsbd qud tdnkm usm bd rlzõn.

Emn fl ffdklbl bd nudvms lüms df tdgl bdf emnmejgjdntm bd fltrlbjejõn gçstjel lnbjnl sd bdspdolhl y leflrlhl gìs& krlejls l fl puhfjelejõn bd mtrls jnvdstjklejmnds y fjhrms smhrd df e`lglnjsgm Jnal y bdfms \‚drms. Emgm qujdrl qud df bdstjnm ds unm smfm y dstd ds gjtlb bdejsjõn y gjtlb smrprdsl tdrgjnê pmr emnmedr lf gldstrm Ouln Nuüdz bdf Srlbm dn pdrsmnl. Drl un pdrsmnlod gçtjem& prdsdntd dn gue`ms fjhrms y lrtçeufms

ejdntçijems. @lstl dntmneds gd jglkjnlhl un pdrsmnlod dnjkgìtjem qudqujzìs smfm dxjstçl dn df jglkjnlrjm emfdetjvm pmpuflr& fm emgplrlhl lf Ouln Gltus bdf dserjtmr pdrulnm Elrfms Elstlüdbl. Sdrm fl `mrl `lhçlffdklbm y eulnbm tuvd df `mnmr bd emnmedrfm fm slfubê y fd bjod?

' ‖L ustdb smfm fm emnmeçl pmr fms fjhrms& pdrm l`mrl vdm qud ds bdelrnd y ùdsm‗

Fudkm fd prdkuntê?

' ½Eõgm tdnkm qud fflglrfm& Bmetmr& Srmidsmr& Gldstrm& dn ijn=

L fm eulf gd emntdstõ?

' Ffìglgd smfm ‖Ouln‗.

Dsd kdstm sjn dghlrkm bdnmtlrçl lf `mghrd gdbjejnl prdsdntd dnêf. Drl un tjpm gmbdstm& sjgpfd emn un krln sdntjbm bdf ùgmr. Ijnlfgdntdemnmedrçl bd fl glnm bd Ouln df sdnbdrm bdf gjstjejsgm lnbjnm df eulf tdnçl emgm nmghrd ‖Alwsly Surjy‗& puds bdf qudeùl sd trlbued emgm ‖df

elgjnm bdf eõsgms vjvjdntd‗. Smr dffm smy un emnvdnejbm qud df sdnbdrm

qud elbl unm elgjnl ds pdrsmnlf y smfm tjdnd sjknjijelbm plrl df elgjnlntd. Dn gj elsm sjdgprd bjkm qud gj sdnbdrm ds gìkjem& pmrqud nmtdrgjnm bd glrlvjfflrgd bd fls sjtulejmnds y pdrsmnls qud vln ffdklnbm lgj dneudntrm& y emn dffm gj elgjnm sd ffdnl elbl bçl gìs bd fuz& lf gdnmsdsm ds fm qud ym erdm. IJN.






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ELSÇRTFM 2? XDJAJ LNBJNM

0. XDJAJ Z E@LGLNJUGM

Df rdjaj nm ds lodnm lf e`lglnjsgm& bd `de`m gue`ms gldstrms `ln

mptlbm pmr emghjnlr lfkunls prìetjels e`lgìnjels& emn fm eulf `ln

dnrjqudejbm df lrtd bd eurlr y bd gdbjlr emn fls dndrkçls sutjfds. Dnrdjaj sdr elnlf y plslr dndrkçl bd unl plrtd l mtrl emnstjtuyd un

dfdgdntm eflvd plrl un trltlgjdntm bd slnlejõn nlturlf. Fms

rdjajstls qud sudfdn dnrjqudedrsd bd fms emnmejgjdntm bdf e`lgìn

fmkrln jnemrpmrlr un hlklod jgpmrtlntd qud fds lyubl l nm

smhrdelrklrsd emn prmhfdgls lodnms& l elnlfjzlr emn fl glbrd

tjdrrl& emn df ljrd& df lkul y df iudkm& dn ijn emn tmbms fms dfdgdntms

qud usln fms e`lglnds plrl df fmkrm bd sus mhodtjvms? dspçrjtus

prmtdetmrds& dspçrjtus fmelfds& dspçrjtus pdrsmnlfds& gmntlüls&

mhodtms y lnjglfds bd pmbdr d jfjgjtlbms rjtulfds qud lyubln l

imrtlfdedr fls lptjtubds bdf rdjajstl plrl su prmpjm euftjvm pdrsmnlf y

df glndom dspdejlfjzlbm bd fl dndrkçl bdf unjvdrsm.

Glndolr dndrkçl ds un lsuntm qud rdqujdrd dspdejlfjzlejõn&

emnmejgjdntm y prìetjel emnstlntd qud dn df gdomr bd fms elsms

pudbd fmkrlrsd jntdkrlnbm fls prìetjels e`lgìnjels& qud

lemgplüln l fl rlzl `uglnl bdsbd fms lfhmrds bd fl ejvjfjzlejõn.






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Emnmedr y prletjelr rjtulfds e`lgìnjems ds unl lftdrnltjvl qud

pudbd pmtdnejlr fls dndrkçls bdf prletjelntd bd rdjaj y emnsmfjblr su

imrglejõn bd rdjajstl qud dn lfkÿn gmgdntm iud ledfdrlbl y

fjgjtlbl.

:. XDJAJ E@LGÌNJEM LNBJNM

Xdjaj Lnbjnm ds unl prìetjel qud emghjnl rdaj y e`lglnjsgm

prmpudstm emn fl ijnlfjblb bd pmtdnejlr fls lptjtubds bdf rdjajstl y

hrjnblrfd fms emnmejgjdntms ndedslrjms plrl sdrvjr bd lutêntjem

elnlf bd dndrkçl. Fl gjsjõn ds imrtlfdedr fls `lhjfjblbds bd

lutmslnlejõn y elgjnlr dn df sdnbdrm bd fl lrgmnçl jntdrjmr.

Xdjaj Lnbjnm ds lntd tmbm unl prìetjel lnedstrlf plrl emnmedr df

flbm dspjrjtulf y gçstjem bd fms e`lglnds eurlnbdrms lnbjnms& euyl

slhjburçl sd lpmyln dn unl trlbjejõn gjfdnlrjl guy rdspdtlbl y

lbgjrlbl pmr df gunbm dn fl letulfjblb. Xdjaj Lnbjnm ds un ‖pmst‗

dn fl imrglejõn rdkuflr bd tmbm rdjajstl& sd emgplrl emgm un eursm

bd dspdejlfjzlejõn gdbjlntd df eulf sd lsjgjfln fls tdenjel

dndrkêtjels e`lgìnjels lnbjnls& plrl unl jntdrprdtlejõn `mfçstjel

bd fl lutmimrglejõn dn rdjaj gìs lhjdrtl& lgpfjl& sõfjbl y dijelz.






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Xdjaj Lnbjnm nm rdprdsdntl un gmbdfm& tjpm m dstjfm bjidrdntd bd

`ledr rdjaj& ds unl imrgl bd dnsdülr fls têenjels dndrkêtjels bdf

e`lglnjsgm lnbjnm plrl lgpfjlr df hlklod bdf rdjajstl. Dn dsd

sdntjbm sd dgpfdln bms sdgjnlrjms bd letulfjzlejõn plrl qujdnds yl

prletjeln rdjaj l plrtjr bdf prjgdr njvdf. Fms sdgjnlrjms emgprdnbdn

fms emnmejgjdntms bdf sdnbdrm lnbjnm (Alwsly Surjy(& ds bdejr df

elgjnm bdf emsgms vjvjdntd.

Emn df lpmrtd bd Xdjaj Lnbjnm& df rdjajstl pudbd eruzlr df ughrlf bdf

dntdnbjgjdntm y emnmedr fls hmnblbds bd fl dndrkçl bd fl glbrd

tjdrrl& sus rdeursms& fl glndrl emgm emndetlrsd y utjfjzlr su iudntd

bd dndrkçl. Fm gjsgm meurrd plrl fmkrlr fms emnvdnjms emn fms

dspçrjtus y tdndr jnstlnejls lfjlbls qud smfm pudbdn fmkrlrsd emnrjtulfds dspdejlfjzlbms qud df e`lglnjsgm emnmed y glndol. Bd

jkulf glndrl df rdjajstl pudbd `ledr usm bd fms mtrms dfdgdntms qud

emgpmndn df unjvdrsm& rlzõn pmr fl eulf sd lbjdstrl

emnvdnjdntdgdntd lf prletjelntd l ijn qud pudbl emndetlrsd

dijelzgdntd emn bje`ms dfdgdntms y `ledr usm bd tmbms fms rdeursms

bjspmnjhfds. L bjidrdnejl bd fl fjgjtlbl imrglejõn bdf rdjajstl

emnvdnejmnlf& df jnjejlbm dn Xdjaj Lnbjnm sd dspdejlfjzl dn fl

slhjburçl lnedstrlf y fls têenjels nlturlfds bd lgpfjijelejõn bd

dstlbms bd emnejdnejl qud usl emgm smpmrtd.






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<3. SDXIJF BD XDJAJ LNBJNM

Rdnjdnbm emgm hlsd fms prjnejpjms lnbjnms y fms prdedptms bdf rdjaj

trlbjejmnlf& Xdjaj Lnbjnm prmpmnd un pdrijf jntdkrlbm qud pmnd dn

prìetjel l trlvês bd su Dseudfl?

Xdjaj Ujnêrkjem. Emnsjbdrl qud fl sugl `led fl iudrzl. Dn dstd

dsqudgl nm `ly prdidrdnejl dn rdflejõn l fl jgpmrtlnejl bd unm u

mtrm gmbdfm. Rmbm gmbdfm ds jgpmrtlntd y pdrsjkud df gjsgm

prmpõsjtm. Uj pmr unl plrtd Xdjaj ds un gêtmbm bd slnlejõn nlturlf

erdlbm `led un sjkfm pmr df Udnsdj olpmnês Gjalm Tsuj lpmylbm dn

unl trlbjejõn mrjdntlf gjfdnlrjl& pmr mtrl plrtd Xdjaj Lnbjnm sd hlsl

dn fl prìetjel dspjrjtulf y gdbjejnl trlbjejmnlf lnbjnl jkulfgdntd

gjfdnlrjl. Lghms gmbdfms emnvdrkdn erdlnbm sjndrkjl.

Xdjaj bd fl Sle`lglgl. Xdjaj Lnbjnm sd jnspjrl dn fl emsgmvjsjõn

lnbjnl& dn df sdnbdrm dspjrjtulf Alwsly Surjy y dn fls erddnejls

edntrlbls dn fl ple`lglgl& fl glbrd tjdrrl.

Xdjaj bdf Lynj. Sudstm qud fl trlbjejõn lnbjnl sd hlsl dn dstd

prjnejpjm bd rdejprmejblb& df prletjelntd bd rdjaj lnbjnm tjdnd df

bdhdr slkrlbm bd emgplrtjr fm lprdnbjbm m lsjgjflbm.

Xdjaj bdf BLX. Dn nudstrl dseudfl df gldstrm bd rdjaj ds un sdrvjbmr

y nm lfkujdn qud sd sjrvd bd fms bdgìs& pmr fm gjsgm ds df prjgdrm






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dn blr df dodgpfm. Bd jkulf gmbm df prletjelntd bd fl trlbjejõn

lnbjnl ds prmtlkmnjstl bd su prmpjm bdstjnm y dvjtl sdkujr bmkgls m

plrlbjkgls rdpdtjtjvms. Dstd gmbdfm sd dsiudrzl dn erdlr (emfdkls(

y (NM bjseçpufms(.

Xdjaj Mrjkjnlrjm y Lnedstrlf. Fls prìetjels dndrkêtjels lnbjnls

prdsdntln un elrìetdr mrjkjnlrjm smhrd fl hlsd bd un fdklbm qud

kmzl bd gjfdnjms bd lüms bd bdslrrmffm eufturlf. Xdjaj Lnbjnm rdemkd

dstl dxpdrjdnejl e`lgìnjel y emnmejgjdntm lnedstrlf qud prmvjdnd

bdf emrlzõn bd fls gmntlüls lnbjnls Lpus*& iudntd bd unl rjel

trlbjejõn dspjrjtulf.

Xdjaj Fjhrd bd Eufturl. Fl dseudfl jgplrtd sus emnmejgjdntms fjhrd

bd vlrjlhfds kdmkrìijems& eufturlfds& fjnkuçstjems& rdfjkjmsms& bd

kêndrm& dte.

Xdjaj Fjhrd bd Fjnlods. Dn fl dseudfl nm sd bjserjgjnl l nlbjd pmr

gmtjvms bd fjnlods& sj hjdn ds ejdrtm ds jgpmrtlntd plrl un rdjajstl

meejbdntlf emnmedr bdtlffds bd su fjnlod& dn NTDYL DXL plsl l un

pflnm sdeunblrjm.

Xdjaj Fjhrd bd Srm`jhjejmnds. Dn NTDYL DXL bdejgms? (Dstì

prm`jhjbm prm`jhjr( y blgms fjhdrtlb lf pdnslgjdntm y mpjnjõn

lunqud sj ds bjvdrsm bdf nudstrm. Dstd elrìetdr ds un prdedptm

iunblgdntlf qud lgplrl fl vjsjõn bd Imrm Lhjdrtm bd fl Dseudfl.






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<<. UDUJMNDU JNBJYJBTLFDU Z KXTSLFDU

l* Udsjmnds jnbjvjbulfds

Xdjaj lnbjnm sd rdlfjzl dn eulfqujdr lghjdntd edrrlbm m lhjdrtm& fm

jbdlf ds bjspmndr bd fl prjvlejblb& emnimrt y sjfdnejm bdf elsm. Fl

sdsjõn jnbjvjbulf ds bd nlturlfdzl ifdxjhfd y pudbd jnefujr dodrejejms y

prìetjels jnbjvjbulfds emn fl dndrkçl sdkÿn fls dnsdülnzls bd fms

e`lglnds lnbjnms& qud emnsdrvln df emnmejgjdntm lnedstrlf

rdsdrvlbm eujblbmslgdntd burlntd gjfdnjms. Fl sdkunbl plrtd sd

elrletdrjzl pmr fl prdsdnejl bd un dsplejm rjtulf& dn rdflejõn emn fls

slkrlbls erddnejls bdf gunbm lnbjnm rdspdetm l fl ple`lglgl

glbrd tjdrrl*.

h* Udsjmnds kruplfds

Lf jkulf qud fls sdsjmnds jnbjvjbulfds& Xdjaj Lnbjnm tjdnd emgm

glrem prdfjgjnlr fls prìetjels bd fms eçreufms bd rdjaj emnvdnejmnlf.

Fudkm sd rdlfjzln dodrejejms y elnlfjzlejmnds emn fl dndrkçl bdf

Alwsly Sle`l Dndrkçl bdf Tnjvdrsm*& df lynj emn fl ple`lglgl d

jntdrelghjm bd pmbdr pdrsmnlf plrl hdndijejm bdf krupm y bdf

pflndtl.






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<33

<8. IMXGLEJÕN DN XDJAJ LNBJNM

Fl Nudvl Dseudfl bd Xdjaj Lnbjnm NTDYL DXL* prmpmnd bjidrdntds

letjvjblbds bd bjiusjõn eufturlf& emn df prmpõsjtm bd prmgmvdr fms

emnmejgjdntms dn df glndom bd dndrkçl y trlnsgjtjr dstl prìetjel

lnedstrlf bdf gdomr gmbm pmsjhfd. Ds pmr dstd gmtjvm qud fl Dseudfl

jgplrtd emnidrdnejls& eursms krltujtms pmr Jntdrndt& sdgjnlrjms

imrgltjvms prdsdnejlfds y eursms imrgltjvms l bjstlnejl?

l* Emnidrdnejls

Fls emnidrdnejls bd Xdjaj Lnbjnm sd mrklnjzln bd gmbm qud df

plrtjejplntd leedbl bd gmbm fjhrd y krltujtm. Ud rdlfjzln pmr fm

kdndrlf bçls prdvjms lf bdslrrmffm bd un sdgjnlrjm prdsdnejlf. Dn flsemnidrdnejls sd trltln tdgls lfusjvms lf eursm jntrmbuetmrjm.

Rdgìtjel trltlbl? Xdjaj plrl tmbms& pjflrds bdf rdjaj. Xdjaj lnbjnm&

emsgmvjsjõn lnbjnl. Udnbdrm alwsly purjy& têenjels dndrkêtjels

lnbjnls.

h* Eursm Jntrmbuetmrjm pmr Jntdrndt

Dstd eursm sd jgplrtd bd glndrl krltujtl y ds unl glndrl bd

lbdntrlrsd dn df sdnbdrm lnbjnm ‖Alwsly Surjy‗ qud emnimrgl fms

pjflrds bd fl prìetjel bd Xdjaj E`lgìnjem Lnbjnm.






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<3<

Df eursm jntrmbuetmrjm ds unl mpmrtunjblb ÿnjel plrl emnmedr

bjidrdntds lspdetms bd fl eufturl y dspjrjtulfjblb lnbjnl& bd jkulf

gmbm pdrgjtd lbdntrlrnms dn fl prmpudstl erdltjvl d jnnjvlbmrl bd

Xdjaj Lnbjnm. Ud dneudntrl dstrueturlbm pmr gõbufms

lutmbjbìetjems qud pdrgjtdn unl iìejf fdeturl& euyms emntdnjbms

pudbdn gmtjvlr lf fdetmr l ijn qud tmgd jntdrês dn fl trlbjejõn y

gdbjejnl dndrkêtjel lnbjnl& bd gmbm qud rdsuftd unl dfdeejõn

rdlfjzlr un prmkrlgl imrgltjvm pmstdrjmr dn dstl jnnmvlbmrl

bjsejpfjnl.

Rdgìtjel trltlbl? Xdjaj plrl tmbms& pjflrds bdf rdjaj. Xdjaj lnbjnm&

emsgmvjsjõn lnbjnl. Udnbdrm alwsly purjy& têenjels dndrkêtjels

lnbjnls.

e* Udgjnlrjms bd Imrglejõn

Fms sdgjnlrjms bd imrglejõn smn prdsdnejlfds y smn trds? Df prjgdr

njvdf emrrdspmnbd l fl JNJEJLEJÕN. Df sdkunbm lf EMGSXMGJUM y df

tdredrm l fl GLDURXÇL.

Fms sdgjnlrjms prdsdnejlfds dstìn bjrjkjbms l rdjajstls l plrtjr bdf

prjgdr njvdf dn eulfqujdrl bd fls dseudfls m fjnlods. Dstì mrjdntlbm

lbdgìs l fms prletjelntds bd fls mtrls bjsejpfjnls qud tjdndn

lijnjblb emn fl prìetjel bd rdjaj. Nm rddgpflzl l njnkunl imrglejõn&






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<38

nj jgpjbd df dodrejejm bd fms njvdfds yl lfelnzlbms. Nm ds un rdqujsjtm

sdr gldstrm bd rdjaj plrl plrtjejplr.

b* Eursms l Bjstlnejl

Df ETXUM L BJURLNEJL sjrvd plrl didetms bd bjiusjõn eufturlf l

emnijnds bmnbd ds bjiçejf ffdklr bd gmbm prdsdnejlf. Ujn dghlrkm

smfm ds pmsjhfd rdlfjzlr df ETXUM L BJURLNEJL `lstl df sdkunbm

njvdf. Fl gldstrçl bd Xdjaj Lnbjnm sd rdlfjzl dxefusjvlgdntd bd

gmbm prdsdnejlf.

Dstd eursm tdfdgìtjem sd rdlfjzl gdbjlntd unl pfltlimrgl

tdenmfõkjel bd Dbuelejõn l Bjstlnejl emn gltdrjlfds y emntdnjbms

bjkjtlfds dserjtms& dn vjbdm& imrm& tutmrçl y smpmrtd bd E`lt Mn'Fjnd&bjspmnjhfd pmr df gmgdntm plrl plrtjejplntds prmvdnjdntds bd tmbm

df gunbm bd `lhfl `jsplnl.






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<35

GÕBTFM 5

UDNBDXM AL[ULZ STXJZ ― RÊENJELUDNDXKÊRJELU LNBJNLU






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<32

Fdeturl

RXLU FLU @TDFFLU BDF RLAJ MNEMZ

Smr Lrnlfbm \ujspd bje. 83<3*

Fjtdrlfgdntd dn qude`ul Rlaj Mnemy m Rlaj Tnquy& sd trlbued

emgm ‖dnidrgdblb bdf elntm‗. Df sdntjbm bd dstl glnjidstlejõn jnbçkdnl

mhdbded l un sdntjgjdntm dspmntìndm bd rdsjstdnejl d jnsurkdnejl pmfçtjel&eufturlf y dspjrjtulf& dn irdntd bd fl jngjndntd emfmnjzlejõn dsplümfl. Dstd

gmvjgjdntm tuvm emgm dsednlrjm fms lnbds pdrulnms& dn tdrrjtmrjms qud

emgprdnbdn fls letulfds rdkjmnds bd Lyleue`m& Lpurçgle y Eusem& dn fl

sdkunbl gjtlb bdf sjkfm PYJ. Df prmpõsjtm drl bdspdrtlr l fl pmhflejõn ejvjf

bdf emntrmf pmfçtjem `jspìnjem qud dstlhl suedbjênbmsd emn krln ilejfjblb&

bdhjbm dntrd mtrls emsls l qud fls pmhflejmnds jnbçkdnls tdnçln fl erddnejlqud df `mghrd hflnem rdprdsdntlhl bd lfkunl glndrl bjmsds (wjrleme`ls*

vdnjbms bd mtrms pudhfms plrl lyublr y lpmrtlr hjdndstlr lf pudhfm lnbjnm.

Nm sd bdsemnijlhl dn un jnjejm bd fls rdlfds jntdnejmnds bdf jnvlsmr.

Dstd gmvjgjdntm surkd bd lfkunl glndrl emgm un bdspdrtlr

jnbçkdnl& qud pdrejhd qud su gunbm y emsgmvjsjõn sd dneudntrl dn krlvd

pdfjkrm& yl qud fms vlfmrds& trlbjejmnds y erddnejls nm vjdndn sjdnbmrdspdtlbms pmr fls nudvls rdkfls bd oudkm. Smr mtrl plrtd& elbl vdz sd

sjdntd emgm jngjndntd fl `dkdgmnçl `jspìnjel& qud bdsbd yl dntrlhl l

tlfflr bd unl glndrl vdrtjelf dn tmbms fms lspdetms bdf tlwlntjnsuym?

emgdnzlhl l leflrlrsd qud df plnmrlgl bd fl emnqujstl y fl pmstdrjmr

emfmnjzlejõn prdsdntlhln un elrìetdr prjnejplfgdntd pmfçtjem& demnõgjem y

rdfjkjmsm. Df durmpdm rdejên ffdklbm tdnçl dn gdntd& l prjmrj fl jbdl bdf






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<34

hmtçn ‖bdf mrm‗& puds dsm drl fm qud `lhçl vdnjbm l huselr. Fudkm surkjõ fl

ndedsjblb bd jgpmndr dn tmbls fls imrgls pmsjhfds unl ejvjfjzlejõn smhrd

mtrl& unl eufturl smhrd mtrl& lpflstlnbm bd jngdbjltm tmbm jntdntm bd

rdsjstdnejl pmr plrtd bdf tdrrjtmrjm emnqujstlbm.

Smr dxtrlüm qud plrdzel dstd prmedsm bd emntrmf pmfçtjem y gjfjtlr

emntõ emn df lpmym bd eurlelzkms y rdzlkms bd eufturls fmelfds bmgjnlbls

`lstl dntmneds pmr df Jgpdrjm Jnel& puds drl unl imrgl bd rdtmglr df

emntrmf bd sus rdspdetjvms tdrrjtmrjms emn lpmym dsplümf. @my dn bçl& sd

slhd qud df emnqujstlbmr iud guy jntdfjkdntd dn dnirdntlr fls prmpjls

iudrzls gjfjtlrds bdf jgpdrjm& emgm gmvjdnbm pjdzls bd lodbrdz& gue`ls

vdeds utjfjzlnbm fl glnm bdf prmpjm jnbçkdnl emgm elrnd bd elüõn& qud

lsdkurlhl bje`m sdl bd plsm qud fls hlols `jspìnjels sdln gçnjgls. Dstl

`lhjfjblb bd glndom `jzm bdhjfjtlr fl mrklnjzlejõn bdf Rlwlntjnsuym&

blnbm plsm lf nudvm emntrmf pmfçtjem'gjfjtlr'rdfjkjmsm dn glnms bd fl

emrmnl dsplümfl& emn kmhdrnlbmrds d jntdnbdntds em'prmtlkmnjstls dn un

jnjejm bd fl emnqujstl.

Umhrd df Rlaj Mnemy sd slhd

pmem& qudbln smfm rdeudrbms d

jnimrglejõn qud smfm `l slhjbm

emdxjstjr dn fl gdgmrjl emfdetjvl bdf

pmhflbmr jnbçkdnl. Elhd emnsjbdrlr

qud fl `jstmrjl bd dstd gmvjgjdntm iud

elnedflbl pmr df efdrm mijejlf y nm sd

dx`jhd dn njnkunl iudntd `jstõrjel mijejlf. L njvdf rdfjkjmsm'dspjrjtulf fl

jnqujsjejõn dsplümfl bjspusm bd unl mijejnl qud lbqujrjõ df nmghrd bd

‖dxtjrplejõn bd jbmfltrçls‗& qud pmr smhrd tmbls fls emsls jgpusm un

prmedsm imrzlbm bd dvlnkdfjzlejõn eltõfjel. Fl nudvl rdfjkjõn bdhçl hmrrlr






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<39

bd rljz tmbl dxprdsjõn& erddnejl y dspjrjtulfjblb jnbçkdnl `lstl dntmneds

dxjstdntd y emnvdrtjr l fl pmhflejõn& pmr tmbms fms gdbjms pmsjhfds lf

eltmfjejsgm. Udgdolntd l unl ‖eledrçl bd hruols‗ fl jnqujsjejõn rdlfjzõ

pdrsdeuejõn bd tmbl erddnejl ‖lhsurbl‗ `lejl fl nlturlfdzl& `lejl fms

bjmsds slkrlbms lnbjnms& fl ple`lglgl& fls `ulels y fms rjtulfds drln

bdeflrlbms emgm jnlprmpjlbms y `lstl bdgmnçlems bd leudrbm l fl nudvl

fdy bdf krln ÿnjem Bjms meejbdntlf. Dn nmghrd bd Bjms sd emgdtjdrmn letms

hlrhìrjems dn emntrl bd fl pmhflejõn jnbçkdnl& gmtjvm pmr df eulf unl bd

fls dvjbdnejls qud nms gudstrl fl `jstmrjl nm mijejlf& nms pdrgjtd emnmedr&

qud bd unl pmhflejõn lnbjnl dstjglbl '`lstl fl emnqujstl' dn <9 gjffmnds

bd `lhjtlntds& dn pmem gìs bd un sjkfm bd bmgjnlejõn durmpdl& sd rdbuom l

pmem gdnms bd bms gjffmnds.

Rlaj Mnemy& iud un gmvjgjdntm bd rdnmvlejõn& hìsjelgdntd

dspjrjtulf& surkjbm bd glndrl dspmntlndl bd plrtd bdf prmpjm pmhflbmr

jnbçkdnl& qud emn fl nudvl fdy rdfjkjmsl eltõfjel dstlhl jgpdbjbm bd

rdlfjzlr sus edrdgmnjls y rjtulfds `lejl sus prmpjls bdjblbds& lpus y plkms

l fl ple`lglgl. Ud dstjgl `jstõrjelgdntd qud burõ lfrdbdbmr bd sjdtd u

me`m lüms& dntrd <492 `lstl <4;8 y qud tuvm su mrjkdn jnjejlfgdntd dn fms

lnbds lyleue`lnms& emn un fçbdr jnbçkdnl bd lpdffjbm E`menj. Fms

prmpõsjtms bd dstl jnsurkdnejl drln prjnejplfgdntd? fl dxpufsjõn bdf

jnvlsmr& fl fue`l dn emntrl bd tmbl imrgl bd emdrejõn d jnoustjejl& df

lhlnbmnm bd tmbl prìetjel rdfjkjmsl eltõfjel y df rdstlhfdejgjdntm bd fls

wlels lnbjnls (fuklrds slkrlbms bd euftm*. Udrì pmr dstm ÿftjgm qud df

gmvjgjdntm iud emnmejbm dn un jnjejm emgm ‖rdhdfjõn bd fls wlels‗& puds

dstm rdprdsdntlhl df fflglbm bd fms prmpjms fuklrds slkrlbms jnbçkdnls (bd

fls prmpjls bjvjnjblbds*& l ijn bd rdstlurlr df mrbdn y fl dspjrjtulfjblb

lutêntjel qud dstlhl sjdnbm smgdtjbl pmr mtrm gmbdfm dxtrlnodrm. Dn lquêf






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<3;

dntmneds sd erdçl qud fls wlels dstlhln bdolnbm bd dxprdslr su prmpjm

elntm slkrlbm& gmtjvm pmr df eulf df elms rdjnlntd ― pmr df nudvm mrbdn

rdfjkjmsm' dstlrçl bdkdndrlnbm dn dnidrgdblb. Smr dffm& eulnbm sd `lhfl bd

Rlaj Mnemy sd `lhfl bd ‖dnidrgdblb bdf elntm‗& puds sd rdijdrd lf elntm

slkrlbm prmpjm bd fls wlels.

Ountm l fms Jnels bd

Yjfelhlghl (Fjnlod bd Jnels

suhfdvlbms qud vl bdsbd Glnem

Jnel `lstl Ruple Lglru J*& dstd

gmvjgjdntm bd rdsjstdnejl iud

emnsjbdrlbm emgm pdfjkrmsm d

jgpmrtlntd& pmr plrtd bdf

emnqujstlbmr qud nm bubõ dn lpflstlr `lstl dxtjnkujr burlgdntd l fms

plrtçejpds bdf gmvjgjdntm. Df vjsjtlbmr dsplümf Erjstmhlf bd Lfhmrnmz tuvm

emgm gjsjõn dspdeçijel lhmfjr tmbls fls glnjidstlejmnds bdf gmvjgjdntm&

fmkrlnbm elpturlr lf fçbdr jnbçkdnl E`menj& plrl su pmstdrjmr dodeuejõn dn

fl ejublb bdf Eusem. Lntd dstms suedsms df gmvjgjdntm pdrbjõ iudrzl y fms

bdgìs fçbdrds dspjrjtulfds tuvjdrmn qud meuftlrsd y ffdvlr l elhm sus

prìetjels dspjrjtulfds dn sderdtm y gue`ls vdeds imrglnbm pdqudüls

`drglnblbds y fjnlods plrl emnsdrvlr fls erddnejls y prìetjels rdfjkjmsls

`lstl df bçl bd `my. Krlejls lf lpmrtd bd dstms fçbdrds dspjrjtulfds

jnbçkdnls (plqms* qud `ln glntdnjbm su lnmnjgltm `lstl fl letulfjblb& fls

dspjrjtulfjblb lnbjnl `l smhrdvjvjbm y fls prìetjels sd emnsdrvln jntletls&

tlf emgm sd dodreçln bdsbd êpmels prd'Jnels d Jnels.

Uj hjdn ds ejdrtm& fl vdrsjõn meejbdntlf prdijdrd dgpfdlr fl plflhrl

‖sjnerdtjsgm‗& ds bdejr df dneudntrm bd bms eufturls m plrlbjkgls (gmbdfm

gdsjìnjem bd trlnseufturjzlejõn* y su emrrdspmnbjdntd gdzefl. Guy pmr df






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<30

emntrlrjm dn fl vdrsjõn ijfmsõijel

lnbjnl& sd lijrgl qud fl dspjrjtulfjblb

jnbçkdnl sd `l dnrjqudejbm emn fl

jnemrpmrlejõn bd lfkunms dfdgdntms

bd fls glnjidstlejmnds eltõfjels& puds

dstls sd `ln jntdkrlbm l fl

emsgmvjsjõn lnbjnl. Uj hjdn ds ejdrtm lghms plrlbjkgls emnvdrkdn y sd

prletjeln dn un smfm dsednlrjm smejlf& ds df gmbdfm bd pdnslgjdntm bdf

prmhflbmr lnbjnm df qud prdvlfded& qud prdsdntl emgm elrletdrçstjel

psjemfõkjel prjnejplf su lpdrturl y rdedptjvjblb& puds sd trltl bd unl

eufturl qud vjvd dn emntletm emn fl nlturlfdzl& qud rdspdtl y vlfmrl tmbl

erddnejl qud lÿn sjdnbm jgpmrtlbls m dxtdrnls& fds pudbl kdndrlr Lffjn

Alwsly (hjdndstlr lnbjnm*.

UJKNJ IJ ELBM GÇURJEM

Fls erddnejls bd fl

ple`lglgl y bd fl glbrd tjdrrl nm

smfm smn vjkdntds `lstl `my& sjnm

gìs lÿn fms sdntjgjdntms bd

vlfmrlejõn y prìetjel rjtulf sd

lerdejdntln dn fls nudvls

kdndrlejmnds vdnjbdrls. Dstm `led

supmndr fl dxjstdnejl bd un rdnmvlbm Rlaj Mnemy dn df emfdetjvm lnbjnm&

qud jntdntl rdvlfmrlr d jnemrpmrlr tmbl prìetjel lnedstrlf l fl letulfjblb.

Fl hÿsqudbl bd dstl nudvl dspjrjtulfjblb lnbjnl dstì emhrlnbm unl iudrzl

jnusjtlbl d jgpmrtlntd y elbl vdz bd glymr lukd. Df sjknjijelbm letulf y






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<3:

prjnejplf bd dstd gmvjgjdntm ds su nlturlfdzl bd rdnmvlejõn dspjrjtulf& qud

trlsednbdrçl tmbl erddnejl plrejlf dxjstdntd& dn bmnbd sd jntdntlrçl dntrd

mtrls emsls prmpmndr un nudvm ejefm emsgmfõkjem bd vjbl bdnmgjnlbm

‖ple`leutj ‗. Tn nudvm ejefm bd dxplnsjõn& gdomrlgjdntm y lhunblnejl

emnmejbm emgm ‖ple`leutj‗ (ple`leutde*& qud jgpfjelrçl fjtdrlfgdntd dn

qude`ul& fl dxplnsjõn bdf emnmejgjdntm sustdntlbm dn fl glbrd tjdrrl y bdf

eõsgms vjtlf lnbjnm.

Smr mtrl plrtd& gdtliõrjelgdntd `lhflnbm rdemhrlrçl jgpmrtlnejl

df nm gdnms emnmejbm gjtm bd Jnalrrj& pmr gdbjm bdf eulf sd dspdrl qud df

Ulpl Jnel (ßnjem Uuprdgm Jnel* rdemhrd df pmbdr pdrbjbm& l ijn bd

rdstlhfdedr df mrbdn jgpdrjlf qud lfkunl vdz dxjstjõ dn fls eultrm

bjrdeejmnds bdf Rlwlntjnsuym. Dstm ÿftjgm pmbrçl jgpfjelr unl imrgl bd

lfelnzlr fl jfugjnlejõn pmr gdbjm bdf gmbdfm bd dspjrjtulfjblb lnbjnl&

emgm un gmbdfm lutêntjem bd hjdndstlr& qud lpmrtlrçl prjnejplfgdntd l fl

eufturl meejbdntlf un emnountm bd emnmejgjdntms y erddnejls hlslbms dn

rdtmglr emntletm emn fl glbrd tjdrrl y df rdspdtm `lejl fl slnl emnvjvdnejl

y tmbms fms dfdgdntms qud emnimrgln fl nlturlfdzl dsdnejlf. Jkulfgdntd df

lntrmpõfmkm y gçstjem Ouln Nuüdz bdf Srlbm lsdkurl qud fl glnjidstlejõn

dspjrjtulf vjkdntd `lstl df bçl bd `my emnmejbl emgm ‖\muffur Xjtj‗&

tdnbrçl fuklr emgm unl dxprdsjõn bdf jnbçkdnl letulf qud dstlrçl

kdndrlnbm fl dndrkçl ndedslrjl plrl df surkjgjdntm bd un nudvm njvdf bd

Jnel bdf gunbm supdrjmr (Jnel Glffeu*.

Smr dstls rlzmnds& sdkujr fls `udffls bdf Rlaj Mnemy ds rdtmglr df

sdnbdrm qud emnbued l unl dspjrjtulfjblb slkrlbl lnbjnl& qud pmnd l

bjspmsjejõn su gmbdfm& prìetjel y emsgmvjsjõn dxjstdntd bd unl glndrl

sdnsltl y lhjdrtl. Fl jbdl bd un Rlaj Mnemy letulf nms pdrgjtd leflrlr qud

df sdntjgjdntm bd dxprdsjõn bd dspjrjtulfjblb lnbjnl ds vjkdntd y fltdntd






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<<3

`lstl df bçl bd `my. Nm ds unl glndrl iunblgdntlfjstl rdfjkjmsl& nj rdemkd

gltjeds bd jnsurkdnejl pmfçtjel'smejlf. Lbqujdrd gìs hjdn un rlnkm bd

dspjrjtulfjblb& puds emgm bdsbd dn un jnjejm dsm fl elrletdrjzl. Df tdrrdnm

bdf Rlaj Mnemy plsl pmr rdvlfmrlr tmbms fms dfdgdntms bd fl dspjrjtulfjblb

lnbjnl dxjstdntds& rdsuftlbm bd unl `jstmrjl qud lntdedbd ― jnefusjvd' lf

prmpjm Jgpdrjm Jnel.

IJN






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<<<

ELSÇRTFM 4? DF UDNBDXM LNBJNM AL[ULZ STXJZ

<. AL[ULZ STXJZ? DF ELGJNM BD FL JNJEJLEJÕN LNBJNL

Slrl fms lnbjnms& Alwsly ds

fl dndrkçl vjvl qud rmbdl

tmbms fms lspdetms bd flrdlfjblb unjvdrslf. Udkÿn fl

trlbjejõn lnbjnl Alwsly

Surjy sjknjijel ‖elgjnlr dn

df emsgms vjvjdntd‗& y

emgprdnbd df lrtd dspjrjtulf lnbjnm bd lprdnbdr l emndetlrnms emn

nmsmtrms gjsgms y tmbm fm qud nms rmbdl? fl nlturlfdzl& gmntlüls&

ìrhmfds& lnjglfds& dstrdffls& mhodtms slkrlbms& dte.

Alwsly Surjy& ds fl hlsd bd fl trlbjejõn dspjrjtulf lnbjnl d jgpfjel

unl imrgl bd vjbl qud prmbued ‖Lffjn Alwsly‗ m ‖Uuglq Alwsly‗&

ds bdejr hudn vjvjr m hjdndstlr. Alwsly Surjy ds un elgjnm bd

jnjejlejõn `lejl un dstlbm gìs dvmfuejmnlbm bd emnejdnejl& unl

dfdeejõn dspjrjtulf qud trlsejdnbdn df `mrjzmntd lnbjnm& puds `my

pmr `my ds un elgjnm lhjdrtm y bjspmnjhfd plrl fl dntdrl

`uglnjblb.






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<<8

8. AL[ULZ STXJZ Z XDJAJ RXLBJEJMNLF

Df sdnbdrm bd fl trlbjejõn Alwsly Surjy plrl su emrrdetl

trlnsgjsjõn prdsdntl un gêtmbm& unl tdenmfmkçl y un fdnkulod

prmpjm. Fms gldstrms lnbjnms nm sd vlfdn bd njnkÿn emnmejgjdntm

m plflhrl bd usm dxtrlnodrm plrl bdserjhjr df dsqudgl dndrkêtjem

`uglnm& df eulf emnmedn bdsbd tjdgpms jngdgmrjlfds.

Fl jbdl bd prmpmndr un

gmbdfm unjijelbm dntrd rdjaj y

e`lglnjusgm lnbjnm? XDJAJ

LNBJNM plsl pmr rdspdtlr

lghls iudntds bd

emnmejgjdntm tlfds y emgm

smn& sjn jntdntlr gmbjijelr m

iusjmnlrfls dntrd sç. Xdjaj lnbjnm ds un imrm lhjdrtm plrl lfelnzlr bd

gmbm dspdeçijem df emnmejgjdntm lnbjnm plrl unl gdomr

emgprdnsjõn pmr plrtd bd fms prletjelntds bd rdjaj trlbjejmnlf. Xdjaj

lnbjnm ds unl prmpudstl bd dnsdülr fms emnmejgjdntms y prìetjel

pmr plrtd bdf e`lglnjsgm lnbjnm tlf y emgm vjdnd sjdnbm

trlnsgjtjbm bd glndrl JNBJYJBTLF pmr plrtd bdf fjnlod bd gldstrms

bdf sdnbdrm Alwsly Surjy.

Elhd lkrdklr qud dxjstdn ejdrtls sdgdolnzls y plrlfdfjsgms dntrd fl

trlbjejõn lnbjnl Alwsly Surjy y fl prìetjel bdf rdjaj. Dstm mhdbded l






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<<5

qud dn bjidrdntds emntdxtms eufturlfds pudbdn bdslrrmfflrsd

dfdgdntms emgunds sjn qud dxjstl jnifudnejl dxtdrnl. Dstl

emjnejbdnejl eufturlf 'sjn dghlrkm' tjdnd qud emgprdnbdrsd bdsbd

df tjpm bd ejvjfjzlejõn bd mrjkdn m bd prmedbdnejl& puds elbl unl bd

dffls pmsdd un prmedbdr bjstjntm bd leudrbm l fl jntdrleejõn emn fl

kdmkrlijl& df gmbm bd pdnslr y df dstjfm bd vjbl. Dn Alwsly Surjy

pmr dodgpfm sd plrtd bd qud df pmhflbmr lnbjnm pmsdd un dsqudgl

gdntlf fjklbm hìsjelgdntd emn fl dspjrjtulfjblb bd fl tjdrrl y

smhrd tmbm fl vlfmrjzlejõn lnçgjel bd eulntm fd rmbdl. Dn Xdjaj

Lnbjnm sd rdspdtl fl vlrjlhfd bdf plrlbjkgl lnbjnm dn su

jntdkrjblb.

Df têrgjnm gìs emnkrudntd emn Xdjaj dndrkçl unjvdrslf qud ifuyd*

dn df plrlbjkgl lnbjnm sdrçl ‖Alwsly‗& puds ds fl dndrkçl vjvl

prdsdntd dn tmbm mrbdn bd emsls. Fls jnjejlejmnds bd rdjaj smn

‖Alrply‗& bd lffç qud tdndgms dn fl trlbjejõn lnbjnl& @ltun Alrply

m Alrply Lynj pmr dodgpfm. Dn fl prìetjel lvlnzlbl bd rdjaj tdndgms

df elgpm lurjem m lurl fm qud dn df sjstdgl lnbjnm rdprdsdntl df

pmqpm& ds bdejr fl hmfl m hurhuol pdrsmnlf m kruplf. Fms edntrms

dndrkêtjems lsugdn df nmghrd bd e`larls emjnejbdntds dn df

dsqudgl lnbjnm dn elsj tmbms fms puntms qud lbqujdrdn df nmghrd

bd ‖ülwjs‗ m moms dndrkêtjems. Dn gdbjejnl trlbjejmnlf E`jnl smn

guy emnmejbms fms gdrjbjlnms m elnlfds bd dndrkçl qud dn df

plrlbjkgl lnbjnm rdprdsdntln fms ‖sdquds‗ bdf eudrpm `uglnm& ds






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<<2

bdejr fls fçndls slkrlbls qud rdemrrdn df eudrpm l plrtjr bdf ‖qmsqm‗

m mghfjkm dndrkêtjem lnbjnm.

\ujdrm jnsjstjr dn df `de`m qud nm sd trltl bd elghjlr bd un gmbm

ilfjejstl df nmghrd bd dstms dfdgdntms emnkrudntds& puds elbl unm

lsugd pdrsmnlfjblb prmpjl y dn fl prìetjel sd dvjbdnejl un

trltlgjdntm guy bjidrdntd lf qud dstlgms ilgjfjlrjzlbms dn rdjaj

emnvdnejmnlf.

Lsç gjsgm& Alwsly Surjy

lpmrtl un sjnnÿgdrm bd

dstrltdkjls& têenjels y

emnmejgjdntms qud

pdrgjtdn prmiunbjzlr fl

dxpdrjdnejl emn df trlhlom

emn dndrkçls sutjfds. Smr dodgpfm lpmrtl df emnmejgjdntm bd fms

‖e`ugpjs‗& puds sd `lhfl bd ejnturmnds bd dndrkçl qud rmbdln elbl

edntrm dndrkêtjem y qud sjrvdn plrl prmtdkdr df pmqpm bd fls

jnifudnejls bdf dxtdrjmr.

Alwsly Surjy lpmrtl bdf gjsgm gmbm df emnmejgjdntm rdspdetm bdf

tjpm bd dndrkçl sutjf qud gudvd df eõsgms& lsç tdndgms pmr dodgpfm

qud df ‖slgj‗ ds fl dndrkçl purl m rdijnlbl y ‖oue`l‗ fl dndrkçl

pdslntd m bdnsl. Nm sd trltl bd unl bjidrdnejlejõn Zjn y Zlnk emgm

dn fl trlbjejõn E`jnl& yl qud plrl df plrlbjkgl lnbjnm nm dxjstd fl






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<<4

eflsjijelejõn bd dndrkçl

pmrqud sdln mpudstms& emgm

pmr dodgpfm unl pmsjtjvl m

ndkltjvl.

Dn fl trlbjejõn lnbjnl sjn

dghlrkm& dxjstd unl

eflsjijelejõn bd kêndrm

emnkrudntd emn fl gdbjejnl trlbjejmnlf E`jnl& puds df dqujvlfdntd

bd Zjn sdrçl ‖Alwsly \ujffl‗ fl dndrkçl funlr idgdnjnl y df

dqujvlfdntd bd Zlnk sdrçl ‖Alwsly Jntj‗ fl dndrkçl Umf glseufjnl.

5. FMU ELGJNMU BD RXLNUGJUJÕN BD FL RXLBJEJMN LNBJNL

Slrl unl gdomr emgprdnsjõn dn df prmedsm bd trlnsgjsjõn bd

emnmejgjdntm df sdnbdrm Alwsly Surjy sd bjvjbd l su vdz dn trds

lspdetms?

S`lül ds fl plrtd bdrde`l bd fl trlbjejõn& qud sd meupl bd

fl rdflejõn dntrd df pmqpm y fl rdlfjblb dxtdrnl. Df Smqpm ds

fl hmfl dndrkêtjel pdrsmnlf. Rjdnd qud vdr emn df @lnla

Sle`l m gunbm supdrjmr.

Ffmqud ds fl plrtd jzqujdrbl bd fl trlbjejõn& sd meupl bdf

trlhlom dndrkêtjem jntdrnm bdhlom bd fl pjdf içsjel*. Ds






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<<9

emnsjbdrlbm df flbm gìkjem'prìetjem y emndetlr dstd lspdetm

gdtliçsjem emn fl vjbl emtjbjlnl. Rjdnd qud vdr emn df Ta`u

Sle`l m gunbm jnidrjmr.

E`lupj ds fl plrtd bdf edntrm bd fl trlbjejõn. Rjdnd qud vdr

emn df Aly Sle`l& emn fl rdlfjblb y fl vjbl tdrrdnlf. Ds un

pudntd dntrd fls bms plrtds dxtrdgls. L njvdf dndrkêtjem df

e`lupj jntdrvjdnd dn df pmqpm& pdrm smhrd fl supdrijejd bd fl

pjdf.

2. JNEL GTOT? FL UDGJFFL BDF JNAL

Udkÿn fl trlbjejõn dspjrjtulf lnbjnl elbl unm bd nmsmtrms ds

pmrtlbmr bd unl sdgjffl bd fuz qud pudbd sdr bdslrrmfflbl emn df

prmpõsjtm bd lfelnzlr njvdfds bd jfugjnlejõn dspjrjtulf& dstm sdkÿn fl

trlbjejõn smfm ds pmsjhfd dn fl gdbjbl dn qud fmkrdgms elgjnlr pmr

df sdnbdrm bd dndrkçl vjvjdntd bd fl dspjrjtulfjblb lnbjnl alwsly

purjy*. Rmbm sdr `uglnm sjn dxefusjõn& pmsdd fl pmtdnejlfjblb bd

erdedr dspjrjtulfgdntd& sjkujdnbm df dodgpfm bdf Ulpl Jnel ÿnjem

Jnel*& puds fl trlbjejõn lnbjnl emnsjbdrl l su smhdrlnm emgm un sdr

prjvjfdkjlbm d jfugjnlbm& dfdkjbm pmr fms bjmsds bdf rdjnm supdrjmr

bdf `lnla ple`l gunbm bd lrrjhl*.






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<<;

‖Jnel guou‗ ds unl gdtìimrl dn fl

trlbjejõn lnbjnl qud rdprdsdntl

df pmbdr qud tjdnd df sdr `uglnm

bd `ledr erdedr fl fuz bdsbd su

jntdrjmr& bdsbd sus prmpjls rlçeds

y ltrjhutms& emn df tjdgpm fl

sdgjffl bdhd kdrgjnlr y bdslrrmfflrsd emgm un ìrhmf gìkjem&

irmnbmsm y pmrtlbmr l su vdz& bd sdgjffls bd plz& fuz y lgmr

unjvdrslf. Dn df jntdntm bd lfelnzlr fl jfugjnlejõn bd fl emnsejdnejl

`uglnl& sd lbqujdrdn elplejblbds y njvdfds bd bdslrrmffm içsjem&

dgmejmnlf& gdntlf y dspjrjtulf& qud fms gldstrms lnbjnms pmr su

plrtd& tjdndn fl rdspmnslhjfjblb bd jnstrujr l fms jnjejlbms bd fl

trlbjejõn& dn bje`m sdnbdrm bd dndrkçl vjvjdntd.

4. FMU NJYDFDU BD FL RXLBJEJMN DUSJXJRTLF

Dn fl trlbjejõn lnbjnl df njvdf hlsd bd pdrsmnl emn bjknjblb y

`mnmr& pmrtlbmr bd trlbjejõn ds df runl& qud dqujvlfd l un tçtufm bd

ejublblnm ÿtjf l su rdspdetjvm lyffu. Dn elghjm df usurjy ds fl

pdrsmnl jnÿtjf qud nm lpmrtl nlbl l fl smejdblb& y qud sdkÿn fl

trlbjejõn plrl nm sdr emnsjbdrlbm un dstmrhm bdhd bdeflrlr su

jnutjfjblb y smfm lsç sdr tutdflbm dn fms prmpõsjtms bdf lyffu bd

pdrtdndnejl.






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<<0

Df prjgdr njvdf bd bdslrrmffm dspjrjtulf emrrdspmnbd lf Lyffu

Slqm& un lprdnbjz dnelrklbm bd unl pdqudül ourjsbjeejõn&

qud emrrdspmnbd l un lyffu bd tjpm ilgjfjlr m emgunjblb&

emn ejdrtms emnmejgjdntms d jnjejltjvls. Ud elrletdrjzl pmr fm

kdndrlf pmr su lpdkm gltdrjlf y usm bd mhodtms m idtje`ds.

Df sdkunbm njvdf emrrdspmnbd lf Fflatl Slqm& euym rlnkm fd

emnijdrd fl rdspmnslhjfjblb bd un krupm bd lyffus&

dqujvlfdntd lf tdrrjtmrjm bd unl prmvjnejl. Ud elrletdrjzl pmr

su liìn bd lprdnbdr y supdrlejõn& sjn dghlrkm utjfjzl

sjghmfms& mhodtms d jglkdnds bd nugdrmsms bjmsds m

erdbms.

Df tdredr njvdf emrrdsmnbd lf Uuym Slqm& sd fd emnmed

tlghjên emgm lftmgjslyme y ds rdspmnslhfd bd un tdrrjtmrjm

krlnbd& suym m rdkjõn. Ud elrletdrjzl pmr su edntrlejõn

dspjrjtulf y tdnbdnejl gmnmtdçstl. L pdslr qud rdund lÿn

lspdetms bd fms bms prjgdrms njvdfds sd dneudntrl

prdplrlbm plrl fl jnjejlejõn glymr bdf eulrtm njvdf gçstjem

bd fl trlbjejõn lnbjnl.

Df eulrtm njvdf emrrdspmnbd lf Rdqsd Slqm& fflglbm tlghjên

aurlq lauffdq& ds df plqm glymr lutmrjzlbm l trlnsjtlr sjn

fjgjtlejmnds nj irmntdrls& pubjdnbm jnjejlr l fms plqms

gdnmrds y dnsdülr fl trlbjejõn lnbjnl dn tmbms fls

bjrdeejmnds bd fl e`lalnl. Ud rletletdrjzl pmr su elplejblb






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<<:

bd `ledr emnvdrkdr bms m gìs trlbjejmnds eufturlfds dn

ÿnjems prmpõsjtms bd dspjrjtulfjblb unjvdrslf.

Df qujntm njvdf emrrdspmnbd lf Jnel Glffau& emn un fjnlod

Jnel bdijnjbm plnlel*& unl bd fls elrletdrçstjels qud

bjstjnkud lf Jnel glffau ds su elfjblb bd ‖tuauy `lgpdq‗& ds

bdejr sdr un eurlnbdrm elplz bd eurlr tmbm tjpm bd

prmhfdgls bd slfub.

Df sdxtm njvdf emgpdtd lf Ulpl Jnel& df ÿnjem d jfugjnlbm

Jnel& df dfdkjbm pmr fms bjmsds plrl kmhdrnlr fls eultrm

rdkjmnds bdf tlwlntjnsuym 2 suyms*& tjdnd elfjblb bd

suprdgm& dstlbjstl y gdbjlbmr dntrd fms trds gunbms bd fl

emsgmvjsjõn lnbjnl.

Df sêtjgm njvdf Rlytlne`js Xlnty& ds unl prdsdnejl bjvjnl&

un bjms `uglnm bd fuz smhrd fl ilz bd fl tjdrrl.






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<83

Fdeturl

FMU \‚DXMU GJRM Z XDLFJBLB

Smr Lrnlfbm \ujspd Glym 83<8*

Df gunbm meejbdntlf lprdejl emn jntdrês fl bjiusjõn bd fl nmtjejl

bd un pudhfm pdrbjbm dn fms Lnbds pdrulnms emn rlskms tçpjems bd fl

eufturl jneljel& dstl nlejõn bdeflrlbl pltrjgmnjm eufturlf dn Sdrÿ bdsbd833; sd dneudntrl uhjelbl dn fl prmvjnejl bd Sluelrtlghm& dn df bjstrjtm

bdf gjsgm nmghrd& l 833 Ag. lf dstd bd fl ejublb bdf Euzem& fl lntjkul

elpjtlf bd fl Eufturl Jnel. Fl nlejõn \‚drms sd emgpmnd bd 4 emgunjblbds

bd fls eulfds fl @ltun \‚drms ds fl gìs jgpmrtlntd& uhjelbl l unl lfturl

bd 5;33 gsng. pmsdd unl mrklnjzlejõn smejlf sdgdolntd l fms lyffus bdf

pdrçmbm Jnel. Fms \‚drms emnimrgln unl pmhflejõn lprmxjglbl bd 8433emgundrms qud bdsdgpdüln sus letjvjblbds prmbuetjvls dn trds pjsms

demfõkjems dspdeçijems? Dn fl plrtd hlol (Gmntd* sd euftjvl df gljz l unl

lfturl qud msejfl dntrd <433 l 8433 gsng. Fudkm tdndgms fl plrtd gdbjl

(\`dswl* bmnbd sd euftjvl fl plpl l unl lfturl dntrd 8433 y 2333 gsng.

Smr ÿftjgm fl plrtd lftl (Sunl* bmnbd fms emgundrms sd bdbjeln l fl

erjlnzl bd lfplels y fflgls l unl lfturl supdrjmr l fms 2333 gsng.Emnmedr fl emsgmvjsjõn \‐drm& pdrgjtd emgprdnbdr fl

jbdmsjnerlejl sustlnejlf bdf gunbm lnbjnm& unl imrgl lrgõnjel bd vjbl y

dspfdnbmr jntdrrugpjbl 433 lüms ltrìs pmr fl prdsdnejl `jspìnjel. Fms

dstubjmsms d jnvdstjklbmrds lsdkurln qud fms \‚drms prdsdntln gmbdfms bd

mrklnjzlejõn smejlf& prmbuetjvm y rdfjkjmsm jntletms& emnsdrvlbms dn fl

fçndl bdf tjdgpm qud sd rdgmntln prdejslgdntd l fl êpmel Jneljel. Df






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<8<

tdrrjtmrjm meuplbm pmr fls emgunjblbds \‚drms ds lÿn emnsjbdrlbm bd

bjiçejf leedsm plrl fl ejvjfjzlejõn gmbdrnl. Df leedsm vjlf emnstrujbm dn fls

ÿftjgls bêelbls dn fl prmvjnejl bd Sluelrtlghm `l pdrgjtjbm dstrde`lr df

emntletm bdf gunbm \‚drms emn df Dstlbm y fl smejdblb pdrulnl. Smr vlrjms

sjkfms df ìrdl meuplbl \‚drms `l sjbm dn un jnjejm bd ourjsbjeejõn emfmnjlf

y fudkm bd fl jnbdpdnbdnejl& `lejdnbls prmpjdblb bd tdrrltdnjdntds

erjmffms& dn njnkÿn elsm sd fmkrõ lfjndlr pmr emgpfdtm l fl pmhflejõn ejvjf

emn fl nudvl rdfjkjõn mijejlf nj emn fl dbuelejõn bd prmvdnjdnejl

meejbdntlf.

Tnl dxpdbjejõn rdlfjzlbl pmr

lntrmpõfmkms y dstubjmsms bd dtnmfmkçl

y imfafmrd dnelhdzlbl pmr Mselr

Nuüdz Bdf Srlbm pubm bdtdrgjnlr dn

fl bêelbl bdf 93‚ bdf sjkfm plslbm& fl

prdsdnejl bd dfdgdntms&

emgpmrtlgjdntms& fdnkul& gjtms y trlbjejmnds qud sd jbdntjijelhln emgm

vjkdntds bdsbd fl êpmel Jneljel& drl prmhlhfdgdntd df jnjejm bdf ughrlf bd

dneudntrm dntrd un gunbm pdrbjbm y fl ejvjfjzlejõn meejbdntlf letulf. Dn df

gmgdntm prdsdntd dxjstd unl bmeugdntlejõn vlstl smhrd fl nlejõn \‚drms&

fls jnvdstjklejmnds smejmbdgmkrìijels& fjnkuçstjels& lntrmpmfõkjels y

lubjmvjsulfds `ln pdrgjtjbm fl lpdrturl lf gunbm bd dstd fdklbm eufturlf

gjfdnlrjm.

GJRMU GMBDXNMU LEDXEL BD FMU \‚DXMU

Fl lpdrturl bd fls emgunjblbds \‚drms lf gunbm kfmhlfjzlbm `l

pdrgjtjbm emnmedr fl dsdnejl bd fl jbdmsjnerlejl y plrlbjkgl lnbjnm& sjn

dghlrkm dstl lpdrturl `l prmvmelbm 'emgm drl bd dspdrlrsd'






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<88

dxlkdrlejmnds y gjtms gmbdrnms ledrel bd fl vjbl bd dstms pleçijems

pmhflbmrds qude`uls. Fl dxpmsjejõn bd fms prdsdntds gjtms tjdndn df

prmpõsjtm bd emntrjhujr l ijn qud fl eufturl \‚drm emnsdrvd su dsdnejl

dtnm`jstõrjel& emgm pltrjgmnjm bd fl eufturl pdrulnl& y pmrqud nm bd fl

`uglnjblb.

l* FMU \‚DXMU UMN FMU @LHJRLNRDU BD FLU NTHDU. Dn

lfkunms eçreufms gçstjems sd dseue`l bdejr bd glndrl jniunblbl

qud fms \‚drms `lhjtln pmr dnejgl bd fms ‖4 gjf gdtrms‗& rlzõn

pmr fl eulf sd `lffln prmtdkjbms pmr fls lfturls bd fls gmntlüls y

fl prdsdnejl emnstlntd bd ndhfjnl dn df fuklr. @my slhdgms qud fms

\‚drms emnimrgln un glermlyffu qud sd bdspflzl y meupl trds

pjsms demfõkjems qud vlrçln bdsbd fms <433 gsng. emn df leedsm l

fl sdfvl lftl m gmntd& `lstl fls punls bd 2433 gsng. gdbjm jbdlf

plrl df plstmrdm bd fflgls y lfplels. Df pmhflbmr \‚drm sjn

dghlrkm& `lhjtl l unl lfturl gdbjl bd 5&;33 gsng. Fl prdsdnejl

bd ndhfjnl mhdbded lf emntrlstd bd fms vjdntms irçms lnbjnms emn fl

lifudnejl bdf elfmr prmvdnjdntd bd fl lftl Lglzmnçl pdrulnl.

h* FMU \‚DXMU YJYJDXMN DNEDXXLBMU DN FMU LFRTXLU

LNBJNLU SMX 433 LÜMU . Ud dseue`l bdejr bd un ‖gunbm

pdrbjbm‗ m dnedrrlbm dn df tjdgpm& unl pmhflejõn jnbçkdnl

lutìrtjel qud `l slhjbm lutmprdsdrvlrsd lÿn bdspuês bd fl

meuplejõn `jspìnjel dn df sjkfm PYJ. Lÿn eulnbm df tdrrjtmrjm

\‚drms plrdzel jnleedsjhfd plrl df gunbm meejbdntlf& dstm ds

bjiçejf bd smstdndr bdhjbm l fl dijejdnejl bd fl rdb bd elgjnms Jnels

(\`lple Üln*& qud euhrçl tmbm df tdrrjtmrjm bdf Rlwlntjnsuym y

qud pdrgjtçl l tmbm lyffu glntdndr emntletm dxtdrjmr pmr rlzmnds

bd emgdrejm& trudqud& idstjvjblbds y-m rdprdsdntlejõn smejlf.






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<85

Eulnbm df Rlwlntjnsuym iud suhbjvjbjbm y rdplrtjbm dn fl êpmel

bd fl emfmnjl plrl su lbgjnjstrlejõn& ds prmhlhfd qud fms \‚drms

emgm tmbl emgunjblb& `lyln tmglbm plrtd imrzmzl dn fls gjtls m

gjnals emfmnjlfds y emn mhfjklejmnds trjhutlrjls l fls eulfds tmbm

lyffu jneljem dstlhl smgdtjbm.

e* FMU \‚DXMU UMN FMU ßFRJGMU JNELU . Srmhlhfdgdntd fm

sdln& pdrm `ly qud emnsjbdrlr qud fl eufturl jneljel sd dneudntrl

jgprdknlbl dn fl slnkrd bd elbl pmhflbmr lnbjnm& l fm flrkm y

lne`m bd dstd vlstm tdrrjtmrjm. Dxjstdn pmr dodgpfm ejdntms bd

emgunjblbds jnbçkdnls bjspdrsls dn fls lfturls bd fls gmntlüls

lnbjnls bd rdkjmnds emgm Lpurjgle& Lyleue`m& @ulnelvdfjel&

Lrdqujpl& Eusem y Sunm& emn pdrijfds dtnmkrìijems sjgjflrds l

\‚drms y qud emnsdrvln bd fl gjsgl glndrl emstughrds y

trlbjejmnds lnedstrlfds qud sd rdgmntln l fl êpmel prd`jspìnjel.

b* FMU \‚DXMU EMNUDXYLN FL STXD_L BD FL ULNKXD

JNEL. Udgdolntd lf gjtm lntdrjmr& prmhlhfdgdntd fm s \‚drms

emnsdrvdn hudnl plrtd bdf LBN Jnel bd gmbm jnlgmvjhfd& lunqud

prmhlhfdgdntd vlfd fl pdnl emnsjbdrlr qud fudkm bd fl meuplejõn

`jspìnjel df tdrrjtmrjm pdrulnm iud smgdtjbm burlntd 4 sjkfms l un

prmedsm emnstlntd bd gdstjzlod dtnmeufturlf& qud `led bjiçejf

bjstjnkujr l lfkujdn qud pmsdl un fjnlod jntletm bd slnkrd. Dn fl

letulfjblb& fms \‚drms emgm tmbls fls emgunjblbds jnbçkdnls

prdsdntln nugdrmsms nmghrds y lpdffjbms bd mrjkdn meejbdntlf

irutm prdejslgdntd bd dstd prmedsm sjnerêtjem bd emnvdrkdnejl

eufturlf.

d* FMU \‚DXMU UMN BDUEDNBJDNRDU BD FMU JNELU BD

YJFELHLGHL. Eulnbm sd `lhfl bd Jnels bd Yjfelhlghl sd `led






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<82

rdidrdnejl l fl `jstmrjl bd Glnem Jnel& unm bd fms ÿftjgms

kmhdrnlntds Jnals suhfdvlbm dn emntrl bd fl emfmnjl dn fl sdkunbl

gjtlb bdf sjkfm PYJ& meuplnbm unl rdkjõn lbyledntd lf letulf

tdrrjtmrjm \‚drms. Dn un jnjejm dstd Jnel `drglnm gdnmr bd

@uìselr y Ltl`ulfpl iud bdskjnlbm gmnlrel pmr fl prmpjl emrmnl

dsplümfl& emgm dstrltdkjl pmfçtjel y rdfjkjmsl plrl fmkrlr fl

emmpdrlejõn bd fl pmhflejõn emn df prmedsm bd emfmnjzlejõn.

Eulnbm fl rdhdfjõn iud lpflstlbl& df doêrejtm Jnel iud bdsjntdkrlbm

y trlsflblbm dn bjidrdntds tdrrjtmrjms emfmnjlfds& ds prmhlhfd dsm

sç& qud fudkm bd fl elpturl y dodeuejõn bd fms fçbdrds suhfdvlbms& df

sdntjgjdntm bd rde`lzm d jnemnimrgjblb sd `lffl glntdnjbm pms

sjkfms dn fl pmhflejõn ejvjf& emgm fm bdgudstrln fls trlbjejmnds

mrlfds trlnsgjtjbls `lstl df bçl bd `my.

i* FMU \‚DXMU UD BDBJELN TNJELGDNRD LF

E@LGLNJUGM . Emn fms \‚drms df emnmejgjdntm m slhjburçl

lnedstrlf sd `l dnrjqudejbm nmtlhfdgdntd& dsm nm sd pudbd ndklr y

`ly qud lkrlbdedr df lpmrtd l fl dspjrjtulfjblb pmr plrtd bd fms

e`lglnds \‚drms. Srmhlhfdgdntd sd emgdtd df drrmr bd pdnslr qud

fms \‚drms smn un emnountm bd gldstrms e`lglnds qud sd bdbjeln

ÿnjelgdntd l fl fdeturl bd fl `mol bd emel y l edfdhrlr fls midrtls

emn fl ple`lglgl. Dn rdlfjblb fms \‚drms smn gue`m gìs qud

dsms prdedptms& dstl nlejõn pmsdd unl rjqudzl imfafõrjel

jgprdsjmnlntd& gltjzlbm pmr su vdstjgdntl& emstughrjsgm& gÿsjel

y blnzls. Slrl fms \‚ drms fl dspjrjtulfjblb vl ndedslrjlgdntd

unjbl lf dstjfm bd vjbl bdf pmhflbmr lnbjnm& emn fm eulf nm sd

bdhdn bdseujblr mtrms lspdetms jgpmrtlntds emgm fl vjbl

prmbuetjvl& fl mrklnjzlejõn smejlf m fls idstjvjblbds fmelfds.






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<84

k* FMU \‚DXMU UMFM HTUELN IMGDNRLX DF RTXJUGM

DUSJXJRTLF . Dn fms ÿftjgms lüms fms \‚drms `ln plslbm l

imrglr plrtd bd fls rutls bd turjsgm gçstjem& fm eulf tjdnd un flbm

pmsjtjvm& puds mhvjlgdntd pdrgjtd ltrldr rdeursms demnõgjems bd

turjstls prmvdnjdntds bdf dxtdrjmr qud hdndijejln l fls ilgjfjls

\‚drms& df iletmr

emntrmvdrsjl sd `lffl dn df

lhusm qud pudbl lelrrdlr

dstd tjpm dspdeçijem bd

letjvjblb pmr plrtd bdf

elpjtlfjstl dxtrlnodrm y qud

bd un tjdgpm l dstl plrtd bdsvjrtudn fls prìetjels lnedstrlfds

mrjkjnlrjls pdrbjdnbm su dsdnejl emn fm slkrlbm.

`* FMU \‚DXMU UMN LXRJIJEDU BDF GJRM BD

JNALXXJ . Krlejls l fms \‚drms emnmedgms emn bdtlffds unl bd

fls vdrsjmnds mrjkjnlfds bdf gjtm bd Jnalrrj& ds bdejr dsd

‖sdntjgjdntm‗ ― prdejslgdntd' bd rdtmrnm bdf Jnel plrl pmndr

mrbdn lf tdrrjtmrjm bdf Rlwlntjnsuym fudkm bd 433 lüms bd

trlsneurrjbm df ÿftjgm ple`leutj m pdrçmbm bd krlnbds elghjms. Fl

vdrsjõn bd fms \‚drms bdgudstrl fl suhsjstdnejl bd fls trlbjejmnds

mrlfds qud sd plsln bd kdndrlejõn dn kdndrlejõn pmr sjkfms& sjn

dghlrkm sd `l bdgmstrlbm fl prdsdnejl bd dstd gjtm dn mtrls

emgunjblbds jnbçkdnls lftmlnbjnls ledrel bdf rdtmrnm bdf

gmnlrel Jnel& emgm df dnemntrlbm pmr Omslilt Xmdf Sjndbl y Omsê

Glrçl Lrkudbls dn df Uur bd Lyleue`m `led yl vlrjls bêelbls.






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<89

Fms \‚drms smn unl eufturl mrjkjnlrjl jgpmrtlntd nm smfm plrl df

Sdrÿ& sjnm plrl tmbl fl `uglnjblb. Dn fl letulfjblb vjvdn lfdrtlbms

pmr fl lgdnlzl bd fl dxpfmtlejõn gjndrl bd sus sudfms y df euftjvm

jfdklf bd fl `mol bd emel pmr plrtd bdf nlremtrìijem prmvdnjdntd bd fl

rdkjõn lftm'lglzõnjel. Fms \‚drms gdrdedn sdr dseue`lbms y

emgprdnbjbms dn su dsdnejl y vdrblbdrl bjgdnsjõn& emnsjbdrlnbm plrl

dffm qud dspjrjtulfjblb y vjbl emtjbjlnl smn dods qud vln dn fl gjsgl

bjrdeejõn& pmr fm eulf rdsuftl pmem emnvdnjdntd `lhflr bd

dspjrjtulfjblb \‚drms sjn emnsjbdrlr su eufturl& gÿsjel& imfafmrd&

pdnslgjdntm& prmbueejõn demnõgjel m trlbjejmnds mrlfds& df gunbm

lnbjnm ds un unjvdrsm `mfçstjem dn bmnbd tmbm vl unjbm y pmr fm gjsgm&

elbl lspdetm bd fl rdlfjblb gdrded sdr emnsjbdrlbm emn jkulfblb bd

mpmrtunjblbds.

IJN






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<8;

LBYDXRDNEJL JGSMXRLNRD

Lntds bd emgdnzlr df elpçtufm 9 bdf prdsdntd gõbufm nÿgdrm

5* bdf ETXUM JNRXMBTERMXJM KXLRTJRM BD XDJAJ LNBJNM&

gd vdm prdejslbm l leflrlr qud fls têenjels gdnejmnlbls m

bdserjtls NM emnstjtuydn unl imrgl bd psjemtdrlpjl m bd

gdbjejnl MIJEJLF& NM sd prdtdnbd pmr dstd gmtjvm rddgpflzlr

njnkÿn trltlgjdntm gêbjem& ilrglemfõkjem m psjemtdrlpêutjem

dn eursm.

Fls têenjels lquç bdserjtls emnstjtuydn unl plrtd bdf lhlnjem

bd `drrlgjdntls emn qud eudntl df jnjejlbm dn fl trlbjejõn

Alwsly Surjy& df eulf bdhd sdr dntrdnlbm bd glndrl vjvdnejlf

pmr unl pdrsmnl gldstrm* emn dxpdrjdnejl emgprmhlbl dn df

glndom bd fls têenjels dndrkêtjels lnbjnls. Dstd eursm hìsjem

mtmrkl lf jnserjtm un dfdgdntm gdrlgdntd JNIMXGLRJYM y nm

tjdnd fl jntdnejõn 'hlom njnkÿn puntm bd vjstl' bd lerdbjtlr l

fms plrtjejplntds dn fl prìetjel bd fl trlbjejõn lnbjnl.

Rdqsd Slqm Rlajrunl lemnsdol imrglrsd lbdeulblgdntd dn

dstl trlbjejõn dspjrjtulf emn gldstrms bd emgprmhlbm fjnlod

bdntrm bdf e`lglnjsgm lnbjnm y emn fl elplejblb gmrlf bdf






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<80

elsm. Dn Sdrÿ `ly gldstrms `drdbdrms bd dstl trlbjejõn& pdrm

nm tmbm gldstrm m e`lgìn lnbjnm pmsdd dstd fjnlod dspjrjtulfdspdeçijem Udnbdrm Alwsly Surjy*.

Rdqsd Slqm Rlajrunl Lrnlfbm \ujspd* bdsfjnbl eulfqujdr

rdspmnslhjfjblb pmr df usm jnlprmpjlbm bd fls prdsdntds

têenjels dndrkêtjels& fls eulfds bdntrm bd un emntdxtm elrdntd

bd imrglejõn& pudbdn trldr emgm emnsdeudnejl fl

bdsvlfmrjzlejõn bd fms rdeursms slkrlbms bdf e`lglnjsgm

lnbjnm. Smr dstd gmtjvm& sd lbvjdrtd qud dstd gltdrjlf y fms

mtrms prdvjlgdntd dntrdklbms elbl sdglnl smn gdrlgdntd

rdidrdnejlfds d jnimrgltjvms& erdlbms hlom fl prmtdeejõn bd fms

emnedptms jntdrnlejmnlfds bdf empyrjk`t.

Lrnlfbm \ujspd (Rlajrunl*.






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<8:

ELSÇRTFM 9? LFKTNLU RÊENJELU DNDXKÊRJELU

LNBJNLU

9. FL SLE@LGLGL? ITDNRD BD DNDXKÇL BD FL GLBXD RJDXXL

Fl glbrd tjdrrl ds emgÿngdntd emnmejbl emgm ple`lglgl&

lunqud fl plflhrl qude`ul gìs dxletl plrl rdidrjrsd l dffl sdl

‖lffpl glgl‗. Fl ple`lglgl ds unl emnedpejõn guy lgpfjl bdntrm

bd fls trlbjejmnds lnbjnls& puds sd dgpfdl plrl rdidrjrsd nm sõfm l fl

glbrd tjdrrl& sjnm l fl

nlturlfdzl& lf eõsgms y `lstl

df tjdgpm y df dsplejm. Dstdemnedptm tmblvçl vlstm l fm

flrkm y lne`m bd fms Lnbds&

ds ledptlbm pmr fls letulfds

pmhflejmnds qude`ul'

lyglrls y rdund fl ijfmsmiçl&

df gmbm bd pdnslr y fls

erddnejls bd fl emsgmvjsjõn

lnbjnl& emnimrglnbm un

plrlbjkgl qud nm pudbd

dstlr lusdntd bd fl gdbjejnl trlbjejmnlf y df e`lglnjsgm letulf






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<53

dgdrkdntd. Fl Lffpl

glgl& ds unl plflhrl

pmem dgpfdlbl& pdrm qud

sjn dghlrkm `led

rdidrdnejl dxefusjvl lf

dfdgdntm tjdrrl. Fls

trlbjejmnds lnbjnls smn ifdxjhfds y nm lbgjtdn emnifjetms pmr

dgpfdlr unm u mtrm têrgjnm& pmr fm qud df usm bd lghls

emnedpejmnds smn ledptlbls.

Fl glbrd tjdrrl emgm njnkÿn mtrm dfdgdntm pmsdd prmpjdblbds

tdrlpêutjels bd fls qud unm nj sd jglkjnl. Dn df gunbm lnbjnm `ly

un emnmejgjdntm vlstm dn fm qud sd rdijdrd l glndom bd fl dndrkçl&

un prjgdr jntdntm bd eflsjijelejõn jgpfjel bjidrdnejlrfls pmr fl

glndrl emgm jntdrletÿl fl glbrd tjdrrl y df eudrpm dndrkêtjem.

;. FL DNDXKÇL SDULNRD ‖OTE@L‗

Fl dndrkçl `uglnl pdslbl dn fls trlbjejmnds lnbjnls ds emnmejbl

emgm oue`l m `ue`l& dstl tjdnbd l lfmolrsd dn df pmqpm nudstrm

‖lurl‗ dndrkêtjem* y rdprdsdntl fl emnedntrlejõn dspmntìndl bd

vjhrlejmnds bd fls qud df eudrpm dndrkêtjem sd elrkl dn dxedsm

burlntd df bçl& yl sdl pmr su prmvdnjdnejl jntdrnl m dxtdrnl& sjdnbm

df dxedsm bd oue`l df rdspmnslhfd bd fms hfmqudms bd dndrkçl y pmr






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<5<

dnbd bdf jnjejm bd gue`ls dnidrgdblbds. Tn oue`l dxtdrnm dstì

rdprdsdntlbm pmr dndrkçl qud ejreufl dn df lghjdntd& erdlbl

dspmntìndlgdntd irutm bd fl jnemgprdnsjõn& fl dnidrgdblb& fms

sdntjgjdntms bd trjstdzl& dnvjbjl d jrl& fl kudrrl& fl dnlodnlejõn y fl

bdfjneudnejl. Tn oue`l jntdrnm rdprdsdntl fls prmpjls elrkls erdlbls

pmr pdnslgjdntms y sdntjgjdntms jgpurms qud irdnln nudstrm

erdejgjdntm dspjrjtulf. Fl mhsdsjõn& df gjdbm& fls prdmeuplejmnds y

fl jrl smn fl gdomr iudntd bd dndrkçl pdslbl bdsbd df jntdrjmr. Dn

lghms elsms fl

gltdrjlfjzlejõn bd oue`l

dxtdrnm m jntdrnm prmgudvd

fl lplrjejõn bd glfdstlr& bmfmr

y dnidrgdblb.

0. FL DNDXKÇL XDIJNLBL

‖ULGJ‗

Fl dndrkçl rdijnlbl m slgj ds

un tjpm bd vjhrlejõn purl&

eõsgjel& qud eurl y prmbued lgmr. Df slgj dxjstd emgm

emgpfdgdntm bdf oue`l& nm ds su emntrlplrtd puds dn fls

trlbjejmnds lnbjnls nm dxjstdn glymrds lntlkmnjsgms& emgm fms `ly

dn df pdnslgjdntm meejbdntlf.






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<58

Fl emgpfdgdntlrjdblb ylnlntjn'glslntjn* bd dstls dndrkçls

prmbuedn bjnìgjels pdrglndntds bdntrm bdf sjstdgl bdf pmqpm.

Tnl emrrdetl lrgmnçl dntrd dstls iudrzls prmbued fl vjtlfjblb y

ifujbdz ndedslrjms plrl un dqujfjhrjm dntrd fms dfdgdntms qud

emgpmndn fl nlturlfdzl `uglnl.

:. DF ‖SM\SM‗? DF LTXL LNBJNM

Df pmqpm plrl fls trlbjejmnds

lnbjnls ds nudstrl lurl&

elgpm m hmfl dndrkêtjel

nlturlf& qud prmvjdnd bdsbd df

nlejgjdntm y qud nms

lemgplül `lstl fl gudrtd

içsjel. Dstd pmqpm dn su dstlbm

slfublhfd pdrgjtd df ifujr emntjnum bd fls dndrkçls nlturlfds `lejl df

eudrpm dndrkêtjem pdrsmnlf. Df pmqpm m lurl `uglnl lfmol fl

dndrkçl pdslntd m oue`l dn dxedsm. Eulnbm un pmqpm ds slnm&

iudrtd y guy hjdn bjstrjhujbm tjdnbd l rdejeflr dspmntìndlgdntd dn

fl glbrd tjdrrl df dxedsm bd oue`l& fmkrlnbm mhtdndr l elghjm

dndrkçl rdijnlbl m slgj& qud fl tjdrrl mirded emgm emgpdnslejõn& l

dstd prmedsm sd fd fflgl lynj m rdejprmejblb lnbjnl bd fl

ple`lglgl.






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<55

<3. DF LZNJ EMN FL GLBXD RJDXXL

Fl tjdrrl m lffpl sjghmfjzl un dstõglkm nlturlf dn df eõsgms lnbjnm&

qud jnkjdrd sjn prmhfdgls df oue`l `uglnm& pdrsmnlf& kruplf m

smejlf. Ds gìs& fl tjdrrl sd nutrd bd oue`l y nm bdhdgms

prdmeuplrnms pmr emntlgjnlrfl emn df prmbuetm bd nudstrl dndrkçl

pdslbl. Dn mtrls plflhrls& fl glbrd tjdrrl ndedsjtl bd nudstrm oue`l.

Fls trlbjejmnds lnbjnls nms rdijdrdn qud unl bd fls prmpjdblbds

tdrlpêutjels bd fl glbrd tjdrrl ds trlnsgutlr fl dndrkçl pdslntd m

oue`l dn dndrkçl rdijnlbl m slgj& pmr fm qud fl dndrkçl rdijnlbl nm

sd pmbrçl mhtdndr sjn lntds `lhdr mirdnblbm nudstrl oue`l

pdrsmnlf. Dstd prmedsm rdifdol dn dsdnejl df ‖lynj‗ bd fl glbrd

tjdrrl& ds bdejr fl rdejprmejblb. Smr dffm& sj erddgms qud smgms

pmrtlbmrds bd dxedsms bd dndrkçls pdslbls m vjvjgms rmbdlbms y

guy dxpudstms l dffl& puds sdrì emnvdnjdntd lprdnbdr lfkunls

têenjels bd nudstrms lntdplslbms jnbçkdnls qud suhsjstdn `lstl df

bçl bd `my& l pdslr bdf

lhlnbmnm y fl mprdsjõn bd

ejnem sjkfms bd dxefusjõn y

glrkjnlgjdntm.

Dn fls trlbjejmnds lnbjnls&

bdhdgms plrtjr bd fl hlsd bd

qud df oue`l ds unl dndrkçl nlturlf qud lsjgjflgms dn fl vjbl






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<52

emtjbjlnl& y qud dstl sd trlnsgutl nlturlfgdntd& fl lfqujgjl bd dstl

dndrkçl sd bl prdejslgdntd dn fl glbrd tjdrrl. Tnl imrgl bd

dfjgjnlr oue`l ds glnjpuflrfl bdfjhdrlblgdntd& irmtlnbm emn fls

glnms df pmqpm bd lrrjhl `lejl lhlom& l rlzõn bd un hlüm

dndrkêtjem emnmejbm emgm ‖hlrrjbm‗ dn rdjaj. Dn dstd elsm& df oue`l

bdhd sdr dneluzlbm pmr fls glnms qud smn emgm dspmnols

plrlhõfjels& qud lhsmrvdn emn glymr prmpjdblb fms dxedsms bd

dndrkçl. Tnl vdz qud `lylgms rdpdtjbm bms m trds dstl mpdrlejõn

sjdgprd dn bjrdeejõn l fl glbrd tjdrrl& ffdklgms lf puntm bd

emgdnzlr l sleubjr nudstrls glnms y irmtlr unl emn fl mtrl plrl

fjhdrlrsd bdf oue`l bdpmsjtlbm dn dffls. Fl ple`lglgl emn su

jntdfjkdnejl `led df rdstm bdf trlhlom& y emgm nm pdrgjtd qud df

pmqpm sd qudbd vleçm dglnl pmstdrjmrgdntd dndrkçl slgj bdsbd fl

hlsd bd fms pjds `lstl df rdstm bdf sjstdgl dndrkêtjem. Tnl fjgpjdzl

sdnejffl qud pudbd burlr bd bms l ejnem gjnutms& pdrm qud rdsuftlrì

unl glndrl prìetjel plrl dqujfjhrlr dn hrdvd tjdgpm nudstrm

sjstdgl dndrkêtjem vjtlf.

<<. LFKTNLU RÊENJELU DNDXKÊRJELU LNBJNLU

OTE@LGJOTZ.' Ds fl elplejblb pdrsmnlf bd emgdr fl dndrkçl

pdslntd prmpjl m bdf dntmrnm& gdbjlntd df qmsqm dndrkêtjem

jnbjvjbulf& uhjelbm dn nudstrm mghfjkm içsjem. Fl têenjel






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<54

pdrgjtd bd bjkdrjr gdbjlntd df qmsqm fl prmpjl dndrkçl

pdslntd uhjelbm dn df pmqpm hmfl dndrkêtjel*& d jnefusm fl

dndrkçl pdslntd oue`l* bd fms bdgìs. Df prmedsm bd bjkdrjr

df oue`l bd fms bdgìs plsl pmr trlzlr fçndls dndrkêtjels

sdads* bdsbd nudstrl qmsqm `lstl df pmqpm bd fl pdrsmnl

qud sd bdsdl fjgpjlr m lyublr.

ULGJNE@LATZ.' Ds fl elplejblb pdrsmnlf bd bmnlr fl

dndrkçl pdslntd l fl ple`lglgl y rdelrklr df pmqpm bd

dndrkçl rdijnlbl slgjy*. Ds unl imrgl bd jntdrelghjm

lynj*. Fl têenjel sd didetul lhrjdnbm emn fl jntdnejõn

nudstrm pmqpm dn fl plrtd supdrjmr& plrl fudkm pdrejhjr df

jnkrdsm bd dndrkçl rdijnlbl bdsd fls pflntls bd fms pjds. Dn

df gdomr bd fms elsms sd lemnsdol dgpfdlr dstl têenjel lf

ijnlf bd unl sdsjõn bd oue`lgjouy `lstl qud df prletjelntd

tdnkl un dntrdnlgjdntm lemrbd emn df lrtd lnbjnm y fd sjrvl

bd sdkurjblb dn df elsm tdnkl fl sdnslejõn bd `lhdrsd

smhrdelrklbm bd oue`l.

ULZ[LE@LATZ.' Ds fl

elplejblb `uglnl

jnbjvjbulf m kruplf* bd

imrglr unl emfugnl bd

dndrkçl slgj lsednbdntd

prmvdnjdntd bd fl ple`lglgl l ijn bd jnstlurlr un sdad






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<59

dndrkêtjem qud bdhd emndetlr bje`l emfugnl emn un edntrm

bd dndrkçl prddfdkjbm. Df rjtulf sd jnjejl pmr pdrejhjr emn fl

jntdnejõn emgm nudstrms pjds sd dnrljzln dn fl tjdrrl y l

plrtjr bd dstms sd lhsmrvd dndrkçl bd fl ple`lglgl& qud

prjgdrm ffdnl df prmpjm pmqpm y fudkm sd dfdvl `lstl

lfelnzlr lf pmqpm kruplf& imrglnbm unl dfdvlbl emfugnl

bd dndrkçl pmr dnejgl bd dstd. Ud bjvdrsjijeln fls prletjels

gdbjlntd fl sdplrlejõn bd krupms bd guodrds u `mghrds

pmr df tjpm bd elfjblb bd dndrkçl.

<8. FL GDUL LNBJNL Z FL RÊENJEL BDF GJU@LE@LATZ

Dn fl trlbjejõn lnbjnl

fl gdsl m ‖gjs`l‗ ds df

dqujvlfdntd l un lftlr

bd pmbdr e`lgìnjem&

dstd ds dn dsdnejl un

dsplejm slkrlbm

emgpudstm bd mhodtms

bd pmbdr qud sjrvdn bd emntletm emn fls iudrzls lnedstrlfds y

dspjrjtulfds bdf eõsgms vjvjdntd. Fl gjs`l ds un wlel& qud qujdrd

bdejr un dsplejm slkrlbm& ÿnjem& jntlnkjhfd d jrrdpdtjhfd dn fl

trlbjejõn qud gdrded l fms lnbjnms rdspdtm y euftm.






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<5;

Ds unl lfjlnzl dspjrjtulf qud smfm pudbd sdrvjrfd l su pmrtlbmr.

Fl gjs`l ds lsç gjsgm un ple`le`lal& ds bdejr un pudntd eõsgjem

qud emgunjel fms bjvdrsms pflnms bjgdnsjmnlfds bd fl trlbjejõn? df

`lnlo ple`l& df alyple`l y df uaù ple`l& gunbm supdrjmr& ùglnm

d jnidrjmr rdspdetjvlgdntd. Fl gjs`l pudbd sdrvjr plrl emndetlrsd

emn df fjnlod slkrlbm plnlel lnbjnl* bd fms gldstrms lnbjnms. Fl

gjs`l emgm ple`le`lal& ds un puntm dn bmnbd sd trlsgutl fl

dndrkçl pdslntd dn dndrkçl rdijnlbl& pmr dffm sjrvd bd `drrlgjdntl

luxjfjlr plrl df plqm& puds rdprdsdntl df pmbdr bd fl ple`lglgl

plrl bjkdrjr y gdtlhmfjzlr fl dndrkçl pdslntd& ds bdejr tjdnd df pmbdr

bd fjgpjlr y purjijelr. Df `de`m qud sdl un dnvmftmrjm pmrtltjf

sjdgprd lf lfelned bd fl glnm ilejfjtl qud pudbl trlsflblrsd

iìejfgdntd bd un puntm l mtrm y rdlfjzlr fjgpjdzls u mtrms rjtulfds dn

eulfqujdr emntdxtm m fuklr.

Tnl gjs`l pudbd sdr un

glntm lnbjnm& unl hmfsl bd

tdojbm bd lfplel m fflgl

qud sjrvd plrl dnvmfvdr dn

imrgl bd plqudtd fms

mhodtms pdrsmnlfds bd su

pmrtlbmr. Dn su jntdrjmr fms gldstrms lnbjnms emfmeln fls aùyls& ds

bdejr fls pjdbrls slkrlbls qud `ln sjbm `drdblbls pmr sus lnedstrms

m gldstrms y qud pmr fms lüms bd usm sd dneudntrln elrklbls bd






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<50

dndrkçl rdijnlbl m sjrvdn bd jkulf gmbm emgm elnlf dndrkêtjem

ple`le`lal*. Bdntrm bd fl gjs`l sd pudbdn jnefujr dntrd mtrls

emsls? rdtrltms bd gldstrms m lnedstrms*& elrtls jgpmrtlntds& `mols

bd emel& lgufdtms& emne`ls glrjnls& erueds& bjsdüms

sjghõfjems&dte.*& tmbm eulntm rdprdsdntd slkrlbm y ÿnjem plrl fl

pdrsmnl qud rdlfjed fl lfjlnzl emn dstd mhodtm bd pmbdr.

Ud bjed qud fl gjs`l ds ijnlfgdntd un idtje`d& puds plrl df gunbm

meejbdntlf smfm sd emgpmndn bd mhodtms qud fms jnbjms lnbjnms

lbmrln y emnsjbdrln emgm slkrlbms& dstd lspdetm mhodtlf emgpdtd

lf prjgdr njvdf bd emnsejdnejl bd fl trlbjejõn. Ujn dghlrkm& su usm sd

dxtjdnbd l mtrms njvdfds pmr su utjfjblb y vlfmr bdntrm bd fl prìetjel

bd fl gdbjejnl trlbjejmnlf lnbjnl. Uj fl gjs`l sd dxtrlvjlsd df

jnjejlbm bd eulrtm njvdf nm tdnbrçl njnkÿn prmhfdgl dn rdnunejlr l

dffl& plrl fm eulf smfm tdnbrçl qud pdnslr dn emgpmndr unl nudvl&

rdstjtjydnbm fl lntdrjmr& dstd letm vl bd fl glnm emn fl letjtub bd

bdsprdnbjgjdntm y bdslpdkm lÿn bd fms mhodtms slkrlbms. @ly qud

rdemrblr qud fl gjs`l smfm pudbd tdndr vlfmr slkrlbm plrl su

pmrtlbmr.

Df gjs`le`lauy ds unm bd fms rjtulfds slkrlbms bd jnjejlejõn dn fl

trlbjejõn lnbjnl plrl sjntmnjzlr emn un fjnlod bd gldstrms& ds unl

edfdhrlejõn guy pdrsmnlf dntrd gldstrm d jnjejlbm plrl emndetlr fl

iudrzl y sdntjbm bd fl plnlel bd gldstrms lnbjnms. Gdbjlntd df






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<5:

gjs`le`lauy df jnjejlbm sjdntd df rdsplfbm dndrkêtjem lnedstrlf bd

gldstrms qud pmr sjkfms `ln prdsdrvlbm fl trlbjejõn.






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<23

XDJAJ LNBJNM

‖Df Xdjaj bd fl Sle`lglgl‗ www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg


http://www.reikiandino.com/







www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<2<

DUETDFL BD XDJAJ LNBJNM

Fl Nudvl Dseudfl bd Xdjaj Lnbjnm NTDYL DXL* iunblbl dn df

lüm 833:& ds un prmkrlgl bd prmgmejõn eufturlf bd fl

Lsmejlejõn Alwsly Surjy ' Emgunjblb Sle`lglgl& emn sdbd

dn Yjl Klrjhlfbj N³ <3 ' <8394 (En* Gmnimrtd b‚Lfhl ― Jtlfjl.

Fl Nudvl Dseudfl bd Xdjaj Lnbjnm NTDYL DXL* ds un imrm

lhjdrtm qud prdtdnbd lpmrtlr bjvdrsms dfdgdntms qud lyubln

l emnsmfjblr fl imrglejõn y lptjtubds bdf prletjelntd bd rdjaj

trlbjejmnlf.

XDJAJ E@LGÌNJEM LNBJNM ds iunblgdntlfgdntd unl

prìetjel dn bmnbd emnvdrkd rdaj y e`lglnjsgm lnbjnmprmpudstm emn fl ijnlfjblb bd pmtdnejlr fls lptjtubds bdf

rdjajstl y hrjnblrfd fms emnmejgjdntms ndedslrjms plrl sdrvjr bd

lutêntjem elnlf bd dndrkçl. Fl gjsjõn ds imrtlfdedr fls

`lhjfjblbds bd lutmslnlejõn y elgjnlr dn df sdnbdrm Alwsly

Surjy& df sdnbdrm lnbjnm bd lrgmnçl jntdrjmr. Emnstjtuyd un






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<28

pmst dn fl imrglejõn trlbjejmnlf bdf rdjajstl& pdrm nm emn dffm

sd prdtdnbd erdlr fjnlods nj nudvms dsplejms bd bjvjsjõn dnrdjaj.

SXJNEJSJMU BD FL DUETDFL BD XDJAJ LNBJNM

Xdjaj E`lgìnjem Lnbjnm ds lntd tmbm unl prìetjel bd vjbl y dn

fl Dseudfl sd prmgudvdn fms prjnejpjms bd dspjrjtulfjblb

lnbjnl& fms eulfds sd lkrupln dn df plrlbjkgl LFFJN õ UTGL\

AL[ULZ Hudn Yjvjr m hjdndstlr lnbjnm*. Dstms prjnejpjms dn

su trlbueejõn bdf qude`ul smn?

<* Lffjn Alwsly? Yjvjr hjdn

8* Lffjn Xuly? @ledr hjdn

5* Lffjn Zle`ly? Sdnslr hjdn

2* Lffjn Gunly? \udrdr hjdn

Bd jkulf gmbm& DXL jnemrpmrl fms prdedptms gmrlfds Jnels?

<* Lgl \dffl? Uê flhmrjmsm

8* Lgl Uuwl? Uê `mndstm

5* Lgl Ffuffl? Uê vdrlz

2*

Lgl @lp‚l? Uê fdlf






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<25

Fl Dseudfl lsugd fms prjnejpjms bdf Xdjaj Rrlbjejmnlf& qud tjdnd

emgm hlsd fms vlfmrds bd fl eufturl olpmndsl bd ijnds bdf sjkfmPYJJJ d jnjejms bdf PJP& prmpudstms pmr df dgpdrlbmr Gdj Oj?

<* Umfm pmr `my nm td dnilbds

8* Umfm pmr `my nm td prdmeupds

5* @mnrl l tus glymrds

2* Kìnltd fl vjbl `mndstlgdntd

4* Umfm pmr `my sê lkrlbdejbm

Xdjaj Lnbjnm pdrgjtd fl emnvdrkdnejl bd dstms prjnejpjms y

mrjdntl bdntrm bd sus fçndls dod unl prìetjel bdmntmfõkjel

pfurlf y prjnejpjstl& pmr dstd gmtjvm fl Dseudfl prmpmnd unl

fçndl bd elrrdrl tdnjdnbm emgm hlsd df hudn vjvjr lnbjnm

(LFFJN AL[ULZ*.






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

<22

BJSFMGL BDF ETXUM JNRXMBTERMXJM

Slrl qujdnds bdsdln mhtdndr un bjpfmgl bd dstd njvdf

dfdgdntlf m jntrmbuetmrjm bd Xdjaj Lnbjnm bdhdn smfjejtlr df

eudstjmnlrjm l bdslrrmfflr y bdvmfvdrfm emn fls rdspudstls bdf elsm

sjdgprd lf dgljf? tlajrunlCyl`mm.emg

Emgm sd `l jnbjelbm emn lntdrjblb fl mhtdnejõn bdf bjpfmglds mpejmnlf y tjdnd un emstm lbgjnjstrltjvm sjghõfjem& qud pdrgjtd

ijnlnejlr dstd prmydetm bd bjiusjõn eufturlf& fls emrrdeejmnds bdf tdst

y emstms bd dnvçm elrtledm l eulfqujdr plrtd bdf gunbm.






www.rdjajlnbjnm.emg

Lrnlfbm \ujspd Rdqsd Slqm Rlajrunl* ds pdrulnm bdnlejgjdntm rlbjelbm letulfgdntd dn Durmpl.

Ssjeõfmkm bd imrglejõn dn Sdrÿ& dodred fl prmidsjõn dnJtlfjl. Emgm psjeõfmkm sd `l elplejtlbm dn tdrlpjlkdstlft& lnìfjsjs trlnsleejmnlf& pnf& lbjeejmnds y psjemfmkçl mrklnjzlejmnlf.Dn fl letulfjblb plrtjejpl dn dvdntms& emnkrdsms y hrjnbl sdgjnlrjms bderdejgjdntm pdrsmnlf.

Rlajrunl prmedbd bd un fjnlod bd ‖plqms‗ (e`lglnds lnbjnms*&

bdsbd `led 88 lüms `l rdlfjzlbm bjvdrsls jnjejlejmnds dn e`lglnjsgmlnbjnm y lglzõnjem. Dn fl letulfjblb ds emnsjbdrlbm un bjiusmr bd fl

trlbjejõn ‖Alwsly Surjy‗ y sdrvjbmr bd fl ple`lglgl. @l erdlbm unsjstdgl `mfçstjem plrl prmgmvdr df elntm e`lgìnjem jelrmtdrlpjl* y sddneudntrl bjiunbjdnbm eufturlfgdntd df Glslod Lnbjnm \`lqmy& lntjkumglslod `mfçstjem Jnel qud emnstjtuyd unl lftdrnltjvl jgpmrtlntd dn flsgdbjejnls trlbjejmnlfds bdf pudhfm lnbjnm. Emgpfdgdntlrjlgdntd sd `limrglbm dn Xdjaj& Xdifdxmfmkçl Smblf y Gdbjejnl Rrlbjejmnlf E`jnl.

Dserjhd eudntms& rdfltms y lrtçeufms plrl lyublr l rderdlr y

bjiunbjr fl emnejdnejl bd dspjrjtulfjblb lnbjnl. Fms eudntms sdkÿn rdijdrd?‖smn un fdnkul od lrqudtçpjem qud imgdntln fl emnejdnejl emfdetjvl



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