El español en Texasxxvii

El español en TexasA brief history

Spanish-speaking peoples have been an integral part of the history and culture ofTexas from the arrival of the European explorers to the present day. You see Spanishin the names of Texas’s cities and towns and on many of its street signs. In the nextpages you can read about a few important ways in which speakers of Spanish haveinfluenced Texas and contributed to the identity of the United States.

xxviiiEl español en Texas

1729Spain designates Los Adaes the capital of the province of Texasand establishes a fortress there. Los Adaes remains theeasternmost settlement and military post in Spanish Texas for thenext fifty years. Later, it becomes part of the state of Louisiana.

El español en Texas

1821–1836 Texas becomes part of Mexico in 1821 and revolts againstMexican rule in 1835. Texan rebels are defeated in San Antonio by Mexican forces at the Battle of the Alamo in 1836. Inspired by the bravery and sacrifice of the defendersof the Alamo, the Texas army wins the Battle of San Jacinto,after which Texas gains independence from Mexico.

1835When Antonio López de Santa Anna takes adictatorial role in Mexico, Lorenzo de Zavala, aMexican politician, resigns from his political dutiesin France and goes to Texas in 1835.Zavala is elected vice-president ofthe temporary government ofthe new Texas Republic.Because of his politicalexperience with the Mexicangovernment, his education,and his ability withlanguage, he has a majorrole in the drafting of theTexas Constitution.

1500 1600 1700 1800

Battle of the Alamo

Juan de Oñate1598On behalf of King Phillip II of Spain, Mexican explorerJuan de Oñate leads anexpedition into what is now Mexico, New Mexico,and Texas.

Plan of the fortressat Los Adaes

Lorenzo de Zavala

1935Texan entrepreneur and civic leader María TorresReyna becomes the first secretary of Ladies LULAC(League of United Latin American Citizens), anational civil rights organization. The Mexican-American Chamber of Commerce in Houstonnames her Businesswoman of the Year in 1980.

1900 20001977Oceanographer Frank González of San Antoniojoins the National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration. Dr. González is part of a team thatstudies very large ocean waves called tsunamis.He works with deep-ocean stations that trackwave patterns to identify coastal communities atrisk of being struck bytsunami waves.

xxix

2005

The city of Laredo in South Texas willcommemorate its 250th anniversary.Laredo began as a small Spanishsettlement established by Tomás Sánchezde la Barrera y Garza in 1755 and is nowthe largest inland port in the UnitedStates and a center of world trade. Fourinternational bridges crossing the RioGrande connect Laredo with NuevoLaredo, Mexico. The monument in thisphoto commemorates the establishmentof the city.

1993Selena wins a Grammy Award for BestMexican-American Album for Live. BornSelena Quintanilla Pérez in Lake Jackson,she is nominated for a second Grammy in1995 for her album Amor Prohibido.

2002

Sandra Cisneros, author of the popular book The Houseon Mango Street, publishes her secondnovel, Caramelo, to critical acclaim. Sheis a resident of San Antonio.

El español en Texas

xxxWhy Learn Spanish?

Why Learn Spanish?

To ConnectSpanish will help you communicate with other people. Spanish is the secondmost common language in the U.S. and the third most common in the world.

You will be able do things like ask someone fordirections, bargain at a market, and order in a restaurant in Spanish.

To Appreciate the Importance of Spanish in the U.S.The influence of Spanish is everywhere. Spanish words like plaza and tornadohave become part of the English language. Just think of U.S. place names that come from Spanish: Colorado, Florida, Nevada, Los Angeles, San Antonio,

La Villita, etc. You can see Spanish on signs. There are Spanish radio and television stations.Singers such as Jon Secada perform in Spanish as well as English.

To Have FunTaking Spanish is a new experience that will expose you to

the food, the music, the celebrations, and other aspects of Spanish-speakingcultures. It will make travel to other countries as well as to different places in the United States much more enjoyable and more meaningful.

To Help You in the FutureTaking a foreign language like Spanish is anaccomplishment to be emphasized on college and job applications. It can also help you fulfill college language requirements. Spanish can be useful in many careers, from doctor, bank teller, and social worker to teacher, tourguide, and translator.

To Be ChallengedStudying Spanish is a challenge. There is a lot to learn,but it’s not just vocabulary and grammar in a textbook.In the future you will be able to read Spanish-languagenewspapers, magazines, and books. Imagine readingDon Quijote de la Mancha by Miguel de Cervantes inthe original Spanish someday!

Build YourConfidence

Everyone learns differently, and there are different ways to achieve a goal. Findout what works for you. Grammar boxes are set up with an explanation, a visualrepresentation, and examples from real-life contexts. Use this combination ofwords and graphics to help you learn Spanish. Focus on whatever helps you most.

Use Study HintsThe Apoyo para estudiar feature providesstudy hints that will help you learn Spanish.

Use StrategiesListening strategies provide a starting point to help you understand.

Speaking strategies will help you express yourself in Spanish.

Reading strategies will show you different ways to approach reading.

Writing strategies help you out with your writing skills.

Cultural strategies help you compare Spanish-speaking cultures of the world to your own culture.

xxxiiHow to Study Spanish

How to Study Spanish

Gender

Knowing the gender of nouns that refer topeople is easy. But how do you learn thegender of things? When learning a newword, such as camiseta, say it with thedefinite article: la camiseta. Say it toyourself and say it aloud several times. That will help you remember its gender.

Apoyo para estudiar

Expressing Feelings with estar and AdjectivesGRAMÁTICA

76

Practice: Actividades Más práctica cuaderno p. 61

Para hispanohablantes cuaderno p. 59Online WorkbookCLASSZONE.COM

p. 134 You learned that the verb estar is used to say where someone or something is located.

Estar is also used with adjectives to describe how someone feels at a given moment.

está preocupad por Ignacio.Diana is worried about Ignacio.

está preocupadpor Roberto.Ignacio is worried about Roberto.

oIgnacio

aDiana

¿RECUERDAS?

Remember that adjectives must agree in

gender and number with thenouns they describe.

estoy estamos

estás estáis

está estánagrees

agrees

STRATEGY: SPEAKINGUse all you know It is easy to rely on what you learnedmost recently. But it is important to reuse what you’velearned before. Try to include activities you learned inUnit 1, such as cantar and nadar, in your answers.

Take RisksThe goal of studying a foreign language likeSpanish is to communicate.Don’t be afraid to speak.Everyone makes mistakes, so don’t worry if you make a few. When you do make amistake, pause and then try again.

Have FunTaking a foreign language does not have to be all serious work.The dialogs in this book present the Spanish language inentertaining, real-life contexts.• Pair and group activities give you a chance to interact with

your classmates.• Vocabulary and grammar puzzles will test your knowledge,

but will also be fun to do.

Listen to Spanish Inside and Outside of ClassListening to Spanish will help you understand it. Pay attention tothe dialogs and the listening activities in class.

Take advantage of opportunities to hear Spanish outside of class as well.

• Do you know someone who speaks Spanish?

• Are there any Spanish-language radio and/or television stations in your area?

• Does your video store have any Spanish-language movies?

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