El cinematógrafo, protagonista en la pantalla y en el papel

5/9/2018 El cinematógrafo, protagonista en la pantalla y en el papel - slidepdf.com

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Cm ztnesm ne nc _% VGV

Zahnàs nsxmdcnont ymtgms nxmzms m cm fatm hn hnsotgdgt nc zntgahgsà hn nsxmçzaom% êm ztg`ntm nxmzm }~nhmtàm ne`mtomhm nextn =6:6 w =686# oageoghgneha oae ~eogoca hn tnyac~ogaens d~tk~nsms ne nc }~n sn nsxmdcnon nc àhnca cgdntmc hnoa`~egomogÿe oattnszaehgnexn oae nc nsxmdcnog`gnexa hn cas nsxmhas cgdntmcns% Cm

d~tk~nsàm oaesgk~n nc zahnt noaeÿ`goa# nc zacàxgoa w zat òcxgà# nc geiat`mxgya%

Axtm nxmzm mdmtomtàm hn =686 m =6;:# oae cms tnyac~ogaens ztacnxmtgms w casmymeons xnoeacÿkgoas oaà ktmehns ztaxmkaegsxms% Cm òcxg`m nxmzm# z~ns# oattnszaehntàmoae nc gexntymca nextn =6;: w cm ccnkmhm hn cm =¢ K~nttm @~ehgmc &=7=8'%

Nc àhnca cgdntmc geiat`mxgya nsxí ha`gemha zat ~em ztnsneogm oaexge~m hnc

nsxmha w zat ~em xnehneogm m cm ~egiat`ghmh hn cm saognhmh% Fmw ~em snoxatgrmogÿe hnc`ntomha w ~e ns}~n`m zgtm`ghmc hn nsxn àhnca w ne cm o~`dtn nsxmtàme cms mkneogms hncm geiat`mogÿe%

Ne nc àhnca cgdntmc fmw `~ofas tno~tsas hn cas nsxmhas zmtm oaextacmt cm ztnesm2

Cms xmsms a g`z~nsxas }~n z~nhne snt hn ? xgzas2 sadtn nc zmznc# nc oattna w casme~eogas%

Cm om~ogÿe a hnzÿsgxa ztnyga2 hgenta }~n fmw }~n hnbmt o~meha sn smomdm ~emtxào~ca w hnc }~n sn oadtmdme cms `~cxms%

Cms tnhns nsxmxmcns ztazgms oae dacnxgens# kmonxms aigogmcns# hgmtgas hn snsgaens#hgmtgas hnzmtxm`nexmcns w `gegsxntgmcns…

Omhm zacàxgoa hgszaen hn ~e zntgÿhgoa zmtm otnmt azgegÿe m s~ imyat# oaà sgi~ntm ~e `nhga hn ztazmkmehm# sgneha cas gekcnsns cas zgaentas# snk~ghas hn casitmeonsns w cas nszmýacns%

M~kn }~n hme cas nsxmhas cgdntmcns m cm z~dcgoghmh# m xtmyçs hn cm o~mc `mexneàmen`ztnsms w m~`nexmdme cm ynexm hn cas ztah~oxas hn cms `gs`ms%

Znta# ne cas nsxmhas cgdntmcns# zat zmtmhÿbgoa }~n zmtnrom# ea xaha ntm cgdntxmh%

Hn fnofa sn mzcgomdm2 Ones~tm o~meha cm tmrÿe hn nsxmha sn nvgkàm%

_n otnmtae ombms hn màtxgrmogÿe2 hgenta hn iaehas tnsntymhas }~n sn oaeonhàmhn cas kadgnteas w oae nc o~mc sn oa`ztmdme zntgÿhgoas }~n cns ntme oaextmtgas%Zmtnoàm ~em oa`ztm hn ~e zntgÿhgoa m axta zat gegogmxgym ztgymhm# znta ntm ncnsxmha }~n msà momccmdm m cm otàxgom%

Nc snoxat ztgymha &g`ztnsatns# nhgxatns# zntgahgsxms…' ea h~hÿ ne tnmoogaemt mexn nsxn zahnt2

Ne nc VGV n`znrmtae cms msaogmogaens hn zntgÿhgoas# w hnexta hn nsxmsmsaogmogaens oa`gnerme cms ombms hn tnsgsxneogm# ~e hgenta }~n sgtyn zmtm nygxmt

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}~n cas zntgÿhgoas }~n ntme `ís ~cxmhas onttmtme%

Xm`dgçe oa`nermtae cms msaogmogaens hn zntgahgsxms# hn ztainsgaemcns hn cmgeiat`mogÿe% Adnhnon m cm nsxt~ox~tm n`ztnsmtgmc%

Cas zntgÿhgoas fmoàme hne~eogm hn cm ones~tm m cm }~n ntme sa`nxghas hnbmeha

nszmogas ne dcmeoa w ne nccas zaeàme ±Xmofmha zat cm ones~tm1 C~nka cas nsxmhas ztafgdgntae cas nszmogas ne dcmeoa w sn cns gehgoÿ }~n fmdàm }~n tnccnemtcasoaà i~ntm%

D~some e~nyms iat`ms hn omzxmt `ís cnoxatns% Zat nbn`zca cms gc~sxtmogaens#mfatm ntme zasgdcns oae cm cgxaktmiàm%

Xm`dgçe oae nc iaccnxÿe a iaccnxàe% êm z~dcgomogÿe zat nextnkms hn adtmscgxntmtgms g`zatxmexns%

Mzmtnone cas zntgÿhgoas smxàtgoas%

Cm geoatzatmogÿe hn xn`ms e~nyas oaà nsoíehmcas a tncmogaemhas oae nc

emogaemcgsà a ta`mexgogsà% Ca ygàs oae Kanttns w s~ @nto~tga tnemea%

Mhn`ís hn mymeons xnoeacÿkgoas oaà2

Mzcgomogÿe hn ymzat ne cm ztnesm%

Zmznc oaexge~a hn zmsxm hn `mhntm%

Zcnkmhatms m~xa`íxgoms &Xfn Xg`ns i~n nc ztg`nta ne xnent ~em ne =64;'

Cm nxmzm hn =686 m =6;: ns cm hn cms tnyac~ogaens ztacnxmtgms a hnàotíxgoms% Ne

nc `~eha hn cm ztnesm s~zaen cm oaesacghmogÿe hn cas zntgÿhgoas zaz~cmtns# ns hnogt# casmhno~mhas m ~em iat`m hn znesmt a m cm iat`mogÿe hn cms ocmsns dmbms% Ynàs mefncas wtngygehgomogaens hn cms tnyac~ogaens ztacnxmtgms oaà2

Nc s~itmkga ~egyntsmc

Cm cgdntxmh hn nvztnsgÿe sge xtmdms

Nc zahnt ns zmxtgàega gemcgnemdcn hn o~mc}~gnt fa`dtn w xgnen moonsa mo~mc}~gnt z~nsxa cmdatmc# `gcgxmt a zacàxgoa%

Ne nc zntgahgsà sn yme m mdacgt cms xmsms w cm om~ogÿe% O~meha hnsmzmtnone cmsxmsms sadtn nc oattna mzmtnon nc sncca# zat =¢ ynr ne =686 ne Gekcmxnttm% Msà ~egigom cmsxmsms%

Ne cm 4¢ `gxmh hnc VGV sn oaesacghm cm ztnesm emogaemcgsxm ne ktmehnsnsxt~ox~tms% _n ~xgcgrm cm ztnesm zmtm ccnymt m omda cm ~egigomogÿe ne Gxmcgm a ne Mcn`megm%Xm`dgçe fmw ztnesm emogaemcgsxm ne kt~zas `ís zn}~nýas oaà ne Nszmým2 cm ztnesm neKmcgogm# Ymcneogm# Omxmc~ým…

M zmtxgt hn =6;: oa`gnerm ~em xntontm nxmzm2 nc g`zntgmcgsà w cm ztnesm hn`msms% Ca `ís g`zatxmexn ns nc m~`nexa hn cm xgtmhm% Fmsxm >::%::: nbn`zcmtns# }~n eayme m gt hgtgkghms zmtm cm ncgxn# sgea }~n sn xtmxmtí hn zntgahgsà `nhga a `nhga!dmba mc

`ís z~ta nsxgca hnc Cn znxgx ba~temc%

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Nsxa ym m snt zasgdcn ktmogms# nextn axtms oasms# m cas mymeons xnoeacÿkgoas oaàcas g`zcgomhas zat cm taxmxgym hn @mtgeaeg% Ktmogms m s~ geoatzatmogÿe ne Cn ZnxgxBa~temc nc zntgÿhgoa zmsÿ m xnent 4: taxmxgyms oae ~em omzmoghmh hn xgtmhm hn ~e `gccÿehn nbn`zcmtns w mhn`ís hn nsn g`ztg`àm ymtgas zntgÿhgoas `ís%

Oaà oaesno~neogm hn nsxa# sn onttmtae zn}~nýas xmccntns hn g`ztnsgÿe w sn otnÿ~e àyg`gnexa hnexta hn cas cgeaxgzgsxms oaà i~n nc c~hhgsà% Cas c~hhgxmshnsxtarmdme cms `í}~gems zat}~n nsxmdme ne oaextm hn cms tnyac~ogaens xnoeacÿkgoms%

Ne =686 sn ztah~on cm mzmtgogÿe hn Nc zmàs ne Nszmým% Ea xgnen emhm }~n ynt oaenc mox~mc% Ns ~em omdnontm }~n sn ym m tnznxgt ne `~ofas zmàsns% Nc sgk~gnexn Nc zmàs }~nsn iat`n ne Nszmým sntí nc ne cm xtmesgogÿe w sntí zmtm cm d~tk~nsàm ztaktnsgsxm%

Hnàotmxgrmogÿe w zaz~cgsà hgso~tsgya

H~tmexn cms òcxg`ms hçomhms hnc sgkca VGV cas sgsxn`ms cgdntmcns aooghnexmcnsmymerme ne cm m`zcgmogÿe ztaktnsgym hnc s~itmkga fmogneha zasgdcn oae ncca cm nvzmesgÿehn s~s tnsznoxgyms dmsns saogmcns w cm geoatzatmogÿe# mc `neas xnÿtgom# hn cms `msms mcnszmoga zacàxgoa% Itmeogm# Mcn`megm# _~grm w Hgem`mtom wm oaexmdme ne cas mýas snxnexmoae sgsxn`ms ncnoxatmcns dmsmhas ne nc s~itmkga ~egyntsmc zmtm cas ymtaens `mwatns hnnhmh w ne Ktme Dtnxmým cms Tniat` Moxs hn =69; w =66? oaesgk~gntae omsg o~mht~zcgomt nc hntnofa m yaxa# zmsmeha hn ~e 6. m ~e 47. hn cm zadcmogÿe `mso~cgem%

Cms emogaens hn cm ztg`ntm `gxmh hnc sgkca VGV mymermdme genvatmdcn`nexnfmogm cm hnàotmogm< ea sn xtmxmdm ne mdsac~xa hn cm o~c`gemogÿe hnc ztawnoxa zacàxgoa

d~tk~çs sgea hn cm emx~tmc tns~cxmexn hn geoatzatmogÿe noaeÿ`gom hn cms omzms `nhgms

~tdmems wm fmdghm ne nc xnttnea noaeÿ`goa w igsomc% Cm `msm saogmc gtt~`zn ne ncnszmoga zòdcgoa oaà oaes~`ghatm w oaà yaxmexn# has tn}~gsgxas }~n cm oaeygntxne nensznogmc`nexn ztaocgyn m fmontsn cnoxatm hn zntgÿhgoas# `ís mòe sg sn xgnen ne o~nexm}~n cms xmsms hn zadcmogÿe mcimdnxgrmhm ea fmdàme hnbmha hn m~`nexmt m ca cmtka hn xahanc sgkca% @gnextms xmexa# cm ztnesm ktmogms m cm zasgdgcghmh hn mhmzxmt s~s ztaonhg`gnexashn ncmdatmogÿe `mxntgmc m cas mymeons geh~sxtgmcns# sntí omzmr ne nsxn igemc hn sgkca hno~dtgt w ia`nexmt oae nvxtmathgemtgm nigomogm ~e `ntomha cnoxat ne geonsmexnotnog`gnexa% Cm ztnesm sn neo~nextm hn nsxn àha oae cms oaehgogaens ghÿenms zmtmhnsmttaccmtsn ne ~e í`dgxa hnc oaes~à `msgya# mbnem mzmtnexn`nexn m xahm mxmh~tm

zacàxgom w hnhgomhm ne nvoc~sgym m cm hgi~sgÿe hn geiat`mogÿe tízghm w oasàzacgxm oaemttnkca m ~e hgso~tsa ztaocgyn m nsznoxmo~cmtgrmt cm yghm saogmc%

Cas zmtxghas zacàxgoas# zat s~ zmtxn# sn yne ne cm ~tknexn enonsghmh hnxtmesiat`mt s~s fmdgx~mcns ztaonhg`gnexas hn adxneogÿe hnc yaxa mexn nc àe~`nexmcotnog`gnexa hnc onesa ncnoxatmc# zat ca }~n cm zacàxgom hn `msms gegogmtí# xm`dgçe mfatm#s~ mehmh~tm%

Ztnesm hn `msms w zacàxgom hn `msms n`ntkne sadtn cm og~hmhmeàm oaà has hncas ineÿ`neas hn `mwat xtmsonehneogm hn cm çzaom# m`das gk~mc`nexn gexnktmhatns hns~ zòdcgoa hnexta hnc sgsxn`m# m`das# zat xmexa# gk~mc nexn enonsmtgas zmtm cmnsxmdgcghmh w nc hnsmttacca hnc Nsxmha% Zmtnoàme nsxmt híehasn cms oaehgogaens ghÿenms

zmtm }~n nc hnsmttacca hn cm saognhmh ogygc moa`zmýmtm mc hadcn w nyghnexn ztaonsa hnàhntegrmogÿe noaeÿ gom w hnsmttacca zacàxgoa% Ea adsxmexn# w ne cm ztíoxgom# cm

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nehndcnr }~n ztnsnexmdm nvzcgom nc znsg`gsà oae }~n i~n omxmcakmhm zat cas memcgsxmshnc à`nexa oaà –saognhmh hn `msms‐% Omtnexn hn nsxt~ox~tm w mbnem m ~em m~xçexgom

zmtxgogzmogÿe zacàxgom# cm saognhmh ne nsxas mýas zmtnon gesntxm ne ~em hnàotmogmhnsàygcgrmhm hn cm }~n xme sÿca ns nvonzogÿe ~em ocmsn adtntm ne otnog`gnexa w

zatxmhatm hn ~e hgso~tsa tnyac~ogaemtga hn ztnxnesgaens hnsnsxmdgcgrmhatms%

Cm m~sneogm hn àyg`gnexas w zmtxghas hn `msms tnmc`nexn nigomons ne cm ztaàogÿe hn ~em m~xçexgom zmtxgogzmogÿe saogmc ne nc nszmoga zòdcgoa sntí o~dgntxm zat zmtxghas }~n sgk~ne sgneha hn o~mhtas a `geatàms w }~n# sge n`dmtka# sn yne adcgkmhas mmzncmt m ~e ncnoxatmha `msgya m xtmyçs hn hgso~tsas tnxÿtgoas w dmemcns }~n fmonesasznofmt }~n –cm ntm hn cm hnàotmxgrmogÿe sn nsxmdm oaeygtxgneha ne cm ntm hn cmfgzaotnsàm zacàxgom‐% Cm hnàotmxgrmogÿe zaoa m zaoa ym xtmesiat`meha cms xtmhgogaemcnsnsxt~ox~tms hn zahnt zacàxgoa `gnextms cms mexgk~ms çcgxns sn nsi~ntrme zat mhmzxmtsn m case~nyas ~sas }~n nc sgsxn`m hn nvxnehgha s~itmkga g`zaen% Mhn`ís# nc zmeatm`m

zacàxgoa sn nsxmdm oa`zcgomeha hn iat`m nvxtmathgemtgm oae cm mzmtgogÿe ne nsonem hncsaogmcgsà w nc omxacgogsà `gcgxmexn# b~exa m cas zmtxghas xtmhgogaemcns ne zcnea ztaonsa

hn `~xmogÿe2 nc oaesntymhat fmogm otnognexns oaxms hn zaz~cgsà w nc cgdntmc# omhm ynr`ís tmhgomcgrmha zat nvgkneogms ncnoxatmcgsxms%

@gnextms nc hndmxn zacàxgoa s~itàm ~e ztaonsa hn g`zmtmdcn sg`zcgigomogÿe# cm ztnesm geh~sxtgmc sn cmermdm oae cas `nhgas hn }~n ntm omzmr m cm k~nttm oa`ntogmc zat adxnent `mwatns oaxms hn `ntomha% Ne nc om`gea# mdmehaemdm nc s~nýa cgdntmc hnoaesxt~gtsn ne –o~mtxa zahnt‐# ne ÿtkmea m~xçexgom`nexn gehnznehgnexn mc sntygoga hn s~m~hgneogm w zat hnogsgÿe ztazgm sn oacaomdm hnc cmha hn gexntnsns zacàxgoas `ís a `neasoaeinsmhas% Cms oaenvgaens nextn zacàxgoas w zntgahgsxms i~ntae mcka `ís }~n `ntms~zasgogÿe2 ne `~ofms aomsgaens cas nhgxatns a tnhmoxatns hn ztnesm fgogntae omttntm

zacàxgom mzawíehasn ne s~s zntgÿhgoas# ne axtms i~ntae cas ztazgas hgmtgas cas }~nnextnkmtae s~s nszmogas m cm hninesm hn gexntnsns zmtxghgsxms w# zat nbn`zca# nchnsnexnttm`gnexa hn cm oatt~zogÿe ne Nsxmhas êghas ne cas òcxgàs mýas hn sgkca i~n

ztaàygha gehgso~xgdcn`nexn zat gexntnsns zacàxgoas# nsa sà# ne nvxtnà tnexmdcns zmtmcas hgmtgas haehn sn hne~eogÿ%

Cas moncntmhas om`dgas saogmcns w noaeÿ`goas# msaogmhas m dmbas egyncns hngesxgx~ogaemcgrmogÿe zacàxgom# fmdàme mcnexmha cm ztacgintmogÿe hn omsas hn oatt~zogÿe

zacàxgom ne Nsxmhas êghas w Itmeogm# mztaynofmhm zat cm ztnesm zmtm ntgkgtsn nehnsne`msomtmhatm hn aso~tms xtm`ms hn gexntçs% Hn nsxn àha# nc zntgahgsxm snn}~gzmtmdm mc zacàxgoa ne s~s emx~tmcns oa`nxghas hn tnztnsnexmt m cm og~hmhmeàm w hn

yncmt zat nc gexntçs zòdcgoa% Cas og~hmhmeas oaeyntxghas ne g`ztaygsmhas hnsxgemxmtgashn ~e neonehgha hgso~tsa zntgahàsxgoa# ms~`ne ~em faehm oaeogneogm zacàxgom hntgymhmhn cm igoogÿe zmtxgogzmxgym ne }~n cns s~`ntkn cm ztnesm w msà nsxm }~nhm oaesmktmhmoaà ygtx~mc tnztnsnexmexn hn cm oaeogneogm og~hmhmem% Ea ne ymea# cms o~nsxgaens sadtn–nc athne àtmc‐ omzgxmcgrme ne nsxas mýas ~em zmtxn g`zatxmexn hnc hndmxn zacàxgoa nextncgdntmcns tmhgomcns w oaesntymhatns%

Nc xtg~eia hnc hgso~tsa zntgahàsxgoa hn `msms ne cm ntm hnc g`zntgmcgsà

êa hn cas `mwatns hnsmiàas m cas }~n sn neitnexme cas zmtxghas –hn athne‐h~tmexn nsxn ztg`nt nsxmhga ne nc hnsmttacca hn cm zacàxgom hn `msms ns nc hnc

sasxneg`gnexa hnc Nsxmha emogaemc }~n# b~exa m cm enonsghmh hn cnkgxg`mt cm e~nym zacàxgom oacaegmc# cns ccnymtí m oaesxt~gt ~e e~nya hgso~tsa emogaemcgsxm# gexntocmsgsxm zat

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hnigegogÿe# omzmr hn omcmt ne xahas cas nsxtmxas saogmcns# mc s~zntzaentsn# geoc~sa# m axtasncn`nexas ztnnvgsxnexns hn ghnexghmh zacàxgom oaà cm ztacnxmtgm%

M hgintneogm hnc wm oaeaogha emogaemcgsà tnyac~ogaemtga hn `nhgmhas hn sgkca#nc }~n sn oaeaont m zmtxgt hn cas òcxgàs mýas snxnexm w ztnymcnon ne nc hgso~tsa zacàxgoa

fmsxm cm G K~nttm @~ehgmc ns ~e emogaemcgsà hn Nsxmha omzmr hn mttmsxtmt ea sÿca ncmzawa hn cms `msms m cm ghnm hn oa`~eghmh emogaemc hn cm }~n iat`mdme zmtxn# sgeagk~mc`nexn cm mhfnsgÿe zaz~cmt mc mzmtmxa gesxgx~ogaemc hnshn nc }~n sn hgi~ehn% Nextn=6;: w =7=8 cm ccm`mhm –o~nsxgÿe emogaemc‐ sn oaeygntxn ne ~e ms~exa hn sgkegigomxgymtncnymeogm ne nc hgso~tsa zacàxgoa hn xahas cas Nsxmhas aooghnexmcns% Nc çvgxa zaz~cmt hnnsxn ccm`m`gnexa xgnen }~n ynt xmexa oae om`dgas saogmcns oaà zacàxgoas2 cm tnsgsxneogmhn kt~zas xtmhgogaemcns m`nemrmhas zat cm n`dnsxghm hn cm àhnteghmh# nc hnsna hnocmsns `nhgms ~tdmems hn oaexmt oae snýms hn ghnexghmh hgintneogmhms mexn s~gehnigegogÿe ghnacÿkgom oaà ocmsn# sge acyghmt cm z~bmerm hn cm zacàxgom hn `msms#enonsgxmhm hn mtxgo~cmt ztaz~nsxms zacàxgoms omzmons hn mttmsxtmt nc yaxa hn m`zcgassnk`nexas saogmcns# –zat ea fmdcmt hn ~em sgx~mogÿe gexntemogaemc }~n ztazatogaemdm

`~ofms azatx~eghmhns hn nvztnsmt fasxgcghmh zmtm oae cas nvxtmebntas‐% Ne hnigegxgym# ncemogaemcgsà hn igemcns hn sgkca hnbm hn msaogmtsn mc moxgygsà cgdntmc zmtm `meginsxmtsnoaà ~e àyg`gnexa ofaygegsxm# g`zntgmcgsxm w vneÿiada# nsznogmc`nexn zaxneogmhahnshn zasgogaens oaesntymhatms# }~n hn iat`m g`zmtmdcn gtí kmemeha xnttnea m `nhghm}~n sn migmeon cm nvxnesgÿe hnc s~itmkga ne cas zmàsns aooghnexmcns%

_n xtmxm hn ~e emogaemcgsà hn `msms oaesxt~gha w m~szgogmha hnshn cm nsintmgesxgx~ogaemc oae mimens cnkgxg`mhatns }~n# ea adsxmexn# ztnxnehntí oae çvgxa ge`nhgmxane nc í`dgxa saogmc< ca zt~ndm nc fnofa hn }~n hnshn cm hçomhm hn cas aofnexm saegee~`ntmdcns cms gegogmxgyms saoga-o~cx~tmcns }~n sn fmone noa hn xmc hgso~tsa mkc~xgemhane xatea m nccms nc nex~sgmsà hn m`zcgms omzms saogmcns% Ca –emogaemc‐ oae`~nyn m cms`msms w xm`dgçe cms àygcgrm xtms oaesgkems }~n mcgnexme ~e e~nya snexg`gnexa hn

zntxneneogm }~n cms neatk~ccnon2 cm emogÿe mzmtnon oaeyntxghm ne nc àhntea ms~exa hn–oa`~eghmh‐ }~n m xahas gexnktm w m xahas fmon snexgt gk~mcns%

Xme sÿca sn cn ztnsnexmtí m nsxn nv~cxmexn emogaemcgsà hn Nsxmha ~e àcnsxatgymc2 cm `~cxgzcgomogÿe hn emogaemcgsàs gexntgatns }~n mszgtme# zat s~ zmtxn# mtnztah~ogt ne s~s tnsznoxgyms tnkgaens nc àhnca hn Nsxmha-emogÿe% M`das xgzas hnemogaemcgsà oa`znxgtíe ne cm ztaàogÿe hn oaeyaomxatgms w ztawnoxas o~cx~tmcnshgyntsas# xahas nccas hn otnognexn zaz~cmtghmh# nextn cas }~n sn o~nexm cm ztazgm ztnesm%Hnshn nsn à`nexa# nc àxat knentmhat hn hgso~tsa emogaemcgsxm dmso~cm hnshn cms

gesxgx~ogaens fmogm cm ztazgm saognhmh ogygc# omzmr mfatm hn oaesxt~gt zat sà `gs`m w mxtmyçs hn gegogmxgyms nszaexíenms hgsxgexms ymtgmexns hn hgso~tsa emogaemcgsxm# neaomsgaens geoc~sa# `ís mktnsgya }~n nc xtmes`gxgha zat oaeh~oxas aigogmcns%

Cm ztnesm ne nsxn oaexnvxa mh}~gntn ~em nsznogmc ztnn`geneogm oaà mzmtmxa hnhnigegogÿe ghnacÿkgom hn s~s `msms cnoxatms ne xatea m cm oaesgkem hnc emogaemcgsà# }~nmhn`ís mfatm sn hnso~dtn oaà ~e tnexmdgcàsgà kmeofa oa`ntogmc# hn àha }~n zat xahms zmtxns sn `~cxgzcgom nc eò`nta hn zntgÿhgoas m~xahnea`gemhas –emogaemcns‐ a–emogaemcgsxms‐%

Mc gk~mc }~n cm `msgigomogÿe hn cm zacàxgom nsxmdm xtmsxaomeha s~s ztaonhg`gnexas

w s~s ztaktm`ms# cm `msgigomogÿe hn cm ztnesm nsxmdm mcxntmeha hn iat`m gttnyntsgdcnxmexa s~ mzmtgneogm nvxntem oaà xm`dgçe s~ hgso~tsa% Cas mymeons xnoeacÿkgoas b~exa m

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cm nvzmesgÿe# hn ztazatogaens e~eom mexns oaeaoghms# hnc `ntomha cnoxat# geh~one m cm ztnesm m fmontsn –zaz~cmt‐# ns hnogt m nextmt ne ~em k~nttm hn ztnogsas }~n cm fmon omhmynr `ís msn}~gdcn `gnextms àhntegrm cms ztazgms iat`ms hnc }~nfmont zntgahàsxgoa% Nsnc gegoga hnc En{ Ba~temcgs`% Oae çc sn hntt~`dm nc `gxa hn cm adbnxgyghmh mcg`nexmehahçomhms mxtís w cm tmogaemcghmh# oaà ne zacàxgom# onhn nc zmsa m cms nàogaens }~n m

zmsas mkgkmexmhas sn fmone oae cm ztíoxgom xaxmcghmh hnc nszmoga g`ztnsa%

_n xtmxm hn oaeàynt mc cnoxat w m nsn ige sn cn sgtyne m hgmtga tncmxasoaeynegnexn`nexn mhntnrmhas oae ktmehns xgx~cmtns n gc~sxtmogaens -cms ztg ntmsiaxaktmiàms- sadtn ms~exas hn cm `ís ymtgmhm xn`íxgom2 gtt~`zne oae i~ntrm cas xn`mssaogmcns# cas nsoíehmcas -nc nsoíehmca snv~mc a nc otg`ne sn oaeygntxne ne cms ktmehnsnsxtnccms hnc à`nexa- w b~exa m nccas nc xn`m zacàxgoa# }~n ea hnsmzmtnon# sgea }~n snmhmzxm m cas e~nyas xgn`zas ncnymeha cm –emogÿe‐ m omxnkatàm hn s~bnxa zntgahàsxgoa%

Zat tmraens zacàxgoms a sg`zcn`nexn oa`ntogmcns# cm ztnesm zaz~cmt sn oaeygntxnne cm ktme i~sxgkmhatm hn cas nen`gkas hn cm emogÿe -gexnteas w nvxnteas- w msà# cm

nintynsoneogm mexgsn`gxm otnon hn iat`m m`nemrmhatm ne `~ofas Nsxmhas n~taznas`gnextms sn mcgnexm ~em fasxgcghmh sge cà`gxns itnexn m axtas zmàsns% Nsxmdm ocmta }~n ncygtmbn hn cm ztnesm hnshn zasgogaens cgdntmcns ocísgoms fmogm axtms omhm ynr `ísoaesntymhatms# geoc~sa mexgcgdntmcns# adnhnoàm `ís }~n m tmraens gexntems hn cm ztazgmgeh~sxtgm zntgahàsxgom a m ogto~esxmeogms ztazgms hn cm zacàxgom emogaemc# m oaehgogaenss~ztmemogaemcns hn cas }~n cm ztnesm sg`zcn`nexn sntí ~em tns~cxmexn mktmymhatm hncocg`m hn otnognexn gensxmdgcghmh gexntemogaemc }~n sn ygyn ne N~tazm w Nsxmhas êghashnshn igemcns hn sgkca% Nc cgdntmcgsà ocísgoa# oaà fnàs ygsxa# nextm ne hnocgyn2 cmsncgxns zacàxgoms sn itmk`nexme# cms ocmsns n`ztnsmtgmcns w ztainsgaemcns sn sgxòmeocmtm`nexn m m hntnofm w xtms nccms# cas kt~zas omhm ynr `ís e~`ntasas hn ocmsns `nhgmw `nhgm-dmbm nvztnsme ~em nyghnexn migeghmh oae cm hntnofm mexgcgdntmc% Ea ns nvxtmýa#ne oaesno~neogm# }~n cm zasgogÿe hn cm ztnesm xm`dgçe ynm ntasgaemhm s~ ghnexghmhcgdntmc m om~sm hn cm mkadgmexn aègztnsneogm ne nc snexgt oacnoxgya hn cm zacàxgomg`zntgmcgsxm w hn ~em fgzaxçxgom k~nttm omhm ynr `ís ontomem n genygxmdcn% M `nhghm }~nmymerm nc e~nya sgkca nc zmznc hn cm ztnesm geh~sxtgmc sn fmoàm nsznogmc`nexn tncnymexn%

Hnshn mýas mxtís fmdàm mztnehgha m mkgxmt m cm azgegÿe zòdcgom ne imyat hn cmnvzmesgÿe oacaegmc# oaà o~meha nc Hmgcw @mgc# i~ehmha ne =679mcnexÿ oae çvgxa cm

dmrm g`zntgmcgsxm }~n nexaeons ztaàyàm oaà ztgatghmh ztaktm`íxgom nc Zmtxgha Xatw< znta sntí ne cms yàszntms hn cm Ktme K~nttm o~meha cm ztnesm n~taznm zmtxgogzn ne ~emgttnszaesmdcn nvogxmogÿe emogaemcgsxm fmogneha geoc~sa –m cas kadgnteas `ís hgiàogc nc

mdmehaea hn cms zasgogaens gegogmcns w cm dòs}~nhm hn ~e zt~hnexn oa`zta`gsa‐# sgnehaoçcndtns nzgsahgas oaà nc ztaxmkaegrmha zat nc Zmcc @mcc Kmrnxxn ne =7:;# }~nmcmt`mha zat nc ztawnoxa mcn`íe hn moncntmt cm oaesxt~oogÿe hn d~}~ns hn k~nttm# mcntxÿhn cm m`nemrm }~n ncca s~zaeàm zmtm cm s~ztn`moàm dtgxíegom ne cas `mtns gesxmehatngxntmhm`nexn hnshn s~s zíkgems mc Kadgntea hn cath Ms}~gxf m gexnesgigomt cmsgeyntsgaens ne cm oaesxt~oogÿe emymc mc ktgxa hnc zaz~cmt scakme –x{a lnncs xa aen‐ zat omhm emyn }~n Mcn`megm daxmsn# Gekcmxnttm hndàm oaesxt~gt has% Oaà tnsz~nsxm nc

ztg`nt `gegsxta sn yga adcgkmha m hnocmtmt }~n ne nc i~x~ta xm`dgçe sn snexgtàm cgkmha mc–x{a za{nts sxmehmth‐# snkòe nc o~mc cm icaxm emymc gekcnsm fmdàm hn snt xme i~ntxn oaàcms has zaxneogms emymcns s~onsgyms b~exms%

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Nc hgso~tsa zacàxgoa moa`zmýmdm# geoc~sa zmtnoàm snk~gt# oaà ne nsxn òcxgàomsa# nc hgso~tsa zntgahàsxgoa ne nc zncgktasa nbntogoga hn mttmsxtmt cm azgegÿe ms `msms

zat cm yàm nàogaemc fmogm nc wm ge`genexn neitnexm`gnexa%

Ne oaeotnxa2 cm ztnesm ne Nszmým ne nc _gkca VGV

Cm ztnesm nsotgxm# mc gk~mc }~n xahas cas ztaonsas hnc ~egyntsa hnshn cm yghm m cmsnsxtnccms# fm sgha# ns w sntí ~e ineÿ`nea ne nyac~ogÿe oaehgogaemha zat ~em sntgn hnimoxatns nvxnteas% Cm nvgsxneogm hn ~e ztaonsa nyac~xgya fmon }~n ea snm zasgdcnnexnehnt cms omtmoxntàsxgoms hn cm ztnesm mox~mc sge nc oaeaog`gnexa hn cas imoxatnsfgsxÿtgoas hnc zmsmha# wm }~n çsxas cm i~ntae àchnmeha fmsxm ccnkmt m cm nsxt~ox~tm }~nxahas oaeaonàs%

Gegogmc`nexn cm ztnesm nsxmdm ne `meas hn cm oataem# sgneha ~e ztgygcnkga hn cm`gs m# znta nsxm sgx~mogÿe om`dgm oae cms tnyac~ogaens cgdntmcns hnc sgkca VGV#emogneha ~em ztnesm hgtgkghm zat cas càhntns hn cas zmtxghas zacàxgoas fmogm cms çcgxns hnc

zmàs% Hnshn nc zahnt zacàxgoa sn xa`ÿ oaeogneogm hn cm g`zatxmeogm hnc zntgahgsà zmtmgeic~gt ne cm azgegÿe zòdcgom w msà s~tkgntae zntgÿhgoas mdgntxm`nexn zmtxghgsxms% Ne ncòcxgà xntoga hnc sgkca# nsxm ztnesm hn azgegÿe a hn zmtxgha sn yga hnszcmrmhm mexn cmmzmtgogÿe hnc zntgahgsà geiat`mxgya hgtgkgha zat n`ztnsms }~n sn zcmexnmtae nc

zntgahgsà oaà enkaoga w xneàme oaà gexntçs m`zcgmt nc eò`nta hn cnoxatns% Cas ztg`ntas zntgÿhgoas hn nsxn nsxgca sae Cms Eaynhmhns# cm Oattnszaehneogm hn Nszmým wNc G`zmtogmc i~ehmha zat Nh~mtha Kmssnx# ne cas o~mcns ztnha`gem cm geiat`mogÿe%

Cm K~nttm hn cm Gehnznehneogm otnÿ ~em ktme hn`mehm geiat`mxgym% Zat axtm zmtxn# nc kadgntea ztaygsgaemc# tn~egha ne Oíhgr# hnotnxÿ ne =6=: cm cgdntxmh hn ztnesm wcas og~hmhmeas }~ntàme smdnt }~ç ao~ttàm ne cms snsgaens hn cms Oatxns%%%< xaha ncca

ztayaoÿ cm `~cxgzcgomogÿe hn cms z~dcgomogaens zntgÿhgoms hn xahms cms xnehneogms2 zntgÿhgoas cgdntmcns oaà Nc Oaeogsa a Nc Tadnszgnttn Nszmýac< mexgoaesxgx~ogaemcgsxmsoaà Nc Onesat Knentmc< n geoc~sa mitmeonsmhas oaà Cm Kmonxm hn _nygccm a Nc hgmtgahn Dmtoncaem%

Oae nc tnktnsa hn Intemeha YGG sn yacygÿ m gexntt~`zgt xahm cm moxgyghmh zntgahàsxgom2 Nc 4> hn mdtgc hn =6=> ztafgdgÿ o~mc}~gnt z~dcgomogÿe ea aigogmc% M zmtxgt hnnsxn à`nexa w h~tmexn xahm cm ztg`ntm `gxmh hnc sgkca sn s~onhne cas zntgahascgdntmcns# ne cas }~n cm ztnesm z~nhn hnsmttaccmtsn# w cms nxmzms mdsac~xgsxms ne cms }~n sn

ztafàdne nsxn xgza hn z~dcgomogaens%

Ne =6?8# xtms cm `~ntxn hn Intemeha YGG# tnktnsme m Nszmým cas cgdntmcnsnvz~csmhas ne =64?% Nsxas nvgcmhas ea sÿca xtmne cms ghnms ta`íexgoms# sgea cms e~nymsiat`ms hn fmont zntgahgsà hn cas gekcnsns% Cas zntgÿhgoas mexntgatns m =6?> mznemsgeoc~àme geiat`mogaens% Xtmxmdme xn`ms zacàxgoas a ognexàigoas% _acàme xnent iat`mxa

zn}~nýa# nsxmdme nsotgxas ne ~em oac~èm w s~ msznoxa ntm dmsxmexn md~ttgha% Znta m zmtxgt hn nsxm inofm s~tkne axtas `ís zmtnoghas m cas mox~mcns% Hnshn =696 sgk~nenvgsxgneha zntgÿhgoas hn azgegÿe# hninesatns hn ~e zmtxgha a càhnt zacàxgoa# znta snhnsmttaccm ~em ztnesm geiat`mxgym }~n ns cm }~n `ís çvgxa xgnen nextn cas cnoxatns w cm}~n mcomerm mwatns xgtmhms%

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Nc msznoxa nvxntea hn nsxas zntgÿhgoas ns `ís m`nea% _~ oaexnegha wm ea sncg`gxm m xn`ms zacàxgoas# sgea }~n mzmtnone e~nyms snoogaens hn otàxgom cgxntmtgm#

zmsmxgn`zas# meçohaxms w f~àt% Hnhgome `ís nszmoga m cm z~dcgoghmh n gesntxmeiaccnxgens# &eayncms zat omzàx~cas' }~n karmdme hn ktme monzxmogÿe nextn nc zòdcgoacnoxat%

Xtms cm tnyac~ogÿe hn =696# cm Oaesxgx~ogÿe hn =697 tnoaeaon cm cgdntxmh hn ztnesm# zat ca }~n# hn e~nya# s~tkne e~`ntasas zntgÿhgoas w tnygsxms% Ne =66?# cm Cnwhn g`ztnexm nsxmdcnoghm zat nc kadgntea cgdntmc hn _mkmsxm imyatnon xm`dgçe cms

z~dcgomogaens zntgÿhgoms%

Ne cms ztg`ntms hçomhms hnc sgkca VGV cm ztnesm sgk~n sgneha ~e ztah~oxa zmtm`geatàms wm }~n cm `mwatàm hn cm zadcmogÿe ntm memcimdnxm% Cms xgtmhms sae `~w

zn}~nýms# e~eom sadtnzmsme cas =%>::: nbn`zcmtns# znta xgnene ~em m`zcgm hgi~sgÿehndgha m cm xtmhgogÿe hn cm cnox~tm ne yar mcxm # cm nvgsxneogm hn kmdgenxns hn cnox~tm w cmoasx~`dtn hn cnnt cas hgmtgas ne cas omiçs# mxnenas w xntx~cgms% Ne @mhtgh w ne cms

omzgxmcns hn ztaygeogms i~n otníehasn ~e zòdcgoa cnoxat `ís m`zcga m `nhghm }~n snnvxnehgÿ cm nh~omogÿe% M zmtxgt hn =696 sn hnsmttaccm cm ztnesm in`negem% Xtms nc xtg~eiahn cm Kcatgasm sn mdtne nso~ncms zmtm gesxt~gt m cms ocmsns `ís dmbms w mzmtnone cas

ztg`ntas zntgÿhgoas adtntas%

_n mo~sm m cm ztnesm hn snt ~ea hn cas ktmehns o~czmdcns hnc hnsmsxtn hnc 76 w#ninoxgym`nexn msà i~n# znta sntí oaeynegnexn xtmxmt hn ztnogsmt cms om~sms }~n hgntae yghmm m}~nccm zasx~tm hnsmxgemhm# zat}~n sae ymtgms w oa`zcnbms% Hndn xnentsn `~w ztnsnexn#ne ztg`nt c~kmt# ca }~n wm sn fm nsotgxa ne zíttmias mexntgatns tnsznoxa mc om`dga }~n snmztnogmtí ne cm ztnesm m zmtxgt hn cm cnw hn G`ztnexm hn =66?# hndgha mc hnsmttacca hn cmn`ztnsm zntgahàsxgom# dmsmhm ne nc me~eoga w ne cm geiat`mogÿe ymtgmhm% –Easaxtas}~ntnàs zntgÿhgoas }~n sn cnme‐ migt`mdme cas me~eogmexns# oaà kmtmexàm hn }~n s~sme~eogas sntíe ygsxas zat `~ofas abas# m}~nccas `gsàs abas }~n tnoattàme cms xtns

ztg`ntms zíkgems hn cas zntgÿhgoas< nsxas# zat snt –oaà cas ktmehns zntgÿhgoas neGekcmxnttm w Mcn`megm‐ hnoàm Nc G`zmtogmc# omntíe ne cm nvmkntmogÿe hnc snesmogaemcgsàhn =666# }~n sgnxn mýas hnsz~çs tns~ogxmtí# mc neitnexmtsn oae cas fnofas hn cm k~nttm neO~dm%

Nc `mtoa zacàxgoa hn cm Tnsxm~tmogÿe nsxí ztnsghgha zat cm igk~tm hn Oíeayms hncOmsxgcca# ynthmhnta ghnÿcaka hn nsxn zntàaha% Cm ztgeogzmc omtmoxntàsxgom hnc zntàaha ns cmhnc athne itnexn m cm gensxmdgcghmh hnc snvnega tnyac~ogaemtga% Zmtm msnk~tmt nsxn athne#

Oíeayms otnÿ nc sgsxn`m dgzmtxghgsà hn x~teas# ne nc }~n cms has i~ntrms `mwatgxmtgmshnc zmàs# oaesntymhatns w cgdntmcns &cghntmhas tnsznoxgym`nexn zat Oíeayms w _mkmsxm'#kadntemdme mcxntemxgym`nexn nc zmàs% Cas has zmtxghas mkc~xgemdme mc oaeb~exa hni~ntrms hn ~em ~ axtm xnehneogm hnc zmàs% M}~nccms i~ntrms }~n ea nextne ne egek~ea hncas has zmtxghas &oaà cas omtcgsxms a cas tnz~dcgomeas' }~nhmdme i~ntm hnc sgsxn`m%F~da# sge n`dmtka# mck~eas gexnexas h~tmexn cm çzaom hn otnmt zntgÿhgoas oae adbnxgyasgeh~sxtgmcns# oaà Nc G`zmtogmc# z~dcgomogÿe otnmhm zat Nh~mtha Kmssnx w MexaegaAtxnkm ne =69;# }~n sn ztnsnexmdm oaà ~em z~dcgomogÿe ea zacàxgom n gehnznehgnexn#}~n sn dmsmdm ne cm geiat`mogÿe w ne cms gegogmxgyms o~cx~tmcns# oaà cm otnmogÿe hns~zcn`nexas hn cgxntmx~tm%

Nc `mtoa cnkmc hn cm çzaom znt`gxgÿ cm otnmogÿe hn ~e `mtoa cnkgscmxgya }~n zasgdgcgxÿ m cm zasxtn cm oaesacghmogÿe hn cm ztnesm h~tmexn cas òcxgàs mýas hnc sgkca

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VGV w cas ztg`ntas hnc sgkca VV &itnexn mc zaoa oaesacghmha sgsxn`m geiat`mxgya hn cmGG Tnzòdcgom' m xtmyçs hn cnwns zmtm tnk~cmt cm geiat`mogÿe% Cm `ís g`zatxmexn hn çsxmsns cm Cnw hn G`ztnexm hn =66?# ne cm }~n sn oaesmktm cm cgdntxmh hn nvztnsgÿe w snncg`geme igk~tms hnc onesat w hnc xtgd~emc hn ztnesm &cas hncgxas oa`nxghas ne ztnesm ‟ omc~ègms# }~ntnccms- sn b~rkme ne cas xtgd~emcns athgemtgas'% Cm cnw ns ~e zcmkga hn cm hn

cm Tnzòdcgom Itmeonsm hn =66=% _ge n`dmtka# cm mzcgomogÿe hn cm cnw ym m snt `~wtnsxtgoxgym% Cas Kadntemhatns Ogygcns# omdnrm ygsgdcn hn cas zmtxghas ne nc sgsxn`momog}~gc# yme m oaextacmt cms z~dcgomogaens `nhgmexn m`nemrms w sadateas%

Oae nc e~nya sgkca# mzmtnogÿ nc sn`memtga MDO &=7:?' oaeygtxgçehasn ne hgmtgane =7:>% _n xtmxmdm hn ~e hgmtga hn ghnacakàm cgdntmc oaesntymhatm# ztnsnexmdm m cmàemt}~àm oaà nbn w oaexÿ oae ~em ktme geyntsgÿe ne s~s gegogas% Oae nc MDO emogÿ~e e~nya oaeonzxa hn zntgahgsà oae cm geoc~sgÿe hn iaxaktmiàms# nc hn cas hgmtgasktíigoas% Onextÿ s~s ztg ntms nhgogaens ne nc bayne Mciaesa VGGG w cms zasgdcnsomehghmxms m Tngem hn Nszmým# ccnkmeha m tnmcgrmt ~em neo~nsxm ne cm }~n cm i~x~tm tngemYgoxatgm N~knegm kmeÿ oae hgintneogm m cms axtms ztgeonsms%

Nc ?= hn `mwa hn =7:9 x~ya c~kmt cm dahm nextn Mciaesa VGGG w cm ztgeonsmYgoxatgm N~knegm hn Dmxxnedntk ne @mhtgh% Xtms cm ontnàegm# cm omttarm tnmc s~itgÿ ~emxnexmha mc nsxmccmt ~em da`dm nsoaehghm ne ~e tmà hn icatns cmermha zat nc memt}~gsxm@mxna @attmc ne cm Omccn @mwat% Cas tnwns tns~cxmtae gcnsas znta nc mxnexmha sn smchÿoae ~em yngexnem hn `~ntxas w ~eas ogeo~nexm fntghas% ê iaxÿktmia nextn cm `~cxgx~hfmdàm omzxmha nc à`nexa hn cm nvzcasgÿe w neygÿ cm iaxa m MDO zat cm }~n tnogdgÿ ?::

znsnxms# ~em omexghmh g`znesmdcn zmtm cm çzaom% Mc hàm sgk~gnexn cm iaxa mzmtnon ne zatxmhm# cm tnznto~sgÿe hn nsxm e~nym ztnesm fmon }~n nc gexntçs zat cnnt w nsotgdgt sni~nsn oaexmkgmeha nextn cm saognhmh%

Nsn `gsà mýa sn ztah~ba cm msaogmogÿe hn Nc Fntmcha hn @mhtgh# Nc Cgdntmc wNc G`zmtogmc zmtm fmont itnexn m cm e~nym oa`znxneogm% Ne =7=: s~tkàm Nc Hndmxn#knsxgaemha zat nc Omthnemc Fnttntm Atgm w cm Msaogmogÿe Omxÿcgom Emogaemc hnZtazmkmehgsxms m zmtxgt hn =7==# ntm ~e zntgÿhgoa hn ghnacakàm omxÿcgom cgdntmc }~n i~n

z~dcgomha fmsxm =7?9 sgneha geom~xmha zat nc Itnexn Zaz~cmt% Mc momdmt cm k~nttm gexnexÿtnmzmtnont# znta Itmeoa ea monzxÿ s~ tnnhgogÿe zat fmdnt mzawmha m cm Tnzòdcgom% Cmyntsgÿe `ís zaz~cmt hn Nc Hndmxn# nc zntgÿhgoa Wm# z~ha snt z~dcgomhm h~tmexn ncitme}~gsà sgneha cm fntnhntm hnc mexntgat% Axta hgmtga g`zatxmexn hnc ztg`nt xntoga hncsgkca VV i~n Nc _ac# sà`daca hn nsn fa`dtn e~nya }~n neomtemtàm cas ghnmcns hn cm GGTnzòdcgom% Ntm ~e hgmtga eaxgognta hn ocmtm geic~neogm zacàxgom# geoc~wneha hgyntsms

snoogaens oae cm tnintneogm gexncnox~mc hn Atxnkm w Kmssnx% _n ztazmkmdm nctnz~dcgomegsà# oaà sac~ogÿe m cas ztadcn`ms hnc zmàs# tnogdàm nc mzawa hnc Z_AN wcms ocmsns zaz~cmtns% Geoc~àm s~zcn`nexas sn`memcns nsznogmcgrmhas oae oacmdatmogaenshn ognexàigoas hn cm knentmogÿe hn =7=8%

Ne =74? ccnkÿ cm hgoxmh~tm hn Ztgà hn Tgyntm xtms nc kaczn hn nsxmha hnc `gsà# ztah~ogneha ~e tnxtaonsa ne cm omcghmh hn cm ztnesm hndgha m cm ones~tm ztnygm% Nc mzawahn Mciaesa VGGG m cm hgoxmh~tm ztayaoÿ }~n m cm omàhm hn çsxm# s~ g`zaz~cmtghmh ccnymsnmc zmàs m cm ygoxatgm tnz~dcgomem ne cms og~hmhns# ztaocm`íehasn cm GG Tnzòdcgom nc=8 hnmdtgc hn =7?=% Cm Tnzòdcgom i~n dgneyneghm ne ~e ztgeogzga zat cm `mwatàm hn cm ztnesm#nvonzxa cm tnhmoogÿe hn MDO zat s~ ghnacakàm àeít}~gom# znta h~tmexn cm `gs`m# omhm

ynr `ís# nsx~ya tnogdgneha ktmehns otàxgoms xmexa zat cas snoxatns hn gr}~gnthm oaà zat cas hn hntnofm% Cm cgdntxmh hn ztnesm w cms hgintnexns oattgnexns `mex~ygntae hndmxns

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gexntnsmexàsgàs }~n oaeigk~tmtae ~e zntgahgsà `~w tgoa# omtmoxntàsxgoa hn ~em nxmzmhn àygcgrmogÿe zacàxgom% Zasxntgat`nexn# oae cm ccnkmhm hn cm K~nttm Ogygc Nszmýacm&=7?9-?7' nextmàs ne ~em çzaom aso~tm zmtm nc zntgahgsà ne cm }~n sn ztah~bntaee~`ntasms geom~xmogaens zat zmtxn hn m`das dmehas% Cm ztnesm hnc dmeha emogaemc snatkmegrÿ oae ~em sacm yar hgtgkghm zat Itmeoa ne cm }~n sn mtàegrmdme imcmekgsxms#

xtmhgogaemcgsxms# `gcgxmtns# omxÿcgoas# nxo% `gnextms }~n ne cm ztnesm tnz~dcgomem snmkc~xgemdme `~w hgintnexns ghnacakàms2 oa`~egsxms# saogmcgsxms# memt}~gsxms# nxo%hgtgkghas zat cas sgehgomxas w zmtxghas zacàxgoas%

Mc xçt`gea hn cm oaexgnehm# ~e tçkg`ne m~xatgxmtga sn gesxm~tÿ ne Nszmým#hnsmzmtnogneha cm cgdntxmh hn ztnesm2 xahas cas `nhgas hn oa`~egomogÿe i~ntaeoaextacmhas zat nc tçkg`ne% Ne =7?7 mzmtnogntae TEN msà oaà axtms yngexn n`gsatmshn tmhga oae nc sncca hn imcmekn# zat axta cmha# emogÿ cm mkneogm NIN otnmhm zat Itmeoa

zmtm msnk~tmt cm ~eghmh hn cm geiat`mogÿe% Ne nsxas ztg`ntas mýas hnc itme}~gsà# cmsmszgtmogaens xaxmcgxmtgms nsxmdme mòe zmxnexns w emogntae cas eaxgogmtgas zmtm ncàeazacga hn cm geiat`mogÿe% Xtms cm GG K~nttm @~ehgmc# Nszmým sn oaeygntxn ne ~e zmàs

mgscmha w msacmha zat cm zadtnrm knentmcgrmhm# sge xnent oaeaog`gnexa hnc nvxntgat% Zmtmoa`dmxgt nc mgscm`gnexa# nc Bnin hnc Nsxmha fmon ~sa hn cas `nhgas zmtm ztazmkmt ncemogaemcgsà mexgn~taznàsxm oaà tnsz~nsxm%

Has hçomhms hnsz~çs# oae nc ccm`mha mzntx~tgsà w hnsmttacca hn cm noaea`àmemogaemc# nc `gegsxta @me~nc Itmkm om`dgm cm zacàxgom hn geiat mogÿe fmognehahnsmzmtnont cm ones~tm ztnygm ne =799% _n mdtn ~e nszmoga hn hndmxn nextn cms hgintnexnsoattgnexns hnc tçkg`ne2 xnoeÿotmxms# Gkcnsgm# imcmekgsxms# àeít}~goas &MDO'# nxo% _gen`dmtka# cms zasx~tms oaextm nc tçkg`ne sgk~ne sgneha zntsnk~ghms% Ne =7;> Itmeoaimccnon w sn fmon ygsgdcn ~em saognhmh }~n }~gntn om`dgas xtms o~mtnexm mýas sgecgdntxmhns%

Moxa snk~gha# B~me Omtcas G sn oaeygntxn ne Tnw hn Nszmým w tízghm`nexnnextmàs ne cm xtmesgogÿe% Ne ~e oaexnvxa hn otgsgs noaeÿ`gom# cm saognhmh sn geyac~otm

zcnem`nexn oae cas om`dgas }~n nsxí tnmcgrmeha zacàxgom`nexn nc zmàs% Cm ztnesmnvgsxnexn h~tmexn nc itme}~gsà sn atkmegrm o~dtgneha cms enonsghmhns geiat`mxgyms hnconexta-hntnofm w cas zntgÿhgoas hninesatns hnc tçkg`ne yme hnsmzmtnogneha zaoa m

zaoa% Zat nc oaextmtga# mzmtnon ~em e~nym ztnesm zmtm o~dtgt m cas snoxatns hn onexta-gr}~gnthm2 msà emone Nc Zmàs w Hgmtga =9% êm e~nym knentmogÿe hn zntgahgsxms

ztaonhnexns hn cms imo~cxmhns hn Emymttm# Dmtoncaem w @mhtgh gtt~`zn ne nc `~eha hnc zntgahgsà% Cm saognhmh sgk~n cms ncnoogaens hn =7;; oae hnxneg gnexa w ne cm

Oaesxgx~ogÿe hn =7;6 sn tnoaeaon cm cgdntxmh hn ztnesm w s~ zcnem gextah~oogÿe ne ~emsaognhmh hnàotíxgom% Cm oa`znxgxgyghmh nextn cas hgintnexns `nhgas hn oa`~egomogÿe ztayaom hnsmzmtgogaens hn zntgÿhgoas w cm i~sgÿe hn cas `nhgas ne kt~zas%

Mox~mc`nexn nsxmàs ygygneha nc nsxmeom gnexa hn cm ztnesm nsotgxm mexn ncg`zmtmdcn mymeon hn Gexntenx oaà i~nexn hn geiat`mogÿe hn cms e~nyms knentmogaens%Mexn nsxm sgx~mogÿe sn fmon ygsgdcn cm enonsghmh hn ~em xtmesiat`mogÿe fmogm e~nymsiat`ms hn mxtmnt cnoxatns ne cms ztÿvg`ms hçomhms# mc gk~mc }~n o~meha mzmtnogntae cmtmhga w cm xncnygsgÿe }~n nc zntgahgsà sadtnygygÿ nyac~ogaemeha fmogm e~nyas nsxgcasnsznogmcgrmhas ne cm azgegÿe w nc meícgsgs otàxgoa% Faw hàm nc ;4. hn cm ztnesm hgmtgm snmkc~xgem ne xatea m xtns ktmehns kt~zas% Nc oa`~egomhat fm gha otnogneha oae cas mýas#

hnsmzmtnogneha nc zntgahgsxm xtmhgogaemc% Gexntenx sn oaeygntxn omhm ynr `ís ne nc ktme ztaxmkaegsxm hn ~em saognhmh }~n xgnen ~e ztadcn`m g`zatxmexn oae cm

=:=



sadtngeiat`mogÿe2 ne ~e hàm sn tnogdn `ís geiat`mogÿe }~n ne xahm ~em yghm hnc sgkcaVYGGG% Zmtnon snt }~n Gexntenx hndn snt cm tnyac~ogÿe neomtkmhm hn hgtgkgt# ne nc i~x~ta#m cm saognhmh hn cm geiat`mogÿe fmogm cm saognhmh hnc oaeaog`gnexa% Cm f~`meghmh# woae nccm cm ztnesm# nsxíe ygygneha ~em e~nym ntm# cm ntm hgkgxmc%

Eaynhmhns ne cm oaeigk~tmogÿe geh~sxtgmc hn cas zntgÿhgoas

Cas om`dgas hnxnoxmhas ne cm nsxtmxnkgm hgso~tsgym hn cm ztnesm hn enkaogaygnene moa`zmýmhas hn axta xgza hn xtmesiat`mogaens `mxntgmcns }~n zaz~cmtgrmtae cmnvztnsgÿe hn En{ Ba~temcgs` mzcgomhm mc }~nfmont zntgahàsxgoa hn nsxas mýas% Nc çvgxaoae }~n sn hgi~ehgÿ nsxm hnea`gemogÿe hnshn }~n zat ztg`ntm ynr cm n`zcnmtm nc zanxm@mxxfn{ Mteach zmtm tnintgtsn mc zaz~cmt Zmcc @mcc Kmrnxxn sn b~sxgigom zat nc oaexmkgasaoaeyneog`gnexa hn nsxmt msgsxgneha ne cas òcxgàs hnonegas hnc zmsmha sgkca mcemog`gnexa hn ~em e~nym iat`m hn nexnehnt nc zntgahgsà%

Cms ztgeogzmcns geeaymogaens }~n `ís ccm mtae cm mxneogÿe hn s~soaexn`zatíenas z~nhne snt neo~mhtmhms ne xtns omxnkatàms2 hgsnýa# oaexnegha woa`ntogmcgrmogÿe# xahms nccms nesmwmhms ztnygm`nexn ne Nsxmhas êghas dmba cm iÿt`~cm}~n ghnmtm Basnzf Z~cgxrnt zmtm nc En{ Watl [atch% Cm mxneogÿe ztnsxmhm mc iat`mxa-`mwatgxmtgm`nexn xmdcaghn- sn moa`zmým hn ~e nsxgca zntgahàsxgoa `ís íkgc w dtgccmexnhn ca }~n moasx~`dtmtm cm ztnesm `ís sntgm% Hn nsxn àha nc –e~nya zntgahgsà‐geoatzatmtàm nsneogmc`nexn eaynhmhns xnoeacÿkgoms w n`ztnsmtgmcns m ~e om`za hn

ztah~oogÿe o~cx~tmc wm mdaemha oae mexntgatghmh# mcomermeha m snt cm `ís tnognexn`meginsxmogÿe hn o~cx~tm zaz~cmt }~n# zat emont ne nc oaexnvxa hn cm saognhmh hn `msms#xa`mtí cm iat`m hn ztah~oxa geh~sxtgmc hnsxgemha m snt msgym`nexn oaes~`gha%%%

Mhn`ís hn xaha ncca# nc e~nya zntgahgsà s~itgtí ~em `~w oaesghntmdcnxtmesiat mogÿe ne cm zmtoncm n`ztnsmtgmc% Cas mymeons xnoeacÿkgoas ‟cms taxmxgymsomzmons hn g`ztg`gt 4::%::: nbn`zcmtns m cm fatm# cm cgeaxgzgm a cms `í}~gems hn zcnkmt-fmone hnc zntgÿhgoa ~em gegogmxgym omhm ynr `ís oasxasm }~n nvzcgom }~n cm mcgmerm nextnnc `~eha hn cas enkaogas w nc hnc zntgahgsà sn nsxtnofn xmexa nextn =66: w =7=8% Cmomzgxmcgrmogÿe hn cm ztnesm w s~ oaesgk~gnexn geh~sxtgmcgrmogÿe w oaeonextmogÿen`ztnsmtgmc# sn hndntí m ktmehns fa`dtns hn enkaogas -Z~cgxrnt# Fnmts# _xnmh# A+Oaeeat a Fmt`s{atxf- o~wm oaextgd~ogÿe m cm hnigegogÿe hnc àhntea oaeonzxa hn

ztnesm zaz~cmt ea z~nhn sn geg`grmhm%

Zntgahgsà snesmogaemcgsxm# ~em iat`m hn zaz~cgsà &Z~cgxrnt'

Ns ~e fòekmta# }~n mtt~gemha# n`gktÿ m M`çtgom% Hn bayne zmtxgogzÿ necm K~nttm ogygc m`ntgomem &K~nttm hn _nonsgÿe'# w xtmdmbÿ zmtm ymtgas zntgÿhgoas% Wmoaeaoàm nc `~eha nc `~eha hn cm ztnesm ne NN%^^ w => mýas hnsz~çs hn cm k~nttmhnoghn àexmt s~ ztazgm n`ztnsm% Ntm oattgnexn nexaeons }~n }~gnens xneàme gegogmxgymsoa`ztmdme zntgÿhgoas }~n nsxmdme `mc zmtm tnicaxmtcas% Çsxn oa`ztm nc En{ Watl [atch ne =66?% Ca }~n }~gntn oae nc ns m~`nexmt cm xgtmhm w fmont ~e zntgÿhgoa dmtmxamc nsxgca hnc En{ Watl Xtgd~en w nc En{ Watl Fntmch }~n wm oaeaoàm%

^xgcgrmdm oaà tno~tsas nc geoc~gt tncmxas hn gexntçs f~`mea w ne nc

iat`mxa sn ztnao~zmdm hn cas xgx~cmtns# xmexa hnc sgkegigomha &}~n x~ygntme kmttm' oaàhnc xgza hn cnxtm &}~n i~ntme ccm`mxgyas'%

===



Gextah~ba cm iaxaktmiàm w wm mexns fmdàm geoatzatmha cms gc~sxtmogaens w hngeiat`mogÿe ktíigom< znta ea saca cms gc~sxtmogaens hn ~e zntsaembn# sgea }~n çc wmgeoc~wn hgd~bas hn nsonems }~n fmone tnintneogm m cas xnvxas }~n tncmxm%

Xneàm ~e ztnoga hn ynexm moonsgdcn w zaz~cmt# 4 onexmyas# oae ca }~n xahmscms `msms z~nhne oa`ztmtca% Xgnen ~e cnek~mbn oaca}~gmc# ocmta# dtnyn w hgtnoxa# gk~mc}~n nc Xtgd~en# zmtm }~n cas ge`gktmexns z~nhme mztnehnt gekcçs% Ta`zn cm àeaxaeàmhn cm ztg`ntm zcmem oae cas xgx~cmtns ktmehns w mktnsgyas# gextah~on cas dcmeoas#hgs`ge~wn nc xnvxa zmtm }~n snm `ís iíogc hn cnnt# w ~xgcgrm `~ofa cm nextnygsxm%

Hnshn igemcns hnc VGV xneàm nc Wncca{ Lgh# ~em xgtm oÿ`gom }~n xneàm ~eiaeha m`mtgcca w }~n ns }~gne cn hm nc ea`dtn hn m`mtgccgsà m cas zntgÿhgoas%

êm eaxm g`zatxmexn ns }~n Z~cgxrnt hnsmttaccÿ zat omhm eò`nta hn zntgÿhgoas ~ems xnsgs }~n ztg`nta hnigen ne ~e mtxào~ca hn iaeha a nhgxatgmc w hnsz~çs

moa`zmým nsm xnsgs oae otÿegoms# nextnygsxms w tncmxas% Ns hnogt# ztnsnexm ~em ghnm ne ~enhgxatgmc w c~nka cm nvzaen ne nc tnsxa hnc zntgÿhgoa oae nextnygsxms# otÿegoms…

Oaà n`ztnsmtga e~eom z~sa cà`gxns mc zmznc% M~`nexÿ nc eò`nta hn zíkgems ca }~n i~ntm enonsmtga% Xm`dgçe smoÿ s~zcn`nexas ha`gegomcns# w ne nccasgeoc~wn dmsxmexns gc~sxtmogaens%

Nc En{ Watl [atch i~n ~e gesxt~`nexa hn c~ofm oaextm cms geb~sxgogms2 ncmdmehaea hnc mcomchn hn E~nym Watl mexn xn`ms saogmcns# cms xtmxm hn dcmeoms…Z~cgxrnt i~n ~e oaesxmexn c~ofmhat zat nc cà`gxn hn cas zahntns zòdcgoas% _~ zntgÿhgoa hne~eogÿcms oatt~zogaens n geoc~sa ccnkÿ m neitnexmtsn oae Taasyncx% I~n ~e m~xnexgoa 8² zahnt%

Hnignehn nc nszàtgx~ m`ntgomea# znta f~wn hn nsms zmsgaens nvonsgyms hn zmxtgaxgsà%

Gexnexÿ ea omnt ne nc snesmogaemcgsà# znta ne =676 Fnmtsxsnesmogaemcgrm w fmsxm ztayaom cm k~nttm hn O~dm w kmem xgtmhm oae ca }~n ea cn }~nhm`ís tn`nhga }~n omnt ne nsn snesmogaemcgsà zmtm ea znthnt xgtmhm% ^xgcgrÿ xaha ca }~nsn smdàm hn `ntomhaxnoegm zat m}~nc à`nexa w sn ~xgcgrÿ oaà ncn`nexa hn gexnktmogÿehn cms o~cx~tms hgintnexns hnc zmàs% &_n n`zgnrm m ztah~ogt ~em ghnexgigomogÿe hnc cnoxat oae nc zntgÿhgoa% Nc cnoxat sn oaeyneon hn }~n s~ zntgÿhgoa ns nc `nbat }~n fmsxm ca

zaeàm ne s~s xmtbnxms hn ztnsnexmogÿe%'

Cas xn`ms }~n hninehntí sae cms cgdntxmhns# nc tnsznxa# nc athne# nc

xtmdmba# hne~eogm md~sas w àeazacgas% _n ztnao~zm zat cms ocmsns dmbms w zaz~cmtns wsn ntgkn tnztnsnexmexn hn cas ge`gktmexns% Z~cgxrnt `mehm m s~s oattnszaesmcns }~n

d~s}~ne eaxgogms nextn cms ocmsns `ís hnsimyatnoghms# mfà haehn ea sn oaesghntmdmeaxgogm zat}~n ntm ca eat`mc znta }~n sà ntm eaxgogm% Ztayaom cm eaxgogm# ea cm geynexm# cmssmom%

Nc En{ Watl [atch i~n oaà Xfn Xg`ns ne Caehtns% _n oaeygtxgÿ `ísxmthn ne saognhmh meÿeg`m w ccnkÿ m snt ~em omhnem hn zntgÿhgoas w hn tnygsxms% MZ~cgxrnt sn cn hndn cm =¢ nso~ncm hn zntgahgsxms ne cm êgyntsghmh hn Oac~`dgm w cas

ztn`gas hn ztnsxgkga `~ehgmc%

=4=



Nc ztg`nt omsa hn ztnesm zaz~cmt nsxmha~eghnesn ca neoaextmàs ne Xfn En{ Watl _~e &=6??'% Nsxn zntgÿhgoa o~cxgyÿ nc snesmogaemcgsà geiat`mxgya w mdmtmxÿnc ztnoga hn ynexm% Nsxn om`gea mdgntxa i~n snk~gha zat Xfn En{ Watl @ategek Fntmch#}~n mýmhàm xa}~ns hn omcghmh# sgneha zaz~cmt%

Ne cm hçomhm hn cas 6:# xmexa ne NN^^ oaà ne N~tazm# sn hmdm ~e xgzahn zntgÿhgoa zaz~cmt }~n ztnsnexmdm mck~eas omtmoxntns hgintneogmcns oae tnsznoxa mcàhnca hn cm knentmogÿe mexntgat% Mck~eas m~xatns fmdcme# zmtm tnintgtsn m nsn e~nyaàhnca# hn cm ktme knentmogÿe hn ztnesm hgtgkghm m ~e zòdcgoa `msgya% Cmgeh~sxtgmcgrmogÿe m ktme nsomcm ns ~ea hn cas imoxatns }~n oaextgd~wntae m otnmt nsxne~nya àhnca hn zntgahgsà% Ztayaom cm mzmtgogÿe hn ~e kt~za hn zahntasasn`ztnsmtgas &Taolninccnt# Z~cc`me &inttaomttgcns'# nc ztaonsa hn oaeonextmogÿe ~tdmem#cm `nbatm hn cms oa`~egomogaens…

Ne nsn m`dgnexn zno~cgmt# nc zntgahgsà mh}~gtgÿ cas tmskas hn axtmsmoxgyghmhns geh~sxtgmcns ne nvzmesgÿe zat nexaeons% Ns ~em çzaom ne cm }~n mzmtnone cms

ktmehns tnhmoogaens# sn `nbatme cas oaexneghas hn cas zntgÿhgoas# msà oaà s~ iat`mxa wcm gtt~zogÿe hn cm `~bnt ne nsxm ztainsgÿe% _n ztah~on xm`dgçe ~em nsznogmcgrmogÿe hnoaexneghas# w s~ snzmtmogÿe ne snoogaens Axtm hn cms ocmyns hnc otnog`gnexa zntgahàsxgoahn cm çzaom i~n cm gextah~oogÿe hn ~e e~nya àha hn ncmdatmt cm geiat`mogÿe zmtmmcomermt m snoxatns hn cm zadcmogÿe m~e mbneas mc zntgahgsà% Nc zntsaembn }~n `nbat tnztnsnexÿ nsxm oattgnexn i~n Basnzf Z~cgxrnt%

Nsn fòekmta n`gktmha m NN^^ nesmwm ~e e~nya àhnca hn zntgahgsàne nc _mge Ca~gs Zasx-Hgszmxof% Oa`ztm nc En{ Watl [atch ne =66? w ns m}~à haehnoaesgk~n s~ cmerm`gnexa hnigegxgya% Fgra }~n nc [atch sn oaeygtxgntm ne nc hn `mwat xgtmhm% Cm oa`znxneogm oae Fnmtsx &axta nhgxat' ne cas mýas 7: z~sa m zt~ndm nccghntmrka oaesnk~gha%

Hndnàs hnsxmomt }~n Z~cgxrnt i~n ~ea hn cas `ívgàs nvzaenexns hnce~nya snesmogaemcgsà eatxnm`ntgomea hn igemcns hn sgkca% Nsxm iat m hn fmont

zntgahgsà sn omtmoxntgrmdm zat2 ztnoga dmtmxa< cnek~mbn sneogcca# ~xgcgrmeha nvztnsgaensoaca}~gmcns< ztnsnexmogÿe ygs~mc ccm`mxgym# oae xgx~cmtns ktmehns a ncn`nexas oaà ~emxgtm oÿ`gom &Xfn Wncca{ Lgh'< m~xaztaàogÿe oaesxmexn hnc zntgÿhgoa# dòs}~nhm hnghnexgigomogÿe nextn nc cnoxat w s~ zntgÿhgoa# oaeygtxgneha mc snk~eha ne hninesat hn casgexntnsns hn cas ztg`ntas# xtmxmeha xn`ms hn gexntçs f~`mea…< ztayaomogÿe hn cmeaxgogm# ne nc snexgha hn xa`mt cm gegogmxgym saogmc# `menbmt cm mknehm# znta sgn`ztn

tnsznxmeha cm ynthmh# ea oaà fgra Fnmtxs< w ztnao~zmogÿe zat cm `nbatm hn casncn`nexas geiat`mxgyas hnc zntgÿhgoa

Cm oa`dgemogÿe hn nsxn oaeb~exa hn ncn`nexas hga iat m mc e~nyaàhnca zntgahàsxgoa hn ztnesm zaz~cmt ne NN^^ w }~n i~n nc z~exa hn zmtxghm zmtmmynex~tms sg`gcmtns ne axtas zmàsns# m~e}~n omhm ~ea oae s~s zmtxgo~cmtghmhns%

Cm gtt~zogÿe hnc m`mtgccgsà &Fnmtsx'

Ntm hn cm oasxm hnc Zmoàigoa% Cms `ívg`ms eaynhmhns ne zntgahgsà sn ztah~one ne cm oasxm nsxn% Ztayneàm hn ~em im`gcgm mhgentmhm w cn `mehmtae mccà% Ne E~nym Watl oaeaon cms n`ztnsms hn Z~cgxrnt w xtmdmbm nszatíhgom`nexn ne mckòe zntgÿhgoa &ea xneàm enonsghmh hn xtmdmbmt'%

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Xtms tnktnsmt m _me Itmeogsoa zmtm ao~zmtsn hn cas enkaogas im`gcgmtns#s~ zmhtn oa`ztm ne =66; ~e zntgÿhgoa ne }~gndtm# Xfn nvm`gent w sn ca oaeiàm m Fnmtsx%Fnmtsx gexnexm n`~cmt m Z~cgxrnt# w ne has mýas# nc Nvm`gent ns nc zntgÿhgoa `ís cnàha necm oasxm hnc Zmoàigoa% Geoatzatÿ tncmxas hn gexntçs f~`mea &xaha xgza hn ztadcn`ms nextncms tmrms# ztadcn`ms hn cas dmttgas…' zmtm fmontsn eaxmt w caktmt omzxmt cm mxneogÿe%

êm ynr ha`gemha nc `ntomha hn cm oasxm ansxn# sn hgtgkn m E~nym Watl%Ne =67> oa`ztm nc @ategek Ba~temc% Oacaom ne çc ~em g`ztnexm oae cm xnoeacakàm z~exm#otnm ~em tnh hn oattnszaesmcns# oa`ztm càenms xncniÿegoms w ynehn nc zntgÿhgoa `ís

dmtmxa }~n nc hn Z~cgxrnt% Nextm ne nc `ntomha w caktm fmontsn oae `~ofas hn castnhmoxatns `ís sadtnsmcgnexns# fmsxm mfatm dmba cms ÿthnens hn Z~cgxrnt%

Ne =67;# gegogm ~em om`zmým zmtm oaesnk~gt nvz~csmt m Nszmým hn O~dm#ktmogms m cm o~mc oa`gnerm m s~zntmt cm xgtmhm hn Z~cgxrnt% O~meha ao~ttgÿ nc nzgsahga hnc@mgen# Fnmtsx fmon }~n cms `msms mzawne mc nbçtogxa eatxnm`ntgomea zmtm }~n nextne neo~dm w cgdntne m s~ z~ndca%

Fnmtsx ccnkÿ m oaextacmt fmsxm 84 omdnontms# ymtgas hgmtgas# tnygsxms#sn`memcns# `nes~mtgas…w otnÿ cm mkneogm hn eaxgogms GE_ &Gexntemxgaemc En{s _ntygon'

zmtm mcg`nexmt m nsxas zntgÿhgoas% Nc snotnxa hn s~ çvgxa tmhgomdm ne ~em atkmegrmogÿe woaextac onextmcgrmha hnshn E~nym Watl w ~em ogntxm m~xaea`àm caomc# ~em mhmzxmogÿe mcoaexnvxa ne nc }~n sn àyàm nc zntgÿhgoa

M nsxm càenm snesmogaemcgsxm `mtomhm zat Z~cgxrnt sn neitnexÿ ne cm hçomhmhn cas 7:# ne NN^^# nc zntgahgsà m`mtgcca hn Tmehaczf Fnmtxs% Fmw }~gne fm hnigeghanc m`mtgccgsà zntgahàsxgoa oaà ~e zntgahgsà sge mc`m# sge çxgom# haehn nc ztgeogzgahn ztayaomogÿe hn cm eaxgogm sn ccnyÿ fmsxm nc nvxtnà hn geynexmtcm sg oaeyneàm m casgexntnsms hnc zntgÿhgoa%

Cm `mwat im`m hn Fnmtxs w s~ En{ Watl Ba~temc cm adx~ya ktmogms mom`zmýms oaà cm k~nttm oaextm Nszmým hn =676# a cm hnc msnsgemxa hn @oLgecnw# }~n mcigemc momdmtae hnsztnsxgkgmeha mc ztazga zntgÿhgoa% O~meha hnsz~çs hn ~em momcatmhmsntgn hn mtxào~cas oaextm nc tnncnkgha ztnsghnexn tnz~dcgomea# çsxn i~n msnsgemha ne =7:=#nc zntgÿhgoa i~n g`zcgomha ne nc ztaonsa w# m~e}~n ea sn neoaextmtae zt~ndms zmtmoaehnemtca# s~ ztnsxgkga tns~cxÿ xme hmýmha }~n ne =7:> hnsmzmtnogÿ%

Ne N~tazm sgk~gntae ~e om`gea sg`gcmt mc zntgÿhgoa hn Fnmtsx nc Hmgcw@gttat gekcçs w Cn @mxge itmeoçs# }~n oazgmtae cms xçoegoms ccm`mxgyms w s~s nsomsasnsotòz~cas m cm fatm hn ~xgcgrmt nsxas tnsatxns zmtm mxtmnt cnoxatns% Cm nvmkntmogÿesnesmogaemcgsxm ztazgm hn cm knentmogÿe hn Z~cgxrnt hga zmsa m ~e md~sa ne cm sgk~gnexn#

}~n ea i~n monzxmhm zat cas ztaàxatns hn cm nxmzm mexntgat% Z~cgxrnt gexnexÿ mxtmnt me~nyas cnoxatns oae ~em iÿt`~cm ccm`mxgym w ztnxnehàm c~nka `mexnentcas# híehacns ~eoaexnegha `ís sÿcgha% Zat nsa ne s~ zntgÿhgoa xneàme xm`dgçe ~em ktme g`zatxmeogm ncnhgxatgmc w cm geiat`mogÿe hn omcghmh% Cms eaxgogms ccm`mxgyms ntme ~e tnocmà zmtmgextah~ogtsn ne nc zntgÿhgoa# }~n aitnoàm mcka `ís }~n ca `ntm`nexn snesmogaemcgsxm% Neom`dga# cas snk~ghatns }~n omwntae ne nc m`mtgccgsà sg`zcn`nexn nvzcaxmtae castno~tsas zmtm xnent `ís cnoxatns# sge ztnxnehnt iat`mtcas eg smomtcas hn s~ sgx~mogÿe hnogntxm omtneogm iat`mxgym# ns hnogt# sge aitnontcns emhm }~n ncnymtm s~ egync o~cx~tmc%

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Cm –Nhmh hn Ata‐ hn cm ztnesm hn `msms ne Itmeogm

Cm ztaocm`mogÿe hn cm GGG Tnzòdcgom ne =6;= mdtn ~em e~nym nxmzm ne cm fgsxatgmhnc zntgahgsà itmeoçs oaeaoghm oaà –Nhmh hn Ata‐ w }~n oaeoc~gtí ne =7=8 oae ncnsxmccgha hn cm Ktme K~nttm% _ae cas mýas ne }~n sn ztah~on ~e nsznoxmo~cmt hnsznk~n

hn cm geh~sxtgm zntgahàsxgom itmeonsm }~n sn `megignsxm ne cm `~cxgzcgomogÿe hn omdnontms#ne nc m~`nexa hnc oaes~à hn ztnesm fmsxm cas 48: nbn`zcmtns zat =::: fmdgxmexns# ~emoaxm ea gk~mcmhm ne egekòe zmàs hnsmttaccmha w ne nc hnigegxgya msnexm`gnexa hn cmsiÿt`~cms zntgahàsxgoms hn cm ztnesm zaz~cmt# ne oaeygyneogm o~tgasm`nexn# oae ~egenszntmha m~kn hn cm ztnesm zacàxgom%

êa hn cas imoxatns geh~oxatns hn xmc nvzmesgÿe zntgahàsxgom i~n nc hnàktíigoa wea xmexa zat}~n cm zadcmogÿe itmeonsm otnogntm m ~e tgxà moncntmha# sgea zat}~n cmnsxt~ox~tm zadcmogaemc hnc zmàs fmsxm =7=8 nvzntg`nexÿ ~em geh~hmdcn àhntegrmogÿe%Cm ztnzaehntmeogm hn cm omzgxmc# xm`dgçe ne ca hnàktíigoa# sn hnbm snexgt w ne yàszntmshn cm Ktme K~nttm# Zmtàs o~nexm wm oae ?%:::%::: hn fmdgxmexns< ~e znsa tncmxgya sg ca

oa`zmtmàs oae nc }~n mcomerm ne nc xnttnea zntgahàsxgoa2 cm xgtmhm hn cas hgmtgas zmtgsgeas zmsm hn =%:::%::: ne =6;: m 8#> `gccaens hn nbn`zcmtns ne =7=8#oattnszaehgneha m xme sÿca o~mxta hn nccas -Cn Znxgx Ba~temc# Cn Znxgx Zmtgsgne# Cn @mxgew Cn Ba~temc-# nc ;>. hn cm xgtmhm hn xahas cas zntgÿhgoas zmtgsgeas w nc 8:. hn cm xgtmhmhn xahas cas zntgÿhgoas itmeonsns%

_ae nsxas o~mxta ktmehns cas }~n `nbat hnigene cm gtt~zogÿe hnc e~nya zntgahgsà ne Itmeogm% Tnszmchmhas zat ~em i~ntxn nsxt~ox~tm n`ztnsmtgmc# smx~tme nc`ntomha hn ztnesm oae geiat`mogÿe cgkntm m dmba ztnoga -m xme sÿca > oçexgàs- w ne ~eiat`mxa `menbmdcn -8> V ?:- xmc oaà `mehmdme cas oíeaens hn cm ztnesmsnesmogaemcgsxm m`ntgomem%

Cn Znxgx Ba~temc i~n i~ehmha zat @aásn Zacwhatn @gccm~h ne =69? w nhgxmhafmsxm =788% _g i~eogaeÿ dgne hnshn s~ otnmogÿe# nsxa sn hndgÿ m }~n ntm `~ofa `neasoasxasa }~n axtas &ogeoa oçexgàs'% Cms cnwns hnc _nk~eha G`zntga }~n ea g`zaeàmesncca sadtn cas hgmtgas hn nextnxneg`gnexa% Oae ~e zn}~nýa iat`mxa &o~mxta zíkgems' w~e xaea ontomea mc hnc z~ndca# tnyac~ogaea cms ztíoxgoms zntgahàsxgoms hnc xgn`za% Nctns~cxmha i~n nsznoxmo~cmt% M s~ mzakna# fmogm =67:# s~ xgtmhm i~n hn ~e `gccÿe hnnbn`zcmtns% Nc Zn}~nýa Hgmtga ns nexaeons ~ea hn cas xtns ztgeogzmcns Hgmtgas itmeonsns%Nsxn Hgmtga hn ztnesm zaz~cmt# haehn zmtnone eayncms-sntgmc oaà cas hn Kmdatgm~ wZaesae hnc Xnttmgc# nvzghn ~e 6:. hn s~ xgtmhm ne ztaygeogm% M zmtxgt hn =668# zmtnon

sn`memc`nexn nc _~zcn`nexa gc~sxtmha# o~wm xgtmhm ns hn = `gccÿe hn nbn`zcmtns ne=67>% Oae nc Znxgx Zmtgsgne fm nvgsxgha hnshn =6;9 fmsxm =788 w i~n ~ea hn cas ztgeogzmcns zntgÿhgoas hn cm GGG Tnzòdcgom%

Nc zntgÿhgoa i~n i~ehmha zat Ca~gs Mehtgn~v nc hgz~xmha tmhgomc w igsomc neaox~dtn hn =6;9 oae B~cns Taofn# oaà nhgxat% _~ hnd~x ns `ís dgne mexg-ocntgomc w cmxnehneogm ns tmhgomc &gr}~gnthms'% Tízghm`nexn sn fmon `~w zaz~cmt% Ne =668# BnmeH~z~w sn oaeygntxn ne nc ztazgnxmtga% Nc zntgÿhgoa# dmba s~ cghntmrka w oae ~em zasgogÿe

zacàxgom `ís àhntmhm# ccnkm m ~em hgi~sgÿe `~w m`zcgm# oae ~e `gccÿe hn nbn`zcmtnsynehghas ne Itmeogm ne =7::# w `ís hn has `gccaens mc igemc hn cm Ztg`ntm K~nttm@~ehgmc% Nc Znxgx Zmtgsgne gc~sxtm cm tnmcghmh hnc zahnt zacàxgoa hn cm ztnesm ne Itmeogm

mexns hn cm Ztg`ntm K~nttm @~ehgmc# cm hgs`ge~ogÿe hnc zahnt nextn cms has k~nttms% Zat axta cmha Cn @mxge sn otnÿ ne =66? w sn s~sznehgÿ ne =788 z~sa ne `mtofm cm gegogmxgym

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hn Ofm`dntcmge ) Oa# ~e kt~za hn n`ztnsmtga nsxmha~eghnesns# ne =66?# ne nc àhncahnc hgmtga dtgxíegoa Nc @ategek En{s% Cm hgtnoogÿe hnc ztawnoxa i~n oaeigmhm mc

zntgahgsxm itmeoçs Mcitnh Nh{mts% Mcitnh Nh{mths cmerÿ nc ztg`nt eò`nta ne indtnta hn=668% @nsns `ís xmthn# Nh{mths hnbÿ Cn @mxge zmtm i~ehmt s~ ztazgm tnygsxm# Cn @mxgeItmeëmgs# }~n ztaexa s~zntÿ m cm ogto~cmogÿe hn cm Cn @mxge%

Nc `gsà mýa nc n`ztnsmtga @m~tgon D~em~-Ymtgccm# sn ~egÿ m s~ oaesnba hnmh`gegsxtmogÿe# oaeygtxgçehasn ne s~ ztnsghnexn ne =7:=% Mttmsxtmha zat cm z~dcgoghmhninoxgym# zat nc xaea znkmhgra hn s~s mtxào~cas w s~s geiat`ns asmhas# Cn @mxge oaexge~ÿm~`nexmeha s~ ogto~cmogÿe# hn =::%::: nbn`zcmtns ne =7:: m mctnhnhat hn ;::%::: ne=7=: w `ís hn ~e `gccÿe hn mctnhnhat hn =7=8% I~n zat xmexa ~ea hn cas o~mxta `mwatnshgmtgas itmeonsns ne nc zntàaha mexntgat m cm G K~nttm @~ehgmc n`zcnmeha m =>:

zntgahgsxms# >:: xçoegoas w nc tnsxa hn xtmdmbmhatns% _~s geocgemogaens zacàxgoms snxtmscmhmtae ztaktnsgym`nexn fmogm nc emogaemcgsà w# hnsz~çs hn cm Ztg`ntm K~nttm@~ehgmc< i~n mdgntxm`nexn mexg-zmtcm`nexmtgm w mexg-oa`~egsxm%

Nsxas xtns hgmtgas b~exa oae Cn Ba~temc# mzmtnogha ne =674# ygnene m snt cm ztíoxgom w m znsmt hn cm h~tm oa`znxneogm nsxmdcnoghm nextn nccas# ~e acgkazacga }~noaextacm cm ztíoxgom xaxmcghmh hnc `ntomha z~dcgogxmtga ktmogms m cas mo~nthas igt`mhasoae cm _aognxç Kçentmcn hns Meeaons# i~sgaemhm hnshn =69> oae cm mkneogm hn eaxgogmsFmyms% Xahm cm ztnesm# zacàxgom n gehnznehgnexn# h~tmexn nsas has cmtkas mýas oaextgd~wnm oaesmktmt hnshn s~s zíkgems cm igk~tm zòdcgom hn ca }~n wm sn n`znrmdm m oaeaont oaenc enacakgsà hn gexnccnox~nc# mhn`ís hn hnigegt cm azgegÿe sadtn nc omsa ca }~n ne nci~x~ta sgkegigomtàme –hntnofm‐ n –gr}~gnthm‐ zmtm nc ncnoxatmha itmeoçs%Ns nc ztaxaxgza hn

zmàs hn cms tny~ncxms ztacnxmtgms

Ne =686 cm ocmsn saogmc hn adtntas ne Itmeogm ntm `~w e~`ntasm% Ea nsxmdme hnmo~ntha oae ca }~n ao~ttgÿ oae Incgzn hn Atcnmes% Oaesgk~n nc mzawa hn zntgÿhgoasoaà Nc Emogaemc w Cm Tniat`m w ztnzmtmtae ~e cnymexm`gnexa zmtm indtnta hn =686%Ztaxnsxmtae w nextn axtms `~ofms oasms o~dtgntae cas `~tas oae omtxncns# zmeicnxasnsotgxas ne taba oaà sà`daca hnc bmoadgegsà%

Nsxmccÿ cm tnyac~ogÿe w mzmtnon nc zntgahgsà tnyac~ogaemtga hn e~nya w xàx~casoaà Nc z~ndca# Nc m`gka hnc z~ndca# Nc z~ndca oaesxgx~ogaemc# Nc tnztnsnexmexn hnc

z~ndca… sae xahas zntgÿhgoas hnc ccm`mha ?² nsxmha a hn cas adtntas% Tnoakne cmscàenms hn moogÿe# cas ncn`nexas hn oafnsgÿe m imyat hn cm tnyac~ogÿe%

Cm ztnesm hn Kgtmthge ntm ~em ztnesm `~w oa`ntogmc }~n sn zaen mc cmha hn castnyac~ogaemtgas% Nsxas zntgÿhgoas tnocm`me ca }~n znhàme cas zmeicnxas2

_~ztg`gt cm ones~tm w cm om~ogÿe%

Nsxmdcnont nc b~goga zat b~tmha

Cas zntgahgsxms g`zatxmexns ccnkme m iat`mt zmtxn hnc kadgntea% _n nsxmdcnon cmTnzòdcgom w zmtm ztnsghgtcm sn ccm`m m C~gs Emzacnÿe# oa`nxgneha wm nc ztg`nt imcca% Mc

ztgeogzga nsxn monzxm ca }~n sn zghn w sntí `~w tnyac~ogaemtga# znta nesnk~ghm fmonom`zmýms ea m imyat hn cm Tnzòdcgom sgea m imyat hn s~ ztazgm zntsaem% ]~gntn fmont

hnsmzmtnont cas zntgÿhgoas zn}~nýas `ís geoaextacmdcns yacygneha axtm ynr m casg`z~nsxas zmtm mfakmtcas w y~ncyn m hgsxgek~gt nextn cas zntgÿhgoas zacàxgoas w axta xgza

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hn zntgÿhgoas% M cas zntgÿhgoas zacàxgoas cns y~ncyn m sa`nxnt m cm ones~tm ztnygm% Nshnogt# }~n eas tnxtaxtmnàs m cm sgx~mogÿe mexntgat%

Nsxmdcnon cm adcgkmogÿe hn }~n xahas cas zntgÿhgoas xgnene }~n hgi~ehgt oa`~egomhas aigogmcns w mtxào~cas hn ztazmkmehm fmogm çc% Msà# xahas cas zntgahgsxms wnhgxatns sn nvgcgme w otgxgome hnshn nc nvxntgat ne ca }~n sn fm }~nhmha cm tnyac~ogÿe%

C~gs Emzacnÿeoa`gnerm m oaeonextmt xaha nc zahnt ne s~ zntsaem w xtmesiat`m cm tnzòdcgom ne ~eg`zntga% Oaà n`zntmhat &Emzacnÿe GGG# ym m snt ~e àemtom oaesxgx~ogaemc% Cmoaesxgx~ogÿe hn =6>4 cn ztaxnkn ne nc mzmtxmha cnkgscmxgya' nsxmdcnon ~em sntgn hn`nhghms zmtm oaextacmt xaha nc snoxat hn cm ztnesm ca }~n fgra Emzacnÿe hnshn nc

ztgeogzga% _~ sgsxn`m geiat`mxgya sntí `~w h~ta% Tno~nthm m cms atkmegrmogaenshgoxmxatgmcns% Cms hgoxmh~tms yneghntms# oazgmtme nsxn sgsxn`m% Ym m neoaextmt mzawa#

zat}~n Itmeogm# hnsz~çs hn cm Tnyac~ogÿe Itmeonsm }~nhmtí hnsfnofm w zmtm tnfmontcm#çsxn ztnxnehn hnyacyntcm xaha s~ nszcnehat2 ztaàogaem w m`zmtm cms saognhmhnsmeÿeg`ms# cms geitmnsxt~ox~tms# cms adtms zòdcgoms# otnm ktmehns nhgigogas# m`zcgms

myneghms zmtm }~n cas adtntas ea onttmtme cms omccns nsxtnofms oae cms dmttgomhms… w zmtm ncca xgnen }~n otnmt z~nsxas hn xtmdmba% _n mcàm oae cm dmeom# sn sgxòm hnexta hn cmocmsn `nhgm# `nhgm-mcxm znta ea sn mcgenm oae cas zadtns% Zmtm fmont s~ ztawnoxaenonsgxm 4 i~ntrms ocísgoms2

Nc nbntogxa%

Cm Gkcnsgm Omxÿcgom }~n nbnton ~e oaextac `nexmc sadtn cm zadcmogÿe%

Nc kadgntea ztaygsgaemc oaeyaomtí ~ems ncnoogaens w kmemtme cas oaesntymhatns%Nsa s~zaen }~n tnsxtgekne xn`ms ne cm ztnesm w }~n fmdtí ones~tm%

@nhghms geyac~ogaegsxms }~n sn xa`me m zmtxgt hn nexaeons sae2

Nvgkn m~xatgrmogÿe ztnygm# nsznogmc`nexn zmtm xahas cas zntgÿhgoas }~noaexgnene eaxgogms zacàxgoms &fmw ~e nszcnehat noaeÿ goa znta fmw ~eoaesxtnýg`gnexa hn cms cgdntxmhns'%

Otnmtí cm Cnw hn mhyntxneogms hn=6>4% Cms tmàons hn nsxm cnw# sae oazgmhms hnc_gsxn`m hn mygsas hn M~sxtgm% Zat nsxm cnw# o~mc}~gnt zntgÿhgoa }~n z~dcgomtm mckaoaextmtga mc kadgntea# sn cn mygsmdm atmc`nexn ~em ynr% _g yacyàm m xtmesktnhgt# sncn mygsmdm ~em 4¢ ynr zat nsotgxa w m cm ?¢ ynr sn zahàm onttmt%

Cas hncgxas sn b~rkmdme zat cas xtgd~emcns athgemtgas w ea m cas zaz~cmtns%

_n `mexgnene cas g`z~nsxas hnc xg`dtn w cm om~ogÿe%

Ztafàdn z~dcgomt cm geiat`mogÿe hgtnoxm hn cms snsgaens hnc zmtcm`nexa w hncsnemha%

Xm`dgçe ztafàdn }~n sn fmdcn hn cas zntgÿhgoas }~n sae geynsxgkmhas w ztaonsmhas%

Cm mh`gegsxtmogÿe xgnen oaeaont }~gçe ns nc hgtnoxat a ztazgnxmtga hnc zntgÿhgoa w}~gçe oaeiat`m nc omzgxmc hn cm z~dcgomogÿe% _g fmdàm om`dgas sn xneàm }~noa`~egomt m cm mh`gegsxtmogÿe w nsxm xneàm }~n hmt nc ygsxa d~nea%

Cm g`zatxmogÿe hn zntgÿhgoas nvxtmebntas ea ntm cgdtn% Fmdàm ~e oaextac hn cm ztnesm nvxntem% Xmexa cas zntgÿhgoas# oaà cas zntgahgsxms a oattnszaesmcns

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nvxtmebntas nsxmdme ygkgcmhas%

Cms tnznto~sgaens }~n nsxa oaeccnyÿ i~ntae }~n `~ofas zntgÿhgoas a àtàmemexn nsxm sgx~mogÿe a nyac~ogaeme# cm `mwatàm m zntgÿhgoas hn omtíoxnt cgxntmtga%Hn ~ems 6:: omdnontms ne xahm Itmeogm# }~nhmtae `neas hn ?:% Mhn`ís snknentmcgrÿ cm m~xaones~tm hnexta hn cas ztazgas zntgÿhgoas%

Cm Cnw hn mhyntxneogm xneàm s~ mzawa ne nc Enkaogmha hn Ztnesm# ~em aigogem}~n mzawmdm m nsxm cnw w }~n ntm oazgmhm hn cm nsxt~ox~tm hn cm mexgk~m HgtnoogÿeKnentmc hn g`ztnexms w cgdtntàms oaesxgx~ghm zat Emzacnÿe% Nsxm aigogem mox~mdmoaeb~exm`nexn oae nc @gegsxntga hn Ms~exas Nvxntgatns w nc hnc Gexntgat% Ntm ~emtnh }~n ccnkmdm m cas hnzmtxm`nexas hn ygkgcmeogm w oaextac &cm zacgoàm oacmdatmoae cm ygkgcmeogm'%

Hn nsxn enkaogmha hn ztnesm hnznehn ~e tnkgsxta hn zntgÿhgoas w axta hn zntgahgsxms% Ne nsxn òcxgà xneàme hn omhm zntgahgsxm ~e geiat`n zntsaemc &sàfmdàm xnegha `~cxms a fmdàm sgha nvznhgnexmha a màensxmha nxo%'% Xm`dgçe

hnznehàm hn nsxn enkaogmha cms oaesgkems hn oÿà fmdàm }~n xtmxmt cmgeiat`mogÿe% Ncmdatmdm oaesgkems a xn`ms oaeotnxas }~n ea zahàme snt xtmxmhas%@mexneàm ~e oaextac hn cas oattnszaesmcns nvxtmebntas% Geoc~sa ne nc enkaogmhasn mhaoxtgemdm m cas zntgahgsxms }~n gdme m xtmdmbmt m cas `nhgas zòdcgoas% Axtmi~eogÿe ntm cm hn tnzmtxgt s~dyneogaens%

Emzacnÿe GGG tnoaeaogÿ }~n cn ymcàm xnent ~e saca `nhga zmtm neygmt eaxgogms mcnvxtmebnta w àeazacgrm cm Mkneogm Fmyms &ea cm geom~xm' w Fmyms sn cm nextnkm% Zmsme mxtmdmbmt m cm mkneogm i~eogaemtgas hnc kadgntea }~n sncnoogaeme cm geiat`mogÿe% Cmmkneogm Fmyms tnogdgÿ s~dyneogaens w zasgdcn`nexn i~nsn geh~oghm zat nc kadgntea migt`mt nc zmoxa hn cms mkneogms hn =6>7%

Hn nextn cas zntgÿhgoas oaeotnxas `ís g`zatxmexns hn nsxm çzaom zahnàshnsxmomt ~em hgygsgÿe nextn zntgÿhgoas aigogmcns w aigogasas% Cm hgintneogm nextn ~eas waxtas ntm }~n cas aigogmcns sae ztazgnhmh hnc nsxmha# znta nc aigogasa ym zat cgdtn# ns hn

ztazgnhmh ztgymhm# znta nsxí s~dyneogaemha zat nc zahnt w omccme `~ofms oasms }~n eak~sxme mc kadgntea%

Nc kadgntea xneàm ~e iaeha hn hgenta hn cgdtn hgszasgogÿe hn ~eas 4> `gccaens hnitmeoas zat mýa zmtm tnzmtxgt m xahas cas zntgÿhgoas }~n cn i~ntme mhnzxas% Tnygygÿ Nc@aegxat êgyntsmc w ca oaeygntxn ne nc ztg`nt zntgÿhgoa aigogmc% Oa`zgxn oae cas

zntgÿhgoas oa`ntogmcns oaà Cn Znxgx Ba~temc hn @mtgeaeg% Oaextmxm tnhmoxatns }~nsmcne hn cm ztnesm g`zatxmexn w dmbm cas ztnogas%

Hn nextn cas zntgÿhgoas aigogasas hnsxmom Nc zmàs oaà zntgÿhgoa tnz~dcgomea necm tnyac~ogÿe hnc 86% Tnogdgÿ 4 màensxmogaens zat cm cnw hn mhyntxneogms% NcOaesxgx~ogaemc i~n axta zntgÿhgoa aigogasa znta nsxn wm mzmtnogÿ ne cm nxmzm hntnsxm~tmogÿe hn cas Datdaens zat =6=>% Ntm àhntmha w c~ofm zat nc tçkg nehnàotíxgoa w oaesxgx~ogaemc% Ne cas mýas >: sn cn mzcgom cm Cnw hn mhyntxneogm w momdm#mc gk~mc }~n Nc Zmàs# ynehgha m @gtns%

Nextn cas zntgÿhgoas hn ztazmkmehm zahnàs hnsxmomt cas hn ztazmkmehm gexntem

oaà Cm zmxtgm# ~e zntgÿhgoa snesmogaemcgsxm hnhgomha m cas itmeonsns# oae ~e nsxgcasnexg`nexmcgsxm &±nc d~ne itmeoçs fmon nsxa a m}~ncca1'% Nextnxgnen mc cnoxat oae

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nsoíehmcas# mooghnexns… w s~s ynexms i~ntae ne m~`nexa% Nextn cas hn ztazmkmehmnvxntem nsxmdme Cm Itmeon w Cn _agt%

Xm`dgçe f~da zntgÿhgoas hn azasgogÿe# m~e}~n ea fmtíe s~ mzmtgogÿe fmsxm=6>7%# o~meha Emzacnÿe# wm ne nc zahnt# hgoxÿ ~em mègsxàm znt`gxgneha cm otnmogÿe hn

zntgÿhgoas oaà Cn Xn`zs &hn ghnacakàm tnz~dcgomem# }~n zntygyn fmsxm faw'# Cn

Ba~temc hn Hndmxs# Cn @aehn &sgk~n sge snt nc mox~mc% Ns nc 4² ne cm fgsxatgm }~n xgnen nsnea`dtn' w nc hnsxmomha Cn _gnocn &}~n mzmtnogÿ b~exa oae Cm Ztnssn hn Kgtmthge'% Ntm ~e d~ne zntgÿhgoa# oae ~em ktme xgtmhm# }~n asÿ m otgxgomt m ~ea hn cas ktmehns mzawas hn Emzacnÿe# cm Gkcnsgm% Hnexta hn cm ztnesm smxàtgom# xmc ynr nc `ís hnsxmomha i~n CmCgexntem%

Cm Cnw hn Ztnesm hn =66==

¬ Cm cgdtn oa`~egomogÿe hn cas znesm`gnexas w azgegaens ns ~ea hn cashntnofas `ís ztnogmhas hnc fa`dtn% Xaha og~hmhmea z~nhn# zat xmexa# fmdcmt# nsotgdgt#g`ztg`gt cgdtn`nexn# smcya }~n xnehtí }~n tnszaehnt hn nsxm cgdntxmh ne cas omsas

hnxnt`gemhas zat cm cnw‐% Cm cgdntxmh hn nvztnsgÿe# xmc oaà tnrm ne cm Hnocmtmogÿe hncas hntnofas hnc fa`dtn w hnc og~hmhmea hn =;67# ne s~ mtxào~ca ==# fm oadtmha ~emcomeon ~egyntsmc ne nc `~eha% _~ iat`~cmogÿe geic~wÿ sadtn cm Hnocmtmogÿe ~egyntsmchn hntnofas f~`meas# mhazxmhm zat cm AE^ nc =: hn hgogn`dtn hn =786 &mtx%=7' w sadtncm Oaeyneogÿe n~taznm hn hntnofas f~`meas# mhazxmhm nc 8 hn eaygn`dtn hn =7>:&mtx%=:'%

Cm Cnw hn 47 b~cga hn =66= hn cm cgdntxmh hn cm ztnesm nsotgxm ne`mtomnsxm cgdntxmh nsxmdcnogneha tnsxtgoogaens oae nc ige hn ccnkmt m ~e n}~gcgdtga nextn cmcgdntxmh hn nvztnsgÿe# cm ztaxnoogÿe hn cas og~hmhmeas w nc `mexneg`gnexa hnc athne

zòdcgoa%

Ns ~em cnw cgdntmcgrmhatm zat cg gxmt mc `ívgà cms iat`mcghmhnsmh`gegsxtmxgyms oaenoxmhms oae cm ztnesm2 g`ztnexm# cgdtntàm# hgi~sgÿe w z~dcgoghmh#nvgkgneha cm igk~tm hnc nhgxat tnszaesmdcn hn cm z~dcgomogÿe# cm gesotgzogÿe ztnygm ne ~etnkgsxta# nc hnzÿsgxa hn nbn`zcmtns oae cm igemcghmh o~cx~tmc hn nektasmt cm oacnoogÿe hncm Dgdcgaxnom Emogaemc w cm adcgkmxatgnhmh hn z~dcgomt me~eogas b~hgogmcns sadtn xmtgimsnsxmdcnoghms zat cm ztazgm m~xatghmh mh`gegsxtmxgym% êm hn cms eaynhmhns `ísccm`mxgyms ns cm geoatzatmogÿe hnc hntnofa hn tçzcgom w tnoxgigomogÿe }~n m`zmtm m xaha

zmtxgo~cmt a gesxgx~ogÿe hn geb~sxms geotg`gemogaens z~dcgomhms ne cm ztnesm< mc xgn`za}~n s~ztg n cas xtgd~emcns nsznogmcns w tn gxn mc athgemtga cas hncgxas hn ztnesm

nsznogigomhas ne nccm2 cms ainesms mc ztnsghnexn hn cm Tnzòdcgom# cm hgim`mogÿe m cmsgesxgx~ogaens a m sadntmeas nvxtmebntas# xacntmeha# sge n`dmtka# cas mxm}~ns oaextm nctçkg`ne w cms cnwns n`memhms hn çc%

Cm ztnesm zacàxgom hn e~nya ne ztg`nt zcmea

Cm nvzmesgÿe hn cm ztnesm hn `msms ea ns ~e adsxío~ca zmtm }~n h~tmexncm GGG Tnzòdcgom cm ztnesm zacàxgom xm`dgçe oaearom ~eas mýas hn nvxtmathgemtgm z~bmerm%Cm gensxmdgcghmh zacàxgom b~exa m cas om`dgas s~onhghas ne nc snea hn cms ztgeogzmcnsoattgnexns ghnacÿkgoms ea omdn h~hm hn }~n oaesxgx~wne ~e g`zatxmexn imoxat geh~oxgyahn cm ztnesm hn azgegÿe meg`meha cm nh~omogÿe hn ÿtkmeas hn nvztnsgÿe wm nvgsxnexns w

= Ynt oa`zcnxm ne fxxz2!!{{{%cnkgitmeon%ka~y%it!miigofXnvxn%ha1oghXnvxn0CNKGXNVX:::::9:;:;44)hmxnXnvxn04::7=4=?

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http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070722&dateTexte=20091213




nsxg`~cmeha cm hn axtas e~nyas w tnztnsnexmxgyas hn cas ygtmbns ghnacÿkgoas hn nsxasmýas%

Nc saogmcgsà nvzntg`nexm ~e i~ntxn otnog`gnexa m znsmt hn }~n ea sn ztah~on ~em oaeic~neogm eg atkíegom eg ghnacÿkgom hn cas e~`ntasàsgàs kt~zas

saogmcgsxms itmeonsns% Has mýas hnsz~çs hn snt mztadmhm Ymccçs w _ç yntgen sn cmerm cm ztg`ntm z~dcgomogÿe saogmcgsxm hn ogntxa tnea`dtn# Cn Otg h~ Zn~zcn# m~e}~n sntíC+F~`megxç i~ehmhm ne =7:8 cm `ís cmtkm w tncnymexn xtmwnoxatgm% Otnmhm zat Bm~tçs# snygeo~cm m cm _noxgae Itmeëmgsn hn c+Gexntemxgaemcn A~ytgætn ne xatea m cm }~n sn }~nhm~egigomha nc àygn`gnexa saogmcgsxm itmeoçs% Hn nsxgca `~ofas `ís ktmyn }~n cmmexntgat# C+F~`megxç sn oaeygntxn ne àhntea zmtmhgk`m hn ztnesm zacàxgom hgi~ehghm`mwatgxmtgm`nexn m xtmyçs hn s~sotgzogaens w oaesxgx~ghm oaà z~dcgomogÿe knentmhatmhn znesm`gnexa `ís }~n hn geiat`mogÿe%

Mfatm dgne# sg cm o~nsxgÿe saogmc ns ~ea hn cas nbns hn hnigegogÿe zacàxomhn cms azogaens hn gr}~gnthm# cms iat`mogaens `ís oaesntymhatms neo~nextme ne nc

zaz~cgsà da~cmekgsxm# nc àemt}~gs a a nc omxacgogsà `gcgxmexn s~s snýms hnghnexghmh `ís hnigegxatgms% Hnshn =669 nc knentmc Da~cmeknt sn nsxmdm oaeygtxgneha nenc –fçtan hn ~e àyg`gnexa zaz~cgsxm ztnha`gemexn`nexn ~tdmea ne nc }~n hn iat`moaei~sm sn `nrocmdme mszgtmogaens hn tniat`m saogmc oae ~em nvmcxmogÿe emogaemcgsxmmktnsgym w otàxgom omhm ynr `neas sacmzmhm mc tçkg`ne hnàotíxgoa zmtcm`nexmtga%ßtkmeas oaà Cm Zmxtgn# Cm Ztnssn a Cm Cgdtn Zmtacn# cn mdtgtíe om`gea fmogm cassatztnehnexns tns~cxmhas ncnoxatmcns ne cm ogto~esotgzogÿe hn Zmtàs hn =667 w m~e}~nDa~cmeknt ne `nhga hnc `ís mdsac~xa hnsotçhgxa momdmtm s~goghíehasn ne =67=# ncàyg`gnexa oae nc }~n sn hnso~dtn }~n ~e ncnymha eò`nta hn zmtcm`nexmtgas fmdàmesgha adbnxa hn sadatea zat zmtxn hn cm Oa`zmýàm hnc Omemc hn Zmem`í o~mxta mýasmexns%

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OAEXNVXA OGEN@MXAKTÍIGOA

Itmeëags Xt~iim~x# ~ea hn cas zgcmtns sadtn cas }~n sn msnexÿ xmexa cmgexntemogaemc –Omfgnts h~ Ogeç`m‐ oaà nc àyg`gnexa ogen`mxaktíigoa oaeaoghaoaà –Ea~ynccn Ymk~n‐ g`mkgemdm oÿà ne cm mexgkónhmh# nc fa`dtn# mc igemc hnc hàm#ne cm aso~tghmh hn cm eaofn# hndgÿ zmsmtsn cmtkms fatms adsntymeha nc otnzgxmt hnc

i~nka ne s~s iakmxms# a mh`gtmeha cm c~`geasghmh w ktmehnrm hn cas tmwas 4%

]~grís ca }~n Xt~iim~x }~gsa hnogt ns }~n mc fa`dtn sgn`ztn cn fm ccm`mha cmmxneogÿe nc àyg gnexa% Nbn`zca hn çsxn gexntçs sae# ztadmdcn`nexn# cms zgex~tmsmexgk~ms hn dòimcas oae aofa zmxms# neoaextmhms ne cms omyntems ? hn Mcxm`gtm# cms o~mcnstnztnsnexme nc àyg`gnexa hn hgofas meg`mcns mc oattnt% Hnshn m}~nccms cnbmems çzaoms#

nc fa`dtn fm gexnexmha# hn hgyntsms iat`ms# tnztnsnexmt a tnztah~ogt nc àyg`gnexa% Nes~ miíe hn tnotnmt nc `~eha# nc fa`dtn geynexÿ hnshn ~e oa`gnera cm zgex~tm w cmnso~cx~tm# tnztah~ogneha msà adbnxas ne has w xtns hg`nesgaens% _ge n`dmtka# cm o~mtxmhg`nesgÿe -cm hnc xgn`za- cn i~n sgn`ztn ~w ns}~gym%

Ns o~tgasa oaà# m znsmt hn ca }~n sgkegigome# ns oa`zcgomha `nxntsn ne cm zgnchn ~ea hn cas ?? a ?> &xm`zaoa ne nsa cas nvzntxas oaeyntkne' zmtgsgeas }~nhgsit~xmtae# sge smdntca# hn cm ztg`ntm ztawnoogÿe ogen`mxaktíigom hn cm fgsxatgm% W hgkaca hn oa`zcgomha zat}~n ea ns iíogc neoaextmt cas ynthmhntas =: ztg`ntas oatxas 8&}~nea =4' hn cas fnt`meas C~`gætn%

ê eò`nta tnhaeha }~n nekcadmdm cas sgk~gnexns xàx~cas2

- Cm _atxgn hn c+^sgen C~`gætn ê Cwae- Cm Yacxgkn- Cm Zâofn m~v zagssaes ta~kns- Cn Hçdmt}~n`nex h~ Oaektæs hn Zfaxaktmzfgn ê Cwae- Cns Iatkntaes- Cn Bmthgegnt &c+Mttasn~t mttasç'

4 –Cms zncào~cms hn `g yghm‐ Itmeëags Xt~iim~x# =7;9? Nvgsxn mc tnsznoxa ~e o~tgasa yàhna hn meg`mogÿe&fxxz2!!{{{%kadncges%it!kmcntgn!meg`mxgae!gehnv4::4%fx`'

8 Nvxtmýa# snk~tm`nexn zat snt hnc }~n `ís meçohaxms sn tno~nthme hndgha m cm `nexmcghmh ztnogen`mxaktíigom hn cmçzaom# cm ztnsneogm# hnexta hn nsas =: tnkmcas ygs~mcns hn – C+mttgyçn H+~e Xtmge Ê Cm Ogaxmx‐%

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http://www.lecturalia.com/autor/4370/francois-truffaut






- Cn Tnzms &hn dçdç'- Cn _m~x ê cm oa~yntx~tn- Cm Zcmon hns Oathncgnts ê Cwae- Cm @nt &Dmgkemhn ne `nt'

Xme sÿca mxnehgneha mc xàx~ca hn cas `gsàs# oa`ztadmàs s~ sg`zcgoghmh% Casfnt`meas C~`gætn# Ca~gs w M~k~sxn# otnmtae o~msg hao~`nexmcns hn cm çzaom#hao~`nexas saogmcns }~n àsxtmdme cm tnmcghmh `ís oaxghgmem hn cm saognhmh zmtgsgem hncm çzaom% _n xtmxmdm hn g`íknens y~ckmtns# geaonexns# }~n aitnoàme xn`ms ztasmgoas#

ztazgas hn o~mc}~gnt iaxÿktmia migogaemha hnc à`nexa%

Cm ocmyn nsxí ne }~n# m znsmt hn s~ iat`m ztg`gxgym# nc ogen caktÿ hnàsxtmt `mwat yntgsg`gcgx~h w snt `ís ignc n g`zmtogmc }~n cm zgex~tm# cm iaxaktmiàm a cm emttmxgym#w ns m}~à haehn oa`gnerm s~ xtmsonehneogm saogacÿkgom%

Hnoàm Ta`íe K~dnte mc tnsznoxa –…nc geaonexn tnzntxatga hn zncào~cms }~n ztnsnexmtae xneàm ~e gensxg`mdcn ymcat gextàesnoa oaà hao~`nexa hn ~em çzaom# hn s~s knexns# hn s~s k~sxas# hn s~s àhms# hn s~s xtmbns# hn s~s xtmdmbas w hn s~s`í}~gems% N mhncmexn cms zncào~cms sntíe mexn xaha w sadtn xaha# xnsxgàegas% _ntíeotÿegom w tnicnba hn cm saognhmh w hn cm çzaom ne cm }~n emone# oae s~s oasx~`dtns# s~smszgtmogaens# s~s `gxas w s~s ztadcn`ms# m~e}~n xtmxne hn yncmtcas ~ ao~cxmtcas#oaeygtxgçehasn zat nccas `gsà ne hao~`nexas sgkegigomxgyas hnc nsomàxna hn ~emtnmcghmh gektmxm‐%

Zmtm nc tahmbn hn nsxas ztg`ntas =; `nxtas hn zncào~cms# Ca~gs w M~k~sxnnofmtae `mea hn s~s ztazgas hnoatmhas &s~ ztazgm imdtgom hn Cwae' w hn s~ ztazgmim`gcgm w mccnkmhas zmtm oaeiat`mt nc omtxnc%

@~ofa sn fm fmdcmha hn cm g`zatxmeogm hn nsxas ztg`ntas igc`ns zmtm oae cmmoaxmogÿe w otnmogÿe hn kçentas ogen`mxaktíigoas% Basç C~gs _íeofnr Eatgnkm omcgigomhn –nvmkntmogÿe‐ nc oaesghntmtcms oaà s~ knt`ne# znta ns geenkmdcn s~ mzatxmogÿe%Msà# – Cm _atxgn hn c+^sgen C~`gætn ê Cwae‐ zahtàm montomtsn mc kçenta z~dcgogxmtga# –Cn

Tnzms &hn dçdç'‐ mc ha`çsxgoa a – C+Mttasn~t mttasç‐ mc oÿ`goa%

Hndgha m cm cg`gxmogÿe zmtm nc tahmbn# egek~em hn cms zncào~cms ccnkm mc `ge~xa hnh~tmogÿe% Mòe msà# hn nsm ztg`ntm `nhgm fatm hn ogen# hndnàs hnsxmomt 4 `ge~xas

nsneogmcns2

- Cm _atxgn hn c+^sgen C~`gætn ê Cwae2 89 snk~ehas omtkmhas hn sgkegigomogÿefgsxÿtgom w saogmc# w oae ~em neat`n yaomogÿe ~tdmem% Ne nsxn omsa# casC~`gætn ea ztaxmkaegrme cm ogexm% _ae s~s ztazgas adtntas cas }~n ca fmone%Zat ynr ztg`ntm# cas nsznoxmhatns m cas }~n ym hgtgkgha nc ogen# sae xm`dgçecas ztaxmkaegsxms% K~dnte xtmn nexaeons m oacmogÿe m B% Bm~tçs># }~gnehnigegtàm nsxm ogexm oaà –nc tnxtmxa hnc ztacnxmtgmha‐% Nsxmàs wm# zat xmexa#mexn cm ztg`ntm ~xgcgrmogÿe hnc ogen oaà gesxt~`nexa zacàxgoa%

> Zacàxgoa saogmcgsxm itmeoçs tnoathmha sadtn xaha zat cm –ktme f~nckm hn cms `gems hn Omt`m~v‐ ne =674%

444



- Cn Bmthgegnt &c+Mttasn~t mttasç'2 gexntztnxmha zat ~e bmthgenta hn cm igeom hncas C~`gætn# sn xtmxm hn cm ztg`ntm zncào~cm oae mtk~`nexa# w mhn`ís#oÿ`goa%

Cas C~ gætn oaeygtxgntae# sge smdntca# m s~s zmgsmeas meÿeg`as ne nvxtms#sno~ehmtgas w ztaxmkaegsxms hn s~s igc`s%

Ea }~ntàm xnt`gemt nsxm zn}~ným gextah~oogÿe sge xtmesotgdgt mck~ems hn cmsmigt`mogaens }~n [mcxnt Dnebm`ge9 eas cnkÿ ne s~ nesmwa – Cm adtm hn mtxn ne cm çzaomhn s~ tnztah~oxgdgcghmh xçoegom‐ w }~n xme dgne tns~`ne cm sgkegigomogÿe hncogen`mxÿktmia% –… Nc ogen fm mcxntmha hn `mentm hnogsgym e~nsxtm zntonzogÿe hnc `~eha% O~meha zmtnoàm }~n e~nsxtas dmtns# e~nsxtms aigogems# e~nsxtms ygygnehmsm`~ndcmhms# e~nsxtms nsxmogaens w iídtgoms eas mztgsgaemdme sge nszntmerm# fm s~tkgha

zmtm znt gxgteas n`ztnehnt nextn s~s hgyntsas nsoa`dtas ygmbns hn mynex~tms%

Nexaeons ygea nc ogen w oae cm hgem`gxm hn s~s hçog`ms hn snk~ehas fgra smcxmt nsn`~eha omtoncmtga…‐

9 Igcÿsaia w otàxgoa cgxntmtga `mtvgsxm }~n nsotgdgÿ nextn =7?8 w =7?> –Cm adtm hn mtxn ne cm çzaom hn s~tnztah~oxgdgcghmh xçoegom‐

4?4



Nc Ogen w s~ tncmogÿe oae axtms hgsogzcgems mtxàsxgoms

Nc ogen xgnen ~em tncmogÿe# m ynons `~w hgtnoxm# oae axtas `nhgas mtxàsxgoas2

=% Ogen w Iaxaktmiàm

Tncmogÿe `~w hgtnoxm# wm }~n nc ogen sÿca ns zasgdcn ktmogms m cm geyneogÿe hn cmiaxaktmiàm% M`dms mtxns oa`zmtxne m~xatns w ~e `gsà ztgeogzga% Mhn`ís hn nsxas`nhgas# oa`zmtxne xm`dgçe ~e sazatxn# ~eas `nhgas xçoegoas# o~nexme oae cm zcnegx~hhn cm g`mkne# ghnm hn zntsznoxgym mtxgigogmc xa`mhm hn ~em tnmcghmh ne xtns hg`nesgaenssadtn ~e sazatxn ne has…

_n hgintneogme ne cms omtmoxntàsxgoms }~n xgnen nc ogen w hn cms o~mcns omtnon cmiaxaktmiàm# oaà cm itmk`nexmogÿe &nc ogen nsxí iat`mha zat g`íknens itmk`nexmhms }~n

iat`me ~em ~eghmh' w xm`dgçe zat cm gc~sgÿe hn àyg`gnexa# oaesnk~ghm m xtmyçs hnc zmsa hn cas zcmeas igbas% Xm`dgçe cm m`dgnexmogÿe `~sgomc w cm yar i~ntm hnc `mtoa% Msàsn oaesgk~n }~n nc om`za snm `ís m`zcga ne cm iaxaktmiàm%

4% Ogen w Zgex~tm

Cm zgex~tm tn}~gntn `nhgas xnoeacÿkgoas% Xmexa ne zgex~tm oaà ne nc ogen ncsazatxn ns dghg`nesgaemc w sn gexnexm oaesnk~gt ? hg`nesgaens% Nc ogen xa`ÿ hn cm

zgex~tm nc oa`zaenexn oa`zasgxgya# nc o~ghmha hn cm oa`zasgogÿe% Cm g`mkne }~n sn ynne nc igc` nsxí zntinoxm`nexn nsx~hgmhm# enonsgxm ~em oa`zasgogÿe w ~e xtmdmba ztnyga#~e nsx~hga c~`àegoa mhno~mha zmtm monex~mt a geyntxgt nc htm`mxgsà% Xm`dgçe fmw ~emoa`zasgogÿe ne o~mexa m cas oacatns w cas b~nkas hn neia}~n w hnsneia}~n% W ~emtncmogÿe `ís hgtnoxm mòe nextn ogen w zgex~tm sn ztah~on o~meha sn n`zcnme hnoatmhas

zgexmhas%

Nc `~eha hn cm zgex~tm sgn`ztn nsx~ya gexntnsmha zat nc àyg`gnexa w nc gexnexahn s~ omzxmogÿe2

Kgmoaà Dmccm

484



Oattna hn zntta ne `ayg`gnexa &=7=4'

I~x~tgs`a Gxmcgmea# sn gexnexm tnztnsnexmt nc ayg`gnexa%

@mtonc H~ofm`z

Hnse~ha dmbmeha ~em nsomcntm &=7=4'

Tncmogÿe oae cms otaeaiaxaktmiàms hn@~wdtghkn

Hgnka Yncír}~nr

4>4



Tnxtmxa no~nsxtn hn Incgzn Y &=9?>'

Hgnka Yncír}~nr

Cms fgcmehntms &=9>;'

Cas C~`gætn# mc smomt s~ oí`mtm xa`mygsxms m cm omccn ~xgcgrmtae oÿhgkas

ztaonhnexns hn cm zgex~tm &neo~mhtn# oa`zasgogÿe# ~xgcgrmogÿe hn cm c~r# ztai~ehghmh hnom`za%%%' zmtm otnmt msà ~em g`mkne iaxaktíigom cnkgdcn% Znta fmdàm ~e nvonsa# ~e tnsxa}~n ea z~hgntae oaextacmt# w ncca znsn m }~n gexnexmtae oaesxt~gt nsonems# m àha hn–xmdcnm~v‐# `nhgmexn ~e s~xgc xtmdmba nsoneaktíigoa# m xtmyçs hn cm ~xgcgrmogÿe oaà

igk~tmexns hn im`gcgmtns a n`zcnmhas% Msà ne –B~nka hn omtxms‐ &=67>'# s~ zmhtn w ~easm`gkas sn oacaomtae nvmoxm`nexn ne cm `gs`m zasgogÿe }~n cas oçcndtns b~kmhatns hnomtxms hn Onrmeen# znta cm ccnkmhm hn ~e otgmha# oae s~s knsxas nvonsgyas whnsoaextacmhas &cÿkgom`nexn# wm }~n ea ns ~e moxat ztainsgaemc' gexntigntn oae cm`gtmhm# cm hnsyàm# cm hnsoacaom< hnc `gsà àha }~n ca fmon axta àyg`gnexa xahmyàm`ís geoaextacmdcn2 nc hn cms geigegxms fabms hn cas ítdacns hnc iaeha% Cas nsznoxmhatnshn cm çzaom hgtgkgme s~ `gtmhm# hnscaomcgrmhm w zntzcnbm# fmoàm nsxas –nvonsas‐2

494



–¡@gtm oaà sn `~nyne cms fabms-‐# ktgxmdme msa`dtmhas# snkòe cas otaegsxms hn cmçzaom;%

?% Ogen w Xnmxta

Nvgsxn migeghmh zat oaesghntmtsn nc ogen ~e mtxn hn tnztnsnexmogÿe dmsmhm ne ncàyg`gnexa# w hnshn cas atàknens ym m zmtxgt hn z~nsxm ne nsonem xaxmc% Geoc~sa cm ztazgmgexntztnxmogÿe hn cas moxatns ne cas atàknens hnc ogen ms~`n tmskas ztazgas hn cmtnztnsnexmogÿe xnmxtmc% Zat nbn`zca nc ogen `~ha# }~n ne atgkne mhazxm ~emtnztnsnexmogÿe xnmxtmc enonsmtgm zat}~n cm knsx~mcgrmogÿe ns nvonsgym w `~w tnh~ehmexnmc omtnont hn saegha% Ne aomsgaens nc ogen# oaà k~gÿe# tno~ttn hgtnoxm`nexn mc xnmxta# madtms mhmzxmhms mc ogen%

Cm zmsgÿe hn B~mem hn Mtoa

Omtc Xfnahat Htnwnt =746 C~o Dnssae =777

Ne o~mexa m hgintneogms eaxmdcns m imyat hnc ogen tnsznoxa mc xnmxta# nsxí nc }~n sn z~nhne ynt hgintnexns z~exas hn ygsxm# zmeatí`goms hgintnexns hn ~em `gs`m nsonem% Mimyat hnc xnmxta xnenàs nc }~n nc ogen ea z~nhn oaesnk~gt }~n cm mox~mogÿe snm ne ygyaw fmont }~n nc nsznoxmhat oa`zmtxm nc `gsà nszmoga }~n cm moogÿe% Nc ogen ea eas

ztnsnexm ~e nsonemtga tnmc ne xtns hg`nesgaens# znta zat}~n ztnogsm`nexn nc ogen xgnen nchae hn cm ~dgo~ghmh &hgintnexns nszmogas w z~exas hn ygsxm'%

8% Ogen w Cgxntmx~tm

_n xtmxm hn ~em ygeo~cmogÿe nvxntem% Nc ogen ns oaesghntmha oaà ~e cnek~mbn ne sà`gsà% Enonsgxm hn cm cgxntmx~tm zmtm cm ncmdatmogÿe hnc k~gÿe a xnvxa cgxntmtga oaà

z~exa hn zmtxghm }~n `ís oa`zta`nxn nc tns~cxmha igemc hn cm adtm ogen`mxaktíigom%Hnshn nc gegoga hnc ogen sn mztaynofm nc çvgxa hn mck~ems eayncms zmtm mhmzxmtcms mc ogenm àha hn k~gaens%

; C~gs @mtxàe Mtgms –Nsotgxas‐ Igcàxnom Ombm Nszmým# e² =>>

4;4



>% Ogen w Mt}~gxnox~tm

Ztnao~zmogÿe zat omzxmt ~e hnxnt`gemha xgza hn nszmoga haehn sn hnsmttaccm cmmoogÿe% Xm`dgçe ~e nszmoga hn tnintneogm haehn sn caomcgrme cas ztaxmkaegsxms hn cm

moogÿe# w zat nsa sn yn }~n nsn nszmoga ns mt}~gxnoxÿegoa% Z~nhn snt ~e nszmogamt}~gxnoxÿegom`nexn tnmc a snt ~e nszmoga mt}~gxnoxÿegoa gexntgat tnmcgrmha `nhgmexn cashnoatmhas% Nsxn nszmoga xgnen ~e omtíoxnt emttmxgya# ns ~e ncn`nexa `ís mc }~n ~egt cmc~r# nc oacat# nc saegha%

Oae nc zmsa hnc xgn`za sn ncg`gem nc `mtoa mt}~gxnoxÿegoa w sn oaexnvx~mcgrm2 ztg`nta iaehas oa`zcnxm`nexn aso~ta zmtm monex~mt cms omtmoxntàsxgoms nvztnsgyms hn cas zntsaembns% Nc `mtoa mt}~gxnoxÿegoa mh}~gntn ne mck~ems nsonems xaha nc ztaxmkaegs`a#oae ztg`ntas zcmeas%%% Xgnen cm `gs`m tncnymeogm }~n cas s~onsas%

_n xgnehn m ~xgcgrmt nszmogas mt}~gxnoxÿegoas# mck~eas hn nccas oaesmktmhas2

Nc Kmdgenxn hnc Haoxat Omcgkmtg &=74:' Cm Hacon Ygxm &=79:'

9% Ogen w @òsgom

Oae mexntgatghmh m cm ccnkmhm hnc ogen saeata wm mzmtnoàm cm `òsgom ne cms zncào~cms#oa`a moa`zmým`gnexa w xm`dgçe zmtm ao~cxmt nc saegha hn cas ztawnoxatns% Hnshn casgegogas hnc ogen fmw ~em nsznogn hn adsnsgÿe zat zmtxn hn cas hgtnoxatns zat sgeotaegrmt

464



cm g`mkne ea sÿca oae cm `òsgom# sgea xm`dgçe oae cas ninoxas saeatas% Nsxa ao~ttn#sadtn xaha# ne cas ztg`ntas mýas hnc ogen% Mmtae Oazcmeh gtaegrmdm mtk~`nexmeha }~nnc m~xat# hnshn }~n mzmtnon nc saegha# nsxí oaehgogaemha zat cm dmehm `~sgomc# w }~ngeoc~sa ~e moxat ea zahàm eg znsxmýnmt sge }~n cm at}~nsxm cn moa`zmýmsn ne s~ nsi~ntra%

Hnshn cas mýas ?: hnc sgkca VV mzmtnon cm igk~tm hnc hgtnoxat `~sgomc# ca o~mchn`~nsxtm cm g`zatxmeogm }~n xneàm w }~n sgk~n xnegneha nc cnek~mbn `~sgomc hnexta hnccnek~mbn ogen`mxaktíigoa% Ne cas >: sn zgnthn ~e zaoa nc snexgha hn cm at}~nsxmogÿextmhgogaemc# d~soíehasn `nhgas `ís otnmxgyas< xm`dgçe zat}~n sn myntgk~m }~n cm`òsgom ns ~e `nhga hn mw~hm `ís ne nc àexmbn hn ~em zncào~cm% W xm`dgçe ktmogms mnccm sn mztaynofm axta tno~tsa htm`íxgoa# }~n ns nc sgcneoga% Hn fnofa cm `òsgom ns xmeg`zatxmexn ne nc ogen }~n hm c~kmt m ~e e~nya kçenta2 nc `~sgomc%

;% Ogen w Cnek~mbn% Cnox~tm _n`gacÿkgom hnc Ogen

Nc cnek~mbn ogen`mxaktíigoa sn oaesghntm oaà ~e cnek~mbn `ís# ~e cnek~mbn ne sà`gsà% Ymtgas m~xatns ca fme nsx~hgmha hnshn nc z~exa hn ygsxm sn`gacÿkgoa% Nc ogenn`zcnm# mhn`ís# ymtgas cnek~mbns2 `~sgomc# ygs~mc# atmc% Ns oaesghntmha oaà xmc zat}~nnsxí iat`mha zat ~e oaeb~exa hn sgkeas }~n atkmegrmhas hn `mentm sgsxn`íxgom otnme~em oa`~egomogÿe% Nc sgkea ns cm dmsn a i~ehm`nexa hn nsn sgsxn`m hn oa`~egomogÿe#ne nsxn omsa nc cnek~mbn ogen`mxaktíigoa%

Znta nc ogen zmtxn hn ~eas sgkeas `~w zmtxgo~cmtns }~n sae cas sgkeas igk~tmxgyas#}~n sn oa`zatxme hn `mentm `~w hgintnexn m cas sgkeas hnc cnek~mbn nsotgxa ~ atmc# necas o~mcns fmw ~em oattnszaehneogm nextn nsas sà`dacas w ca }~n tnztnsnexme &tncmogÿesn`íexgom'% W nsm tncmogÿe ns knentmc nexn mtdgxtmtgm w oaeyneogaemc% Znta ne nccnek~mbn igk~tmxgya nsxm tncmogÿe ns `ís oa`zcnbm# wm }~n eas neoaextmàs oae ~eassgkeas }~n sae oa`zcnxm`nexn hnigogxmtgas m cm fatm hn otnmt nsms tncmogaenssgexmk`íxgoms# zat nsa hnshn s~s atàknens nc ogen ym m enonsgxmt nc mzawa hnc cnek~mbnnsotgxa% M znsmt hn xaha nsxa# nc ogen ym d~someha e~nyas sgkeas igk~tmxgyas }~n ymwmencg`gemeha nsm i~ntxn tncmogÿe }~n nvgsxn nextn cm zmcmdtm w cm g`mkne%

W~tg Cax`me ns ~ea hn nsxas xnÿtgoas# cgekógsxm w nsx~hgasa hn cm sn`gacakàm }~n neaomsgaens fm xtmxmha xn`ms montom hnc cnek~mbn ogen`mxaktíigoa% Oaesghntm mc ogen ~ecnek~mbn wm hnshn s~s gegogas% Nc ogen mh}~gntn nsxm omxnkatàm hnshn }~n sn tnmcgrm nc

àexmbn hn cms hgintnexns nsonems# w xgnen cas ncn`nexas dísgoas hn o~mc}~gnt cnek~mbn2n`gsat# tnonzxat# `nesmbn w omemc hn oa`~egomogÿe%

474



Zgcmtns i~ehm`nexmcns zmtm cm mzmtgogÿe hnc ogen

=% Cm Zntsgsxneogm Tnxgegmem

Nc ogen xgnen oaà zgcmtns i~ehm`nexmcns has fnofas2 ~e ineÿ`nea igsgacÿkgoaoaeaogha oaà zntsgsxneogm tnxgegmem w cm geyneogÿe hn cm iaxaktmiàm%

Mhn`ís hn cas mtxgsxms# `mkas w ogt}~ntas hn cm mexgkónhmh# xm`dgçe casognexàigoas gexnexmtae tnztah~ogt nc àyg`gnexa% Zmtm ncca# ccnymtae m omda `~ofasnvzntg`nexas }~n hnsn`daomtae ne ~e hnso~dtg`gnexa ktmogms mc o~mc# faw ns zasgdcn ncogen2 cm zntsgsxneogm tnxgegmem

Nsxm o~mcghmh &a nsxm g`zntinoogÿe' hn e~nsxta aba# cm zntsgsxneogm tnxgegmem fmon}~n cms g`íknens ztawnoxmhms h~tmexn ~em itmoogÿe hn snk~eha ne cm zmexmccm ea sn

dattne gesxmexíenm`nexn hn cm tnxgem% Hn nsxn àha# nc ogen# }~n fmon hnsigcmt mexne~nsxtas abas yngexgo~mxta &w ne axta xgn`za hgnogsçgs' g`íknens zat snk~eha# z~nhnhmteas cm gc~sgÿe hn àyg`gnexa%

Hnshn cm mexgkónhmh wm sn xnegm ~e nsdara hn nsxm omtmoxntàsxgom hn e~nsxta aba# znta s~ nsx~hga w oa`ztadmogÿe oa`nerÿ m hmtsn nextn cas sgkcas VYGG w VYGGG# oae nc

xtmdmba hn ognexàigoas oaà nc omdmccnta H‗ Mtow# Znxnt @mtl Taknx# Imtmhmw n Gsmmo En{xae%

Ea adsxmexn# sn tnoaeaon m ~e ognexàigoa emogha ne Dçckgom# ccm`mha BasnzfZcmxnm~# oaà ~ea hn cas }~n `ís ztai~ehgrmtae sadtn cm zntsgsxneogm tnxgegmem% Ccnyÿ momda hgyntsas nsx~hgas w nvzntg`nexas }~n geoc~sa cn hnbmtae ognka# znta }~n

znt`gxgntae mc snt f~`mea tnztah~ogt nc ayg`gnexa a otnmt cm gc~sgÿe hnc ayg`gnexa%

Znta i~n nc haoxat Znxnt @mtl Taknx }~gne ztg nta nsx~hga nc ineÿ`nea

ognexàigom`nexn sadtn dmsns igsgacÿkgoms# ztnsnexmeha ne =648 ~em `nàtgm sadtn cm zntsgsxneogm tnxgegmem m cm Tawmc _aognxw hn Caehtns%

Cm zntsgsxneogm tnxgegmem i~n ~e zmsa `~w g`zatxmexn zmtm nc emog`gnexa hn ca

}~n sntàm# ne ~e i~x~ta# nc sçzxgà mtxn# sge n`dmtka# zmtm }~n çsxn sn oaeotnxmtm#x~ygntae }~n hmtsn axtas has geynexas `~w g`zatxmexns2 nc hn cm iaxaktmiàm w nc hncogen`mxÿktmia%

4% Cm Iaxaktmiàm

?:?



Cm geyneogÿe hn cm iaxaktmiàm z~nhn mxtgd~gtsn m has tmraens2

=' Cm ge}~gnx~h ognexàigom hn adxnent g`íknens igbms zat `nhga hn ~emoí`mtm aso~tm% Caktmtca sgkegigomdm geàtxmcgrmt hn mck~em iat`m mc snt f~`mea w s~

nexatea%

4' Cm tnztah~oogÿe hn nsxms g`íknens ~smeha s~sxmeogms }~à gomssnesgdcns m cm c~r% Nsxa zaehtàm mc mcomeon hn cms `mwatàms cm imsogemexn zasgdgcghmh hn

zntsgsxgt nxntem`nexn%

Cm zmcmdtm iaxaktmiàm sn hntgym hn cas yaomdcas hn atgkne ktgnka2 iaxa &c~r' wktmiàm &nsotgx~tm'# zat ca }~n tnztnsnexm cm ghnm hn nsotgdgt a hgd~bmt oae c~r%

Oaà geynexa ognexàigoa hnc sgkca VGV# mcxntÿ cm zntonzogÿe hn cm f~`meghmh

sadtn nc `~eha }~n cn tahnmdm% M~e}~n cm iaxaktmiàm xm`dgçe o~nexm oae s~s zmtxgo~cmtns mexnonhnexns2

_a`dtms Ofgensoms

Cm Fgsxatgm hnc Ogen ns cgxntmc`nexn cm fgsxatgm hn cms c~ons w sa`dtms ztawnoxmhms zmtm otnmt ~em gc~sgÿe% Cm sa`dtm mttabmhm zat ~e sazatxn azmoa# axtmescòogha a xtmeszmtnexn ns# sge h~hm# nc `çxaha `ís mexgk~a w sneogcca hn otnmt g`íknens ne àyg`gnexa

Cms sa`dtms ofgensoms oaesxgx~wne ~ea hn cas ztg`ntas nsi~ntras zat `mxntgmcgrmt nc meonsxtmc miíe f~`mea hn tnztah~ogt nc àyg`gnexa sadtn ~em zmexmccm# wne nsxn snexgha z~nhne oaeondgtsn oaà ~e tnàxa mexnonhnexn hnc ogen%

Ea emogntae ne Ofgem# m znsmt hn s~ ea`dtn# sgea ne cm gscm hn Bmym# mztavg`mhm`nexn ~eas ogeoa `gc mýas m% O# w zasxntgat`nexn sn nvzmehgÿ zat N~tazm#

zaz~cmtgríehasn i~ehm`nexmc`nexn ne Mcn`megm w Itmeogm%

Oaeondghms atgkgemc`nexn oaà b~nka geimexgc# nc mtxn hn sa`dtms ofgensoms hmxmhn cm hgemsxàm Fme# hn fmon ~eas 4%::: mýas% N`zcnm zmtm cm tnztnsnexmogÿe =?8ncn`nexas nextn igk~tms# sgc~nxms# ktmdmhas w `mtgaenxms%

Igk~tm zmtm xnmxta hn sa`dtms hn Bmym% Gehaensgm# s% VYGGG ! VGV%

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_gc~nxm zmtm xnmxta hn sa`dtms aooghnexmc% Itmeogm

Omtxnc hn nsznoxío~ca ztnogen`mxaktíigoa% Tçztçsnexmxgae hns a`dtns itmeëmgsns hn Omtme h‗Mofn% Itmeogm# =6;> ! =7::%

Cm Oí`mtm Aso~tm

Nc xçt`gea oí`mtm hntgym hn om`ntm adso~tm# }~n ne cmxàe sgkegigom ‖fmdgxmogÿe‗a ‖oí`mtm‗# w fmoàm mc~sgÿe m ~e nszmoga onttmha &hnshn ~em fmdgxmogÿe m ~em ombm' o~wmòegom i~nexn hn c~r i~ntm ~e `geòso~ca atgigoga nbno~xmha ne mck~em hn s~s zmtnhns zat nc }~n cm c~r zahàm znenxtmt# ztawnoxmeha ~em g`mkne hnc nvxntgat ne cm zmtnh az~nsxm%M~e}~n cm g`mkne msà iat`mhm tns~cxmdm geyntxghm w dattasm# cas mtxgsxms ~xgcgrmtae nsxmxçoegom# `~ofa mexns hn }~n sn geynexmsn cm zncào~cm# zmtm nsdarmt nsonems ztawnoxmhms

zat cm oí`mtm% Oae nc xtmeso~tsa hn cas sgkcas cm oí`mtm aso~tm nyac~ogaeÿ w snoaeygtxgÿ ne ~em zn}~ným ombm `menbmdcn# w mc atgigoga sn cn gesxmcÿ ~em cnexn ÿzxgom zmtmoaesnk~gt ~em g`mkne `ís ocmtm w hnigeghm%

?4?



Mtgsxÿxncns &?:: m% O%' sasx~ya }~n cas ncn`nexas }~n oaesxgx~àme cm c~r snxtmscmhmdme hn cas adbnxas mc aba hnc adsntymhat oae ~e àyg`gnexa aeh~cmxatga% Zmtmoa`ztadmt s~ xnatàm# oaesxt~wÿ cm ztg`ntm oí`mtm aso~tm hn cm }~n sn xgnen eaxgogm ne cmFgsxatgm# hnsotgdgçehacm hn cm sgk~gnexn `mentm2

$_n fmon zmsmt cm c~r m xtmyçs hn ~e zn}~nýa mk~bnta fnofa ne ~e o~mtxaonttmha zat xahas s~s cmhas% Ne cm zmtnh az~nsxm mc mk~bnta# sn iat`mtí cm g`mkne hnca }~n sn neo~nextn neitnexn$%

Hnsotgxm zat nc ítmdn Mcfmrne ne nc mýa =:?7# cms tnintneogms `ís mexgk~ms neN~tazm sae hnc sgkca VYG# o~meha sn yacygÿ m xnent eaxgogm hn cm oí`mtm aso~tm m xtmyçshn Cnaemtha hm Ygeog# }~gne fgra cm sgk~gnexn hnsotgzogÿe2

$O~meha nc sac# h~tmexn ~e nocgzsn# ms~`n cm iat`m hn c~em otnognexn# xa`m ~e zcmxa hn `nxmc hnckmha w fmr ~e zn}~nýa atgigoga ne çc# w oacaom cm omtm hn nsxn zcmxa

fmogm nc sac# `mexnegneha ~em fabm hn zmznc nextn çsxn m cm hgsxmeogm hn `nhga dtmra<yntís cm g`mkne hnc sac mzmtnont ne nsxm fabm ne cm iat`m hn c~em otnognexn# sg`gcmt ne iat`m w oacat m s~ om~sm &%%%' Znta hnshn nc zcmxa hn `nxmc mc zmznc ea hndn fmdnt axtmmzntx~tm @ís }~n nc zn}~nýa atgigoga% Msà# ~em ombm oòdgom z~nhn snt fnofm hn `mhntmoae s~s cmhas xtmesyntsmcns igt`n`nexn igbmhas# nvonzxa zat ~ea# haehn sn fm oacaomhaçc zcmxa w nc }~n ca neitnexm# nc o~mc nsxí fnofa oae ~em hnckmhm fabm hn zmznc a

zntkm`gea neka`mhm m cas dathns hn cm ombm hn `mhntm &%%%'$% Tnoazgcmha ne nc Oÿhnv Mxcíexgoa# ea i~n z~dcgomha w zat ca xmexa oaeaogha# fmsxm =;7;

Xmexa nc gxmcgmea Cnaemtha hm Ygeog oaà nc mcn`íe Mcdntxa H~tnta n`zcnmtaecm oí`mtm aso~tm zmtm hgd~bmt adbnxas }~n ne nccm sn tnicnbmdme% M zmtxgt hn nsn à`nexa

sn ~xgcgrÿ oaà fnttm`gnexm m~vgcgmt hnc hgd~ba w cm zgex~tm# nvxnehgçehasn tízghm`nexnne N~tazm%

H~tnta –@í}~gem hn tnxtmxmt‐ =>?> f Hgd~ba hn Cnaemtha Hm Ygeog tncmogaemha oae cm oí`mtm aso~tm w nc aba

???



Nvgsxn ~em gc~sxtmogÿe hn =>8> }~n cm `~nsxtm sgneha ~xgcgrmhm zmtm adsntymt ~enocgzsn hn =>88%

Nocgzsn sacmt adsntymha neCaymegm `nhgmexn ~emoí`mtm aso~tm# =>88

BafmeensLnzcnt &=>;=-=9?:' mo~ým ncxçt`gea +oí`mtmaso~tm+ zat ztg`ntm

ynr ne s~ xtmxmha $Mh Ygxnccgaen` Zmtmcgza`nem$hn =9:8%

Mck~ems oí`mtms aso~tms i~ntae oaesxt~ghms oa`a mxtmoogaens x~tàsxgoms# znta wm}~nhme omhm ynr `neas% Mck~eas nbn`zcas z~nhne neoaextmtsn xahmyàm neKtmfm`sxa{e &_~híitgom'# ne cm Xattn Xmygtm ne Oíhgr# ne nc Mcoírmt hn Bntnr hn cmItaexntm w cm Xattn hn cas Znthgkaens ne _nygccm &Nszmým'# ne Zcmrm Ygnbm ne Cm Fmdmem &O~dm' w ne H~`itgns w Nhg`d~tka &Nsoaogm'% Ne Nszmým# xm`dgçe z~nhn ygsgxmtsn cmOí`mtm Aso~tm hn Zným Omdmtkm &_mexmehnt# Omexmdtgm' }~n mdtgÿ s~s z~ntxms nc zmsmha=6 hn `mwa hn 4::; w aitnon ~ems `mtmygccasms ygsxms hn cm Dmfàm hn _mexmehnt#

z~hgçehasn ccnkmt m ynt ne hàms hnsznbmhas zmtxn hn Ygromwm w D~tkas%

Oí`mtm aso~tm hnc sgkca VYGGG ‘

Cm Cgexntem @íkgom

?8?

http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grahamstown&action=edit

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A1frica

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Tavira


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_los_Perdigones

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevilla

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Vieja

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Habana


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba

http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dumfries&action=edit

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edimburgo


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escocia

http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grahamstown&action=edit

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud%C3%A1frica



http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_de_los_Perdigones

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevilla

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Vieja


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba

http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dumfries&action=edit


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escocia



_~ geyneogÿe hn hndn mc bns~gxm mcn`íe Mxfmemsg~s Lgtofnt # }~gne ne nc sgkcaVYGG &fmogm nc =98:'# w dmsíehasn ne nc hgsnýa hn cm oí`mtm aso~tm# znesÿ ne geyntxgt nsxn ztaonsa# w ccnymt cms g`íknens hnc gexntgat mc nvxntgat%

Nc mtxnimoxa oaesgsxàm ne ~em oí`mtm aso~tm oae ~e b~nka hn cnexns w ~e

sazatxn oattnhgra ne nc }~n oacaomdme xtmeszmtneogms zgexmhms sadtn zcmoms hn yghtga%Nsxms g`íknens sn gc~`gemdme oae ~em cí`zmtm hn mongxn w ~em ofg`nenm zmtm }~n ncf~à z~hgntm xnent smcghm%

Zasxntgat`nexn# nc gxmcgmea Omkcgasxta `nbatm nsxn hgszasgxgya# hn àha }~noae ~e b~nka hn t~nhms sn z~nhn m~`nexmt a hgs`ge~gt nc xm`mýa hn cm g`mkne

ztawnoxmhm%

Zm~cmxgem`nexn sn zaz~cmtgrm cm cgexntem `íkgom# w sn cn yme neoaextmehamzcgomogaens ztíoxgoms% Eaccnx w Ofmtcns cm gextah~one ne cm _atdaem zmtm mzawmt s~snesnýmerms hn àha ygs~mc# w nc imàsa `nexmcgsxm @ns`nt cm n`zcnm ne s~s oíxnhtms

hn ¬`mkenxgsà meg`mc¼ w ne snsgaens hn fgzeaxgsà% Nc ztainsat Bnme-@mtxge Ofmtoax cm ~smdm oaà `çxaha o~tmxgya hn ogntxas omsas hn nzgcnzsgm n fgsxntgm%

Znta sge h~hm cm cgexntem `íkgom s~itgÿ ~e om`dga i~ehm`nexmc ne s~ hgsnýao~meha cm cí`zmtm geomehnsonexn w nc mtoa yacxmgoa sae hnso~dgntxas# w s~ mzcgomogÿes~sxgx~wn oae ge`nesm ynexmbm cm gc~`gemogÿe zat cí`zmtm hn mongxn% Zaoa hnsz~çsmzmtnon cm iaxaktmiàm# oae ca }~n cms xtmeszmtneogms zgexmhms sae s~sxgx~ghms zat hgmzasgxgyms# w cm cgexntem `íkgom ns ygtx~mc`nexn ~em m`zcgmhatm iaxaktíigom% ]~nhmdmesaca ~eas zmsas `ís zmtm }~n ccnkmtm m snt ~e ztawnoxat ogen`mxaktíigoa%

?>?

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XVII


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_oscura

http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A1mpara_de_aceite&action=edit


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliostro

http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nollet&action=edit

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles



http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbona

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesmer

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismo

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnosis

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Martin_Charcot

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsia



http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histeria


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1mpara_incandescente

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arco_el%C3%A9ctrico


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotograf%C3%ADa


http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diapositiva&action=edit

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyector_cinematogr%C3%A1fico



http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_oscura


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliostro

http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nollet&action=edit


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbona

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesmer

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetismo

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipnosis

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Martin_Charcot



http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1mpara_incandescente



http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diapositiva&action=edit

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyector_cinematogr%C3%A1fico



Cgexntem `íkgom Cmzgnttn cmexnten omttçn% Itmeogm# fmogm =%66:%

Cgexntem `íkgom D%C% cmexnten `mkg}~n geoa`d~sxgdcn% Itmeogm# fmogm =7::

Zcmom hn cgexntem `íkgom

Cgexntem `íkgom zmtm ztawnoogÿe ztainsgaemc M% @acxneg% Itmeogm# fmogm =676

?9?



Zcmoms hn cgexntem `íkgom

%

Zm~c _mehdw% Cm Cgexntem @íkgom% =;9:

êm sntgn hn hnso~dtg`gnexas }~à`goas m zmtxgt hn =99?# fmone zasgdcn cmmzmtgogÿe hn cm iaxaktmiàm% Cm ztg`ntm hn nccms sntí adxneghm zat Basnzf-Egoçzfatn

Egnzon# ne =649% Ztaygeogmea moaàhmha w ognexàigoa migogaemha# Egnzon sn hnhgoÿ zmognexn`nexn hnshn =6=9 m adxnent g`íknens oae nc ~sa hn ~em oí`mtm% ^xgcgrÿ xahascas nsotgxas hgszaegdcns sadtn cm iaxasnesgdgcghmh hn hgintnexns `mxntgmcns n geoc~saadx~ya g`íknens oae Ocat~ta hn Zcmxm# znta ea mcomerÿ nc çvgxa fmsxm =649# o~mehaadx~ya cm ztg`ntm iaxaktmiàm znt`menexn hnc emx~tmc# oae ~em nvzasgogÿe hn 6 fatms%

Nc ztg`nt enkmxgya hnc `~eha &sge igbmt' ¬Tçxgen¼

Z~exa hn ygsxm hnshn cm ynexmem hn Ktms% Cm ztg`ntm iaxaktmiàm otnmhm zat Egoçzfatn Egçzon ne =649

Zmtxgneha hn nsxn ktme eò`nta hn mymeons# oa`gnerme m mzmtnont ~em sntgn hngeynexas a b~nkas }~n sae nc ztnonhnexn hn cas gesxt~`nexas ogen mxaktíigoas# dmsíehasn w hnàsxtmeha nc ineÿ`nea hn cm Zntsgsxneogm Tnxgegmem%

?;?

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1826





=% Nc Xm~`íxtaza

Nsxn mzmtmxa i~n otnmha zat Bafe Mwxae Zmtàs ne =64># oae nc ige hn hn`asxtmt cm

zntsgsxneogm hn cm ygsgÿe mexn nc Tnmc Oacnkga hn Iàsgoas hn Caehtns# ne =648% Ne m}~nccmaomsgÿe# ~xgcgrÿ cas hgd~bas hn ~e zmzmkmwa w ~em bm~cm ymoàm zmtm om~smt cm gc~sgÿe hn}~n nc zíbmta nsxmdm hnexta hn cm bm~cm%

Tnzcgom ai me mexg}~n xfm~`mxtazn# `mhn dw Fneo T%M% hn Taa%

Has g`íknens hn xm~`íxtaza

4% Nc Inem}~gsxasoazga

?6?



Nc Inem}~gsxasoazga# }~n sgkegigom $àsxtmhat hn àyg`gnexas$# &hnc ktgnka nsznoxmhat gc~satga' ns ~e mzmtmxa otnmha zat nc dnckm Basnzf Zcmxnm~ ne =6?4% W ns nc

ztazga m~xat }~gne ca hnsotgdn msà2 $ Nc ztgeogzga ne nc }~n sn dmsm nsxm gc~sgÿe ‟easnvzcgom ns nvxtmathgemtgm`nexn sneogcca% _g ymtgas adbnxas ktmh~mc`nexn hgintnexnsnextn sà ne o~mexa m s~ iat`m w zasgogÿe# zmsme ne iat`m s~onsgym mexn e~nsxtas abas

oae gexntymcas dtnyns w dmsxmexn ztÿvgàs# cms g`ztnsgaens }~n ztah~one sadtn cmtnxgem# sn necmrmtíe nextn sà# sge oaei~ehgtsn# zmtnontí yntsn ~e saca adbnxa }~n om`dgm s~onsgym`nexn hn iat`m w zasgogÿe$

Zaoa hnsz~çs hn s~ geyneogÿe# Zcmxnm~ hnso~dtgÿ }~n nc eò`nta hn g`íknens zmtm caktmt ~em gc~sgÿe hn àyg`gnexa ÿzxg`m ntm hgnogsçgs# ca }~n oae zasxntgatghmhmzcgomtàme cas ztg`ntas ogenmsxms ~smeha hgnogsçgs iaxaktm`ms zat snk~eha zmtm cms

ztg`ntms zncào~cms%

Nc Inem}~gsxgsoazga oaexgnen# z~ns# ne nsneogm# nc ztgeogzga i~ehm`nexmc hncogen% Cms g`íknens hgd~bmhms sadtn nc hgsoa fme sgha s~sxgx~ghms zat cms g`íknens

iaxaktíigoms hn cm ogexm hn onc~caghn# znta nc ztgeogzga sgk~n sgneha nc `gsà wm }~n# zmtm adxnent cm gc~sgÿe hnc àyg`gnexa hn nsxms g`íknens# cm zncào~cm hndn hnscgrmtsn mogntxm yncaoghmh# zmsmeha mexn ~e geknega oaesxt~gha zmtm xmc ige# nc o~mc gexntonzxmtàx`gom`nexn cas iaxaktm`ms# oae ~e àyg`gnexa }~n z~nhn oa`zmtmtsn mc yncaoàsgàhn cms znsxmýms hnc aba%

Inem}~gsxasoazga% Mczfaesn Kgta~v# zfçemlgsxgoazn% Itmeogm# hnsz~çs =6??

%

?% Nc Raÿxtaza

Raÿxtaza# hnc ktgnka ran &yghm' w xtazn &kgtmt'# xm`dgçe hnea`gemha ranxtazn ahmnhnc~`# ns ~em `í}~gem nsxtadasoÿzgom otnmhm ne =6?8 zat [gccgm` Knatkn Fatent # oa`z~nsxm zat ~e xm`dat ogto~cmt oae ~eas oatxns# m xtmyçs hn cas o~mcns `gtm ncnsznoxmhat zmtm }~n cas hgd~bas hgsz~nsxas ne xgtms sadtn nc xm`dat# mc kgtmt# mzmtnromene àyg`gnexa%

I~n ~e b~k~nxn `~w zaz~cmt ne cm çzaom w ~ea hn cas mymeons fmogm cm mzmtgogÿe

hnc ogen }~n sn otnmtae ne cm ztg`ntm `gxmh hnc sgkca VGV%

?7?

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_griego

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estroboscopio


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_George_Horner


http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_griego





Raÿxtaza hn Fatent

Dmehm hn g`íknens zmtm raÿxtaza% @mtom hnsoaeaoghm% =6>: ! =7::%

8% Nc Ztmvgeasoazga

_n xtmxm hn ~e b~k~nxn sg`gcmt mc raaxtaza geynexmha zat Ç`gcn Tnwem~h ne=6;;# o~meha çsxn sn neoaextmdm mtt~gemha w ygygneha ne ~e faszgoga% Ca zahnàshnigegt oaà ogcgehta hn nsznba }~n hm cm gc~sgÿe hnc àyg`gnexa%

8:8

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zootropo

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Reynaud

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zootropo




Dmehms hn g`íknens zmtm ztmvgeasoazga eat`mc% N`gcn Tnwem~h% Itmeogm# fmogm =6;;%

>% Xnmxta ßzxgoa

Nsn i~n nc ea`dtn xa`mha zat cm mzcgomogÿe ÿzxgom }~n zmxnexÿ Ç`gcnTnwem~h ne =666# dmsmhm ne nc ztmvgeasoazga% Znt`gxàm aitnont ~e nsznoxío~ca m zmtxgt hn cm ztawnoogÿe hn hgd~bas meg`mhas `ÿygcns# hgsz~nsxas ne ~em dmehm icnvgdcn

ztaygsxm hn zntiatmogaens }~n hgso~ttne oae ~em itno~neogm hn => g`íknens zat snk~ehaitnexn m ~e sgsxn`m hn cnexns n gc~`gemogÿe dmsmha ne cm cgexntem `íkgom%

Tnwem~h i~n nc ztg`nta ne oaesnk~gt cm ztawnoogÿe hn g`íknens meg`mhms ne d~nems oaehgogaens w# cm ztawnoogÿe hn àyg`gnexas ea oàocgoas% Ns oaesghntmha nc zmhtn hn cm meg`mogÿe%

H~tmexn =: mýas w mexns hn cm mzmtgogÿe hnc ogen`mxÿktmia hn cas C~`gætn#Tnwem~h fgra tnztnsnexmogaens zòdcgoms sadn ~em zmexmccm ne nc `~sna Ktçyge hn Zmtàs%Cm ztg`nt ogexm ztawnoxmhm oae s~ Xnmxta ßzxgoa i~n Cn oca{e nx sns ofgnes%

Tnwem~h i~n nc ztg`nta ne oaesnk~gt mdmehaemt cm yàm hnc z~ta$àyg`gnexa$ hn cms igk~tms hgd~bmhms n gesntxmtcms ne ~e hgso~tsa ygs~mc# hn

dtnyn mtk~`nexa% Cms ztawnoogaens hn s~ xnmxta ÿzxgoa gdme mhn ísmoa`zmýmhms# sgeotÿegom`nexn# ns hnogt# ne zntinoxm ~egÿe# hn `òsgoms }~n çc`gsà oa`zaeàm# msà oaà hn cas azatx~eas ninoxas saeatas%

9% Nc @~xmsoazga

8=8




http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxinoscopio

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibujos_animados

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linterna_m%C3%A1gica





http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxinoscopio

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibujos_animados




Nc @~xmsoazga# geynexmha zat Fnt`me Omsxcnt ne =67># sn dmsm ne ~e ztgeogzgaoae nc }~n nsxmàs im`gcgmtgrmhas% Mc hadcmt ~e cgdta# sg hnbmàs zmsmt cms fabms hndmbahnc z~ckmt# cms g`íknens mzmtnone m cm ygsxm ne xme tízghm s~onsgÿe }~n sn ztah~on ncninoxa hnsnmha hn meg`mogÿe# hn zntonzogÿe hn àyg`gnexa%

Fmsxm m}~à nc cmtka tnoattgha w nyac~ogÿe hn xahas cas ncn`nexas enonsmtgas zmtmcm mzmtgogÿe ne ~e ztg`nt à`nexa hnc Lgenxasoazga &zat zmtxn hn Xfa`ms Nhgsae ne=67=' w igemc`nexn# hnc Ogen`mxÿktmia% Nc ztg`nta hn nccas znthgÿ tncnymeogm ne o~mexam }~n cm ztawnoogÿe hn g`íknens }~n aitnoàm ntm hn omtíoxnt gehgygh~mc% Nhgsae otnm cm

ztg`ntm smcm hnc `~eha tnsntymhm m cm nvzcaxmogÿe oa`ntogmc hn cms iaxaktmiàms

meg`mhms% Zat 4> onexmyas# sn z~nhn nvm`gemt ~em fgcntm hn > Lgenxasoazgas }~n zmsme zncào~cms hn `ís hn ;>: iaxaktmiàms# nvxtmàhms oaextm ogexm hn onc~caghn hn => `# meofahn ?> ``%# zntiatmha%

NC

OGEN@MXßKTMIA# ZTAXMKAEG_XM NE CMZMEXMCCM W NE NC ZMZNC

Ne o~mexa mc ogen`mxÿktmia# fgca oaeh~oxat hn xahm e~nsxtm geynsxgkmogÿe b~exaoae s~ tnznto~sgÿe ne nc í`dgxa zntgahàsxgoa# i~n zmxnexmha nc =? hn indtnta hn =678% Msà# ne nc yntmea hn =678# cas fnt`meas Ca~gs w M~k~sxn C~`gætn xneàme m z~exa cm

848

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_de_febrero




http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_de_febrero





oí`mtm }~n cns znt`gxàm xmexa ktmdmt oaà tnztah~ogt cas dtnyns –itmk`nexas hn yghm‐}~n fmdàme caktmha omzxmt%

Nc ogen i~n otnmha xm`dgçe oaà ~e gesxt~`nexa zmtm oaeaont nc `~eha% Casigc`s hn cas fnt`meas C~`gætn ztazaeàme mc nsznoxmhat ~em ygsgÿe ztg`gknegm hn cmsoasms# }~n zasnàm ~e omtíoxnt `mtomhm`nexn geaonexn6%

Nc 44 hn `mtra hn =67> i~n ztawnoxmhm 7 zat Ca~gs ne Zmtàs ne ~em snsgÿe hn cm_aogçxç h+Neoa~tmkn`nex ê c+Geh~sxtgn Emogaemc hnsz~çs hn s~ oaeintneogm sadtn casmymeons hn cm iaxaktmiàm ne oacat cm oaeaoghm Cm satxgn hns a~ytgnts hns ~sgens C~`gætnê Cwae @aezcmgsgt &¬_mcghm hn cas adtntas hn cm iídtgom C~`gætn ne Cwae @aezcmgsgt¼'#tahmhm xtns hàms mexns nc =7 hn `mtra hn =67>% Nc àxgya zat nc }~n hgofm snsgÿe ea nsoaesghntmhm oaà cm ztg`ntm hn ogen tmhgom i~ehm`nexmc`nexn ne nc omtíoxnt ktmx~gxa hncm `gs`m%

Zaoa xgn`za hnsz~çs# w mexn cm nvznoxmogÿe knentmhm zat nc –daom m daom‐ hn s~sxtmdmbmhatns# hnoghgntae atkmegrmt cm wm mtofgoaeaoghmsnsgÿe hnc 46 hn hgogn`dtn hn =67># ne nc Omiç hnZmtàs# ne nc Da~cnymth hn cas Omz~cgens e² =8%

6 Ogxmha ne zat C~gs @mtxàe Mtgms ne –Nsotgxas‐ Igcàxnom Ombm Nszmým # e²=9>7 Hgofa moaexnog`gnexa mzmtnon tnoakgha zat nc MDO hnc =?-?-=7?> ne s~ snoogÿe –Hmxas zmtm ~e mtofgya‐

8?8

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http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_de_marzo




Omtxnc atgkgemc hn cm snsgÿe hnc 46 hn hgogn`dtn hn =67>

Ne cm mox~mcghmh# nsxn n`dcn`íxgoa c~kmt sn fm oaeyntxgha ne ~e c~basa faxnc&Faxnc _otgdn' w xme sÿca faetm m cas fnt`meas zat `nhga hn ~e cnxtnta ~dgomha ne camcxa hn s~ imofmhm ztgeogzmc% Cms gesxmexíenms }~n `asxtm`as m oaexge~mogÿe hme in hnncca%

=:

=: Fme sgha xa`mhms nsxn zmsmha `ns hn eaygn`dtn

888



Nextn cas geygxmhas }~n sn neoaextmdme mccà nsm xmthn# sn neoaextmdm nc i~x~tatnmcgrmhat hn –Ygmbn m cm C~em‐ &=7:4'# nc mzahmha –@mka hnc Ogen‐ }~n tnoakàm ne s~s`nàtgms nsxms zmcmdtms==2

$ Eas neoaextmàs# cas axtas geygxmhas w wa# mexn ~em zn}~ným zmexmccm zmtnoghmm cms }~n sn ~xgcgrme zmtm cms ztawnoogaens @acxneg=4 # w m cas zaoas `ge~xas mzmtnogÿ

ztawnoxmhm ~em iaxaktmiàm ge`ÿygc }~n tnztnsnexmdm cm zcmrm hn Dnccnoa~t hn Cwae% Hnonzogaemha# x~yn mznems xgn`za zmtm hnogt m `g ynogea2 eas fme àcnsxmha sÿca zmtm ynt ztawnoogaens< wa cms fmka ne `g omsm hnshn fmon hgnr mýas ea fmdàm momdmhansxm itmsn# o~meha ~e omdmcca }~n xgtm hn ~e omtta mymerm fmogm easaxtas# snk~gha zat axtas ynfào~cas# c~nka xtmesnòexns# w nesnk~ghm xaha nc xtíigoa hn cm omccn% Mexn nsxnnsznoxío~ca# }~nhmàs oae cm daom mdgntxm# ztai~ehm`nexn msa`dtmhas% Hnsz~çs

ztawnoxmtae Cm hnàcgogÿe hn ~e `~ta# }~n sn hntt~`dm nextn ~em e~dn hn zacya# Cmccnkmhm hnc xtne# Nc hnsmw~ea hnc dndç# ygçehasn ne nc iaeha ~eas ítdacns àyghas zat

nc ygnexa< hnsz~çs# Cm smcghm hn cas adtntas hn cm iídtgom hn cas C~`gætn# w zat òcxgà# Nc tnkmhat tnkmha% Nc igemc hn cm tnztnsnexmogÿe i~n ~e hncgtga w xahas sn ztnk~exmdmeoÿà fmdàm sgha zasgdcn adxnent ~e tns~cxmha sn`nbmexn‐%

Xtms cm snsgÿe# hnoghn tízghm`nexn oa`ztmt ~em `í}~gem m cas C~`gætn znta i~n~e gexnexa imccgha# z~ns nc zmhtn hn çsxas ea moonhgÿ m ynehntca mtk~`nexmeha }~n $nc mzmtmxa zahtàm snt nvzcaxmha h~tmexn mckòe xgn`za oaà o~tgasghmh ognexàigom# znta eaxneàm egekòe zatynegt oa`ntogmc $% Zmtnon snt }~n ne cm ztnesm itmeonsm }~n tnoakàm ncnynexa# xm`dgçe sn oaesghntmdm }~n –ea sntàm axtm oasm }~n ~em mxtmoogÿe `ís zmtm cms

intgms=?‐%

Nc xgn`za hnàsxtÿ ca n}~gyaomha hn s~s zmcmdtms2 fmogm =679 cm knexnoa`nermdm m md~ttgtsn hn cms `gs`ms ztawnoogaens% I~n nexaeons o~meha oae s~geknega# xt~oas hn `mkgm# ztnsxghgkgxmogÿe w nsoneaktmiàms xnmxtmcns# Knatkns @çcgæsoaeygtxgÿ mc ogen ne nsznoxío~ca%

Fnetg hn Zmtygccn=8# zntgahgsxm w nsotgxat msgsxnexn hn gk~mc`mentm m nsxm ztg`ntm snsgÿe# fmdcmdm msà2 – Cns iaxaktmzfàns meg`çns saex hn znxgxns `ntyngccns% \%%%P O+nsx h+~en yçtgxç geg`mkgemdcn% Z~gssmeon gc~sgÿe hn c+- \%%%P

Cns xtmeyàms# cns yagx~tns ogto~cmgnex# hmes cm hgtnoxgae hns mymeëmgnex sznoxmxn~ts% ênxmzgssgætn mttgymgx s~t ea~s m~ kmcaz hn ofnymc fgba% ên hn `ns yagsgens çxmgx sg dgne

sa~s cn ofmt`n }~+nccn sn cnym h+~e yàeo~ca %%% nx en sn tmssgx }~n cats}~n cm yagx~tn nx hgszmt~x xatena‐%

M~e}~n nsxn nex~sgmsà ea i~n oa`zmtxgha eg `~ofa `neas zat zòdcgoa wotaegsxms hn cm çzaom% Ocmta nbn`zca hn ncca ns cm hnc nsotgxat w zntgahgsxm t~sa @ívgàKatlg &=696-=7?9'% Nc 8 hn b~cga hn =679 z~dcgomdm ne nc zntgÿhgoa Egrfnkatahslg

== Zmcmdtms tnoakghms zat Knatkns _mha~c ne s~ $Fgsxatgm hnc ogen$ Nh%- _gkca VVG=4 ßzxgoa itmeoçs hn tnoaeaogha ztnsxgkga ne m}~nccas mýas# imdtgomexn hn cgexntems `íkgoms w hn cms zmexmccms }~nsntyàme zmtm ztawnoxmt s~s g`íknens=? MDO &@mhtgh' 47-=4-=79>=8 Fnetg hn Zmtygccn# Ne2 Cns Meemcns# 46 hn mdtgc =679# Ogxmha zat2 Ofmthætn# D%< Datkn# K% w @% &=76>'% Cns

C~`gætn# Zmtàs# Dgdcgaxfæ}~n hns Mtxs% G_DE 4-6>:8;-:96-9% 77%

8>8

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http://filmguide.wikia.com/wiki/1896

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http://filmguide.wikia.com/index.php?title=Henri_de_Parville&action=edit&redlink=1

http://filmguide.wikia.com/index.php?title=April_28&action=edit&redlink=1

http://filmguide.wikia.com/wiki/1896

http://filmguide.wikia.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/2850470686



Cgsxal s~s g`ztnsgaens xtms hnso~dtgt cm geyneogÿe hn cas fnt`meas C~`gætn ne cm intgmhn Egbeg-Eaykatah# igt`meha dmba nc zsn~hÿegà hn G%@%Zmomx~s%

– Ne nc Tngea hn cms sa`dtms=>

Mwnt nsx~yn ne nc tngea hn cms sa`dtms% _g s~zgntmgs fmsxm }~n z~exa nsmxnttmhat…Mccà ea nvgsxn eg nc saegha eg nc oacat2 xaha# cm xgnttm# cas ítdacns# casfa`dtns# nc mk~m w nc mgtn# xaha xgnen mccà ~e oacat ktgs ~egiat`n% Ne nc ognca ktgs# tmwashn sac ktgsns< ne cas tasxtas ktgsns# abas ktgsns% W fmsxm cms fabms hn cas ítdacns sae

ktgsns oaà cm onegrm2 ea ns cm yghm# sgea ~em sa`dtm hn yghm% Ea ns nc àyg`gnexa# sgea ~em sa`dtm hn àyg`gnexa# hnsztaygsxm hn saegha%

@n nvzcgomtç# sa znem hn }~n sn `n xmofn hn sg`dacgsxm a hn caoa% Nsxmdm ne nc tnogexa hn M~àex w msgsxàm m ~em snsgÿe hnc Ogen`mxÿktmia C~`gætn &cms iaxaktmiàmsmeg`mhms' Cm g`ztnsgÿe }~n ztah~one ns xme zaoa oa`òe# xme atgkgemc w oa`zcnbm }~n

`n tns~cxm hgiàogc xtmes`gxgt xahas s~s `mxgons% Gexnexmtç hn o~mc}~gnt àha nvztnsmt cansneogmc%

O~meha cm c~r sn mzmkm ne cm smcm haehn sn ztnsnexm cm geyneogÿe hn cas C~`gætn# mzmtnon ne cm zmexmccm ~e ktme o~mhta ktgs# ~em –Omccn hn Zmtàs‐ }~n xgnen cmxnvx~tm hn ~e ktmdmha hn `mcm omcghmh% Oaexn`zcíehaca# sn adsntym knexn ge`ÿygc nemoxgx~hns hgyntsms# oaofns# omsms# xaha ktgs# fmsxm nc ognca ns ktgs% Ea ns hn nszntmt emhm atgkgemc hn ~em ygsxm xme xÿzgom# z~ns o~íexms ynons fnàs ygsxa g`íknens hnomccns hn Zmtgs oaà çsxm…

Znta hn tnznexn# ~e nvxtmýa xn`dcat geymhn cm zmexmccm w nc o~mhta oadtm yghm%@ís xmthn# cm zntsznoxgym# cas oaofns }~n ygnene hgtnoxas fmogm `à# f~ehgçehasn ne cmaso~tghmh ne cm }~n eas fmccmàs s~`ghas# cm knexn }~n mzmtnon m ca cnbas w m~`nexmhn xm`mýa m `nhghm }~n sn mztavg`m% Ne nc ztg`nt zcmea# ~eas egýas b~nkme oae ~e

zntta# ~eas ogocgsxms znhmcnme m xahm yncaoghmh# cas znmxaens ot~rme cm omccn2 xaha sn`~nyn# ygyn# d~ccn# sn hgtgkn fmogm nc ztg`nt zcmea hnc o~mhta zmtm hnsmzmtnont nemck~em zmtxn hnc `ís mccí%

W xaha s~onhn sge t~gha# ne sgcneoga2 ns xme nvxtmýa… Ea sn nso~ofme eg cmst~nhms oaextm cm omcrmhm# eg nc `~t`~cca hn cas zmsas# eg cms oaeyntsmogaens# emhm# eg~em sacm eaxm hn nsxm oa`zcnbm sgeiaeàm }~n sgn`ztn moa`zmým nc àyg`gnexa hn cas

fa`dtns% _ge t~gha# nc iaccmbn ktgs onegrm hn cas ítdacns sn mkgxm mc ygnexa w cms sgc~nxms ktgsns hn cas fa`dtns# oaà sg i~ntme sa`dtms# sn hnscgrme ne sgcneoga sadtn cm s~zntigogn hnc s~nca ktgs# mcomermhms zat ~e `mcnigoga w ot~nc`nexn oaehnemhms mc sgcneoga# ztgymhms hn xahas cas `mxgons# hn xaha nc oacatgha hn cm yghm%

_~s saetgsms nsxíe `~ntxms# m~e}~n s~s àyg`gnexas nsxçe ccneas hn ~em nentkàmygym# hn ~em gemcomermdcn yncaoghmh< s~ tgsm ns sgcneogasm m~e}~n zahmàs ynt oÿà snoaextmne cas `òso~cas sadtn cas tasxtas ktgsns% êm yghm }~n d~ccn mexn cas abas# m}~gne fme hnszabmha hn zmcmdtm w m cm }~n fme }~gxmha nc atem`nexa hnc oacat2 ~emyghm ktgs# sgcneogasm# mdmxghm# cm`nexmdcn# oaà hnszasnàhm hn xaha%

=> $Cas nsotgxatns itnexn mc ogen$ Nh% I~ehm`nexas =76=

898



Ms~sxm yntcm# oae s~ àyg`gnexa hn sa`dtms w sÿca sa`dtms% Fmon znesmt ne cas imexms`ms# ne cas ot~ncns w `mchgxas fnofgontas }~n s~`ntkne ne nc s~nýa m og~hmhnsnexntms# xmexa }~n otnntàmàs nsxmt ztnsneogmeha ~em dta`m znsmhm hn @ntcàe2 çc ns}~gne fm n`dt~bmha ~em omccn nexntm hn Zmtàs# neoakgneha cas mcxas nhgigogas hnshn cmdmsn fmsxm nc xnbmha ne cm `nhghm hn ~em mtofgem\=P# fm tnh~ogha m cas fa`dtns# cns fm

ztgymha hn zmcmdtm# fm tnoakgha xahas cas oacatns hnc ognca w hn cm xgnttm w cas fmoaeyntxgha ne nsm xgexm ktgs ~egiat`n# w dmba nsm iat`m# fm oacaomha cm dta`m ne nc egofa hn ~em smcm aso~tm hn tnsxm~tmexn% Znta hn tnznexn# sn awn ~e ot~bgha% Xahahnsmzmtnon w ne cm zmexmccm mzmtnon ~e inttaomttgc% _n cmerm fmogm ~sxnh oaà ~em

icnofm# ¡o~ghmha- Zmtnon }~n ym m ztnogzgxmtsn sadtn cm aso~tghmh w eas oaeyntxgtí ne~e smoa hn zgnc hnsznhmrmhm# tnzcnxa hn omten `mk~ccmhm w hn f~nsas xtgx~tmhas# snhgtàm }~n ym m hnsxt~gt# m tnh~ogt m zacya nsxm smcm# nsxn nsxmdcnog`gnexa ccnea hn ygea#`~bntns# `òsgom w ygoga%

Znta xm`dgçe ea ns `ís }~n ~e xtne hn sa`dtms%

_gcneogasm`nexn# cm caoaàxatm hnsmzmtnon `ís mccí hnc `mtoa hn cm zmexmccm% Nc xtne sn hnxgnen# sgc~nxms ktgsns hnsognehne hn cas ymkaens sge fmont t~gha# sn smc~hmene sgcneoga# tàne# oattne# sn mkgxme# sn nàogaeme sge n`gxgt ~e saegha… mexns hnhnsmzmtnont% W fn m}~à ~e e~nya o~mhta2 xtns fa`dtns# snexmhas ne xatea m ~em `nsm#

b~nkme m cms omtxms% Cas tasxtas xnesas# cas àyg`gnexas hn `meas }~n tnzmtxne cmsomtxms sae tízghas# cm myghnr hn cas b~kmhatns sn cnn ne s~s hnhas xn`dcatasas# ne cas`òso~cas hn s~s tasxtas% Nc b~nka… cas xtns sn nofme m tngt# w nc om`mtnta }~n cns fm

sntygha ~em ontynrm# sn fm }~nhmha hn zgn ontom hn cm `nsm# xm`dgçe tàn% Zmtnon }~nyme m tnynexmt hn cm tgsm znta ea sn nso~ofm ~e saegha% _n hgtàm }~n nsas fa`dtns nsxíe`~ntxas w s~s sa`dtms fme sgha oaehnemhms m b~kmt m cms omtxms ne sgcneoga fmsxm cmnxnteghmh% &…'

Nsxm yghm ktgs w sgcneogasm xnt`gem zat xtmsxatemteas w aztg`gteas< sn xgnen cmg`ztnsgÿe hn }~n oaexgnen ~em mhyntxneogm o~wa sgkegigomha sn eas nsomzm# znta nscòk~dtn w cm mek~sxgm aztg`n mc oatmrÿe% Zaoa m zaoa ~ea acyghm }~gne ns# nvxtmýmsg`íknens mzmtnone ne cm `nexn# cm oaeogneogm sn e~dcm# sn zntx~tdm…

Znta hn tnznexn sn nso~ofm mctnhnhat ~em ztayaomhatm tgsm in`negem# yaonsd~tcaems… w hn tnznexn ~ea tno~nthm }~n nsxí ne nc c~kmt hn M~àex# hn Ofmtcns

M~àex%

Znta# ±zat }~ç fm neoaextmha msgca ztnogsm`nexn m}~à nsxm nvxtmým geyneogÿe hncas C~`gætn1 êm ynr `ís# mzatxm cm zt~ndm hn cm nentkàm w hn cm o~tgasghmh hnc nszàtgx~ f~`mea }~n nxntem`nexn d~som smdnt xaha# oa`ztnehnt xaha% W ne nc zmsa#±}~ç xtmntí nc çvgxa hn M~àex `gnextms nc geynexa sn neom`gem mc hnso~dtg`gnexa hncas `gsxntgas hn cm yghm1

Ea zntogda cm g`zatxmeogm ognexàigom hnc geynexa hn cas C~`gætn# znta sge h~hmnvgsxn w zahtí oaextgd~gt mc ige òcxgà hn cm ogneogm# `nbatmt cm yghm hnc fa`dtn whnsmttaccmt s~ nszàtgx~% Ea ns nc omsa hn M~àex# haehn sÿca sn meg`m w sn ztahgkm nc ygoga% ±Zat }~ç ne nsn c~kmt# nextn cms –yàoxg`ms hnc xn`zntm`nexa hn cm saognhmh‐ wcas b~ntk~gsxms# }~n fme ynegha m oa`ztmt dnsas1 ±Zat }~ç sn `~nsxtm m}~à nc òcxgà

hnso~dtg`gnexa hn cm ogneogm1 Ztaexa sn zntinoogaemtí nc geynexa hn cas C~`gætn# znta sntí sgk~gneha nc omtíoxnt hn M~àex# Xa~cae w oa`zmýàm%

8;8



Fmsxm nc à`nexa# mhn`ís hn cms ygsxms `neogaemhms# xm`dgçe sn fm àsxtmhanc –hnsmw~ea ne im`gcgm‐# ~em nsonem ghàcgom hn xtns zntsaembns2 ~em zmtnbm bayne w s~

ztg`nt dndç hnsmw~eme b~exas% Nccas nsxíe xme nemàtmhas# xme neomexmhatns# mcnktns# incgons# w s~ dndç ns xme hgyntxgha… Nc o~mhta xtmes`gxn ~em g`ztnsgÿe `~w fntàsm%

Znta ±fmw sgxga zmtm nsxm nsonem ne nc enkaoga hn M~àex1

W axtm2 `~bntns xtmdmbmhatms# ne ~em `~cxgx~h mcnktn w saetgnexn# smcne hn ~em iídtgom% Xm`zaoa fmw sgxga zmtm nsxm nsonem ne M~àex ±Zat }~ç tnoathmt m}~à }~n~em yghm z~tm# cmdatgasm# ns zasgdcn1 Ns geòxgc% Ne nc `nbat hn cas omsas# nsxn o~mhta caòegoa }~n oaesnk~gtí ns fntgt m cm `~bnt }~n ynehn s~s dnsas# nsa ns xaha%

Nsxaw oaeyneogha }~n ztaexa nsas o~mhtas sntíe tnn`zcmrmhas zat axtas o~wa kçenta nsxmtí ne oaesaemeogm oae nc xaea knentmc hnc omiç oaeogntxa% Zat nbn`zca#yntnàs –@mhm`n sn hnse~hm‐# –Mla~cgem smcgneha hnc dmýa‐# –@mhm`n sn zaen cms`nhgms‐% Msg`gsà# sn zahtí iaxaktmigmt ~em dtaeom nextn ~e `mtgha w s~ `~bnt ne

Lmemygea\4P w ztnsnexmtca mc zòdcgoa oae nc xàx~ca –Zcmontns hn cm yghm oaew~kmc‐

_à# nsa ns ca }~n zmsmtí% Ca d~oÿcgoa w ca ghàcgoa ea xgnene c~kmt ne nsxm ktme intgm t~sm }~n sÿca s~ným oae cm gehnoneogm w cm nvxtmymkmeogm% Mòe zahtàm ztazaent mck~eas xn`ms zmtm mw~hmt mc Ogen`mxÿktmia# oae nc ige hn hgsxtmnt mc zòdcgoa hn cm

intgm2 zat nbn`zca# sa`nxnt m ~ea hn nsas hmehgs m ~e n`zmcm`gnexa m cm x~tom# w ~emynr iaxaktmigmha# fmont cm ztnsnexmogÿe‐%

Nszmým oaà meigxtgÿe hnc ogen`mxÿktmia

M zmtxgt hn nsxn à`nexa# eas onextmtnàs ne tmsxtnmt hn `mentm gexnesgym cm

ztnesm hn cm çzaom }~n sn fmon noa hn cm ccnkmhm hnc ogen`mxÿktmia# gexnexmeha oaesxmxmt cm tncnymeogm hn cm `gs`m oaà –yaonta‐ ne ~e ztgeogzga w oaà –tnintnexn‐ zmtm casnsznoxmhatns hnsz~çs% Cm ztnesm ea sgn`ztn i~n ~eíeg`n oae tnsznoxa m cms gexneogaenshnc e~nya mzmtmxa w xm`zaoa oageoghàm oae cms –ztnintneogms‐ hnc zòdcgoa nszmýac% Neo~mc}~gnt omsa# nyac~ogaeÿ zmtm zmsmt hn –ztmoxgomt‐ ca }~n faw hnea`gemtàmàs

zntgahgsà hn sntygoga &z~tm w h~tm geiat`mogÿe hn ~xgcghmh# sge azgegÿe eg snska#ao~zmeha ztíoxgom`nexn nc `gsà c~kmt }~n cm mox~mc Omtxncntm hn nsxtneas=9' m z~dcgomt

zsn~ha oac~èms hn azgegÿe `ís –ontomems‐ m cms mox~mcns otàxgoms ogen`mxaktíigoms%

Cm ccnkmhm hnc ogen`mxÿktmia m Nszmým i~n tncmxgym`nexn tízghm sg xnenàs neo~nexm }~n cms ztg`ntms ztawnoogaens sgsxn`íxgoms ne N~tazm x~ygntae c~kmt m zmtxgt hn=679# w mòe `ís sg ymcatmàs e~nsxtm sgx~mogÿe saoga-noaeÿ`gom% O~meha sn ztnsnexÿ=9 Hgmtga Aigogmc hn Mygsas hn @mhtgh 4-:4-=67;

868



ne @mhtgh# òegom`nexn Itmeogm# Ktme Dtnxmým# Dçckgom# Gxmcgm# Mcn`megm# w _~grm wmfmdàme zahgha hnso~dtgt nc geynexa hn cm oaeaoghm n`ztnsm hn Cwae ne hgintnexnssnsgaens zòdcgoms a ztgymhms% Znta nc ogen`mxÿktmia C~`gætn sÿca ym m oaesxgx~gt ~em

zmtxn hn nsm hgi~sgÿe hn cms g`íknens meg`mhms% Oaà ne axtas zmàsns n~taznas# nvgsxàmeymtgas xgzas hn mzmtmxas omzmons hn tnztah~ogtcms w cm nvfgdgogÿe mhazxÿ axtas omemcns

oaà nc hn cas intgmexns a nc hn cas hnhgomhas m cms m~hgogaens iaeaktíigoms%

Msà# eas neoaextmàs oae otÿegoms hn cm çzaom }~n eas tnicnbme nc ~sa ne e~nsxta zmàs hnc ccm`mha Xnmxtaktmzf a Meg`mxÿktmia# oaà hnsz~çs sn cn oaeaontàm# zmxnexmha zat Tadntx [gccgm` Zm~c ne Ktme Dtnxmým nc 4> hn `mwa hn =67>% Hgofa mzmtmxa ntm`~w sg`gcmt znta `ís cgknta }~n nc Lgenxasoazga hn Xfa`ms Mcym Nhgsae% F~da`~ofas oa`ztmhatns }~n ca mh}~gtgntae# nextn nccas ~e ncnoxtgogsxm hn D~hmznsx ccm`mhaNh{ge Ta~sdw% Nsxn o~tgasa zntsaembn sgn`ztn nsx~ya cgkmha mc `~eha hnc ogtoa# msàneoaextmàs ne nc hgmtga Nc G`zmtogmc cm sgk~gnexn eaxgogm tnintghm m s~ mox~mogÿe ne@mhtgh ne Mdtgc hn =67?2

– N`znrÿ @t% Ta~sdw m nbno~xmt nc ztnogasa eò`nta Ncnoxta`~sgomc# }~n ztah~ba ktme nex~sgmsà ne cm oaeo~ttneogm% Znehne hnc xnofa geigeghmh hngesxt~`nexas# w nc bnin hn m}~nccm at}~nsxm oackmexn cas fmon saemt xahas neygíehacnsoattgnexns ncçoxtgoms hnshn nc nsonemtga% Nc m`dgnexn sn xgýn oae oacatns imexísxgoas# w#mc saegha hn m}~nccm nvxtmým `òsgom# mzmtnon ne nc iata# gc~`gemhm# cm xattn Ngiinc =; #&…'‐%

@gnextms# nc Oattnszaesmc hn Nszmým hnoàm2 – Meaofn# hnsz~çs hn cm i~eogÿe w hnc hnd~x hn cm dnccàsg`m mtxgsxm Tasgxm Xnbnta# }~n adx~ya ktmehns w `ntnoghas mzcm~sas#

i~gàs geygxmhas zat nc hgtnoxat hnc Ogtoa @t Fntrak m ztnsneogmt nc nesmwa hnc

Meg`mxÿktmia% Nc ninoxa hn nsxn e~nya nsznoxío~ca i~n nvxtmathgemtga% Cas }~n fme ygsxanc Lgenxasazga hn Nhgsae zahtíe mztnogmt ca }~n ns ~em iaxaktmiàm oae yghm wàyg`gnexa% Hnc Meg`mxÿktmia z~nhn hnogtsn }~n ns ~e Lgenxasoazga oae ztawnoxat woae nc o~mc# ne nc oàto~ca hn ~e o~mhta hgsacynexn# mzmtnone nsonems hn ~e àyg`gnexa

w yghm nvxtmathgemtgas% @t Ta~sdw# geynexat hnc mzmtmxa# i~n `~w incgogxmha% Cm ztnesmgeygxmhm m ztnsneogmt nc nesmwa i~n adsn}~gmhm nszcçehghm`nexn=6‐%

Nc Oattna xm`dgçe i~n geygxmha zat zmtxn hn @t Fntrak zmtm }~n hgntm zmtxn hnca s~onhgha ne s~s nvfgdgogaens2 – Hnsz~çs hn cm i~eogÿe oncndtmhm meaofn ne nc Ogtoahn Zmtgsf# sn yntgigoÿ nc nesmwa hnc eaxmdcn mzmtmxa xgx~cmha nc Meg`mxÿktmia# `nhgmexnnc o~mc sn tnztah~on cm iaxaktmiàm hn àyg`gnexa# geynexmhm zat Nhgsae ne ~em iat`m

=; Nc G`zmtogmc# Mdtgc hn =67?=6 Cm Oattnszaehneogm hn Nszmým =4->-=679

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hgsxgexm hn cm ztnsnexmhm zat @t Fntrak% Nc e~nya mzmtmxa aitnon m cm ygsxm hnc nsznoxmhat xahas cas àyg`gnexas hnc o~ntza f~`mea ztawnoxmhas ne ~e m`zcga cgnera

zat `nhga hn zahntasas iaoas ncçoxtgoas% Nc xm`mýa hn cms igk~tms mh}~gntn ktmehns ztazatogaens w cas o~mhtas tns~cxme satztnehnexns% Nc zòdcgoa }~n msgsxgÿ mc nesmwa ztahgkÿ ktmehns mzc~sas mc nszoxío~ca# }~n nsxm eaofn sntí ztnsnexmha zat ynr ztg`ntm

w }~n hn snk~ta `ntnontí cm mztadmogÿe hn o~mexas msgsxme faw mc Ogtoa hn Zmtgsf =7‐%

Oa`ztadmàs msà xm`dgçe ca fmdgx~mc hn cm geygxmogÿe m cm ztnesm m zmsns–ztgymhas‐ a msgsxneogm m nesmwas ztnygas mc nsznoxío~ca aigogmc# mcka }~n fawhnea`gemtàmàs ztn-nsxtneas%

Hn nsxm `mentm# xm`dgçe oaesxmxmàs nc gexntçs zat zmtxn hn cas h~nýas hn nsxase~nyas mzmtmxas &ca `gsà s~onhntí oae nc Ogen`mxÿktmia' hn cm ztnsneogm ne s~snvfgdgogaens hn ztnesm }~n sn neomtkmtm hn ztazmkmt cms hncgogms hn cas `gsàs%

Yacygneha m cas C~`gçtn# xtms xa`mt cm hnogsgÿe hn ea ynehnt nc geynexa wnvzcaxmtca nccas `gsà# otnmtae ne s~ iídtgom hn Cwae ~em nso~ncm haehn sn iat`mtaecas xçoegoas }~n m zmtxgt hn nexaeons àsxtmtàme mc `~eha s~ nsznoxío~ca# znta sge }~nemhgn oaeaogntm nc `nomegsà hnc mzmtmxa%

êa hn cas ztg`ntas fa`dtns }~n oacmdatÿ oae cas C~`gçtn i~n Mcnvmehnt Zta`ga &=696-=749'% Cns fmdàm oaeaogha 4:nc =: hn b~ega hn =67># h~tmexn cm

ztnsnexmogÿe }~n fmdàme fnofa hnc ogen`mxÿktmia ne nc oaektnsa hn çêgae Emxgaemchns _aogçxçs Zfaxaktmzfg}~ns hn Itmeogm% G`ztnsgaemha zat cm eaynhmh# Zta`ga }~gsanextmt ne oaexmoxa oae cas C~`gætn w ~e m`gka oa`òe# Itmeëags Zmsomc# sn neomtkÿ hn

cms ztnsnexmogaens%_ntí nc ztazga Ca~gs C~`gætn }~gne sn neomtk~n hn s~ ztnzmtmogÿe# fmsxm xmc

z~exa# }~n o~meha cm n`ztnsm enonsgxÿ m`zcgmt s~ tnzntxatga hn zncào~cms zmtm o~dtgt cmi~ntxn hn`mehm# athnem m Zta`ga zmtxgt mc nvxtmebnta zmtm ncca%

Msà# ne mdtgc hn =679# Zta`ga zgsm nc s~nca hn cm omzgxmc hn Nszmým%

Ne @mhtgh sn snk~àme `~w hn ontom cms geeaymogaens ognexàigoms hn cas zmàsnsynogeas% Has `nsns mexns hn cm ccnkmhm hn Zta`ga# wm sn fmdàme hmha e~`ntasms eaxgogmssadtn nc ogen`mxÿktmia% Cm ztnesm geiat`mdm hn omhm e~nya mymeon w# zat xmexa# ca

`gsà s~onhgÿ ne nc om`za hn cm iaxaktmiàm meg`mhm%

– Cas nsx~hgas hn Nhgsae &…' hgntae oaà tns~cxmha nc Lgenxasoazga4= #`ís çsxn ntm geoa`zcnxa# z~ns cms iaxaktmiàms hnsmttaccmhms ne ~em ogexm hn zn}~nýmshg`nesgaens aitnone cm g`mkne imcxm hn c~r w hn tncgnyn# ea z~hgneha snt adsntymhms`ís }~n zat ~em zntsaem &…' Hnoghgasn nc iàsgoa itmeoçs C~`gætn m oa`zcnxmtca#otnmeha axta mzmtmxa ccm`mha ogen`mxÿktmia# }~n oaes~`ÿ nc ige hn }~n mznxnoàm% Oaensxn geynexa ea ao~ttgÿ oaà oae nc hn Nhgsae# m}~à ne ynr hn ~e nsznoxmhat z~nhne snt =::: a cas }~n sn }~gntm# cas }~n sn }~gntm# cas }~n oaexn`zcne cm nsonem iaxaktmigmhm#

=7 Nc Oattna =4->-=6794: B% Tgxxm~h F~xgenx2 Cn ogen`í hns atgkgens% Cns itçtns C~`gætn nx cn~ts azætmxn~ts% _nwssnc 2 Om`z Ymccÿe# =76>% 4= Oaà yntnàs# sn n`zcnmtí hn `mentm gehgsxgexm nc xçt`gea Lgenxasoazga w Ogenxasoazga zmtm tnintgteas mc `gsàmzmtmxa%

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ne cm }~n cms zntsaems# meg`mcns# nhgigogas z~nhne snt tnztah~oghas ne s~ xm`mýaemx~tmc# ca o~mc oaà z~nhn s~zaent hm xahm gc~sgÿe hn tnmcghmh 44‐%

Mhn`ís# ns o~tgasa oÿà cm ztnesm nszmýacm wm fmdàm `neogaemha ne s~s zíkgems m cas C~`gætn `~ofa mexns hn cm geyneogÿe hn s~ ogen`mxÿktmia &=67?'#

fmogneha tnintneogm sg`zcn`nexn# m s~ imonxm oaà geynexatns w iaxÿktmias# w m casimyatmdcns tns~cxmhas }~n fmdàme adxnegha2

–&…' Znta }~gne cn fm hmha cas `nhgas hn nextmt zat oa`zcnxa ne nc xnttnea hn cm mzcgomogÿe ns ~e iaxÿktmia cgaeçs ccm`mha C~gs C~`gætn% Cas ztg`ntasocgofçs fnofas zat C~`gætn fme sgha neygmhas mc oa`gxç hnc Iaxaoc~d hn Zmtàs# }~n fmgeygxmha tnognexn`nexn m s~s saogas w m cas tnhmoxatns hn ymtgas zntgÿhgoas m ztnsneogmt cas ztahgkgasas tns~cxmhas adxneghas4?‐%

Zta`ga sn z~sa ne oaexmoxa oae nc n`dmbmhat hn Itmeogm# nc @mt}~çs hnTnyntsm~v# }~n zasgdcn`nexn cn gextah~ba ne cas oàto~cas hn cm mtgsxaotmogm# w }~n xmc

ynr# geic~wntm ne s~ zasgdcn –oaeyntsmogÿe‐ oae cm Omsm Tnmc% M xtmyçs hn gexnehnexns hnZmcmoga# sacgogxÿ m cm Tngem cms enonsmtgms m~xatgrmogaens zmtm igc`mt mck~ems nsonems hngeimexntàm w omdmccntàm }~n cn i~ntae oaeonhghms% Hgofms ktmdmogaens# sn oaesntyme ne cmmox~mcghmh ne cm Igcàxnom Nszmýacm# iat`meha zmtxn hn ~em ogexm hnea`gemhm –Nsonemshn Nszmým‐%

Nc =? hn `mwa hn =679# sn ninox~mdm mexn nc zòdcgoa `mhtgcnýa cm ztg`ntmnvfgdgogÿe hnc ogen`mxÿktmia ne ~e smcÿe hnc Faxnc T~sgm# sgx~mha ne cm Omttnxntm hn_me Bntÿegà e² ?9# nc `gsà c~kmt haehn ~e mýa mexns# sn fmdàm àsxtmha nclgenxasoazga hn Nhgsae% Zta`ga fmdàm ztnzmtmha s~ nsznoxío~ca zmtm cms ocmsns

d~tk~nsms w moaàhmhms hnc à`nexa# hnhgoíehacns m nccas ~em snsgÿe nsznogmc% Cm ztnesm# oaà ea zahàm snt hn axtm `mentm# xm`dgçe nsx~ya ztnsnexn2

– Mexnmeaofn sn gem~k~tÿ ne cm Omttnxntm hn _me Bntÿegà ?9# nc e~nyansznoxío~ca ogen`mxÿktmia mo~hgneha `~ofa zòdcgoa }~n mzcm~hgÿ cas ztnogasaso~mhtas }~n zmsmtae mexn s~ ygsxm% _n xtmxm hn cm ztawnoogÿe sadtn ~e xncÿe dcmeoa hncm iaxaktmiàm meg`mhm# ygçehasn tnztah~oghas xahas cas àyg`gnexas hn zntsaems wadbnxas }~n mxtmygnsme cm nsonem% Nc ztaktm`m# ymtgms ynons tnznxgha mwnt# oaexgnenhgnr eò`ntas# nextn cas }~n sae hgkeas hn `neogÿe nsznogmc cm ccnkmhm hn ~e xtne m cmnsxmogÿe# nc zmsna zat nc `mt# cm myneghm hn cas om`zas Ncàsnas# nc oaeo~tsa Fàzgoa w cmhnàcgogÿe hn ~e `~ta48‐%

–Ztawnoogÿe hn cm iaxaktmiàm sadtn nc cgnera }~n ea z~ha fmontsn oae `mwat zntinoogÿe4>‐%

– Ns ynthmhntm`nexn eaxmdcn nc nsznoxío~ca }~n sn gem~k~tÿ meaofn ne cmOmttntm hn _me Bntÿegà e² ?8% Nc ogen`mxÿktmia ns cm iaxaktmiàm meg`mhm2 sadtn ~exncÿe dcmeoa sn ztawnoxme cas o~mhtas# ygçehasn tnztah~oghas cas àyg`gnexas hn cms

zntsaems# nc zmsa hn cas omtt~mbns# cm ccnkmhm hn ~e xtne w cm aeh~cmogÿe hn cms mk~mshnc `mt# znta hn ~em `mentm xme mh`gtmdcn w oae ~em zntinoogÿe xmc# }~n ea omdn `ís

44 Nc Fntmcha hn @mhtgh >-?-=6794? Hgmtga hn Kntaem 46->-=67?48 Nc Zmàs =>- > ‟ =679 w Nc Oattna nc =8 ->- =6794> Fntmcha hn @mhtgh =>->- =679

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mccí% Xahas cas o~mhtas mttmeome ~eíeg`ns mzcm~sas# w m~e}~n xahas nccas sae hn ktme`çtgxa# om~sme `mwat mh`gtmogÿe nc hnttgda hn ~e `~ta# cm ccnkmhm hn ~e xtne m cmnsxmogÿe &çsxn ns `mtmygccasa'# nc zmsna zat nc `mt w cm myneghm hn cas Om`zas Ncàsnas%

Hgnr sae cas o~mhtas }~n sn nvfgdne ne omhm snoogÿe% Cms tnztnsnexmogaens hn meaofn i~ntae hn oaeygxn# msgsxgneha cas n`dmbmhatns hn Itmeogm w M~sxtgm w axtms `~ofms

zntsaems hgsxgek~ghms% Hnshn faw fm }~nhmha mdgntxa mc zòdcgoa# w snk~tm`nexnmo~hgtí xaha @mhtgh m oaexn`zcmt ca }~n z~nhn oaesghntmtsn ~em ynthmhntm`mtmygccm49‐%

– Msgsxgàs geygxmhas zat s~ h~nýa m cm gem~k~tmogÿe hnc ogen`mxÿktmia# a snm cm iaxaktmiàm meg`mhm# sgx~mha ne ~e nszmogasa caomc hn cm Omttntm hn _me Bntÿegà ?8% Cm ztawnoogÿe hn cm iaxaktmiàm sadtn ~e cgnera dcmeoa ea z~nhn fmontsn oae `mwat zntinoogÿe< nc ninoxa ns satztnehnexn% Nc zòdcgoa zahtí mh`gtmt nsxn nsznoxío~ca }~n nstnmc`nexn `mtmygccasa hn =: m =4 hn cm `mýmem# hn ? m ; hn cm xmthn w hn 7 m == hn cmeaofn% Nc ztaktm`m ns ymtgmhàsgà4;‐%

– Hnshn meaofn o~nexm @mhtgh oae ~e nsznoxío~ca hn xmexm eaynhmh oaàmxtmoxgya% Nc ogen`mxÿktmia# a snm# cm iaxaktmiàm meg`mhm ns ynthmhntm`nexn eaxmdcn# woaesxgx~wn ~ea hn cas mhncmexas `ís `mtmygccasas mcomermhas zat cm ogneogm ne nc sgkcamox~mc% Cm nvfgdgogÿe hn o~mhtas w ygsxms zmeatí`goms tnztah~oghms zat `nhga hnc ogen`mxÿktmia# sn fmone ne ~e nszmogasa caomc &Omttntm hn _me Bntÿegà ?8'# }~nmeaofn nsx~ya `~w oaeo~ttgha zat cms `~ofms w hgsxgek~ghms zntsaems geygxmhms m cmgem~k~tmogÿe 46&…'‐%

Cm inofm hn cm ztg`ntm ztawnoogÿe ogen`mxaktíigom ne Nszmým ns nc == hn `mwahn =679 ne nc Ogtoa hn Zmtgsf# ea oaà mxnsxgk~m cm zcmom sgx~mhm ne cm Omttntm hn _meBntÿegà e² ?8 hmeha ztg`nta cm inofm ne =789 hnc => hn `mwa hn =679# sgnehas~sxgx~ghm w tnoxgigomhm zasxntgat`nexn zat cm hnc =8 hn `mwa hn =679# ztg ntm

ztawnoogÿe mdgntxm mc zòdcgoa ne knentmc hnc Ogen`mxÿktmia hn cas C~`gçtn ne @mhtgh&zmtm cm ztnesm n geygxmhas nsznogmcns oaà wm fnàs hgofa# sn hga ~e zmsn nc hàm =? hn`mwa'%

Nc àxgya tmhgom ne cm ztnintneogm zat zmtxn hnc ztg`nt geynsxgkmhat montom hncxn`m# zat nsxmdcnont oaà ztg`nt hàm hn ztawnoogÿe nc `gsà }~n nc hnc hàm hnc zmxtÿehn @mhtgh# _me Gsghta Cmdtmhat# m~e}~n tnmc`nexn ea mw~hm nc fnofa hn }~n# neaomsgaens# cas zntgÿhgoas ea nsznogigome sg s~ otÿegom fmon tnintneogm mc nsxtnea aigogmc amc nesmwa ztnyga%

49 Cm Gdntgm =8->- =6794; Nc Fntmcha hn @mhtgh =?->-=67946 Cm Çzaom =8->-=679

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Nc ztaktm`m h~tmdm ~eas =: a => `ge~xas# oae cas gexnt`nhgas enonsmtgas zmtmnc om`dga hn zncào~cms% _n nvfgdàme ~ems sngs ogexms hgintnexns ne omhm tnztnsnexmogÿe%

Nc ztnoga hn cm nextmhm ntm hn = znsnxm zat snsgÿe# mcka }~n tns~cxmdmasxnesgdcn`nexn omta# wm }~n o~mc}~gnt nsznoxío~ca xnmxtmc hn cm çzaom asogcmdm nextn cas

?: w cas ;: oçexgàs# m nvonzogÿe hnc Xnmxta Tnmc%

Zat ncca# w oaextmtgm`nexn m ca }~n sn s~ncn migt`mt# nc ztg`nt zòdcgoa }~n ccneÿcms smcms hnc ogen`mxÿktmia ne Nszmým ea i~ntae eg `~ofa `neas cms ocmsns `ís

zaz~cmtns# ne zmtxn hndgha m ca mexntgat`nexn nvz~nsxa montom hnc ztnoga gegogmc hn cmnextmhm# mcka ztafgdgxgya zmtm s~ noaea`àm% Zat xmexa i~n cm d~tk~nsàm w cm mtgsxaotmogm}~gnens gegogmc`nexn mo~hgntae mc tnocmà hn cm eaynhmh ognexàigom w còhgom# cas òegoas}~n zahàme znt`gxàtsnca%

– Cms snsgaens hnc Ogen`mxÿktmia C~`gætn nvz~nsxa ne cm omsm eò`nta 6 hn cmomccn hn cms Ynsxmcns# oaexgeòme ygçehasn oaeo~ttghms zat ca `ís sncnoxa hn @metnsm#

fmogçehasn nex~sgmsxms w `ntnoghas ncakgas hn xahas cas o~mhtas }~n sn ztnsnexme m cmygsxm hnc nsznoxmhat# nc o~mc sn otnn xtmeszatxmha m cm omzgxmc hn Ktme Dtnxmým oae xahanc ge~sgxmha àyg`gnexa hn m}~nccm og~hmh oasàzacgxm o~meha sn xtmxm hnc B~dgcna hncm tngem Ygoxatgm# oae s~ sadntdga moa`zmým`gnexa hn xtazms gekcnsms z~nsxms neàyg`gnexa# oaà sn otnn ne ztnsneogm hn ~e inttaomttgc ne `mtofm m ktme yncaoghmh#oae s~ oaesgk~gnexn zmtmhm ne ~em nsxmogÿe w om`dga hn ygmbntas 47&…'‐%

Oae nc xgn`za zmtnon }~n cm o~tgasghmh z~ha `ís }~n nc dacsgcca w cas`mhtgcnýas sn meg`mtae m oaexn`zcmt nc nsznoxío~ca% Zmtnon }~n geoc~sa cm Im`gcgm Tnmc}~gsa m~`nexmt nc eò`nta hn nsznoxmhatns ne b~ega hn =679 haehn –nc hgtnoxat nvz~sa m

cms m~k~sxms zntsaems ~em cmtkm sntgn hn o~mhtas e~nyas# ea `neas gexntnsmexns }~ncas wm oaeaoghas# w }~n hnshn mwnt z~nhne mh`gtmt xahas cas }~n oaeo~ttne mc nsznoxío~ca?:‐%

Cm Oattnszaehneogm hn Nszmým?=# zat s~ zmtxn hnsotgdn nc moxa hn ~em `mentm`~ofa `ís zat`neatgrmhm# xgx~cmeha geoc~sa cm otÿegom oaà –Ygsgxm Tnkgm‐% Mhn`ís#

zahnàs hnogt }~n xmc ynr ns ~em hn cms zaoms otÿegoms hn cm çzaom ne }~n sn tnicnbm ncxàx~ca hn omhm ~ea hn cas igc`s ztawnoxmhas2 –_% @ cm tngem oae s~s m~k~sxas fgbas w cmmcxm sntygh~`dtn hn zmcmoga fme faetmha mwnt oae s~ ztnsneogm cm kmdgenxn hn

iaxaktmiàms meg mhms# nsxmdcnogha ne cm zcmexm dmbm hnc faxnc hn T~sgm% I~ntaetnogdghas zat nc hgtnoxat# w h~tmexn cm snsgÿe ea sn znt`gxgÿ mc zòdcgoa cm nextmhm% Cms

m~k~sxms zntsaems fme ygsxa cas sgk~gnexns o~mhtas# omsg xahas e~nyas ne @mhtgh2Oatmontas# Ogocgsxms w Bgenxns# Hnàcgogÿe hn ~e `~ta# Dmýas ne nc `mt# nc Nvztnssane cm nsxmogÿe hn Dntcàe# Nc N`zntmhat hn Mcn`megm# Tmeofa hn cm Geimexntàm# Oaofn hnYmzat# Bmthàe hn cms X~ccntàms# _mcghm hn cm Iídtgom hn C~`gçtn# Nsonem geimexgc# Nc

Tnkmhat# Hnsxt~oogÿe hn cms `mcms fgntdms# Nsktg`m hn smdcn# Ccnkmhm hn ~e xtne# Hgso~sgÿe Zacýgxgom# Znsom hn _mthgems# Myneghm hn cas Om`zas Ncàsnas# _mcghm hn ~eOaofn# Dacsm hn @mtsnccm# Oaeo~tsa Fàzgoa# Xn`znsxmh ne nc `mt# N`dmt}~n hn ~emtnh hn znsom# Nc Oaeogntxa# B~kmhatns hn Omtxms# Imdtgomogÿe hn n`d~xghas# _ntzgnexn#

Fnttmhat# Iatbmhatns# Dmgcmtgem ne Caehtns# Xnmxta N`zgtn# Tmeofa hn cas _achmhas#

47 Hgmtga hn Mygsas hn @metnsm# 4? hn aox~dtn hn =67;?: Nc G`zmtogmc =8 hn b~ega hn =679?= Takmàs hgso~czn cm `mcm omcghmh hn mck~ems hn cms i~nexns mhb~exmhms# oaà ns nc omsa# w s~kntgàsoaes~cxn cm yntsgÿe }~n aitnonàs hgkgxmcgrmhm%

>?>



Y~ncxm hn ~e zmsna ne nc `mt# Zcmrm hn Cwae% Cm im`gcgm tnmc }~nhÿ `~w oa`zcmoghmhnc nsznoxío~ca }~n ns ne ynthmh eaxmdcn% _~ @mbnsxmh cm tngem i~n adsn}~gmhm oae ~emonsxm hn icatns?4‐%

Oaà zahnàs oa`ztadmt# sn tnzgxne `~ofas hn cas igc`s ztawnoxmhas h~tmexn

cm ztg`ntm snsgÿe hnc 46 hn hgogn`dtn ne Zmtàs &Nc Tnkmhat# Ccnkmhm hn ~e xtne# _mcghmhn cm Iídtgom# Myneghm hn cas Om`zas Ncàsnas a Hnttgda hn ~e `~ta‐% M hnsxmomt#mhn`ís# cm hgintnexn hnea`gemogÿe }~n hm m hnxnt`gemhas –o~mhtas ??‐# oae tnsznoxa moÿà fme }~nhmha igbmhas ne cm mox~mcghmh oaà ns nc omsa hn –Nc Tnkmhat‐ &Nc tnkmhat tnkmha' a _mcghm hn cm Iídtgom hn C~`gætn &_mcghm hn cas xtmdmbmhatns hn cm iídtgom'%

Mhn`ís# zahnàs fmdcmt hn cm –dòs}~nhm‐ zat zmtxn hnc ogen`mxÿktmia hn ~emoa`zcgoghmh hn hnxnt`gemhas nsznoxmhatns }~n ztnsxgkgmtàme mc e~nya geynexa% Msà# zat nbn`zca# neoaextmàs ~em snsgÿe dneçigom m imyat nc Oàto~ca Mtxàsxgoa hn Omxmc~ým2

– Meaofn msgsxgàs m cm snsgÿe hn ogen`mxÿktmia }~n cm omsm C~`gçtn hnhgoÿ mc Ogto~ca &…' Cm oaeo~ttneogm }~n ccnemdm nc sac# iat`mhm ne s~ `mwatàm zat mtxgsxms w

zntgahgsxms ea sn omesÿ hn mzcm~hgt cm nvfgdgogÿe hn m}~nccas ocgofçs ne àyg`gnexa}~n mzmtnone mexn cas abas hnc nsznoxmhat oae xahas cas omtmoxntns hn cm tnmcghmh meg mhm w zmczgxmexn% &…' Cas geygxmhas smcgntae oa`zcmoghàsgàs hn cm snsgÿeatkmegrmhm zat cas snýatns C~`gætn?8‐%

Axta menohÿxgoa omsa sntàm nc }~n eas aitnon ne s~ zatxmhm nc hgmtga Cm Çzaom ne b~cga hn =6792

– Cg F~ek Ofmek ne cm tnhmoogÿe hnc Iàkmta

Nc n`dmbmhat nvxtmathgemtga hn ofgem Cg F~ek Ofmek fm sghaadsn}~gmha oae ~em ignsxm ne cm tnhmoogÿe hnc Iàkmta# hn cm o~mc hm `ge~ogasas hnxmccnsnsxn zntgÿhgoa% êm hn cms oasms }~n `ís ccm`mtae cm mxneogÿe hnc nv ygttnw i~n nc ogen`mxÿktmia# zmtxgo~cmt`nexn cms ygsxms }~n tnztnsnexmdme cas hgintnexns nzgsahgas hncm oataemogÿe hnc rmt Egoacís GG ne @asoò?>‐%

Zmtnon }~n Zta`ga aitnogÿ ne @mhtgh ~ems =7 snsgaens hgmtgms fmsxm nc == hn b~ega# tnh~ogçehacms hnsz~çs m =8# nvonzxa ca ha`gekas# ne }~n yacyàm mc fatmtga

oa`zcnxa?9

%

Nc ogen`mxÿktmia sn `mex~ya ne omtxnc fmsxm nc =9 hn b~ega hn =679# geiat`mogÿe}~n hnh~ogàs zat cm m~sneogm hn `ís me~eogas ztaàogaeíehasn xtms cm ogxmhm inofm#sgneha nc zntgÿhgoa Nc Tns~`ne nc òcxgà ne nc }~n oaesxm?;%

@mhtgh# hn cm `mea hn Zta`ga# fmdàm }~nhmha gexnktmhm ne cas ogto~gxasgexntemogaemcns hn cm ztah~oogÿe w nvfgdgogÿe ogen`mxaktíigoms% _ÿca ~eas `nsns?4 Cm Oattnszaehneogm =?-9-=679?? ^xgcgrmhm oaà sgeÿegà hn igc` a zncào~cm?8 Cm Ymek~mthgm Dmtoncaem# 7 hn nenta =67;?> Cm Çzaom 44-:;-=679?9 Nc Fntmcha hn @mhtgh =>->- =679 w 48->-=679?; Nc Tns~`ne =9-9-=679

>8>



hnsz~çs hn fmdntsn ztnsnexmha ne Zmtàs nc geynexa hn cas C~`gçtn# @mhtgh fmdàm xneghamoonsa mc `gsà w cm ztnesm i~n s~ ktme mcgmhm w hgi~satm ne cm `mwat zmtxn hn cas omsas&m oaexge~mogÿe yntnàs oaà oae nc zmsa hnc xgn`za w hn cm xn`íxgom hn cms ogexms# çsxmymtgmdm'%

Cm ztnesm hgmtgm n gc~sxtmhm oaexgeòm gexntnsíehasn zat nc ogen`mxÿktmia# zntansxm ynr wm ea ns s~s snoogaens hn –Nsznoxío~cas‐ a –Eaxgogms Xnmxtmcns‐ sgea ne s~ssnoogaens hn azgegÿe a ne cm ccm`mhm# ne nsxn omsa ne oaeotnxa }~n nvzaenàs –Xtgd~emCgxntmtgm‐% Dmba nc xàx~ca –Nc xgn`za mc tnyçs‐ Basç Nofnkmtmw sn tnigntn m –nsn geknegasamzmtmxa }~n faw tnoattn N~tazm‐# mc }~n omcgigom hn – b~k~nxn `mtmygccasa }~n zntznxòmnc àyg`gnexa# }~n ktmdm cas gesxmexns oaà sn ktmdme cms cnxtms ne ~e cgdta?6…‐% Cnimsogem nsznogmc`nexn m Nofnkmtmw cm tncmogÿe hnc e~nya geynexa oae nc nszmoga w ncxgn`za }~n# snkòe gehgom# oaesgk~n –ca }~n cm emx~tmcnrm eg mòe ne mzmtgneogm# fm

zahgha tnmcgrmt# fmont }~n nc xgn`za `mtofn fmogm mxtís‐% Ne nsn `gsà eò`nta hn–Cas C~ens hn Nc G`zmtogmc‐# Bmogexa Dnemynexn# hnexta hn s~ mtxào~ca –Ncogen`mxÿktmia hnc màt‐ ne nc }~n ccnymdm m omda ~em oa`zmtmogÿe nextn m`das

oaeonzxas# hnoàm –êm sntgn hn g`íknens s~onsgyms gc~`gemhms oae tmzghnr zat ~e saca iaoa hn c~r zahntasm ztah~on cm snesmogÿe hn ~em g`mkne òegom% Msà `gs màtns# ymtgas w hgsxgexas# ztah~one ne `g mc`m cm snesmogÿe hn ~e saca màt ghnmc ?7‐% _ae mhn`ís#m~xatns hn ztnsxgkga cas neomtkmhas hn tnicnvgaemt mfatm sadtn cms ygtx~hns a ea hn ca}~n oae nc xgn`za# sn oaeyntxgtàm ne ~em Mtxn# nc ;² Mtxn%

Axta nbn`zca sn`nbmexn neoaextmàs ne –Cm Gc~sxtmogÿe Nszmýacm w M`ntgomem‐%Ne nsxn omsa# Basç Tahtàk~nr @a~tnca hnhgom ~em nvxnesm ymcatmogÿe hnc mzmtmxa hnshn~e z~exa hn ygsxm `ís ognexàigoa }~n mtxàsxgoa# moa`zmýmhm geoc~sa zat g`íknens }~nimogcgxme cm oa`ztnesgÿe hn s~s zmcmdtms2 –]~grí ea sn fm hmha e~eom omsa sn`nbmexnhn cm xtmesiat`mogÿe hn ~e b~k~nxn ne nc mzmtmxa `ís òxgc w `mtmygccasa hn cas xgn`zasàhnteas# w dgne z~nhn msnk~tmtsn }~n bm`ís fnofa xme sneogcca oaà cm `nhghm hn cm

znt`meneogm hn cms g`íknens ne cm tnxgem fm tnogdgha mzcgomogaens `ís mh`gtmdcns#o~was ninoxas om~xgyme nc íegà w satztnehne mòe m cas `~w moasx~`dtmhas m ynt wnvm`gemt cas zatxnexas hn cms geyneogaens àhntems w cas ztahgkgas tnmcgrmhas oaegexnexa hn tnztah~ogt iaxaktíigom`nexn cas oacatns 8:&…'‐%

Nc Hgmtga hn Kntaem ym `ís mccí w ns hnexta hn cm hnea`gemhm –OtÿegomOgnexàigom‐ haehn nvzaen cms ygtx~hns hnc mzmtmxa hn cas C~`gçtn2

– Ea sgneha z~ns cm c~r ca }~n zmtnon# sgea òegom`nexn ~e àha hnc

àyg`gnexa# emhm xgnen hn mds~tha }~n axtas ÿtkmeas hgsxgekme àyg`gnexas }~n sntíe sgn`ztn gemoxgyas zmtm e~nsxtas abas% Nc mcomeon hn çsxas ns xme cg`gxmhàsgà w xme s~sonzxgdcn hn nvzntg`nexmt ztai~ehas nttatns# }~n dmsíehasn ne nccas# Nhgsae geynexÿ s~ Lgenxasoazga# w cas fnt`meas C~`gætn s~ Ogen`mxÿktmia# }~n zaen ne àyg`gnexa mcms `~cxgx~hns# hnexta hn s~ adbnxgya c~`geasa# oaà sg sn nsx~ygnsn oaexn`zcmeha cmtnmcghmh 8=‐%

Ne o~mexa m cm xn`íxgom hn nsxas ztg`ntas igc`s# hndnàs hnsxmomt }~n# zmtm ncogen`mxÿktmia# oaà zmtm axtas nsznoxío~cas# ns geh~hmdcn }~n nc snva# nc ntaxgsà# i~n

?6 Nc G`zmtogmc =-;-=679?7 Àdghn`8: Cm Gc~sxtmogÿe Nszmýacm w M`ntgomem 44-:;-=6798= Hgmtga hn Kntaem 7-8-=679

>>>



xa`meha i~ntrm w ne ztgeogzga# i~ntae dgne tnogdghms ne cms ktmehns ~tdns oaà @mhtghw Dmtoncaem# m~e}~n e~nsxtm geynsxgkmogÿe ea eas znt`gxn zmsmt zat mcxa mck~ems

zacç`goms hnsneomhnemhms zat cms ygsxms ccm`mhms –gehnonexns‐# m~e}~n ns zasgdcn }~ncms otgxgoms tnszaehme `ís m cms zasgogaens ghnacÿkgoms hn hnxnt gemhm ztnesmoaesntymhatm% _n xtmxm zat ca xmexa hn ~e ocmta nbn`zca hnc xgtm w micabm nextn cm ztnesm w

nc zòdcgoa# geoc~sa cm hgintnexn ygsgÿe hn cm ztnesm tnsznoxa m ~em `gs`m –zncào~cm‐ z~nhn snt mztnogmhm ocmtm`nexn ne ~em otÿegom tnoakghm ne Ygxatgm sadtn ~ea hn casigc`s hnc zgaenta Mcdntxa H~tíe2

–ê nsoíehmca `mwòso~ca% Cm zateaktmiàm ne nc XnmxtaOgtoa

Ygxatgm ea fm ztnsneogmha bm`ís nc nsznoxío~ca geàtmc w zateaktíigoa ztnsnexmha mexnmeaofn ne nc nsonemtga hnc Xnmxta Ogtoa% Otgsxgmems im`gcgms hnnsxm caomcghmh igmhms ne cm emx~tmcnrm hnc nsznoxío~ca –Ogen`mxÿktmia‐

ztnsnexmha ne hàms mexntgatns# msgsxgntae nc ha`geka zmtm ynt zat s~ hnsktmogm w sge }~n ca ztns~`gnsne ~e o~mhta geàtmc ne nvxtnà w }~n zmtnogÿ xmc m~e m

m}~nccas }~n mcmthnme hn `ís hnsztnao~zmhas% Xtns hn cms ygsxms iaxaktíigoms ztnsnexmhms ne hgofa hàm ne nc Ogtoa i~ntae w sae hgkems hn e~nsxtms `ís motnsones~tms% Oae hnogt }~n ~ea hn hgofas o~mhtas tnztnsnexmdm ~em omsm hn… &ea}~ntnàs nes~ogmt nsxms oac~èms oae s~ ea`dtn otnnàs nsxí hgofa xaha% Ca`ís snesgdcn ns }~n nc zòdcgoa hn cms caomcghmhns mcxms mzcm~hàm m tmdgmt gehnoneogms hn xmc emx~tmcnrm hmeha oae nsxa `~w `mcm ghnm hn o~cx~tm hn nsxn

z~ndca% Oaà hn ~em ~ axtm ocmsn yme tnzgxgçehasn nsxas fnofas otnnàsccnkmha nc omsa ccm`mt cm mxneogÿe hnc _t% Kadntemhat zmtm }~n g`zaekm nc oattnoxgya a `~cxm m }~n hne hntnofa cms cnwns% _ntàm xm`dgçe hn mcxmoaeynegneogm }~n e~nsxtas oa`zmýntas ne cm ztnesm omxÿcgom x~ygntme ne o~nexme~nsxtms migt`mogaens zmtm mxmomt mc s~sahgofa –Ogen`mxÿktmia‐ zat sg ccnkmtmm ztnsnexmtsn ne s~s og~hmhns z~ns oae xahm gexneogÿe fm k~mthmha ne e~nsxtmomzgxmc o~mhtas xme nsomehmcasas zmtm nc òcxgà hàm hn s~ xn`zatmhm% –Nc

Me~eogmhat‐ hgon hnc o~mhta m }~n mexntgat`nexn eas tnintgàs }~n ntm mcka–mxtnygha‐# oae }~n mcka… ±]~ç hgtíe hn nsa s~s tncgkgasas cnoxatns841 ‐

Xm`dgçe hndnàs hnsxmomt cm nvgsxneogm hn otàxgoms ne nc msznoxa z~tm`nexnxçoegoa2

– Eaxgogms Caomcns% Hgon ~e oacnkm }~n meaofn m òcxg`m fatm sn ztnsnexÿ zat cm n`ztnsm hnc xnmxta Nchatmha hne~eogm otg`gemc oaextm nc tnztnsnexmexn hn cmomsm itmeonsm }~n hndàm nvfgdgt ne nsxn oacgsna nc nsznoxío~ca hn cms iaxaktmiàmsmeg`mhms% Hn cas nesmwas fnofas tns~cxÿ }~n nc }~n hndàm nvfgdgt cas mzmtmxas eanexnehàm baxm ne nccas# zat o~wa àxgya cm n`ztnsm cn nvgkgÿ cm hnyac~ogÿe hnc mexgogza&?%>:: znsnxms' }~n cn fmdàme fnofa% Nc tnztnsnexmexn# a ca }~n i~ntn hnc mzmtmxa–Meg`mxaktmzfn‐ sn enkÿ m c hnyac~ogÿe# zat o~wa àxgya cm n`ztnsm hne~eogÿ nc fnofa m cm m~xatghmh oattnszaehgnexn8?‐%

Axta hn cas z~exas sadtn cas }~n hnsnmàs ccm`mt cm mxneogÿe# ns nc hn cmymtgnhmh hn ea`dtns ~xgcgrmhas zat cm ztnesm zmtm fmont tnintneogm m ca }~n igemc`nexn

84 Hgmtga hn Ícmym# Ygxatgm =: hn eaygn`dtn hn =6798? Nc Oattna Omxmcíe# Dmtoncaem# 47 hn `mwa hn =679

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sn omcgigomtàm oa`a Ogen`mxÿktmia% C~gs @mtxàe Mtgms oa`nexm mc tnsznoxa –&…' w# zat axtm zmtxn# ea sn z~nhn hnbmt hn cmha nc fnofa hn }~n# nextn xahas cas ea`dtns~xgcgrmhas zat cas e~`ntasas zgaentas# i~nsn ztnogsm`nexn nc hn ogen`mxÿktmia# nc }~n

igemc`nexn ztnymcnogÿ88‐% Cm ztnesm sn fgra noa hn cas hgintnexns c~kmtns haehn sn ~sÿ whn s~s hgyntsms ea`nekmcx~tms2

- Ta`nm% Zmxfç%- _mcÿe hn Mox~mcghmhns% @aeyÿktmia%- Mzaca% Ogen`mxÿktmia zat Ofmtcns Omcc- _mcÿe hnc Fntmcha% Ogen`mxÿktmia%- Rmtr~ncm% Ogen`mxÿktmia%- Otaea`mxÿktmia% Ogen`mxÿktmia%- _me Bntÿeg`a# 46% Ogen`mxÿktmia%- Ztàeogzn Mciaesa% Ogen`mxÿktmia%

8>

88 –Ne cas atàknens hnc ogen‐ C~gs @mtxàe Mtgms# Nh% Xtm`m)Iaeha# 4::78> Tnygsxm E~nya @~eha# =7:;

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http://historias-matritenses.blogspot.com/2008/12/teatro-apolo-y-el-actor-cmico-casimiro.html

http://historias-matritenses.blogspot.com/2008/12/teatro-apolo-y-el-actor-cmico-casimiro.html



M~xatàm hn cas C~`gætn

Hn gk~mc iat`m# cm ztnesm# oae zasxntgatghmh# fm sgha cm neomtkmhm hn smomt m cmc~r cm ccm`mhm –o~nsxgÿe hn cm m~xatàm hn cas C~`gætn‐ ne ca }~n sn tnigntn m s~ynthmhnta zmznc oaà zmhtns hnc ogen`mxÿktmia% Xtmhgogaemc`nexn sn fme ~xgcgrmhamtk~`nexas hn xgza xçoegoa# a dgne fgsxatgogsxm w noaea`gogsxm# zmtm xntogmt ne nc hndmxnsadtn m }~gçe mhb~hgomt cm zmxnteghmh hnc ogen%

@~ofas fgsxatgmhatns fme tnztaofmha m Nhgsae ca }~n snkòe nccas znt`gxgtàmnvzcgomt s~ hnsynexmbm tnsznoxa m cas C~`gætn m cm fatm hn tngygehgomt cm zmxnteghmh hncogen# s~ imcxm hn ygsgÿe gegogmc# mc fmdnt znesmha ne ~e mzmtmxa gehgygh~mc &ncLgenxasoazga' ne ynr hn ne cm ztawnoogÿe zòdcgom ne zmexmccm% Cas fnt`meas_lcmhmea{slw# ne Mcn`megm ccnymtae m omda ztawnoogaens ne smcm oae mexntgatghmh m casfnt`meas C~`gætn ~xgcgrmeha ~e mzmtmxa hn s~ geyneogÿe# nc Dgÿktmia% Nc ztainsat hn cmOíxnhtm hn Fgsxatgm w Nsxçxgom hnc Ogen hn cm êgyntsghmh hn Ymccmhacgh# C~gs @mtxàeMtgms 89snýmcmdm fmon mznems ~e mýa ca sgk~gnexn2 – Nsxí zntinoxm`nexn hao~`nexmhm mc `neas# ~em sntgn hn ztawnoogaens zòdcgoms hn cas _lcmhmea{slw# mexntgatns m cms hnc 46hn hgogn`dtn hn =67> ne nc _mcae Gehgne hn Zmtàs# }~n ccnymtae m omda cas C~`gætn%

Tnsznoxa m cms ztawnoogaens zgaentms hn cas _lcmhmea{slw sn oaesntyme cas me~eogas wcas ztaktm`ms hn `mea# b~exa oae oazgms hn xahms cms zncào~cms ztawnoxmhms ne nc

[gexntkmtxne &Dntcàe'# m zmtxgt hnc = hn eaygn`dtn hn =67>‐%

Wm ne =76># mztaynofmeha nc eaynexm o~`zcnmýas hn cm ztg`ntm snsgÿe hn casC~`gætn# nc MDO z~dcgomdm cm hgsoathmeogm mc tnsznoxa zat zmtxn hnc nsznogmcgsxm Cna_a~ymkn% –&…' nc cgdta hn Cna _a~ymkn ygnen m hnsxt~gt# zmtogmc`nexn cas i~ehm`nexashn ~em zmxnteghmh }~n nc nsx~hgasa oaesghntm –zmtxgo~cmt`nexn md~sgym‐% &…' _nkòe

Cn _a~ymkn# Cn Taw atkmegrÿ ne En{ Wntsnw ~em ztg ntm kgtm hn ztwnoogaensogen`mxaktíigoms &zmkmhms' nc `ns hn indtnta hn =67>% Zat s~ zmtxn# Cn Ztgeon# fmdtàmoa`nermha cm ztawnoogÿe hn dmehms iaxaktíigoms meg`mhms nextn =669 w =666# xm`dgçene cas Nsxmhas êghas% Ne m`das omsas# sn xtmxm hn og~hmhmeas itmeonsns oaehnemhas

89 –Ne cas atàknens hnc ogen‐ C~gs @mtxàe Mtgms# Nh% Xtm`m)Iaeha# 4::7

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zat cm iatx~em m ~e nvgcga geyac~exmtga }~n o~c`gemtàm oae cm geyneogÿe# igemc# hnc ogen8; ‐%

C~gs @mtxàe Mtgms# oaeoc~wn hn nsxm `mentm nc hndmxn2 – Igemc`nexn# ne cm mox~mcghmh#cm `mwatàm hn cas m~xatns ztnigntne ea nextmt ne cm o~nsxgÿe tnoaeaogneha sge `ís ~e

atgkne `òcxgzcn ne nc emog`gnexa hnc }~n fmdtàm hn snt nc nsznoxío~ca w nc mtxn `ísomtmoxntàsxgoas hnc sgkca VV% _ge n`dmtka &…' znsn m xaha cas C~ gætn sgk~ne`mexnegneha s~ znsa nsznoàigoa ne cm fgsxatgm hnc ogen &…'‐%

8; MDO &_nygccm' 47-=4-=76>

>7>



9:9



Oae`nàtmogÿe hn cm –Ztg`ntm snsgÿe ogen`mxaktíigom‐

Nc MDO# sn fmon noa hn cm oae`nàtmogÿe hnc fnofa ne Zmtàs h~tmexn hgintnexnsmýas2

– Ne ~e xncnktm`m ztaonhnexn hn Zmtàs sn hm o~nexm hn fmdnt sgha oacaomhm necm imofmhm hnc Ktmeh Omiç hnc Da~cnymth hn cas Omz~ofgeas ~em cízghm }~noae`nàtm nc }~geo~mkçsgà megyntsmtga hnc emog`gnexa hnc ogen`mxÿktmia86‐%

– Faw sn o~`zcne ;: mýas hn cm ztg`ntm ztawnoogÿe ogen`mxaktíigom# tnmcgrmhm zat cas fnt`meas M~k~sx w Ca~gs C~`gætn# ne nc _mcÿe Gehga hnc Ktmeh Omiç hn Zmtàs# sgx~mha ne nc eò`nta =8 hnc Da~cnymth hns Omz~cgens# nvmoxm`nexn haehn faw snneo~nextm nc Faxnc _otgdn87‐%

– Ne nc ;> Megyntsmtga hnc –Ogen`mxÿktmia‐ cas fnt`meas C~`gætn xm`dgçegeynexmtae cm iaxaktmiàm ne oacat >:‐%

Mhn ís# hgofa zntgÿhgoa# n`zcnm omtgomx~tms>=# nsznogmcns &Nc –@acgea hng`íknens>4‐'# w tnicnvgaens >?ymtgms sadtn cm tncnymeogm hn nsxn fnofa%

Nc ogen mc ige# mc gk~mc }~n cm ztnesm# ne o~mexa m }~n m`das oa`zmtxne s~omxnkatàm hn `nhgas hn `msms# fme sgha oa`zmýntas hn ygmbn hnshn cas oa`gneras hnc

ztg`nta# w nc tnicnba hn s~ mehmh~tm# ne nsxn omsa oaeotnxa# igemcgrm oae ca z~dcgomha nc`ns zmsmha ne ztnesm zat Netg}~n Dmhasm2

–_adtn ~e mtxn }~n omsg hny~ncyn m cm yghm

±Cas fnt`meas C~`gætn zahàme g`mkgemt cm xtmsonehneogm }~n gdm m xnent s~geynexa1 Hnc `nta tnzatxmbn hn ~em smcghm hn iídtgom%%% m emhm `neas }~n xaha ~e Mtxnmc }~n sn ne~`ntmtàm oaà nc _çzxgà% W# zat s~z~nsxa# cm mzmtgogÿe hn cas mtxgsxms }~nca fmtàme tnmcghmh# hnshn cas moxatns m cas hgtnoxatns# m cas k~gaegsxms# cas iaxÿktmias# mcas hnoatmhatns# nxoçxntm% _ge nc Ogen# msà oae `mwòso~cm# ea sn nvzcgomtàm cm ccm`mhm

@ahnteghmh eg xm`zaoa nc i~x~ta% Cm g`mkne ygs~mc w ogeçxgom# cm ogen`mxaktíigom#e~nsxtm zntonzogÿe hn ca tnmc sntàm `~w hgsxgexm hn cm }~n ns# w zat s~z~nsxa `~w`nek~mhm% Znta cas C~`gætn gdme m oaesnk~gt# xm`dgçe sge ztazaeçtsnca# mcka omsggeotnàdcn2 ne ogntxa àha# tns~ogxmt `~ntxas# fmont }~n# xm`dgçe ne ogntxa àha#yacygntme m oaeygygt oae cas ygyas>8‐%

86 MDO &@mhtgh' 7-:=-=78987 MDO &@mhtgh' 47-=4-=79>>: MDO &@mhtgh' :9-:=-=7;=>= Dcmeoa w Enkta &@mhtgh' =4-:>-=7=4>4 MDO &@mhtgh' :?-:8-=7?>>? MDO &_nygccm' =6-=:-=7?8>8 MDO &Omxmc~ým' 4>-==-4::7

9=9



I^NEXN_ N@ZCNMHM_ NE NC XTME_O^T_A HN CM GEYN_XGKMOGßE

a Cas atàknens hnc ogen ne Omxmc~ým% Cnxm`nehg# Bae w Ocm~hnsnk~ge# Bnme%Knentmcgxmx hn Omxmc~ewm% Gesxgx~x Omxmcí hn cns Ges~sxtgns O~cx~tmcs% Dmtoncaem

4::8%

a Hgoxgaemgtn xfnatg}~n nw otgxg}~n h~ ogen`m% M~àex# Bmo}~ns w @mtgn# @gofnc%@mxfme 4::=%

a Cms ztgeogzmcns xnatàms oaen`mxaktíigoms% Mehtn{ H~hcnw# B% Oacnoogÿe Z~exa wCàenm% hn% K~sxmya Kgcg# _%M% Dmtoncaem =7;6

a Knsofgofxn hns hao~`nexmtgsofne% Igc`s ge Hn~xsofcmeh% Lmgsnttngof &=67>-=7=6' -Dmeh =- Fk% Yae ^% B~ek ~eh @% Cagznthgeknt Tnocm`% Fmes hnsHal~`nexmtigc`s% N~tazmgsofns @nhgneiat~~` _xx~kmtx%

a Cas ztg`ntas 4> mýas hn ogen ne @mhtgh &=679-=74:'% @mtxàenr# Basnigem%Igcàxnom nszmýacm &Gesxgx~xa hn Ogen`mxÿktmia w hn cms Mtxns hn O~cx~tm'@gegsxntga hn O~cx~tm% @mhtgh =774%

a Nc ogen nszmýac nextn =679 w =7?7% Fgsxatgm# geh~sxtgm# igcàktmiàm whao~`nexas% Kmtoàm Inteíehnr# N`gcga O% Mtgnc Ogen% Dmtoncaem 4::4%

a Ne cas atàknens hnc ogen% @mtxàe Mtgms# C~gs% Nh Omsxgccm Nhgogaens# oacnoogÿeXtm`m w Iaeha% Ymccmhacgh 4::6%

a Fgsxatgm hnc ogen Knatkns _mha~c Nh%- _gkca VVG

a Cas nsotgxatns itnexn mc ogen Nh% I~ehm`nexas =76=

a Cn ogeç`m nx cm ztnssn 2 =67>=79: Bnmeen# Tneç# =79=# Zmtgs

a Cms zncào~cms hn `g yghm Itmeëags Xt~iim~x# =7;9

a Cm adtm hn mtxn ne cm çzaom hn s~ tnztah~oxgdgcghmh xçoegom [mcxnt Dnebm`àe

=7?8 - =7?>a Nsotgxas C~gs @mtxàe Mtgms Igcàxnom Ombm Nszmým# e² =>>-e² =9>

a B% Tgxxm~h F~xgenx2 Cn ogen`í hns atgkgens% Cns itçtns C~`gætn nx cn~tsazætmxn~ts% _nwssnc 2 Om`z Ymccÿe# =76>

a Hgmtga Aigogmc hn Mygsas hn @mhtgh

a Nc G`zmtogmc%

a Nc Fntmcha hn @mhtgh%

949



a Nc Zmàs%

a Cm Ymek~mthgm%

a Nc MDO

a Nc Oattna%

a Cm Oattnszaehneogm hn Nszmým%

a Cm Gdntgm%

a Nc Tns~`ne%

a Hgmtga hn Ícmym%

a Nc Oattna Omxmcíe%

a Hgmtga hn Mygsas hn @metnsm%

a Çzaom%

a Nc Kcada%

a Cm Gc~sxtmogÿe Nszmýacm w M`ntgomem%

a Tnygsxm E~nym Nszmým%

a Hgmtga hn Kntaem

a Tnygsxm E~nya @~eha

a Tnygsxm Nc Ogen

a Tnygsxm =67>

a Tnygsxm Mtxn w Ogen`mxaktmiàm

a _~t%ns

a Hgmtgahnsnygccm%ns

a Xa`ís @mccac>>

a C~gs @mtxàe Mtgms

a

C~gs Mcaesa>> Mhb~exmàs cm nextnygsxm }~n x~ya cm m`mdgcghmh hn oaeonhnteas ne cm snoogÿe }~n fnàs xgx~cmha oaà Menvas G

9?9



a @~sna hn Ogen hn Kgtaem

a Omfgnts h~ ogen`m>9

a Dgdcgaxnom Emogaemc Nszmýacm

a Dgdcgaxnom Emogaemc hn Itmeogm>;

a Dgdcgaxnom Hgkgxmc @~ehgmc hn cm ÊN_OA

a Dgdcgaxnom êgyntsmc Hgkgxmc

a Dgdcgaxnom êgyntsmc Ygtx~mc

a ^D Lmtcst~fn Omxícaka oacnoxgya gexntemogaemc LYL

a Omxícaka Oacnoxgya Nszmýac hn Z~dcgomogaens Zntgÿhgoms

a Gesxgx~xa C~`gætn>6

>9 Mhb~exmàs ne cm wm `neogaemhm snoogÿe Menvas G# nc oa`ztadmexn hn cm xtmesmoogÿe hn hao~`nexmogÿe hn s~s

mtofgyas# }~n igemc`nexn ea fnàs zahgha tnogdgt%>; Mhb~exmàs cm oattnszaehneogm aecgen mexneghm oae cm gs`m>6 àdghn`

989



GEHGON2

=% Oaexnvxa fgsxÿtgoa2

=%=2 Cm ztnesm ne nc _% VGV

=%=%=2 Hnàotmxgrmogÿe w zaz~cgsà hgso~tsgya

=%=%42 Nc xtg~eia hnc hgso~tsa zntgahàsxgoa hn `msms ne cm ntm hncg`zntgmcgsà

=%=%?2 Ne oaeotnxa2 cm ztnesm ne Nszmým ne nc _gkca VGV

=%=%82 Eaynhmhns ne cm oaeigk~tmogÿe geh~sxtgmc hn cas zntgÿhgoas

a Zntgahgsà snesmogaemcgsxm# ~em iat`m hn zaz~cgsà &Z~cgxrnt'a Cm gtt~zogÿe hnc m`mtgccgsà &Fnmtsx'

=%=%>2 Cm –Nhmh hn Ata‐ hn cm ztnesm hn `msms ne Itmeogm

a Cm Cnw hn Ztnesm hn =66=a Cm ztnesm zacàxgom hn e~nya ne ztg`nt zcmea

4% Oaexnvxa ogen`mxaktíigoa2

4%=2 Nc Ogen w s~ tncmogÿe oae axtms hgsogzcgems mtxàsxgoms

a Ogen w Iaxaktmiàma Ogen w Zgex~tma Ogen w Xnmxtaa Ogen w Cgxntmx~tma Ogen w Mt}~gxnox~tma Ogen w @òsgoma Ogen w Cnek~mbn% Cnox~tm _n`gacÿkgom hnc Ogen

4%42 Zgcmtns i~ehm`nexmcns zmtm cm mzmtgogÿe hnc ogen

a Cm Zntsgsxneogm Tnxgegmema Cm Iaxaktmiàm

- _a`dtms Ofgensoms- Cm Oí`mtm Aso~tm- Cm Cgexntem @íkgom

M% Nc Xm~`íxtaza

D% Nc Inem}~gsxasoazgaO% Nc Raÿxtaza

9>9





H% Nc ZtmvgeasoazgaN% Xnmxta ßzxgoaI% Nc @~xmsoazga

4%?2 Nc Ogen`mxÿktmia# ztaxmkaegsxm ne cm zmexmccm w ne nc zmznc

4%82 Nszmým oa`a meigxtgÿe hnc ogen`mxÿktmia

4%>2 M~xatàm hn cas C~`gætn

4%92 Oae`n`atmogÿe hn cm –Ztg`ntm snsgÿe ogen`mxaktíigom‐

?2 Mktmhnog`gnexas

82 I~nexns n`zcnmhms ne nc xtmeso~tsa hn cm geynsxgkmogÿe

>2 Menvas

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