Efecto Del Reemplazo Parcial Del Cemento Con Cenizas Volantes y Agregado Grueso Con Cáscara de Coco...

72 Neetesh Kumar, Abhinav Singh

International Journal of Computer & Mathematical Sciences

IJCMS

ISSN 2347 – 8527

Volume 3, Issue 5

July 2014

Effect of Partial Replacement of Cement with Fly Ash and

Coarse Aggregate with Coconut Shell on properties of concrete

Neetesh Kumar

Research Scholar

Civil Engg. Department

M.M.M.U.T. Gorakhpur

Abhinav Singh

Research Scholar

Civil Engg. Department

M.M.M.U.T. Gorakhpur

Abstract: An effort has been made to study the

suitability of replacing the 25% of fly ash

obtained from N.T.P.C. Tanda Uttar Predesh

is common for all mixes with cement and

simultaneously by replacing 10%, 20% and

30% of coconut shell as coarse aggregate for

concrete of grade M 25. Check strength

characteristics such as compressive strength

of concrete mix are found for 7 days, 14 days,

28 days of curing period and results are

analyzed and compared with the regular

(conventional) mix. Test for grade as per

specified procedure of IS codes. The materials

are proportioned by their weight. The water

cement ratio is obtained by conducting

workability tests. The results found were

comparable with that of conventional mix. The

proportion used in this study is 1:1.49:3.03

and water cement ratio is 0.47.

Keywords: Coarse aggregate, fine aggregate,

coconut shell, compressive strength, concrete,

fly ash, slump, compaction factor.

INTRODUCTION

Sustainable materials are currently widely

considered and investigated in construction

engineering research. Some examples of

sustainable research worldwide are the use of

recycled concrete aggregates, coal fly ash,

ground clay brick and pervious paver block

system. Further, substantial research work has

been conducted on fiber-reinforced concrete

which is a concrete primarily made of a mix of

hydraulic cement, aggregates, water and

reinforcing fibers.

The Coconut Shell-cement composite is

compatible and no pre-treatment is required.

Coconut Shell concrete has better workability

because of the smooth surface on one side of

the shells. The impact resistance of Coconut

Shell concrete is high when compared with

conventional concrete. Moisture retaining and

water absorbing capacity of Coconut Shell are

more compared to conventional aggregate

In Asia the construction industry is yet to

utilize the advantage of LWC in the

construction of high rise structures. Coconut

Shell (CS) are not commonly used in the

construction industry but are often dumped as

agricultural wastes.



IJCMS

ISSN 2347 – 8527

Volume 3, Issue 5

July 2014

The aim of this study is to spread awareness of

coconut fibres as a construction material.

Typical concrete is a mixture of fine

aggregates, coarse aggregates, cement and

water. Because of its convenient use, it is not

only used in building construction but also in

other areas roads, harbors, bridges and many

more. The usage of concrete is very wide. It is

one of the most important constituent

materials. It is comparatively economical, easy

to make offers continuity solidity and indeed it

lays the role of developing and improving our

modern society. Coarse aggregates not only

constitute the bulk of concrete but also

contribute the most towards its compressive

strength through high particle strength and

close particle interlock. But, the construction

industry worldwide is facing a shortage of this

natural resource. The recycling of demolished

masonry rubble as coarse aggregate in

concrete is an interesting possibility due to its

environmental benefits. It is not only a viable

alternative to natural coarse aggregate but also

solves the major problem of disposal of

demolition of waste. Recycling construction

and demolition waste into aggregate would

ultimately lead to fewer quarries and landfills.

DESCRIPTIONS OF MATERIALS

The materials used in this experiment were

locally available and these were Ordinary

Portland Cement (O.P.C), Fly ash as partial

replacement of cement, sand as fine aggregate,

crushed granite and coconut shell both as

coarse aggregate. Potable water was used for

mixing and curing.

Cement: Ordinary Portland cement 43 grade

was used conforming to IS 8112 – 1989 and

physical property was given below:

S.N. Physical

property

Test

result

1. Compressive

Strength(MPa)

48.35

2. Fineness (%) 6

3. Specific Gravity 3.06

Fly Ash:

The burning of harder, older anthracite and

bituminous coal typically produces Class F fly

ash. This fly ash is pozzolanic in nature, and

contains less than 20% lime (CaO).

S.N. Physical property Test result


2. Bulk

Density(kg/m3)

1050

Fine Aggregate: Sand conforming to Zone-III

was used as the fine aggregate, as per I.S 383-

1970. The sand was air dried and free from

any foreign material, earlier than mixing.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozzolan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_%28mineral%29



IJCMS

ISSN 2347 – 8527

Volume 3, Issue 5

July 2014


3. Fineness modulus 2.45


5. Bulk

Density(kg/m3)

1530-1600

6. Water Absorption

(%)

0.80

Coarse Aggregates: Crushed granite was used

as coarse aggregate of size 20 mm and 10 mm

both.


1. Maximum Size

(mm)

20

2. Fineness modulus 7.25


4. Bulk

Density(kg/m3)

1480-1610

5. Water Absorption

(%)

0.12

6. Aggregate

Crushing Value

(%)

16.60

7. Aggregate Impact

Value (%)

11.01

Coconut Shell: In this work coconut shell was

used as partial replacement of coarse

aggregate which is crushed granite. Coconut

shells were unruffled from the local temple

after that it was cleaned, sun dried, removed

fibers to evaluate its properties. Coconut shell

needs no pre treatment, except for water

absorption. Coconut shell has very high water

absorption. Due to this property, before use

coconut shells were soaked in potable water

for 24 hours.

S.N. Physical

property

Test

result

1. Maximum Size

(mm)

20

2. Fineness

modulus

6.48


4. Bulk

Density(kg/m3)

510-600

5. Water

Absorption (%)

23

6. Aggregate

Crushing Value

(%)

2.49

7. Aggregate

Impact Value

(%)

8.55

8. Moisture Content

(%)

4.2

9. Shell

Thickness(mm)

3-6

Compressive Strength Test

For compressive strength test cubes of size

150×150×150 mm3 made. Test was done on

the hydraulic testing machine. Compressive

strength is defined as resistance of concrete to

axial loading. Cubes are put in the machine

and after tighten its wheel start button is

pressed as pressure is begin to apply. Reading

of meter is note down when cracks are there



IJCMS

ISSN 2347 – 8527

Volume 3, Issue 5

July 2014

on cubes. Compressive strength is calculated

by following formula:

Compressive Strength = P

A

Where P is load and A is area of cube

Fig: Compressive Testing Machine

Workability

The word ‘workability’ signifies much wider

and deeper meaning than the other

terminology “consistency” often used loosely

for workability. Consistency is to indicate the

degree of fluidity or degree of mobility. Two

tests basically have done for workability

namely slump test and compaction factor test

with fresh mix.

Slump test

Collapse: In a collapse slumps the concrete

collapses completely.

Shear: If one half of the cone slides down

then it is called shear slump.

True: If concrete slumps evenly it is called

true slump.

Compaction Factor Test

Compacting factor of fresh concrete is done to

determine the workability of fresh concrete by

compacting factor test as per IS: 1199 – 1959.



IJCMS

ISSN 2347 – 8527

Volume 3, Issue 5

July 2014

The compaction factor test provides us the workability more accurate than slump test

CASTING OF CONCRETE CUBES

The moulds of size 150×150×150 mm3 are

kept ready before mixing. Total 36 cubes are

casted. The bolts of the moulds carefully

tightened because if bolts are not kept tight the

concrete mixture coming out of the mould

when vibration takes place. Then moulds are

cleaned and oiled on all contact surfaces of the

moulds and place the moulds on vibrating

table. The concrete is filled into moulds in

layers and then vibrated. The top surface of

concrete is struck off level with a trowel. The

number and date of casting are put on the top

surface of the cubes.

TESTS FOR CONCRETE

Test for Compressive strength of concrete

cubes

To calculate the compressive strength of

concrete cubes the universal testing machine

(UTM) having capacity of 2000 KN was used.

In this test the strength obtained in KN. The

measured compressive strength of the

specimen shall be calculated by dividing the

maximum load applied to the specimen during

the test by the cross sectional area calculated

from mean dimensions of the section and shall

be expressed to the nearest N/mm2.

Compressive strength is defined as resistance

of concrete to axial loading. Cubes are put in

the machine and after tighten its wheel start

button is pressed as pressure is begin to apply.

Reading of meter is note down when cracks

are there on cubes. Compressive strength is

calculated by following formula:

Compressive Strength = P

A

Where P is load and A is area of cube

Days Conventional 10%CS and

25% fly ash

20%CS and

25% fly ash

30%CS and

25% fly ash

7 29.78 26.08 24.54 22.89

14 31.56 28.13 26.23 25.36

28 36.44 33.56 32.75 29.39



IJCMS

ISSN 2347 – 8527

Volume 3, Issue 5

July 2014

Fig: Testing of cubes

Workability test results

S.N Slump (mm)

1 Conventional 84

2 10%CS and 25%

fly ash

35

3 20%CS and 25% 41

fly ash

4 30%CS and 25%

fly ash

47

Compaction Factor

1 Conventional 0.912

2 10%CS and 25%

fly ash

0.916

3 20%CS and 25% 0.917

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Conventional0 10% CS, 25% FA 20% CS, 25% FA 30% CS, 25% FA

CO

MP

RE

SS

IVE

S

TR

EN

GT

H

(N/m

m2)

% of replacement with coconut shell and fly ash

Compressive Strength Variation with age

7 days

14 days

28 days



IJCMS

ISSN 2347 – 8527

Volume 3, Issue 5

July 2014

fly ash

4 30%CS and 25%

fly ash

0.922

CONCLUSIONS

1. The slump of the concrete increased

when the percentage of coconut shell

increases and decrease as comparison

with the conventional concrete.

2. The compaction factor increased when

the percentage of coconut shell

increases and increased as comparison


3. The specific gravity of coconut shell is

lower than to the coarse aggregate and

the water absorption is higher for

coconut shell than coarse aggregate so

the strength decreased as comparison


4. 25% fly ash when replaced with

cement and coconut shell as 10%,

20%, and 30% when replaced with

coarse aggregate it is found that

compressive strength of concrete is

lower when compared to conventional

concrete.

5. The compressive strength of the cubes

reduced as the replacement with

coconut shell increased.

6. The cube compressive strength of

concrete at the age of 7 days resulted

in marginal reduction with 10% and

20% replacement of coarse aggregate

with coconut shell.

FURTHER SCOPE OF WORK

1. The study can be carried out with

varying percentage substitution of the

material for specific low cost housing

applications.

2. The properties like water absorption,

light weight concrete and study on

economic aspects can be carried out.

3. The effect of temperature on the

concrete developed can be studied.

4. The study can be extended to assess

the durability aspects of the concrete

with varying replacement proportions.

5. Many other waste materials can be also

used in low cost constructions.

REFERENCES

1. Dewanshu Ahlawat, L.G.Kalurkar

(2013), “Strength Properties of

Coconut Shell Concrete”, International

Journal of Civil Engineering and

Technology, vol 4, issue 6 Dec 2013

2. Kulkarni V.P, Kumar .S, (2013),

“Comparitive study on coconut shell

aggregate with conventional concrete”,

Vol.2, Issue 12, pp 67-70

3. Daniel Y.O, (2013), “Experimental

Assessment on Coconut Shell as



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ISSN 2347 – 8527

Volume 3, Issue 5

July 2014

aggregate in concrete”, International

Journal of Engineering Science

Invention, Vol.2, Issue 5, pp 07-11

4. Gunasekaran, K., Annadurai, R. &

Kumar, P. S., “ Long term study on

compressive and bond strength of

coconut shell aggregate concrete” .

Construction and Building Materials

28 (1) 208-215 , 2012

5. K.Gunasekaran, P.S.Kumar et al 2008,

Proceedings of International

Conference on Advances in Concrete

and Construction, ICACC-2008”,

2008, Hyderabad, India pp 450-459

6. Amarnath Yeramala,

Ramchandrudu.C, (2012), “Properties

of concrete with coconut shell as

aggregate replacement”, International

Journal of Engineering

Inventions,Vol.1, Issue 6, pp 21-31

7. B.Damodhara Reddy (2014) et al,

“Experimental analysis of the use of

coconut shell as coarse aggregate”,

IOSr Journal of Mechanical and Civil

Engineering, vol 10, issue 6, Jan 2014

8. Kabiru Usman Rogo, Selah Abu-Bakr

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aggregate in concrete production”,

Journal of Engineering and Applied

Sciences, Vol.2, Dec 2010

9. Abdulfatah Abubakar, Muhammed

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Mathapati (2014), “Application of

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concrete: A Technical Review”,

International Journal of Engineering

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issue 3, March 2014

11. Olanipekun, E,A, Olusola K.O. and

Atia, O., (2006)“Comparative study

between palm kernel shell and coconut

shell as coarse aggregate”, Journal of

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12. Adeyemi, A.Y. 1998. An investigation

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aggregates in concrete production.

Journal of Environment Design and

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13. Shetty. M.S, “Concrete Technology

Theory and Practice” (1991), 3rd

edition S. Chand company limited,

New Delhi.



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ISSN 2347 – 8527

Volume 3, Issue 5

July 2014

14. I.S 383-1970: “Specifications for

coarse and fine aggregates”

15. I.S 456-2000 “Indian Standard: Plain

and Reinforced Cement Concrete

16. IS 10262 – 1982: Recommended guide

lines for concrete mix design, Indian

standard institution, New Delhi

17. IS 3812-1981: Specifications of fly ash

for use as a pozzolans and admixture.

18. Mehta P.K., report on High-

Performance, High-Volume Fly Ash

Concrete for sustainable development,

University of California, USA

19. A Report on Use of High-Volume Fly

Ash in concrete for Building sector, by

Environmental Science & Technology

Division, CBRI Roorkee- Jan 2005

20. Kumar Dilip et al , “Performance of

High Volume Fly Ash in Concrete: A

Comparative Study”, Innovation in

Concrete Construction , Punjab, 2013

Efecto Del Reemplazo Parcial Del Cemento Con Cenizas Volantes y Agregado Grueso Con Cáscara de Coco...

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