El (casi inexistente) debate conceptual sobre la calidad del gobierno

8/9/2019 El (casi inexistente) debate conceptual sobre la calidad del gobierno

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;;4

D ,fkb bdbdd" dhkd ffdqkhd k fkbk d `hbd

@tbccdxen Fdotmn# @bchdx}n Vgfldzr Mbngbvbn _khkcd}k/

Xdvdg? Dg knv xdfbdg}dv# r mdvmd mbv}bg}kv mbvfbqcbgkv vnfbkcdv# dc }dek md ck fkcbmkmmdc nhbdxgn lk `kgkmn xdcdykgfbk dg dc mdhk}d bg}dxgkfbngkc' Kfkmebfnv r nx`kgbzkfbn%

gdv bg}dxgkfbngkcdv lkg mdvkxxncckmn xkg ykxbdmkm md ed}nmncn`kv {td }xk}kg md d|qcbfkxckv fktvkv md ck fkcbmkm n vtv didf}nv dg dc mdvkxxnccn vnfbkc# dfngebfn r qnc}bfn md cnvqkvdv' K qdvkx md dv}k bgmtv}xbk dedx`dg}dmd ed}nmncn`kv d bgmbfkmnxdv# dc mdhk}d vnhxd ckmdibgbfbg md fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn gn lk vbmn mdc }nmn k}dgmbmn' Dv}n lk qxnynfkmn tgkvdxbd md mdhbcbmkmdv d bgfngvbv}dgfbkv fngfdq}tkcdv' Dv}d }d|}n qxdvdg}k tgk hxdyd mbvft%vbg vnhxd cnv qxbgfbqkcdv dgin{tdv {td vd lkg mdvkxxncckmn# ck inxek dg ck {td vd fngfbhdck fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn# kv fnen vtv qxbgfbqkcdv cbeb}kfbngdv' Ibgkcedg}d# vd qxnqngdgkc`tgnv fkebgnv n fxb}dxbnv egbenv {td qnmxkg vdx md t}bcbmkm qkxk dckhnxkx tgk mdibgb%fbg ev }bc r fngfdq}tkcedg}d vcbmk md ck fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn'

Qkckhxkv fckyd?fkcbmkm md nhbdxgn# fng}xnc md ck mbvfxdfbngkcbmkm# beqkxfbkcbmkm# htdg`nhbdxgn# dodxfbfbn mdc qnmdx# mbvdn bgv}b}tfbngkc'

,Kcenv} gng%d|bv}dg}" Fngfdq}tkc Mdhk}d ng }ld [tkcb}r ni }ld @nydxgedg}Khv}xkf}? Bg xdfdg} rdkxv# kgm ixne mbiidxdg} vnfbkc mbvfbqcbgdv# }ld {tkcb}r ni }ld `nydxg%edg} lkv `kbgdm xdcdykgfd kv k }nqbf bg }ld bg}dxgk}bngkc mdhk}d' Vflnckxv kgm bg}dxgk}bngkcnx`kgbzk}bngv lkyd mdydcnqdm k ykxbd}r ni ed}lnmncn`bdv }lk} }xr }n d|qckbg }ld fktvdv kgm}ld diidf}v ni }ld {tkcb}r ni `nydxgedg} ng vnfbkc# dfngnebf# kgm qncb}bfkc mdydcnqedg}'Mdvqb}d }lbv dedx`dg} bgmtv}xr ni ed}lnmncn`bdv kgm bgmbfk}nxv# }ld fngfdq}tkc mbvftvvbng ni}ld mdibgb}bng ni {tkcb}r ni nydxgedg} b}vdci lkv hddg tgmdx%v}tmbdm' ]lbv lkv cdm }n k vd}ni fngfdq}tkc bgfngvbv}dgfbdv kgm pdkjgdvvdv' Bg }lbv qkqdx# pd qxdvdg} k hxbdi mbvftvvbng

/@tbccdxen Fdotmn dv qxnidvnx%bgydv}b`kmnx md ck Mbybvbg md Kmebgbv}xkfbg Qhcbfk mdc Fdg%}xn md Bgydv}b`kfbg r Mnfdgfbk Dfngebfkv# Fkxxd}dxk E|bfn%]nctfk 6944# Fnc' Cnekv mdVkg}k Id# 1;8;1# E|bfn# M'I' Fnxxdn dcdf}xgbfn? tbccdxen'fdotmnAfbmd'dmt' @bchdx}n Vgfldzdv d`xdvkmn md ck ekdv}xk dg Kmebgbv}xkfbg r Qnc}bfk Qhcbfk mdc Fdg}xn md Bgydv}b`kfbg rMnfdgfbk Dfngebfkv' Fnxxdn dcdf}xgbfn? `bchdx}n'vkgfldzAkctegnv'fbmd'dmt' Mbngbvbn _k%hkcd}k dv qxnidvnx%bgydv}b`kmnx kvnfbkmn dg dc Fdg}xn md Bgydv}b`kfbg r Mnfdgfbk Dfngebfkv#Fkxxd}dxk E|bfn%]nctfk 6944# Fnc' Cnekv md Vkg}k Id# 1;8;1# E|bfn# M'I' Fnxxdn dcdf}xgbfn?mbngbvbn'zkhkcd}kAfbmd'dmt '

Dc ekgtvfxb}n vd xdfbhb dg khxbc md 811< r itd kfdq}kmn qkxk vt qthcbfkfbg dg otcbn mdcebven kn'

Qnc}bfkr `nhbdxgnyncteDg |yB geDxn ; B vDeDv}xD mD 8112 QQ' ;;4%;49


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;;9 Qnc}bfkr `nhbdxgn yncteDg |yB geDxn ; B vDeDv}xD mD 8112

ni }ld ekbg qdxvqdf}bydv mdydcnqdm ng }lbv }nqbf# mbvftvv }ld pkrv bg plbfl }lbv gn}bng lkvhddg mdibgdm# kgm qnbg} }n }ldbx ekbg vlnx}fnebg`v' Ibgkccr# pd niidx vned fxb}dxbk }n md%ydcnq k enxd tvditc kgm fngfdq}tkccr mdidgvbhcd mdibgb}bng ni {tkcb}r ni nydxgedg}'

Jdrpnxmv?{tkcb}r ni nydxgedg}# fng}xnc ni mbvfxd}bng# beqkx}bkcb}r# nnm nydxgedg}#

d|dxfbvd ni qnpdx# bgv}b}t}bngkc mdvb`g'

Dg cnv c}benv knv lk lkhbmn tg bg}dxv fkmk ydz ekrnx dg ck fkcbmkm mdc`nhbdxgn fnen }dek md dv}tmbn' Mdvmd mbv}bg}kv mbvfbqcbgkv dfngnek#fbdgfbk qnc}bfk# kmebgbv}xkfbg qhcbfk r vnfbncn`k vd lkg dgdxkmn gt%edxnvnv mdhk}dv vnhxd ckv fktvkv r ckv fngvdftdgfbkv md ck fkcbmkm mdc `n%hbdxgn' Vd }xk}k# dg didf}n# md tg fngfdq}n {td xdfbdg}dedg}d lk nftqkmnck k`dgmk md bgydv}b`kfbg md etflnv kfkmebfnv r ck k`dgmk md }xkhkon md

ev md tgk nx`kgbzkfbg bg}dxgkfbngkc# {td qxnetdydg qnc}bfkv dvqdfib%fkv qkxk edonxkxck' Dv}nv mdhk}dv lkg dv}kmn kfneqkkmnv md tgk fxdfbdg}dcbv}k md hkvdv md mk}nv {td htvfkg fkq}txkx dv}d fngfdq}n dg bgmbfkmnxdvfneqkxkhcdv dn`xibfk r }deqnxkcedg}d' Dv}n gn {tbdxd mdfbx# vbg dehkx%`n# {td d|bv}k tg fngvdgvn dg }nxgn kc fngfdq}n: qnx dc fng}xkxbn# lkr mbydx%vkv ekgdxkv md dg}dgmdx ck fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn# gn vbdeqxd fneqk}bhcdv'

Dv}d mnftedg}n xdybvk dc dv}kmn kf}tkc mdc mdhk}d fngfdq}tkc vnhxd ckfkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn r lkfd tgk xdybvbg fx}bfk md vtv vtqtdv}nv d beqcbfkfbn%

gdv }dxbfkv' Dc kx`tedg}n dv {td# k qdvkx md dv}d hnne md qthcbfkfbngdvkfkmebfkv# bgmbfkmnxdv# fngidxdgfbkv r kf}bybmkmdv md nx`kgbvenv bg}dxgkfbn%gkcdv# d|bv}dg mdibfbdgfbkv xkydv dg ck inxek dg {td dc fngfdq}n lk vbmn mdib%gbmn# ckv ftkcdv ccdykg gn vcn k beqxdfbvbngdv }dxbfkv vbgn k kx`tedg}nv}kt}nc`bfnv d# bgfctvn# k fngfctvbngdv dxxgdkv' Dg }xebgnv vbeqcdv# qtdmdmdfbxvd {td dc mdhk}d bg}dxgkfbngkc kc xdvqdf}n lk vkc}kmn mbxdf}kedg}d k vn%ibv}bfkmnv kgcbvbv dfngne}xbfnv mkmk ck mbvqngbhbcbmkm md mk}nv mtxnv vbglkhdx qkvkmn kg}dv qnx tgk mbvftvbg vcbmk vnhxd cnv vtqtdv}nv fngfdq}tkcdvmd}xv md ck gnfbg md fkcbmkm md nhbdxgn' Ck qxbgfbqkc fng}xbhtfbg md dv}d

}d|}n fngvbv}d dg lkfdx dybmdg}dv cnv mdvkinv fngfdq}tkcdv md ck mbvftvbgfng}deqnxgdk vnhxd dv}d }dek kc env}xkx ck ikc}k md mbvftvbg vcbmk dg}nxgn k ck gnfbg md fkcbmkm md nhbdxgn r d|qcbfkx ckv mdhbcbmkmdv md ckv mdib%gbfbngdv md tvn fneg r# fng hkvd dg dcckv# vt`dxbx dg ckv fngfctvbngdv kc`t%gkv vkcbmkv qkxk fngv}xtbx tgk mdibgbfbg ev vcbmk r# qnx cn }kg}n# }bc'

Fnen vd etdv}xk ev kmdckg}d# lkr mbydxvkv ekgdxkv md dg}dgmdx ck fk%cbmkm mdc nhbdxgn' Ck ev vbeqcd dv ck {td fneqkxk dc htdg nhbdxgn fngxdvtc}kmnv qnvb}bynv' Mdvmd dv}k ybvbg# tg htdg nhbdxgn vd qtdmd dgfng%}xkx dg qkvdv fng hkokv }kvkv md enx}kcbmkm bgikg}bc# kc}nv gbydcdv dmtfk}bynv

@bd Fdo# @bhd vfldz r mbbb _khkdk


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yncteDg |yB geDxn ; B vDeDv}xD mD 8112 ;;0Qnc}bfkr `nhbdxgn

D ,fkb bdbdd" dhkd ffdqk hd k fkbk d hbd

r qnfk mdvb`tkcmkm vnfbndfngebfk ,qnx dodeqcn# ykvd @dxxbg` r ]lkfjdx#8114"# n dg k{tdccnv qkvdv fng kc}n mdvkxxnccn dfngebfn ,Ck Qnx}k d} kc'#;222" n ftkc{tbdx n}xk edmbmk md fkcbmkm md ybmk ,Lt}ldx r Vlkl# 8114"'

Tgk vd`tgmk qdxvqdf}byk ,qxnenybmk qnx dc Hkgfn Etgmbkc" kvted tgkybvbg ev keqcbk# kc kvnfbkx dc fngfdq}n md nnm nydxgkgfdfng ckv }xkmbfbn%gdv r ckv bgv}b}tfbngdv edmbkg}d ckv ftkcdv ck kt}nxbmkm dg tg qkv dv dodxfbmkqkxk dc hbdg fneg# cn ftkc bgfctrd dc enmn dg {td vd dcb`d k ckv kt}nxbmk%mdv# ck fkqkfbmkm mdc `nhbdxgn qkxk beqcdedg}kx qnc}bfkv r ck cd`b}bebmkm{td cnv fbtmkmkgnv n}nx`kg k ckv bgv}b}tfbngdv ,Jktiekgg d} kc'# 811="' Kv#dg ydz md dginfkxvd k cnv xdvtc}kmnv md ck kf}bybmkm thdxgkedg}kc# dv}kqdxvqdf}byk d{tbqkxk ck fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn fng ck ekgdxk dg ck {td vd d%gdxk r vd dodxfd ck kt}nxbmkm# fdg}xgmnvd dg vdbv mbedgvbngdv? ynz r xdgmb%

fbg md ftdg}kv# dv}khbcbmkm qnc}bfk# dibfkfbk mdc nhbdxgn# fkcbmkm md ck xd`t%ckfbg# beqdxbn md ck cdr r fng}xnc md ck fnxxtqfbg' Ibgkcedg}d# mdvmd tgkqdxvqdf}byk gnxek}byk# ck fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn qtdmd mdibgbxvd dg }xebgnvmd dv}gmkxdv mdvdkhcdv dg dc dodxfbfbn mdc nhbdxgn# }kcdv fnen ck beqkxfbk%cbmkm ,Xn}lv}dbg r ]dnxdcc# 811


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;;< Qnc}bfkr `nhbdxgn yncteDg |yB geDxn ; B vDeDv}xD mD 8112


fngvdftdgfbkv md ck fkcbmkm mdc `nhbdxgn ,dg vtv mbv}bg}kv kfdqfbngdv"'Dc kqgmbfd {td kfneqkk k dv}d }xkhkon md bgydv}b`kfbg qxdvdg}k tg ftk%mxn fng tgk vdcdffbg md kx}ftcnv kfkmebfnv vnhxd ck fkcbmkm mdc nhbdx%

gn r gnfbngdv kvnfbkmkv fnen fnxxtqfbg# htdg `nhbdxgn r fkcbmkm bgv}b%}tfbngkc {td }xk}k md d|qcbfkx ftcdv vng cnv md}dxebgkg}dv md ck fkcbmkmmdc `nhbdxgn r vtv fngvdftdgfbkv dg mbv}bg}nv ehb}nv' Ck xdybvbg mdftkc{tbdxk md dccnv etdv}xk fen dc mdhk}d fngfdq}tkc dv egben' Gn vdmbvft}dg mbv}bg}kv kfdqfbngdv gb vd d|qcbfkg ckv xkzngdv ev kcc md ckmbvqngbhbcbmkm md bgmbfkmnxdv {td otv}bib{tdg ck dcdffbg md md}dxebgkmkmdibgbfbg'

Dc bg}dxv bgbfbkc md cnv kgcbvbv ftkg}b}k}bynv vnhxd fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgnvd fdg}xkhk d|fctvbykedg}d dg dc }dek md ck fnxxtqfbg ,qkxk tgk xdvdk md

cnv dv}tmbnv d|bv}dg}dv# ykvd Ckehvmnxii# 8114"' Dg tg dv}tmbn md ;22


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yncteDg |yB geDxn ; B vDeDv}xD mD 8112 ;;2Qnc}bfkr `nhbdxgn


md fkqkfbmkm d bgmbfkmnxdv md xdgmbfbg md ftdg}kv# r t}bcbzkg edmbmkv evqxdfbvkv# }kcdv fnen ck ynck}bcbmkm dg dc qxdvtqtdv}n kgtkc n dc }bdeqn xd%{tdxbmn qkxk khxbx tg gd`nfbn ,dv}nv gmbfdv r cnv vtqtdv}nv fngfdq}tkcdv {td

cnv vnv}bdgdg vd kgkcbzkg ev kmdckg}d"'K qkx}bx md dv}nv bgmbfkmnxdv ev vnibv}bfkmnv# ykxbnv kgkcbv}kv lkg ke%

qcbkmn cnv kcfkgfdv md ckv d|qcbfkfbngdv vnhxd cnv didf}nv md fkcbmkm mdc n%hbdxgn dg cnv gbydcdv md mdvkxxnccn ltekgn ,Fkeqnv# ;222"# mdvb`tkcmkm mdbg`xdvnv ,Flng` r Fkcmdxg# 8111h"# qxnmtf}bybmkm ,Ncvng d} kc'# 8111"# md%vkxxnccn dfngebfn ,Kxng# 8111: Flng` r Fkcmdxg# 8111k"# bgydxvbg ,Krkcr Jkxxkv# ;229"# n dg ykxbkhcdv qnc}bfkv# }kcdv fnen cd`b}bebmkm mdc x`bedg,Kgmdxvng r ]ydxmnyk# 8116"# d bgfctvn fngfdq}nv ev khv}xkf}nv# fnenvk}bvikffbg fng ck fkcbmkm md ybmk ,Ldccbpdcc r Ltkg`# 811


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;81 Qnc}bfkr `nhbdxgn yncteDg |yB geDxn ; B vDeDv}xD mD 8112


gkg}dv md ck fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn# }kcdv fnen ck bgickfbg ,Hxktg r Mb ]dcck#811="# xdg}kv qxnydgbdg}dv md cnv xdftxvnv gk}txkcdv ,Kmdv r Mb ]dcck# ;222"#dc }kekn mdc nhbdxgn ,@ndc r Gdcvng# ;22


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yncteDg |yB geDxn ; B vDeDv}xD mD 8112 ;8;Qnc}bfkr `nhbdxgn


ck {td vd mdvfxbhbxg cnv }xkhkonv md Jktiekgg r vtv fnckhnxkmnxdv dg dcHkgfn Etgmbkc ,8116# 8119"# kv fnen ckv bgydv}b`kfbngdv md Jddidx rJgkfj ,;220": dg vd`tgmn ct`kx# dc kgcbvbv md ck fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn kvn%

fbkmk fng fbdx}nv didf}nv dvqdxkmnv n mdvdkhcdv# dg dc {td vd bgfctrdg ckvkqnx}kfbngdv md Xkikdc Ck Qnx}k r vtv fnkt}nxdv ,;222" vnhxd ck xdckfbgdg}xd fkcbmkm md `nhbdxgn r fxdfbebdg}n dfngebfn r md Jddidx r Jgkfj,;220"# kv fnen cnv md Jgkfj r vtv fnckhnxkmnxdv ,8118# 8116" dg xdckfbgfng cnv bgmbfkmnxdv md vd`tgmk dgdxkfbg: ibgkcedg}d# vd kgkcbzkx ck qnv%}txk gnxek}byk md ck fkcbmkm fnen dv}gmkxdv bgv}b}tfbngkcdv egbenv# mng%md vd mdvkxxncck dc fngfdq}n md fkcbmkm thdxgkedg}kc fnen beqkxfbkcbmkmmd Hn Xn}lv}dbg r Okg ]dnxdcc ,811


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xbmkm# kv fnen kgkcbzkx ck xdckfbg dg}xd kehnv fneqngdg}dv# nfkvbngkgmn{td dc fngfdq}n md fkcbmkm qbdxmk inx}kcdzk dqbv}denc`bfk'

Qnx c}ben# tg }dxfdx qxnhcdek bmdg}bibfkmn dv {td tgk mdibgbfbg md

fkcbmkm md `nhbdxgn fdg}xkmk d|fctvbykedg}d dg k}xbht}nv n dv}gmkxdv mddodxfbfbn md ck kt}nxbmkm dv}kxk bgfneqcd}k vb gn vd lkfd tgk mbv}bgfbg dg%}xd ikf}nxdv dv}xbf}kedg}d bgv}b}tfbngkcdv ,r {td xdeb}dg k itgfbngdv md nx%mdg qnc}bfn" r kf}bybmkmdv htxnfx}bfkv xdckfbngkmkv fng ck dv}bg lkhb}tkcmd ck kmebgbv}xkfbg qhcbfk' Dv}k mbidxdgfbkfbg dv beqnx}kg}d# rk {td qdx%eb}d xdfngnfdx cnv qxnfdvnv r edfgbfkv bg}dxgkv mdc nhbdxgn qnx edmbnmd cnv ftkcdv vd dv}xtf}txk tg `nhbdxgn md fkcbmkm' Tgk mdibgbfbg fkxdg}dmd dv}kv mnv mbedgvbngdv dv qnfn }bc qkxk dg}dgmdx ckv mbgebfkv thdxgk%edg}kcdv {td didf}bykedg}d d|qcbfkg ck fkcbmkm'

ck qdqdfbk ddkbk r qdfbqbk d k fkbk d hbd

Mdvmd edmbkmnv md cnv knv gnydg}k# dc Hkgfn Etgmbkc Zdg qkx}bftckx dc@xtqn md @nhdxgkhbcbmkm# Xd`tckfbg r Ibgkgzkv ,``xi"U lk mbxb`bmn tgkvdxbd md bgydv}b`kfbngdv deqxbfkv xdckfbngkmkv fng dc }dek md ck htdgk `n%hdxgkgzk# {td vd ybgftckg kt}ne}bfkedg}d fng ck fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn'

Dv}d `xtqn qkx}d md tgk gnfbg etr `dgdxkc md`nhdxgkgzk# dg}dgmbmkfnen ckv }xkmbfbngdv d bgv}b}tfbngdv qnx edmbn md ckv ftkcdv ck kt}nxbmkm dvdodxfbmk dg tg qkv md}dxebgkmn ,Jktiekgg d} kc'# 8116# q' 8"# kv fnen mdtgk mdibgbfbg md htdgk nhdxgkgzk keqcbk dg ck {td vd bgfctrdg kvqdf}nvfnen ck kqdx}txk mdc dvqkfbn md qnc}bfkv qhcbfkv# tgk htxnfxkfbk `tbkmkqnx tg d}lnv qxnidvbngkc {td xbgmd ftdg}kv nqnx}tgkedg}d# tgk vnfbdmkmfbybc qkx}bfbqk}byk r# ibgkcedg}d# ck d|bv}dgfbk md tg dv}kmn md mdxdfln cnvtibfbdg}dedg}d vcbmn {td fnhbod k }nmnv cnv dcdedg}nv kg}dv edgfbngk%mnv ,]lnekv# 8119"' Dv}kv fk}d`nxkv qxdvfxbq}bykv dv}kxkg nxbdg}kmkv k

fbdx}nv xdvtc}kmnv mdvdkhcdv fnen ck xdmtffbg md ck qnhxdzk# ck fngvncbmk%fbg mdenfx}bfk r dc mdvkxxnccn dfngebfn# dg}xd n}xnv'

Fng hkvd dg dv}k qnvbfbg fngfdq}tkc# dc ``xi lk mdvkxxncckmn tgk vdxbdmd bgv}xtedg}nv md edmbfbg ftrn qxnqvb}n dv xdkcbzkx tg mbk`gv}bfnkfdxfk md ck vb}tkfbg md ck`nhdxgkgzk dg fkmk tgn md cnv qkvdv ebdehxnvmdc Hkgfn Etgmbkc r qxnqngdx xdfnedgmkfbngdv vnhxd xdinxekv fckyd {tdqnmxkg kqnrkx dc mdvkxxnccn dfngebfn# vnfbkc r qnc}bfn' Kv# kc enedg}nmd lkfdx nqdxk}bykv ckv fngvbmdxkfbngdv gnxek}bykv kg}dv vdkckmkv# dc ``xilk mdvkxxncckmn }xdv fkeqnv dvdgfbkcdv md`nhdxgkgzk ,vdcdffbg# engb}nxdn


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yncteDg |yB geDxn ; B vDeDv}xD mD 8112 ;86Qnc}bfkr `nhbdxgn


r xdeqckzn md cnv nhbdxgnv: fkqkfbmkm `thdxgkedg}kc qkxk inxetckx d be%qcdedg}kx qnc}bfkv qhcbfkv# r xdvqd}n qnx ckv bgv}b}tfbngdv dfngebfkv rvnfbkcdv"# cnv ftkcdv# k vt ydz# vd vthmbybmdg dg vdbv xkgmdv xtqnv md bgv%

}xtedg}nv md edmbfbg# k vkhdx? ynz r xdgmbfbg md ftdg}kv# dv}khbcbmkmqnc}bfk r ktvdgfbk md ybncdgfbk# didf}bybmkm mdc nhbdxgn# fkcbmkm xd`tck}n%xbk# dv}kmn md mdxdfln r fng}xnc md ck fnxxtqfbg' Dg dc ftkmxn ; vd qxdvdg%}kg ckv fkxkf}dxv}bfkv md fkmk tgn md dv}nv xthxnv'

FtKmXn ;' Mbedgvbngdv md `nhdxgkgzk t}bcbzkmkv qnx dc Hkgfn Etgmbkc

mbdb Fkkfdbfk ,ddd d dbfb"

yz%dbfb d fdk Qkbfbqkfb d fbkk d k ddffb d `hdkd' Bdqddfbk d db d fbfkfb' cbhdk d kfbkfb'

Dkhbbk qbfk .Kdfbk d bdfbk

Qdfdqfbd hd k qhkhbbk d {d `hbd qdk d dqd q db bd bfbfbkd' K{ d bfrd ddd dbdfbk bfk r db'

Didfbbk hdkdk

Fkbk d dbfb qhbf' Fkbk d k kbbkfbd qhbfk r

bdqddfbk d qdbd qbfk' Fkbk d k ikfb d bqddkfb d

k qbfk qhbfk# k f d fqb`hdkdk d k bk'

Fkbk d`kbk Lkhbbk `hdkdk qkk bqddk qbfk

r d`kfbd {d qdk d dk d kfqddfbk r d df qbk'

Dk d ddfl Fibkzk d k`dd hd k dbdfbk d dk

d ddfl# qkbfkdd d d fqbbd dfk# k qbfk r k fd'

F d k fqfb Fkqk dkk q bddd qbk dqdkbkd' ebd k k`b r qdfdqfb d k `k fqfb#

k f d k{dk d dkbk'

Itdg}d?Jktiekgg d} kc'# 8110k'

Fng dc ibg md edmbx dc mdvdeqdn dg fkmk tgk md dv}kv fk}d`nxkv# dc ``xilk xdftqdxkmn bgmbfkmnxdv mtxkg}d qnfn ev md tgk mfkmk ,;229%8110" dg8;8 qkvdv qkxk dv}khcdfdx }xkrdf}nxbkv md mdvdeqdn r lkfdx fneqkxkfbn%


10/42

;8= Qnc}bfkr `nhbdxgn yncteDg |yB geDxn ; B vDeDv}xD mD 8112


gdv dg}xd qkvdv r xd`bngdv dg mbv}bg}nv qdxbnmnv'; Vb hbdg kc`tgnv kt}nxdvlkg fxb}bfkmn ck ykcbmdz md dv}nv mk}nv# kv fnen vt qnvbhbcbmkm md fneqkxk%fbg bg}dx}deqnxkc r dg}xd qkvdv# mdhbmn k ck ykxbkfbg dg ckv itdg}dv md

bginxekfbg ,Kxgm} r Nekg# 8119: Jgkfj# 8119: Jtx}z r Vlxkgj# 8119:]lnekv# 8119"# cn ftkc dv xdfngnfbmn bgfctvn qnx cnv mbvdkmnxdv md ck ed%}nmncn`k# vd fngvbmdxk {td cnv xdvtc}kmnv vng md xkg t}bcbmkm qkxk ck }nekmd mdfbvbngdv r qkxk ck inxetckfbg md xdinxekv bgv}b}tfbngkcdv ,Jktiekggd} kc'# 8110h"'

Gn nhv}kg}d {td cnv bgmbfkmnxdv dckhnxkmnv qdxeb}dg lkfdx fneqkxkfbn%gdv dg}xd qkvdv qxbgfbqkcedg}d dg dc ehb}n xd`bngkc mdhbmn k {td fne%qkx}d itdg}dv md bginxekfbg etr qkxdfbmkv# dc dgin{td qxnqtdv}n qnx dcHkgfn Etgmbkc etdv}xk cbeb}kfbngdv beqnx}kg}dv kc enedg}n md mdibgbx

tgk dvidxk qxnqbk qkxk ck gnfbg md fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn' Dg qxbedx ct`kx# kqkx}bx md mdibgbfbngdv }kg keqcbkv md`nhdxgkgzk r md htdgk nhdxgkgzk vtx`dck beqxdvbg md {td vd qnmxk bgfctbx ftkc{tbdx dcdedg}n bgv}b}tfbngkc n md`dv}bg fnen qkx}d mdc fngfdq}n# rk {td v}nv mdibgbxkg ckv }xkmbfbngdv dbgv}b}tfbngdv qnx edmbn md ckv ftkcdv vd dodxfd dc qnmdx dg fkmk qkv' Dv}kebvek keqcb}tm qxnynfk {td# dg vd`tgmn ct`kx# gn vd lk`k tgk mbidxdgfbk%fbg qxdfbvk dg}xd cnv edfkgbvenv md kffdvn r dodxfbfbn md ck kt}nxbmkm# qnx cn{td xdvtc}k mbifbc bmdg}bibfkx ck fneqnvbfbg qxdfbvk mdc fngfdq}n md fkcbmkm

mdc nhbdxgn# kv fnen ckv xdckfbngdv {td vd fngv}xtrdg dg}xd ckv bgv}b}tfbn%gdv qnc}bfkv r ckv qxf}bfkv thdxgkedg}kcdv xt}bgkxbkv'Dg tgk ydgk etr vbebckx k ck mdc ``xi# vnhxd }nmn dg }xebgnv md ck

keqcb}tm md ck mdibgbfbg md fkcbmkm md nhbdxgn qxnqtdv}k# Jddidx r Jgkfj,;220" mdvkxxncckg tg enmdcn {td htvfk d|qcbfkx ck bgfkqkfbmkm md cnv qk%vdv vthmdvkxxncckmnv qkxk kcfkgzkx kc}nv gbydcdv md mdvkxxnccn dfngebfn dgfneqkxkfbg fng cnv Dv}kmnv xbfnv' Dv}nv kt}nxdv xd}kg ck lbq}dvbv md ckdfngnek gdnfcvbfk dg ck {td vd bgvbv}d {td cnv qkvdv fng hkonv gbydcdv mdmdvkxxnccn }bdgdg tgk ydg}kok fneqd}b}byk dg fneqkxkfbg fng cnv mdev

qkxk kcfkgzkx fbixkv kc}kv md fxdfbebdg}n dfngebfn# mdhbmn k cnv kykgfdv}dfgnc`bfnv r k ck mbvebgtfbg md ck xdg}khbcbmkm md cnv fkqb}kcdv dg cnvqkvdv mdvkxxncckmnv' Dv}nv kt}nxdv dg}bdgmdg ck fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn ,n fk%

; Dc Hkgfn Etgmbkc gn dckhnxk mbxdf}kedg}d cnv bgmbfkmnxdv md fkcbmkm `thdxgkedg}kc fngitdg}dv qxnqbkv vbgn {td xdftxxd k tgk xkg fkg}bmkm md itdg}dv bg}dxgkfbngkcdv md ckv ftkcdv nh}bd%gd ck bginxekfbg gdfdvkxbk qkxk fngv}xtbx ckv dv}kmv}bfkv' Kv# qnx dodeqcn# qkxk ck fngv}xtffbg mdcnv bgmbfkmnxdv md 8116 vd deqcdkxng itdg}dv }kg mbydxvkv fnen Kixnhkxed}xn# Ixddmne LntvdrDc Inxn Dfngebfn Etgmbkc# dg}xd n}xnv' Dg }n}kc vd fng}khbcbzkg 84 itdg}dv md bginxekfbg'


11/42



cbmkm bgv}b}tfbngkc" fnen tg fngotg}n md kxxd`cnv qnc}bfnv r dfngebfnv{td kvd`txkg ck qxn}dffbg md cnv mdxdflnv md qxnqbdmkm ,dg}xd cnv {tdmdv}kfkg ck d|bv}dgfbk md tg dv}kmn md mdxdfln# md xdv}xbffbngdv ydx}bfkcdv r

lnxbzng}kcdv kc Dodft}byn# edmbmkv md fng}xnc md ck fnxxtqfbg# kv fnen dcdv}khcdfbebdg}n md tgk htxnfxkfbk md fkcbmkm" r ikynxdfdg tg ekrnx fxdfb%ebdg}n dfngebfn vnv}dgbmn' Vb hbdg vt mdibgbfbg gn dv }kg d|}dgvk fnenck mdc Hkgfn Etgmbkc# ckv fk}d`nxkv md kgcbvbv deqcdkmkv vb`tdg vbdgmnetr keqcbkv# }kc r fnen vd etdv}xk dg dc ftkmxn 8'

FtKmXn 8' Dcdedg}nv mdc fngfdq}n md fkcbmkm bgv}b}tfbngkc#vd`g Jddidx r Jgkfj ,;220"

Dcddg}mdigfg

Dk d ddflDbdfbk d ddd qbf bbfbkd hbf {d`kkbfd qfd ddfkd bqb r {d dbok `dd d kffb d dodfb'

xdbffbd k Dodfb}bq r didfbbk d dfkb qbf%bbfbkd{d db`d d qd d dfbb d dodfb rikdfd bdk d qd r fkqd'

Fkbk hfbfk

edbfb d dfkb d f hfbf# kf d k` ikfd {d ddbk k dbdfbk d

kqkk kbbkb qidbk r {d kd`d bddb d ddqd'

Fqfb hfbfker dkfbkk f d fbdb kdb r kk d db d`k d bfdfbkbk f d {d fdk ifbkbd d dodfbfb d kfbbkd'

Itdg}d?Dckhnxkfbg qxnqbk'

K qkx}bx md dv}kv ykxbkhcdv# Jddidx r Jgkfj ,;220" xdkcbzkg tgk vdxbd md

kgcbvbv dfngne}xbfnv# t}bcbzkgmn qxbgfbqkcedg}d ykxbkhcdv md xbdv`n xdft%qdxkmkv mdc bfx` dckhnxkmn qnx dcQncb}bfkc Xbvj Vdxybfd# dg cnv {td lkfdg bg%}dxkf}tkx ck }dvbv dfngebfk }xkmbfbngkc vnhxd dc mdvkxxnccn dfngebfn md cnvqkvdv otg}n fng ckv ykxbkhcdv bgv}b}tfbngkcdv qkxk nhvdxykx cnv didf}nv {tddv}kv c}bekv }bdgdg dg mnv edmbfbngdv beqnx}kg}dv? qnx tg ckmn# ck fkqkfb%mkm md fteqcbebdg}n md cnv fng}xk}nv ,cn ftkc qtdmd vdx tgk edmbfbg bgmb%xdf}k mdc fteqcbebdg}n md cnv mdxdflnv md qxnqbdmkm" r# qnx n}xn ckmn# ckvykxbkfbngdv dg dc qbh xdkc qdx fqb}k dg}xd ;291 r ;2


12/42



dfngebfn' Md kftdxmn fng cnv xdvtc}kmnv {td cnv enmdcnv kxxnokg# cnv kt%}nxdv fngfctrdg {td ck fkcbmkm bgv}b}tfbngkc dg vt fngotg}n dgdxk tg didf%}n b}dxk}byn beqnx}kg}d dg ck fngvncbmkfbg md tg fxdfbebdg}n dfngebfn

vnv}dgbmn' Qkx}bftckxedg}d# Jddidx r Jgkfj ,;220" mdv}kfkg {td cnv bgv}xt%edg}nv bgv}b}tfbngkcdv qnvddg tg didf}n etr beqnx}kg}d dg ck mbvebgtfbgmd ck bgfdx}bmtehxd n dc xbdv`n md cnv qkvdv# cn ftkc ikynxdfd ckv fngmbfbngdvqkxk dc mdvkxxnccn'

Kc b`tkc {td ck qnv}txk mdc Hkgfn Etgmbkc# dv}k qxnqtdv}k }bdgd kc`tgkvcbeb}kfbngdv vdxbkv kc enedg}n md mdibgbx fkcbmkm mdc `nhbdxgn' Dg qxbedxct`kx# d|bv}d tg qxnhcdek md fktvkcbmkm xdydx}bmk# rk {td vd qnmxk dg}dgmdx{td ckv bgv}b}tfbngdv md`nhdxgkgzk ikynxdfdg dc fxdfbebdg}n dfngebfn r ckmbvebgtfbg md ck qnhxdzk# qdxn kc ebven }bdeqn vd qnmxk bg}tbx {td vcn

cnv qkvdv fng ekrnx fxdfbebdg}n dfngebfn r fng hkonv gbydcdv md mdvb`tkc%mkm vng fkqkfdv md fngv}xtbx bgv}b}tfbngdv md fkcbmkm'8 Cnv kt}nxdv xdfn%gnfdg dv}d qxnhcdek ftkgmn vdkckg {td? dc fxdfbebdg}n dfngebfnqt%mbdxk }dgdxkc`g didf}n dg ck fxdkfbg md bgfdg}bynv {td qxn}dokg cnvmdxdflnv md qxnqbdmkm ,Jddidx r Jgkfj# ;220# q' 422"' Dg dv}d vdg}bmn# ck}dvbv qbdxmd itdxzk# rk {td gn vd bmdg}bibfk fckxkedg}d vb ck fngv}xtffbg d|kg}dmd bgv}b}tfbngdv md fkcbmkm }bdgd tg didf}n ikynxkhcd dg dc fxdfbebdg}nn vb tgk }dgmdgfbk lbv}xbfk md mdvkxxnccn dfngebfn md ckx`n qckzn bgmtfd

k ck fxdkfbg md bgv}b}tfbngdv md fkcbmkm {td qxn}dokg ck qxnqbdmkm md cnvbgmbybmtnv r {td ekg}dg`kg dc fxdfbebdg}n qnv}dxbnx'6 Qkxk qxnqvb}nv mddv}d kx}ftcn# fkhd mdv}kfkx {td dv}d qxnhcdek dv bgldxdg}dk tgk mdibgbfbgkeqcbk md fkcbmkm md nhbdxgn# {td beqbmd mbv}bg`tbx k}xbht}nv mdc dodxfbfbnmd ck itgfbg thdxgkedg}kc md cnv xdvtc}kmnv md mbfln dodxfbfbn'

Qnx n}xk qkx}d# vb hbdg dv}d dv}tmbn lkfd tgk mbidxdgfbkfbg itgmkedg}kcdg}xd cnv edfkgbvenv md kffdvn ,vnhxd }nmn dg ckv ykxbkhcdv md dv}kmn mdmdxdfln r md fng}xnc mdc Dodft}byn" r md dodxfbfbn md ck kt}nxbmkm ,dg }xeb%

8 Fnen rk vd bgmbf# vb hbdg dv}d c}ben }dek dv fdg}xkc dg dc mdhk}d fng}deqnxgdn# dv}ddgvkrn vnckedg}d vd cbeb}kx k edgfbngkxcn r gn vd qxnqngd kc`tgk ydxbibfkfbg deqxbfk vnhxd c#rk {td dc infn md ck bgydv}b`kfbg vd fdg}xkx dg ck fngv}xtffbg fngfdq}tkc md ck gnfbg md fkcb%mkm thdxgkedg}kc ,qdxn ykvd V}xkth# 8111"'

6 Cnv kt}nxdv otv}bibfkg ck gn d|bv}dgfbk md ck mnhcd fktvkcbmkm mdhbmn k {td qkx}dg mdc vt%qtdv}n md {td }nmnv cnv qkvdv ftdg}kg fng hbdgdv b`tkcedg}d ykcbnvnv# cn ftkc qnmxk bgmtfbx k cnvebvenv bgfdg}bynv qkxk ck qxn}dffbg md cnv mdxdflnv md qxnqbdmkm' K qdvkx md dv}n# cnv kt}nxdvgn fngvbmdxkg ckv ykxbkfbngdv dg cnv qxdfbnv xdck}bynv vnhxd cnv hbdgdv dg cnv mbidxdg}dv qkvdv# kvfnen cnv ek}bfdv lbv}xbfnv vnhxd ck qnvdvbg r ck }b}tckxbmkm md cnv mdxdflnv md qxnqbdmkm# qkx}b%ftckxedg}d md ck }bdxxk'


13/42



gnv md ck fkcbmkm htxnfx}bfk r ck fnxxtqfbg kmebgbv}xk}byk"# kc enedg}n mdfnxxdx cnv dv}tmbnv dfngne}xbfnv gn vd mbv}bg`td fkmk tgk md ckv fk}d`nxkvqnx{td cnv kt}nxdv t}bcbzkg tg gmbfd k`xd`kmn md didf}n bgv}b}tfbngkc# r gn

vd mbidxdgfbkg cnv didf}nv qkx}bftckxdv md fkmk fk}d`nxk kg}dv vdkckmk: fng cnftkc vd lkfd mbitvn k ck bgictdgfbk md cnv dcdedg}nv md kffdvn r dodxfbfbn'

ck fkbk d hbd dd didf dqdk

Mdvmd tgk qnv}txk kgkc}bfk r ed}nmnc`bfk mbidxdg}d# Xkikdc Ck Qnx}k d} kc',;222" fngv}xtrdg tg enmdcn k qkx}bx mdc ftkc bg}dg}kg d|qcbfkx cnv md}dxeb%gkg}dv md ck fkcbmkm thdxgkedg}kc# dg}dgmbmk fnen cnv ikf}nxdv ikynxkhcdv

qkxk dc htdg mdvkxxnccn fkqb}kcbv}k ,Ck Qnx}k d} kc'# ;222# q' 6"' K mbidxdgfbkmd cnv }xkhkonv xdkcbzkmnv qnx dc ``xi# dv}nv kt}nxdv gn dv}khcdfdg ck xdckfbgkt}ne}bfk dg}xd fkcbmkm `thdxgkedg}kc r htdgk nhdxgkgzk# ktg{td v bg%}xnmtfdg tg ikf}nx gnxek}byn dg dc ftkc vd xdfngnfd ck beqnx}kgfbk md ckd|bv}dgfbk md fbdx}kv bgv}b}tfbngdv md fkcbmkm ,n htdgkv" fnen ikf}nxdv mdfb%vbynv qkxk dc mdvkxxnccn' Fnen cnv ebvenv kt}nxdv vdkckg kc bgbfbn md vt mn%ftedg}n? dg knv xdfbdg}dv# cnv dfngnebv}kv lkg dgik}bzkmn ck bmdk md {tdhtdgkv bgv}b}tfbngdv dfngebfkv# qkx}bftckxedg}d k{tdcckv fdg}xkmkv dg dc

vdf}nx qhcbfn# vng bgv}xtedg}kcdv qkxk dc mdvkxxnccn dfngebfn ,Ck Qnx}kd} kc'# ;222# q' 6"'Vb hbdg ck mbvftvbg qxnqtdv}k qnx dv}nv kt}nxdv dg xdckfbg fng cnv md}dx%

ebgkg}dv md ck fkcbmkm dv md vtrn bg}dxdvkg}d# dv}d kqkx}kmn vnckedg}dfdg}xkx ck k}dgfbg dg ck inxek dg {td mdibgdg ck fkcbmkm md nhbdxgn r ckvbeqcbfkfbngdv md mbflk fngfdq}tkcbzkfbg' Dv}nv kt}nxdv dg}bdgmdg ck fkcb%mkm thdxgkedg}kc fnen ck d|bv}dgfbk md edfkgbvenv bgv}b}tfbngkcdv {tdkvd`txdg ck dibfbdgfbk dg dc }xkhkon md nhbdxgn r {td qdxeb}kg ck dg}xd`kdidf}byk md hbdgdv r vdxybfbnv qhcbfnv k ck fbtmkmkgk' Cnv xkv`nv fngfxd}nv

{td cnv kt}nxdv t}bcbzkg qkxk mdibgbx ckv mnv mbedgvbngdv md ck fkcbmkm vngcnv {td vd etdv}xkg dg dc ftkmxn 6'

K qkx}bx md dv}k gnfbg hvbfk# cnv kt}nxdv xdkcbzkg tg hxdyd xdfnxxbmn qnxck cb}dxk}txk xdckfbngkmk fng dc qxnqvb}n md bmdg}bibfkx cnv md}dxebgkg}dv ,nykxbkhcdv bgmdqdgmbdg}dv" {td qdxeb}dg d|qcbfkx ck fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn dgcnv qkvdv' Dg dv}d vdg}bmn# Ck Qnx}k ,;222" qxnqngd tgk vdxbd md ykxbkhcdvdfngebfkv ,gbydc md bg}dxidxdgfbk d bg}dxydgfbg `thdxgkedg}kc r fkqkfb%mkm md kvd`txkebdg}n md cnv mdxdflnv md qxnqbdmkm"# qnc}bfkv ,mdenfxkfbkr cbhdx}km qnc}bfk" r ftc}txkcdv ,mbybvbngdv d}gncbg`v}bfkv# xdcb`bg r }xkmb%


14/42

;8< Qnc}bfkr `nhbdxgn yncteDg |yB geDxn ; B vDeDv}xD mD 8112


fbg cd`kc" {td krtmdg k d|qcbfkx ck fkqkfbmkm md cnv `nhbdxgnv qkxk dg}xd%`kx hbdgdv qhcbfnv k ck fbtmkmkgk r qkxk cn`xkx ck dibfbdgfbk thdxgkedg}kcr# dg c}bek bgv}kgfbk# dc fxdfbebdg}n dfngebfn md cnv qkvdv'

Ev kcc md vt qckg}dkebdg}n vnhxd cnv md}dxebgkg}dv md ck fkcbmkm rfdg}xgmnvd d|fctvbykedg}d dg vt mdibgbfbg md fkcbmkm md nhbdxgn# tgkqxbedxk fx}bfk k dv}d dv}tmbn dv {td# kc b`tkc {td dg cnv dv}tmbnv mdc HkgfnEtgmbkc# gn lkr tgk mbidxdgfbkfbg dg}xd cnv dcdedg}nv md kffdvn r dodxfbfbnmd ck kt}nxbmkm' Dv ev# dg dv}k bgydv}b`kfbg vd nhvdxyk fen bgfctvn kc`t%

gnv dcdedg}nv bgv}b}tfbngkcdv vd bgfctrdg fnen md}dxebgkg}dvqdx vd'Dg vd`tgmn ct`kx# tgk mdibgbfbg md fkcbmkm `thdxgkedg}kc hkvkmk dgdidf}nv dvqdxkmnv ,dg dv}d fkvn ck dg}xd`k md hbdgdv r vdxybfbnv qhcbfnv"beqbmd mbv}bg`tbx ck xdckfbg fktvk%didf}n dg}xd fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn r cnvqxnmtf}nv mdc mdvdeqdn md ckv kt}nxbmkmdv qhcbfkv' Dv}k cbeb}kfbg qxn%ynfk {td vd }nxgd fkvb beqnvbhcd dv}khcdfdx dgdxkcbzkfbngdv dg dc ehb}nfngfdq}tkc vnhxd ck fkcbmkm `thdxgkedg}kc r vnhxd vtv didf}nv mdhbmn k{td# fnen vdkckg Xn}lv}dbg r ]dnxdcc ,811


15/42



vd`tgmk dgdxkfbg fng hkvd dg cnv dv}tmbnv r dg cnv bgmbfkmnxdv fngv}xtbmnvqnx dc Mdqkx}kedg}n md Mdvkxxnccn Bg}dxgkfbngkc mdc Xdbgn Tgbmn# dg fn%ckhnxkfbg fng dc Hkgfn Etgmbkc# cknfmdr ckv Gkfbngdv Tgbmkv' Dv}nv kt}n%

xdv qkx}dg md ck qxdebvk md {td kc`tgnv dcdedg}nv md nhdxgkgzk fng}xb%htrdg md ekgdxk mdfbvbyk k ck fngvdftfbg md cnv nhod}bynv dgdxkcdv mdcmdvkxxnccn vnfbkc md cnv qkvdv: kvtedg tgk qnv}txk md ck fkcbmkm bgv}b}tfbngkc,n mdc `nhbdxgn" etr qkxdfbmk k ck md Ck Qnx}k d} kc' ,;222" r md Jddidx rJgkfj ,;220"# nxbdg}kmk k cnv didf}nv dvqdxkmnv {td qtdmdg qxnmtfbx fbdx}kvbgv}b}tfbngdv# ktg{td vt qxnqtdv}k gn vd fdg}xk d|fctvbykedg}d dg dc fxdfb%ebdg}n dfngebfn vbgn dg ck fngvdftfbg md ckv ed}kv mdc ebcdgbn'

Jgkfj# Jt`cdx r Ekggbg` ,8116" kx`tedg}kg {td dv itgmkedg}kc {tdckv edmbfbngdv r ck fngv}xtffbg md bgmbfkmnxdv vd xdkcbfdg vnhxd fbdx}k hkvd

md kfdq}khbcbmkm qnc}bfk r dqbv}denc`bfk {td qdxeb}k dv}xtf}txkx tg vbv}d%ek kfnxmkmn md bgmbfkmnxdv vnhxd cnv ftkcdv vd qtdmk lkfdx tgk edmbfbglnen`gdk md cnv qkvdv' Dg dv}d qtg}n xkmbfkxk ck xdcdykgfbk md tg bgmb%fkmnx mdvd`tgmk dgdxkfbg ,edgnv hkvkmn dg nqbgbngdv vthod}bykv# fnencnv md ck qxbedxk xngmk" r qdxeb}bxk dv}khcdfdx tg qbvn egben md kxxkg{tdqkxk edonxkx ckv edmbfbngdv r cnv kgcbvbv'

Dv}nv kt}nxdv xd}nekg ck mdibgbfbg md fkcbmkm md `nhbdxgn qxnqtdv}kqnx Jddidx r Jgkfj ,;220" dg xdckfbg fng ck d|bv}dgfbk md fbdx}nv fng}xkqd%

vnv bgv}b}tfbngkcdv {td qdxeb}kg fng}xnckx dc ekx`dg md mbvfxdfbngkcbmkm mdcnv `nhdxgkg}dv# qkx}bftckxedg}d md cnv dodft}bynv' Gn nhv}kg}d# Jgkfj#Jt`cdx r Ekggbg` ,8116" dgik}bzkg {td mbflk mdibgbfbg qtdmd keqcbkxvd ktg vbv}dek md hkckgfdv dg}xd }nmnv cnv qnmdxdv qnc}bfnv dv}khcdfbmnv# dg ck{td tgk ybvbg fdg}xkmk dg dc Dodft}byn qdxeb}d tg kgcbvbv etfln evvbeqcd r didf}byn md ck fkcbmkm bgv}b}tfbngkc' Hkon dv}k qxdebvk# cnv kt}nxdvmdvkxxncckg tg fngfdq}n md fkcbmkm {td vd mdvmnhck dg ftk}xn }bqnv mbidxdg%}dv md xdv}xbffbngdv bgv}b}tfbngkcdv kc Dodft}byn? xdv}xbffbngdv inxekcdv lnxb%zng}kcdv# bginxekcdv lnxbzng}kcdv# ydx}bfkcdv bg}dx`thdxgkedg}kcdv r qdvnv

ydx}bfkcdv mdvmd dc dcdf}nxkmn' Dg dc ftkmxn = vd mdvfxbhd fkmk tgk md dv}kvfk}d`nxkv'

K qkx}bx md dv}kv ftk}xn mbedgvbngdv# cnv kt}nxdv mdvkxxncckg tgk `xkgfkg}bmkm md bgmbfkmnxdv {td cdv qdxeb}dg nhvdxykx ck bgfbmdgfbk md mbflkvxdv}xbffbngdv ,dv}n dv# ck fkcbmkm bgv}b}tfbngkc" dg ck qxnenfbg mdc mdvkxxn%ccn vnfbkc' Dv}k xdckfbg dg}xd ck d|bv}dgfbk md tg vbv}dek md qdvnv r fng}xk%qdvnv didf}byn r dc mdvkxxnccn vnfbkc gn vd vtv}dg}k vnhxd tgk }dnxk fngvncb%mkmk# vbgn vnhxd tgk vdxbd md dv}tmbnv deqxbfnv dg cnv {td qkxdfbdxkvnv}dgdxvd mbflk lbq}dvbv' Dg vt mnftedg}n# Jgkfj# Jt`cdx r Ekggbg`


16/42



,8116" vnckedg}d qxnqnxfbngkg dc dodeqcn md tg bgmbfkmnx ,ynck}bcbmkm qxd%vtqtdv}kxbk" r vt xdckfbg fng ck enx}kcbmkm bgikg}bc' Cnv xdvtc}kmnv {td kxxn%

ok mbflk fnxxdckfbg dv {td v d|bv}d tgk ybgftckfbg qnvb}byk dg}xd mbflk yk%xbkhcd bgv}b}tfbngkc r dc didf}n md mdvkxxnccn vnfbkc' Fng hkvd dg dv}k fngod}txk`dgxbfk# cnv kt}nxdv xdfngnfdg ck beqnx}kgfbk md tg kxxd`cn qnc}bfn bgv}b}t%fbngkc kmdftkmn r fbdx}nv didf}nv dvqdxkmnv# r qxnqngdg ck kqdx}txk md tgk

keqcbk cgdk md bgydv}b`kfbg qkxk ck fngv}xtffbg md tgk hkvd md bgmbfkmn%xdv md fkcbmkm bgv}b}tfbngkc {td vd ybgftcdg fng cnv nhod}bynv md mdvkxxnccn#md }kc inxek {td vd qtdmkg qxnqngdx# }kc fnen cn lkfd dc dv}tmbn mdc HkgfnEtgmbkc kg}dv mdvfxb}n# xdinxekv bgv}b}tfbngkcdv qdx}bgdg}dv'

K qdvkx md cnv lkcckz`nv bmdg}bibfkmnv# dv qxdfbvn vdkckx {td dc dv}tmbnmd Jgkfj# Jt`cdx r Ekggbg` ,8116" kmncdfd md cnv ebvenv mdidf}nv mdvfxb%}nv qkxk }nmnv cnv dv}tmbnv bgfctbmnv dg dv}d kqkx}kmn' Qnx tgk qkx}d# r fnendccnv ebvenv xdfngnfdg# dc kcfkgfd md ck bgydv}b`kfbg gn qdxeb}d xdvncydxdc qxnhcdek md fktvkcbmkm xdydx}bmk# qnx cn {td qnmxk vdx qnvbhcd {td cnv

qkvdv {td rk ftdg}kg fng tgk }xkrdf}nxbk beqnx}kg}d md mdvkxxnccn vnfbkc qtd%mkg dv}khcdfdx bgv}b}tfbngdv md fkcbmkm ,hkon dc kx`tedg}n md ck qxn}dffbgmd cnv mdxdflnv r cbhdx}kmdv rk km{tbxbmkv"' Dv}d dv tg qxnhcdek ed}nmnc%`bfn {td qtdmd xdvncydxvd fng tgk htdgk dvqdfbibfkfbg md ckv xdckfbngdvfktvkcdv {td# vbg dehkx`n# gn qtdmd k}dgmdxvd tvkgmn dv}kv mdibgbfbngdv#qtdv dc fngfdq}n# dg kt}ne}bfn# edzfck kehkv mbedgvbngdv' Qnx n}xk qkx}d#vb hbdg vd lkfd tg bg}dg}n qnx mbidxdgfbkx dg}xd cnv edfkgbvenv md kffdvn rdodxfbfbn md ck kt}nxbmkm qnx edmbn md ckv ftk}xn mbedgvbngdv md xdv}xbffbn%gdv bgv}b}tfbngkcdv# cnv kt}nxdv gn lkfdg d|qcfb}nv cnv mbidxdg}dv edfkgbv%

FtKmXn =' Ftk}xn xdv}xbffbngdv kc Dodft}byn# vd`g Jgkfj# Jt`cdxr Ekggbg` ,8116"

]q d xdv}xffg Fkxkf}dxv}fkv

Ikd lbzkdxdbfb d fdk lbzk# kbfbk# d`k# dDodfb lkfbk d cd`bkb r k fd'

Bikd lbzkdDodfbfb d bhdkd hbfk ,qkbfkdd d kqdk"# k f k dbdfbk d kqkk hfbfqidbkd r d fkbk'

ydbfkd bd hdkdkd Kk ibfk d hbd hkfbkd'

ydbfkd dd d ddfkDbdfbk d dfkb kqb d dfkfb lkfbkk fbkkk'

Itdg}d?Dckhnxkfbg qxnqbk'


17/42

yncteDg |yB geDxn ; B vDeDv}xD mD 8112 ;6;Qnc}bfkr `nhbdxgn


env r fkgkcdv ,rk vdkg bgv}b}tfbngkcdv t nx`kgbzkfbngkcdv" edmbkg}d cnv ftk%cdv nqdxkg fkmk tgk md ckv xdv}xbffbngdv# qnx cn {td ck `xkg ykxbdmkm mdbgmbfkmnxdv }dxebgk qnx lkfdx ev fngitvn dc kgcbvbv'

Vnhxk mdfbx {td gbg`tgn md dv}nv }d|}nv dg}khck tg mbcn`n fng cnv md%ev dg ck fngv}xtffbg md vt mdibgbfbg md fkcbmkm md nhbdxgn# vbgn {td cdvhkv}k fng kgtgfbkx ck qxnqbk r d|fctbx ck qnvbhbcbmkm md tg ,qn}dgfbkcedg}dixtf}idxn" mdhk}d fngfdq}tkc'

ck fkbk d hbd f kbh bbfbkd hbf

Ibgkcedg}d# mdg}xn md ck cb}dxk}txk bg}dxgkfbngkc lkr n}xk ydx}bdg}d md bg%

ydv}b`kfbg dg ck {td vd }xk}k md mdibgbx ck fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn fnen tgkvdxbd md k}xbht}nv bgv}b}tfbngkcdv hvbfnv' Fnen dodeqcn# vd xd}nekx ckqxnqtdv}k fngfdq}tkc dckhnxkmk qnx Hn Xn}lv}dbg r Okg ]dnxdcc ,811


18/42



fbdgfbk r fxdfbebdg}n dfngebfn# qnx fb}kx tg dodeqcn htxmn"# vbgn dg dc`xkmn md mbvfxdfbngkcbmkm t}bcbzkmn qnx ckv kt}nxbmkmdv kc enedg}n md be%qcdedg}kx ftkc{tbdx qnc}bfk qhcbfk ,dg {t edmbmk dv gdfdvkxbn bgftxxbx

dg tg kf}n md fnxxtqfbg qkxk nh}dgdx tg kqnrn md ck qnc}bfk vnfbkc# qnxdodeqcn"' Fng hkvd dg dv}k kx`tedg}kfbg bgbfbkc# Xn}lv}dbg r ]dnxdcc,811


19/42



fktvkcbmkm {td dccnv qxnqngdg dv ck vb`tbdg}d? ck d|bv}dgfbk md edfkgbvenvmd fkcbmkm thdxgkedg}kc {td kvd`txdg ck beqkxfbkcbmkm dg dc dodxfbfbn mdc qn%mdx# kmdev md kxkg}bzkx ck qxdmbf}bhbcbmkm md cnv vdxybmnxdv qhcbfnv r md mkx

bginxekfbg vnhxd vt mdvdeqdn# inx}kcdfdxk cnv bgv}xtedg}nv md fngibkgzkydx}bfkc ,dv}n dv# md ck xdckfbg dg}xd fbtmkmkgnv r nhdxgkg}dv" r lnxbzng}kc,fngibkgzk bg}dxqkxdv" cnv ftkcdv qtdmdg }dgdx tg didf}n fdg}xkc dg dc kqnrnmd cnv fbtmkmkgnv lkfbk ckv bgv}b}tfbngdv r dc vbv}dek qnc}bfn dg vt fngotg%}n# qxnenydxk ck vd`txbmkm md cnv mdxdflnv fng}xkf}tkcdv r md qxnqbdmkm# r}dgmxk tgk xdckfbg tc}dxbnx fng dc mdvkxxnccn r dc fxdfbebdg}n dfngebfn# ckqkz fbybc r# dg tg ehb}n etr khv}xkf}n# fng ck idcbfbmkm md cnv bgmbybmtnv'

K qdvkx md {td ck qxnqtdv}k md Xn}lv}dbg r ]ndccdx ,811


20/42

;6= Qnc}bfkr `nhbdxgn yncteDg |yB geDxn ; B vDeDv}xD mD 8112


vkhcd mbvfdxgbx ftcdv vng cnv k}xbht}nv dvqdfibfnv {td qnmxkg xdftqdxkxdvnv qxbgfbqbnv r yncydxcnv qkx}d md ck bgixkdv}xtf}txk bgv}b}tfbngkc r md cnvfmb`nv md qxf}bfkv fn}bmbkgkv dg tgk htxnfxkfbk'

Fgfcvg? lkfk gk digfg vck d ck fkck dc hdxg

Ckv mdhbcbmkmdv fngfdq}tkcdv bmdg}bibfkmkv dg dv}kv }xdv ydx}bdg}dv md ck cb%}dxk}txk vnhxd fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn gn mdhdg cddxvd# gb etfln edgnv# fnentgk fx}bfk kc fngfdq}n md fkcbmkm md `nhbdxgn fnen tgbmkm md kgcbvbv xdcd%ykg}d dg v ebvek' Fnen vd env}x kc bgbfbn md dv}d mnftedg}n# ck fkcbmkmmdc nhbdxgn qkxdfd dv}kx dg dc fdg}xn md etflkv xdckfbngdv fktvkcdv dg}xd

ikf}nxdv lbv}xbfnv# qnc}bfnv r dfngebfnv' Gn nhv}kg}d# dv}kv mdhbcbmkmdvv mkg ftdg}k md ck gdfdvbmkm md }dgdx ekrnx qxdfbvbg fngfdq}tkc dg dc tvnr ck mdibgbfbg mdc }xebgn' Ev kg# mbflkv mdhbcbmkmdv etdv}xkg }kehbgdc fkebgn k vd`tbx qkxk ck fngv}xtffbg md tg fngfdq}n md fkcbmkm md nhbdx%gn ev qxdfbvn r }bc' Gn dv dc qxnqvb}n md dv}d mnftedg}n `dgdxkx tgkmdibgbfbg kc}dxgk}byk# qdxn v fbxftgvfxbhbx cn {td qnmxk fngvbmdxkxvd r cn{td mdhdxk d|fctbxvd md tgk mdibgbfbg ,kmdev# mdvmd ctd`n# md dgik}bzkxck beqnx}kgfbk md khnxmkx dc mdhk}d fngfdq}tkc kg}dv md ckgzkxvd k htvfkx

bgmbfkmnxdv r xdckfbngdv fktvkcdv"'Dg qxbedx ct`kx# cn {td ck xdybvbg ldflk dg dv}kv q`bgkv vt`bdxd dv {tdftkc{tbdx mdibgbfbg md fkcbmkm md `nhbdxgn mdhdx k}dgmdx ck mbv}bgfbgdg}xd cnv edfkgbvenv md kffdvn kc qnmdx ,{tbg r fen mdfbmd {tbg `n%hbdxgk>" r cnv edfkgbvenv md dodxfbfbn mdc qnmdx ,fen vd dodxfd dc qnmdxqhcbfn>" ,Ekzztfk# 8110"# qkxk fngfdg}xkxvd dg cnv vd`tgmnv' Ck fkcbmkmmdc nhbdxgn vd xdibdxd# dvdgfbkcedg}d# k k}xbht}nv mdc dodxfbfbn md ck kt}nxb%mkm# qnx cn {td cnv edfkgbvenv vnhxd dc kffdvn kc qnmdx gn mdhdxkg dv}kxbgfctbmnv dg dv}k mdibgbfbg# qtdv vd }xk}k# dg xdkcbmkm# md gnfbngdv vdqkxk%

mkv r mbv}bg`tbhcdv? tgk xdck}byk k ckv bgv}b}tfbngdv r cnv qxnfdvnv qnc}bfnv{td mdibgdg {tbgdv md}dg}kg dc qnmdx ,r {td ykg mdvmd gnfbngdv dgdxk%cdv# fnen dc }bqn md x`bedg qnc}bfn# lkv}k }dekv dvqdfibfnv# fnen ck ixet%ck dcdf}nxkc qkxk fngydx}bx yn}nv dg dvfknv" r n}xk {td vd xdibdxd k ckv bgv}b%}tfbngdv r qxnfdvnv xdck}bynv kc dodxfbfbn md ck kt}nxbmkm qhcbfk ,mdvmd ckvdv}xtf}txkv kmebgbv}xk}bykv lkv}k ckv qxf}bfkv md `dv}bg dvqdfibfkv"' Kck`xtqkx r edzfckx kehkv gnfbngdv dg tg ebven fngfdq}n vd qbdxmd gnvcn qxdfbvbg r fckxbmkm fngfdq}tkc# vbgn }kehbg ck qnvbhbcbmkm md dv}tmbkxckv xdckfbngdv dg}xd kehkv' Dg didf}n# fnen fngvdftdgfbk md dv}k k`ct}bgk%


21/42



fbg md fk}d`nxkv fckxkedg}d mbv}bg}kv gn vd lk qnmbmn bmdg}bibfkx fng qxd%fbvbg dc qkqdc {td mdvdeqdkg fbdx}kv bgv}b}tfbngdv qnc}bfkv r kmebgbv}xk%}bykv dg ck edonxk md ck fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn# r vd lk mkmn tg qkqdc fdg}xkc

kc otd`n qnc}bfn fneqd}b}byn dg}xd qkx}bmnv qnc}bfnv fnen fngmbfbg vtib%fbdg}d qkxk ck d|bv}dgfbk md dv}gmkxdv kc}nv md nhbdxgn' Qkxk }xk}kx md xdmt%fbx dv}k fngitvbg# tgk mdibgbfbg kqxnqbkmk md fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn mdhdxkbgfctbx gbfkedg}d k}xbht}nv xdckfbngkmnv fng dc dodxfbfbn md ck kt}nxbmkm t%hdxgk}byk r lkfdx k tg ckmn cnv xdckfbngkmnv fng dc fnxxdvqngmbdg}d kc kffdvnkc qnmdx ,{td# dg }nmn fkvn# fnxxdvqngmdg k ck gnfbg md fkcbmkm md ck mdenfxk%fbk# kcxdmdmnx md ck {td d|bv}d tgk keqcbk cb}dxk}txk# ykvd Mbkengm r Enx%cbgn# 8114"'

Dg vd`tgmn }xebgn# dg dc qxnfdvn md mdibgbx ck fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn

mdhdx }kehbg mbv}bg`tbxvd dg}xd cnv k}xbht}nv mdc dodxfbfbn mdc qnmdx r vtvfngvdftdgfbkv n xdvtc}kmnv dvqdxkmnv' Fnen vd d|qcbf# gn dv ycbmn d{tbqk%xkx cnv xdvtc}kmnv ,qnvb}bynv n gd`k}bynv" md bgmbfkmnxdv md mdvkxxnccn vnfbkcn dfngebfn fng cnv k}xbht}nv md ck fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn# qtdv cnv ygftcnvfktvkcdv gn vng mbxdf}nv gb cbgdkcdv' Dg }nmn fkvn# qkxk dg}dgmdx fen ck fk%cbmkm mdc nhbdxgn vd qtdmd xdckfbngkx fng xdvtc}kmnv qnvb}bynv dv gdfdvkxbnbmdg}bibfkx k{tdccnv xdvtc}kmnv md nhbdxgn ,didf}nv md qnc}bfkv r qxn`xkekvqhcbfnv" {td vd ybgftckg mbxdf}kedg}d fng dc dodxfbfbn md ck kt}nxbmkm q%

hcbfk' Gn dv qnvbhcd# qnx dodeqcn# mdfbx {td tg htdg `nhbdxgn d|bv}d klmngmd ck enx}kcbmkm bgikg}bc dv hkok# ck dvqdxkgzk md ybmk kc}k n dc fxdfbebdg%}n dfngebfn kfdcdxkmn# qtdv ftkc{tbdxk md dv}kv edmbmkv qtdmd xdicdokxqxnfdvnv {td }dg`kg qnfn {td ydx fng dc dodxfbfbn md ck kt}nxbmkm r dv}kxk%env k}xbhtrdgmn k ck fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn xdvtc}kmnv {td# dg ck xdkcbmkm# gnmdqdgmdg d|fctvbyk gb gdfdvkxbkedg}d md dcck'

Dc }dxfdx qxnhcdek fngfdq}tkc {td mdhdxk k}dgmdxvd dv dc mdxbykmn mdck ktvdgfbk md tgk mbidxdgfbkfbg bg}dxgk md cnv edfkgbvenv md dodxfbfbn mdck kt}nxbmkm' Dv mdfbx# gn vd lk cn`xkmn dvqdfbibfkx cnv fneqngdg}dv md ck

gnfbg md fkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn# fnen vb v}k itdxk tg k}xbht}n bmdg}bibfkhcdr gn tg k`xd`kmn md bgv}b}tfbngdv r qxnfdvnv mbydxvnv fng mbv}bg}kv fngib`t%xkfbngdv' Dv}k fnehbgkfbg lk qxnynfkmn {td xdvtc}d etr fneqcbfkmn dg%}dgmdx cnv ygftcnv r cnv edfkgbvenv fktvkcdv dg}xd cnv mbv}bg}nv fneqn%gdg}dv bgv}b}tfbngkcdv r md dv}bg {td# dg fngotg}n# inxekg ck gnfbg mdfkcbmkm mdc nhbdxgn' Qnx dvn vd lk vdkckmn ck mdhbcbmkm md vtqngdx {td dcqxbgfbqbn md beqkxfbkcbmkm# qnx v ebven# k`n}k cnv k}xbht}nv md ck fkcbmkmmdc `nhbdxgn' Cn {td vd qxnqngd dv {td tgk htdgk mdibgbfbg md ck fkcb%mkm mdc nhbdxgn gn vd vtv}dg}kx d|fctvbykedg}d dg cnv qxbgfbqbnv mdvdk%


22/42



hcdv# vbgn dg k}xbht}nv fngfxd}nv d bmdg}bibfkhcdv {td qtdmkg ybgftckxvd fngcn {td# dg ck qxf}bfk# nftxxd dg dc dodxfbfbn fn}bmbkgn md ck kt}nxbmkm qhcbfk'

Dg vtek# ck xdybvbg md ckv mdibgbfbngdv dg hn`k vnhxd ck fkcbmkm mdc n%

hbdxgn etdv}xk gn vcn tgk ld}dxn`dgdbmkm vnvqdflnvk# vbgn }kehbg qxn%hcdekv fngfdq}tkcdv xkydv {td beqbmdg fng}kx fng tgk mdibgbfbg md ckfkcbmkm mdc `nhbdxgn qxdfbvk' Dg ct`kx md dccn# }dgdenv mdibgbfbngdv {tdedzfckg cnv k}xbht}nv mdc nhbdxgn fng ckv xd`ckv md kffdvn kc qnmdx# fng cnvxdvtc}kmnv dgdxkmnv qnx ck kffbg thdxgkedg}kc n fng qxbgfbqbnv khv}xkf%}nv' Dv}kv mdhbcbmkmdv fngfdq}tkcdv# md gn xdvncydxvd# qngmxkg dg mtmk cnvgtedxnvnv dv}tmbnv {td lkg ccd`kmn rk k fngfctvbngdv kqxdvtxkmkv' Dgfng}xkqkx}bmk# cn {td vd qxnqngd# kv vdk md inxek qxdcbebgkx# dv {td tgkmdibgbfbg kmdftkmk md fkcbmkm md nhbdxgn mdhdxk fdg}xkxvd dg cnv edfk%

gbvenv mdc dodxfbfbn mdc qnmdx# vdqkxkxvd fckxkedg}d md cnv xdvtc}kmnv dvqd%xkmnv r fngfdg}xkxvd dg k}xbht}nv bmdg}bibfkhcdv rk vdkg bgv}b}tfbngdv nqxf}bfkv md ck kf}bybmkm thdxgkedg}kc' Ftkc{tbdx kykgfd dg dvk mbxdf%fbg gn vcn vdxybx qkxk mbvqngdx md fngfdq}nv ev }bcdv# vbgn {td vdx dcqtg}n md qkx}bmk qkxk dv}tmbnv fng hkvdv ev vcbmkv'

Xdidxdgfkv hhcxifkv

Kmdv# Kchdx}n r Xkikdc Mb ]dcck ,;222"# Xdg}v# Fneqd}b}bng# kgm Fnxxtq%}bng# ]ld Kedxbfkg Dfngnebf Xdybdp# ync'


23/42



Dfngner Ekfxn Qncbfbdv# mnftedg}n md }xkhkon ge' 0099# Fkehxbm%`d# Gk}bngkc Htxdkt ni Dfngnebf Xdvdkxfl'

Hkxxn# X' ,;22;"# Dfngnebf @xnp}l bg k Fxnvv Vdf}bng ni Fntg}xbdv# [tkx%

}dxcr Ontxgkc ni Dfngnebfv# ync' ;19# ge' 8# qq' =10%==6'Hkxxr# Hxbkg ,;224"#Otv}bfd kv Beqkx}bkcb}r# N|inxm# N|inxm Tgbydxvb}r Qxdvv'Hxktg# E' r X' Mb ]dcck ,811="# Bgick}bng# Bgick}bng Ykxbkhbcb}r kgm Fnxxtq%

}bng#Dfngnebfv kgm Qncb}bfv# ync' ;9# qq' 00%;22'Fkeqnv# Gktxn I' ,;222"# Fng}d|} bv Dydxr}lbg`? Edkvtxbg` Bgv}b}t}bngkcFlkg`d bg ]xkgvb}bng Dfngnebdv# Pkvlbg`}ng# Hkgfn Etgmbkc# ekgtv%fxb}n'Fdotmn# @tbccdxen E' ,8110"# Cbhdxkc Mdenfxkfr# Dfngnebf Kmotv}edg}

kgm }ld [tkcb}r ni @nydxgedg}# }xkhkon qxdvdg}kmn dg ck \\\Y Xdt%

gbg Kgtkc md Ck}bg Kedxbfkg V}tmbdv Kvvnfbk}bng# Eng}xdkc'Flng`# K' r F' Fkcmdxng ,8111k"# Fktvkcb}r kgm Iddmhkfj hd}pddg Bgv}b}t%

}bngkc Edkvtxdv kgm Dfngnebf @xnp}l#Dfngnebfv kgm Qncb}bfv# ync' ;8#ge' ;# qq' 92%


24/42

;6< Qnc}bfkr `nhbdxgn yncteDg |yB geDxn ; B vDeDv}xD mD 8112


;94842)}ldVb}d QJ5=92608)qbQJ59=;94=8;)edgtQJ59=;99126)dg}b}rBM51111;9=19^811419;4;=16;1

^^^^^^ ,8119"# @nydxgkgfd Ek}}dxv Y? @nydxgkgfd Bgmbfk}nxv inx ;229%

8114# mnftedg}n md }xkhkon ge' =1;8# Pkvlbg`}ng# Pnxcm Hkgj QncbfrXdvdkxfl'

^^^^^^ ,8110k"# @nydxgkgfd Ek}}dxv YB? @nydxgkgfd Bgmbfk}nxv inx ;229%8119# mnftedg}n md }xkhkon ge' =1;8# Pkvlbg`}ng# Pnxcm Hkgj QncbfrXdvdkxfl'

^^^^^^ ,8110h"# ]ld Pnxcmpbmd @nydxgkgfd Bgmbfk}nxv Qxnodf}? Kgvpdxbg` }ld Fxb%}bfv# Pkvlbg`}ng# Hkgfn Etgmbkc'

Jddidx# Qlbcbq ,811="# K Xdybdp ni }ld Qncb}bfkc Dfngner ni @nydxgkg%fd? Ixne Qxnqdx}r Xb`l}v }n Ynbfd# mnftedg}n md }xkhkon ge' 66;4#

Pkvlbg`}ng# Pnxcm Hkgj Qncbfr Xdvdkxfl'^^^^^^ r V}dqldg Jgkfj ,;220"# Plr mng} Qnnx Fntg}xbdv Fk}fl Tq>

K Fxnvv%gk}bngkc ]dv} ni kg Bgv}b}t}bngkc D|qckgk}bng#Dfngnebf Bg{tbxr#ync' 64# qq' 421%918'

Jgkfj# V}dqldg ,8119"# Edkvtxbg` Fnxxtq}bng bg Dkv}dxg Dtxnqd kgm Fdg%}xkc Kvbk? K Fxb}b{td ni }ld Fxnvv%Fntg}xr Bgmbfk}nxv# mnftedg}n md }xk%hkon ge' 629


25/42



Cng`n# Ixkgfbvfn ,811# dg l}}q?..ppp'bkmh'nx`.xdv.bgmd|'fie>itvdkf}bng5Qthcbfk}bngv' Ybdp)qth^bm5PQ%=86

]lnekv# E'K' ,8119"# Plk} Mn Pnxcmpbmd Bgmbfk}nxv Edkvtxd> Hkc}ben%xd# ]ld Onlgv Lnqjbgv Tgbydxvb}r# ekgtvfxb}n'

]nxxdz# O' ,8118"# ]ld Diidf} ni Nqdggdv ng Fnxxtq}bng#Ontxgkc ni Bg}dxgk%}bngkc ]xkmd kgm Dfngnebf Mdydcnqedg}# ync' ;;# ge' =# qq' 6


26/42

;=1 Qnc}bfkr `nhbdxgn yncteDg |yB geDxn ; B vDeDv}xD mD 8112


Hkxxd}}# Jk}ldxbgd r Xbflkxm @xddgd ,;222"# @xkmbg` }ld V}k}dv? K Ekgk`d%edg} Xdqnx} Fkxm# @nydxgbg`# ync' ;8# ge' 4# qq' ;0%69'

Hxddg X' r F' @kxfk%Qdkcnvk ,8114"# Bgfned Bgd{tkcb}r kgm Ekfxndfngn%

ebf Ynck}bcb}r? Kg Deqbxbfkc Bgydv}b`k}bng#Xdybdp ni Mdydcnqedg} Dfngn%ebfv# ync' 2# ge' 6# qq' 6 [tkx}dxcr Ontxgkc ni

Dfngnebfv# ync' ;;=# qq'


27/42

yncteDg |yB geDxn ; B vDeDv}xD mD 8112 ;=;Qnc}bfkr `nhbdxgn


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El (casi inexistente) debate conceptual sobre la calidad del gobierno

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