EL MAPA CONCEPTUAL COMO TECNICA COGNITIVA PARA PROMOVER APRENDIZAJES SIGNIFICATIVOS EN ALUMNOS DE 5o...

7/23/2019 EL MAPA CONCEPTUAL COMO TECNICA COGNITIVA PARA PROMOVER APRENDIZAJES SIGNIFICATIVOS EN ALUMNOS D

1/208

" 8 "

]@MZ@\IZEI L@ @LPMIMEK XJAEMIPKES@Z]ELIL X@LIGGEMI KIMEFKIA

PKELIL 839 MFAEBI

VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

BI@]\ZI @K @LPMIMEK

@a bixi mfkm`x|pia mfbf |mkemi mfgke|esi

xizi xzfbfs`z ixz`kleio`} }egkecemi|esf}l` af} mfk|`kelf} l` de}|fzei `k iapbkf}

l` 0 gzilf l` `lpmimek xzebizei

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Xz`}`k|i

Iabi Zf}i Ax` Xz`

I}`}fzi l` \`}e}

B|zi+ Sem|fzei Bkl` seai

Seaai l` asiz`! Mfa+! Kfse`bjz` l` :898


2/208

" 9 "

KLEM@

XG+

Ek|zflpmmek+

be`k|zi} yp` à 53+4% $=8 z`xzfj! `kmfk|ziklf `k|z` `}|f} à 8+ Xfz |ik|f! `}|i

i}egki|pzi! il`b} l` |`k`z à xzfb`lef b} jiof! xz`}`k| à biufz klem` l`

z`xzfjimek $gzcemi Kf+ 9+

Af} mfk|`kelf} |`b|emf} l` lecmea mfbxz`k}ek xizi af} iapbkf} u iapbki}

cp`zfk? @a xfjaibe`k|f l` Ibzemi> Ai mpa|pzi b`temi> Ai Ekl`x`kl`kmei l` Btemf?

ik|`m`l`k|`}! x`z}fkio`} u }pm`}f} ebxfz|ik|`}> u Ai Z`cfzbi+ I}ebe}bf! }` a`}

lecempa| pjemiz af} imfk|`mebe`k|f} b} zà`sik|`} l` ai de}|fzei l` Btemf `k à

|e`bxf u à `}ximef g`fgzcemf! af yp` `k f|zi} xiaijzi} }` l`kfbeki ai akì là

|e`bxf $mpilzf Kf+9+

Ai} l`ceme`k|`} dijeaelil`} a`m|fzi} l` af} iapbkf} u ai} iapbki} là gzpxf

cp` pkf l` af} xzeb`zf} i}x`m|f} mfk}el`zilf} `k à fzeg`k là `}mi}f

ixzfs`mdibe`k|f `}mfaiz `k de}|fzei+ L` id yp` à }egpe`k|` xi}f cp` dim`z à

ikae}e} l` af} z`}pa|ilf} l` ai i}egki|pzi l` `}xifa `k ai be}bi `siapimek+

Ai i}egki|pzi l` `}xifa ipk mpiklf fmpx à }`gpklf apgiz lìxzfs`mdibe`k|f! fj|psf pk xzfb`lef z`xzfji|fzef l`


12/208

" 99 "

]eajemi! f là là`|z`f! cp` afgzili xfz à 3+ à kef si aù`klf mfk

me`z|i zixel` u capel`! z`}x`|i ai jp`ki xzfkpkmeimek l` ai} xiaijzi} u i|e`kl` i

af} }egkf} l` xpk|pimek+ Iyp }` afmiae ia


13/208

" 9: "

Memaf `}mfaiz :880 :883? }`t|f gzilf

Xizi `a memaf `}mfaiz :880:883 }` aijfz mfk pk gzpxf l` }`t|f gzilfmfkcfzbilf xfz =8 iapbkf}! l` af} mpia`} 9< $


14/208

" 9= "

}pm`}f} u mpa|pzi} l`}izzfaaili} `k @pzfxi u Fze`k|` lpzik|` à x`zeflf mfkfmelf

mfbf @lil B`lei $mpilzf Kf+ =+

\ibjek }` l`|`m| yp` ai bi|`zei l` `}xifa }` pjem! opk|f mfk `lpmimek

msemi! `k à x`ka|ebf apgiz l` ixzfs`mdibe`k|f> ibji} iamikizfk }af pki

lmebi b} yp` de}|fzei! aa`giklf `k|fkm`} i `}xifa xz`}`k|

pki z`xzfjimek l` 0=+=% $93 iapbkf} xfz pki ixzfjimek là


15/208

" 9< "

\ijai Kf+ =

Z`}pa|ilf g`k`zia l` ai `siapimek leigk}|emi! 0 gzilf! memaf `}mfaiz :883 " :887

I}egki|pzi @}x+ Bi|+ M+Ki|+

De}|+ G`f+ @+Mes+

Xzfb`lefG`k`zia

Xzfb`lef xfz I}egki|pzi 3+< 3+: 3+8 ipkyp` xizi pk iapbkf `}|`

cp` l`}ia`k|ilfz ui yp` kemib`k|` fj|psf pk ime`z|f mfk à yp` afgz à 8+4 l`

miaecemimek+ U i mfk|ekpimek! }` xz`}`k|ik af} xzfb`lef} l` ixzfs`mdibe`k|f

iamikilf} `k de}|fzei! l` imp`zlf ia kb`zf l` iapbkf} yp` i} af} fj|pse`zfk?

\ijai Kf+ yp` ai} a`m|pzi} l` af}

|`t|f} }` deme`zfk `k cfzbi ie}aili! }ek mfk|`t|piaeiz à |`bi> }ìaizfk yp` |zi|i

là xi}ilf! u diji yp` z`mfzliz c`mdi}! af mpia a`} `zi lecmea mfbxz`kl`z u pjemiz

l` bik`zi `}ximeia u |`bxfzia+ @}|f} mfb`k|izef} aa`sizfk i ekc`zez yp` ai

i}egki|pzi }` xz`}`k| l` cfzbi s`zjiae}|i! af yp` ebxaemi pk z`|f i }px`ziz xizi

bòfziz }p ixzfs`mdibe`k|f u fj|`k`z ixz`kleio`} }egkecemi|esf}+

@k `}|` memaf }` ek|`gzizfk ia gzpxf 0 iapbkf} z`x`|elfz`}! ype`k`}

bf}|zizfk pk `sel`k|` zìgf `k de}|fzei! xp`} }p} z`}pa|ilf} af} pjemizfk xfz

l`jiof l` ai b`lei+ @k|z` af} cim|fz`} ekmel`k|`} `k }p jiof ixzfs`mdibe`k|f }`

mfk}el`z yp` à xzfgzibi l` 0 gzilf se}|f xfz àaf} }` `kcfm ia `}|plef

`tdip}|esf l` ai de}|fzei l` ai dpbikelil! l`}l` à fzeg`k là dfbjz` di}|i cekia`}

là }egaf TET! à mpia `} |f|iab`k|` le}|ek|f ia xzfgzibi l`


17/208

" 93 "

\ijai Kf+ 0

Z`}pa|ilf} là `tib`k leigk}|emf `k ai mfbxz`k}ek a`m|fzi!0 gzilf! memaf `}mfaiz :883:887

Iapbkf} xfz xfzm`k|io` 9= 9

9< }af à 33+3%> be`k|zi} 9: }` pjemizfk `k ==+=% u }af pkf fj|psf à 8%+ U i

x`}iz l` yp` `}|i `siapimek mfk| }faib`k|` mfk |z`} xz`gpk|i} zàimefkilf} `k

à zpjzf l` ai mfbxz`k}ek a`m|fzi! af mpia def mfk}el`ziz ekmel` l` bik`zi

`kgif}i `k af} z`}pa|ilf} fj|`kelf}! ui yp` à kesà l` ikae}e} f xzfcpklelilxzfbfself `k lemdf} mp`}|efkibe`k|f} `} bkebf! u }` mizim|`zeik mfbf

|`t|pia`}! xfzyp` à iapbkf `kmfk|z ai} z`}xp`}|i} z`|fbiklf kp`sib`k|` à

|`t|f l` bik`zi ae|`zia> kf z`ypeze ekc`zez! bpmdf b`kf} l`|`zbekiz |`bi ` elì}

xzekmexia`}+

@k }pbi! af} z`}pa|ilf} l` af} `tb`k`} leigk}|emf} ixaemilf} `k af}

lec`z`k|`} memaf} `}mfaiz`} }ìailf}! u ikiaeilf} `k `}|` xzeb`z ixiz|ilf!z`sàizfk ai }e|pimek là `lpmiklf `k `}` xz`me}f ek}|ik|`> lòizfk `k|z`s`z mpa`}

cp`zfk }p} l`ceme`kmei}! x`zf |ibjek mpa cp` à lfbekef iamikilf xfz xiz|` l`

mili iapbkf u iapbki l` af} gzpxf `siapilf} `k mili i}egki|pzi u mfk|`kelf}

se}|f} ia ekgz`}iz i pk kp`sf gzilf `}mfaiz! af mpia kf lòf l` mfk}|e|pez pk z`|f xizi

mfk}faeliz l` bik`zi }egkecemi|esi }p} ixz`kleio`}+


18/208

" 97 "

J+ @a 5 Mfkmpz}f @}mpài} l` Miaelil

F|zf l` af} ik|`m`l`k|`} mfk}el`zilf} xizi ai xz`}`k|` eks`}|egimek cp`zfkaf} z`}pa|ilf} là Mfkmpz}f @}mpài} l` Miaelil $M@M!mfk}e}|`k|` `k pk `tib`k

g`k`zia ixaemilf `k à bizmf ek}|e|pmefkia là ]e}|`bi @lpmi|esf Kimefkia! i af}

gzpxf} l` = i 3 gzilf} l` `lpmimek xzebizei u = l` }`mpklizei! `k à b`} l`

opkef l` mili if u mfbxz`kl` af} xzfx}e|f} u mfk|`kelf} xzfgzib|emf} l`

lemdf} gzilf}+

@k opkef l` :883 }` `c`m|p à 5 M@M u af} z`}pa|ilf} cp`zfk xfmf

ia`k|ilfz`}! |ik|f i kesà l` ai ek}|e|pmek `}mfaiz! mfbf xizi à gzpxf lfkl` }`

zìae `}|` |zijiof> ui yp` mbf `}mpài }` iamik pk xfzm`k|io` l` 09+05% l`

ixzfs`mdibe`k|f g`k`zia l` |fli} ai bi|`zei} u af} 9: gzpxf} `siapilf}+

\ijai Kf+ 3

Z`}pa|ilf} xfz i}egki|pzi afgzilf} `k à


19/208

" 94 "

Ikiaeiklf af} z`}pa|ilf} iamikilf} xfz gzilf `k lemdf M@M! }` fj}`zs

yp` af} : gzpxf} l`


20/208

" 95 "

Af} z`}pa|ilf} l`a 5 M@M kf }fk `tmap}esf}> }ekf l`bp`}|zik pki }e|pimek

yp` di xz`sia`melf l` bik`zi z`mpzz`k|` `k af} ik|`zefz`} mfkmpz}f}! l` imp`zlf i

af} ekcfzb`} xz`}`k|ilf} xfz xiz|` l` ai} ek}|ikmei} `kmizgili} l` `be|ezaf}+

Xfz af yp` z`}x`m|i i ai mfbxz`k}ek a`m|fzi! af} z`}pa|ilf} l`a 5 M@M

bikec`}|izfk yp` kemib`k|` 90 l` af}


21/208

" :8 "

L` |flf af ik|`zefz }` l`}xz`kle`zfk af} }egpe`k|`} mp`}|efkibe`k|f}? Mbf

}` xp`l` bòfziz à ixz`kleio` l` ai i}egki|pzi l` de}|fzei `k af} iapbkf}6 Yp

z`ype`z` dim`z à lfm`k|` u yp à iapbkf xizi yp` af} ixz`kleio`} l` de}|fzei

}ìk }egkecemi|esf}6 Mpa`} }fk af} cim|fz`} yp` ekmel`k `k af} z`}pa|ilf}

iamikilf}6

@k g`k`zia! xplf l`lpmez}` yp` af xz`sia`me`k|` `k `}|f} z`}pa|ilf} `} ai

cia|i l` ixz`kleio`} }aelf} u lpzil`zf} `k ai i}egki|pzi l` de}|fzei! af mpia

z`xz`}`k|i pki xzfja`b|emi yp` z`ype`z` }fapmek l` bik`zi ekbek`k|`+

M+ Af} `}ximef} l` ek|`zimmek lfm`k|`

Ia ek|`zefz l` ai `}mpài }` `c`m|pizfk les`z}f} |exf} l` z`pkefk`} lfm`k|`}!

mfbf? \iaa`z`} G`k`zia`} l` Im|piaeimek $\GI! \iaa`z`} Jz`s`} l` Im|piaeimek

$\JI u Z`pkefk`} l` Mfk}òf \mkemf Mfk}pa|esf $M\M! yp` xp}e`zfk l`

bikece`}|f ai} fxekefk`} l` af} lfm`k|`} mfk zàimek i af} z`}pa|ilf} iamikilf}

xfz af} iapbkf} `k ai i}egki|pzi l` de}|fzei u ai mfk}|ik|` xz`fmpximek sekmpailimfk ai j}yp`li l` }fapmefk`}+

\zi} à leafgf zìaeilf l` bik`zi ekcfzbia im`zmi l` af} z`}pa|ilf}

fj|`kelf} `k à 5 M@M! ia ekemef là memaf `}mfaiz :883:887! 9= l` 93 l` af}

lfm`k|`} l` ai `}mpài fxekizfk yp` i af} iapbkf} a`} cia|i ixfuf xfz xiz|` l` af}

xilz`} xizi |`k`z bòfz`} fxfz|pkelil`} l` ixz`kleio` u z`cfziz `k mi}i af}

|`bi} se}|f} lpzik|` à l`}izzfaaf l` ai} mai}`} }fjz` |flf `k af z`c`z`k|` i ai

bi|`zei l` de}|fzei u }` a`} lecempa|i yp` afgz`k ixz`kleio`} }aelf} u }egkecemi|esf}

`k lemdi i}egki|pzi+ Af mpia kf l`}miz|i af} `}|eaf} l` `k}ìki l` mili lfm`k|`+

Af} |exf} l` z`pkefk`} }ìailf} ik|`zefzb`k|`! mpbxa`k ia ek|`zefz l` ai

`}mpài pki cpkmek?


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" :9 "

I+ Af} \GI }fk `}ximef} l` |zijiof mfa`m|esf `k|z` xzfc`}fz`}! zìaeilf} `k cfzbi

jeb`}|zia> x`z|`k`m`k ia Xzfgzibi Kimefkia xizi ai Im|piaeimek X`zbik`k|`

l` af} Bi`}|zf} l` @lpmimek J}emi `k ]`zsemef $Xzfkix u xiz|`k là ikae}e}

là yp`dim`z mf|eleikf lfm`k|` u }` ixfui `k af} bi|`zeia`} `lpmi|esf} l` mili

pkf l` af} kesà`} yp` mfbxz`kl` ai `lpmimek j}emi $xz``}mfaiz! xzebizei u

}`mpklizei+ @}|f} |iaa`z`} }` l`}izzfaaik i xiz|ez l` ai im|piaeimek

x`zbik`k|`! |fbiklf mfbf akì l` |zijiof à l`}`bx`f l` af} lfm`k|`}! mfk

à cek l` imz`m`k|iz }p} mfbx`|`kmei} xzfc`}efkia`}! `kmibekili} i à`siz ai

miaelil `lpmi|esi+

J+ Af} \JI`}|k `kcfmilf} i ai }fapmek l` pk xzfja`bi mfkmz`|f l` `k}ìki

u }` fcz`m`k `k Mfaebi i |zis} l` ai Lez`mmek l` L`}izzfaaf @lpmi|esf $LL@

l` ai ]`mz`|izi l` @lpmimek $]@+ ]ek `bjizgf! u i x`}iz l` yp` ibjf}

|iaa`z`} $\GI u \JI fcz`m`k `}ximef} xizi z`ca`tefkiz! }` `kmip}izfk ia ek|`zefz

l` ai ek}|e|pmek i ai cfzbimek l` `}mze|fz`} `k ai `}mpài xzebizei! lòiklf

xfmf |e`bxf xizi pk s`zlil`zf ek|`zmibjef l` fxekefk`} u }pg`z`kmei} `k |fzkf

i ai xzfja`b|emi l`|`m|ili! }ìaili mfbf ai cia|i l` mfk}faelimek l` af}

ixz`kleio`} l`k ai i}egki|pzi l` de}|fzei+

M+ Ai} z`pkefk`} l` M\M `c`m|pili} `k à xaik|à lpzik|` à memaf `}mfaiz :883

:887 }` `kcfmizfk i |zi|iz i}x`m|f} l` fzgikeimek ek|`zki> }` zìaeizfk

lpzik|` ai ofzkili `}mfaiz u kf jzeklizfk fxfz|pkelil`} ke `}ximef} xizi à

ek|`zmibjef l` `tx`ze`kmei} lfm`k|`}+

Ik|` `}|i} }e|pimefk`}! }` xai|em l` bik`zi ekcfzbia lpzik|` ai dfzi l`

z`mz`f! `k mdizai} l` xi}eaaf xizi ek|`zmibjeiz `tx`ze`kmei} l` |zijiof> `k|z` ai}

fxekefk`} l` af} u ai} lfm`k|`} }` `}mpmd ai zè|`zili }e|pimek l` ai cia|i l`

mfk}faelimek l` af} ixz`kleio`} xfz xiz|` l` af} iapbkf} u iapbki}! l`}|imizfk

ek}e}|`k|`b`k|` ai bi|`zei l` de}|fzei }fjz` ai} l`b}> `k g`k`zia! mfk}el`zizfk ai

cia|i l` mfbxz`k}ek l` af} |`bi} `k lemdi i}egki|pzi! af mpia z`x`zmp|e `k ai}


23/208

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jioi} miaecemimefk`} l` af} `}|pleik|`} lpzik|` ai} `siapimefk`} jeb`}|zia`}

ixaemili}+

L+ Ixz`kleio` u }p zàimek mfk ai a`m|pzi+

Ipkilf i af} mfb`k|izef} l` af} lfm`k|`} im`zmi l` ai cia|i l` mfbxz`k}ek

u mfk}faelimek l` ixz`kleio`}! ai z`se}ek jejaefgzcemi x`zbe|e mfkfm`z mbf

iagpkf} ip|fz`} |zi|ik l` zàimefkiz i ai a`m|pzi mfbf xiz|` ebxfz|ik|` `k ai

mfk}|zpmmek l` ixz`kleio`}> |ia `} à mi}f l` Iki Gizziak $:880! ype`k }ìai

yp` ai} `tx`ze`kmei} a`m|fzi} mfk}|e|pu`k pk im|f |zi}m`kl`k|ia `k ai mfk}|zpmmek

l` }egkecemilf}! xzfs`ke`k|`} l` ai bf|esimek là a`m|fz ia `kcz`k|iz}` ia aejzf+

L`}|imi |ibjek yp` à a``z |`t|f} ekcfzbi|esf} eksfapmzi lecempa|il`} bpu

mfkmz`|i}! yp` sik l`}l` mbf `t|zi`z ai ekcfzbimek xzekmexia di}|i à }ij`z

bfs`z}` xfz pk cfzbi|f |`t|pia yp` kf }e`bxz` `}| fzl`kilf l` eype`zli i

l`z`mdi! u xfk` ia p}pizef ik|` iagpkf} aejzf} l` }fce}|emilf le}`f yp` l`}l`

dim` if} `}|k i ai bikf l` af} a`m|fz`}+

@k `}|` be}bf }`k|elf `k à xzfgzibi l` `}|plef} l` ai Aem`kmei|pzi `k

@lpmimek ]`mpklizei $:88


24/208

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Xfz af yp` z`}x`m|i i ai de}|fzei! lemdf xzfgzibi xaik|ì ai a`m|pzi u ikae}e}

l` |`t|f}mfbf |m|emi} xizi yp` af} `}|pleik|`} ai} ixzfs`md`k `k à l`}izzfaaf l`

ai i}egki|pzi+ I xiz|ez l` `}|f }` xzfxfk`! `k|z` f|zi} im|eselil`}! el`k|ecemiz u

mfb`k|iz ai} elì} xzekmexia`} l` pk |`t|f! il`b} l` àijfziz z`}b`k`} u

mfbxiziz izgpb`k|f} l` lec`z`k|`} ip|fz`}+ @k }! à xzfgzibi xz`|`kl` yp` af}

iapbkf} mfkfmik le}|ek|i} `}|zi|`gei} l`zesili} l` ai a`m|pzi! u i xiz|ez l` àai}

afgz`k l`}izzfaaiz ixz`kleio`} u |`k`z b} fxmefk`} xizi p|eaeiz il`mpilib`k|`

af} aejzf} l` |`t|f u f|zf} bi|`zeia`} `}mze|f}+

Xfz }p xiz|`! ]fkei Gfkas` $:88


25/208

" :< "

@k `}` }`k|elf! B+ Xizzi $`k Bilzel! :88=j? 9% }ìai? a``z `} pk |zijiof

ek|à`m|pia! lekbemf u bpu im|esf xfz b`lef là mpia }` l`}mpjz` af yp` lem` à

|`t|f*! af mpia ebxaemi ai ek|`zimmek leiam|emi `k|z` à |`t|f `}mze|f u }p a`m|fz xizi

`t|zi`z à }egkecemilf l` af a`lf u }`z mfk}el`zilf} mfbf jp`kf} a`m|fz`}+ Xfzyp`

`k ai j}yp`li là mfkfmebe`k|f u ai ek|`zxz`|imek là |`t|f }` |e`k` mfbf

z`}pa|ilf pki kp`si z`mzìmek $kp`sf} |`t|f}! }ek faseliz |fli} ai} xf}eja`}

mfk`tefk`} `k|z` af a`lf f ek|`zxz`|ilf mfk af} mfkfmebe`k|f} yp` |`k`bf} i xzefze!

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mfkfmebe`k|f} }` sik l`}izzfaaiklf xipai|ekib`k|` u mbf `}|f}kf} sik aa`siklf

bpu m`zmi i ai s`zlil f ia `zzfz u xfz }pxp`}|f yp` |fli ai z`mzìmek }ì

z`mfkfmeli xfz à f|zf+

@k z`}pb`k! ai a`m|pzi se}|i mfbf pk b`lef xizi ai g`k`zimek u

mfk}|zpmmek l` mfkfmebe`k|f}! k`m`}e|i mfk}el`ziz `k }p zìaeimek à l`}izzfaaf

l` af} i}x`m|f} mfgke|esf} yp` mfkaa`si ai mfbxz`k}ek l` af a`lf? ikae}e}!

}k|`}e}! eklpmmek! l`lpmmek u |`k`z pki xf}emek leiagemi! `k lfkl` }` pk`k

i}x`m|f} mfbf `}mzejez u xpjaemiz! xizi `kmfk|ziz `k|z` `}|i} lf} im|eselil`} à

im|f l` a``z u i xiz|ez là be}bf à l` ixz`kl`z+

@+ Xikfzibi ek|`zkimefkia? ai `siapimek XE]I :883


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mpui} `lil`} `}|k `k|z` 90 if} = b`}`} u 93 if} : b`}`} ek}mze|f} `k af}

}e}|`bi} `lpmi|esf} l` mili pkf l` af} xi}`} be`bjzf} l` ai FML@! mfbf

Btemf+

@k|z` af} xzfx}e|f} l` ai `siapimek XE]I! `}| xzfxfzmefkiz ekcfzbimek

zà`sik|` l` af} z`}pa|ilf} `lpmi|esf} u l` af} mfk|`t|f} `k af} yp` }|f} fmpzz`k!

i cek l` iupliz i z`ca`tefkiz i af} xi}`} xiz|emexik|`} }fjz` ai xfa|emi u ai} b`|i}

`lpmi|esi}! i} mfbf xzfxfzmefkiz af} li|f} xizi à `}|ija`mebe`k|f l` `}|kliz`}

`lpmi|esf} u iupliz i pki bòfz mfbxz`k}ek l` ai} mip}i} u mfk}`mp`kmei} yp`

l` àai }` l`zes`k+ Ipkyp` }p xzfx}e|f xzekmexia `} siafziz `k yp b`leli af}

`}|pleik|`} dik ilypezelf mfkfmebe`k|f} u dijeaelil`} `}`kmeia`} xizi xiz|emexiz

xa`kib`k|` `k ai }fme`lil! u di}|i yp xpk|f }fk mixim`} l` `t|zixfaiz af

ixz`klelf xizi ixaemizaf i }e|pimefk`} kfs`lf}i}! |ik|f là bje|f `}mfaiz mfbf

`t|zi`}mfaiz+

Ai ekcfzbimek l`zesili l` XE]I `} pk eklemilfz là kesà l` ix|e|pl f

dijeaelil l` af} `}|pleik|`} `k }p xzfxef xi}! `k mfbxizimek mfk f|zf} xi}`}

xiz|emexik|`}> iupli i el`k|ecemiz ai} cfz|iaì} u l`jeaelil`} l` af} }e}|`bi}

`lpmi|esf} kimefkia`}> x`zbe|` `kmfk|ziz xi|zfk`} là l`}`bx`f l` af}`}|pleik|`} `k|z` xi}`}> u! }fjz` |flf! l`|`m|i yp cim|fz`} }` i}fmeik ia te|f

`lpmi|esf! b} iaa l` `}|ija`m`z mfbxizimefk`} `k|z` z`}pa|ilf} ie}ailib`k|`+

@}|i `siapimek izzfo xizi Btemf `k à :883 pki xikfzbemi g`k`zia l` ai

}e|pimek là xi} `k |fzkf i ai} dijeaelil`} f mfbx`|`kmei} l` af} `}|pleik|`} l`

90 if} `k me`kmei}! bi|`b|emi} u a`m|pzi> }e`klf `}|i a|ebi ai yp` }` p|eae

mfbf z`ype}e|f ekle}x`k}ija` xizi à l`}izzfaaf l` ixz`kleio`}! ui yp` ai de}|fzei

mbf i}egki|pzi kf `}| mfbxz`kleli `k `}|` |exf l` `siapimek> kf fj}|ik|`! }`

|fbi ai a`m|pzi mfbf pkf l` af} cim|fz`} yp` xf}ejeae|ik ai mfk}|zpmmek l`

ixz`kleio`} l` af} iapbkf} `k lemdi i}egki|pzi+


27/208

" :3 "

@k `}|` }`k|elf! XE]I l`cek` aimfbx`|`kmei `k a`m|pzi mfbf ai miximelil

xizi mfbxz`kl`z! `bxaìz u z`ca`tefkiz i xiz|ez l` |`t|f} `}mze|f}! mfk à cek l`

afgziz b`|i} ekleselpia`}! l`}izzfaaiz à mfkfmebe`k|f u à xf|`kmeia x`z}fkia! u

xiz|emexiz `k ai }fme`lil $XE]I! :883? 44> `} l`mez! }` s` i ai a`m|pzi mfbf ai

ji}` xizi ai mfk}`mpmek l` af} ixz`kleio`} yp` }` xzflpm`k l`k|zf u cp`zi l` ai}

ipai} `k ai biufz xiz|` l` ai} mpa|pzi}! l`k|zf l` pk `kcfyp` l` mfbx`|`kmei} xizi

ai seli+

I |zis} l` ai `siapimek XE]I! ai FML@ mai}ecemi i af} `}|pleik|`} `k

mpik|f }p lfbekef `k mekmf kesà`} l` l`}`bx`f `k ai `}miai gafjia l` a`m|pzi!

be}bf} yp` }` bp`}|zik u `txaemik `k ai |ijai Kf+ 98 }egpe`k|`?

\ijai Kf+ 98

Kesà`} u xpk|io`} l` a`m|pzi `}|ija`melf} xfz XE]I xizi mai}ecemiz i af} `}|pleik|`}

Kesà&Xpk|io`

\izì}

0B} l`3:0+39

Af} `}|pleik|`} l` `}|` kesà }fk mixim`} l` zìaeiz |izì} mfbxaòi} là`m|pzi! mfbf bikòiz ekcfzbimek lecmea l` `kmfk|ziz `k |`t|f}l`}mfkfmelf}! bf}|ziz pki mfbxz`k}ek l`|iaaili l` lemdf} |`t|f}!

l`lpmez yp ekcfzbimek là |`t|f `} zà`sik|` xizi ai |izì! }`z mixim`}l` `siapiz mfk }`k|elf mz|emf u mfk}|zpez dex|`}e}! ji}iz}` `kmfkfmebe`k|f} `}x`meiaeilf} u ilix|iz mfkm`x|f} yp` xp`lik }`zmfk|zizef} i ai} `tx`m|i|esi}+

à :3% `}|psf `k à kesà 9> pk :5% `k à kesà :> à

94% `k à kesà =! be`k|zi} yp` }af à 3% afgz à kesà u `k à


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" :4 "

\ijai Kf+ 99Pjemimek l` af} xi}`} là gzpxf l` mfbxizimek l` imp`zlf

i }p b`lei l` l`}`bx`f `}x`zili `k ai `}miai gafjia l` A`m|pziXi}`} mfk b`lei l`

l`}`bx`f b`kfz yp` af

`}x`zilf

Xi}`} mfk b`lei l`l`}`bx`f l`k|zf l` af

`}x`zilf

Xi}`} mfk b`lei l`l`}`bx`f biufz yp` af

`}x`zilf Izg`k|eki I`zjieok Jpagizei! Mfafbjei! Nuzgu}|ik! Yi|iz! Zpbikei! C`l`zimek Zp}i Pzpgpiu

Jzi}ea! Mdea`! @}xii! Eklfk`}ei! Btemf! \ieaiklei \k`

Mikil! Cekaiklei! Dfkg Nfkg" Mdeki! Xfz|pgia \pzypi

Ia dim`z à ikae}e} là mfk|`t|f kimefkia! l` af} z`}pa|ilf} l` XE]I! `k

a`m|pzi Mfaebi }px`z `k 5 xpk|f} ai b`lei kimefkia ia iamikiz


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Af ikiaeilf di}|i à bfb`k|f lòi s`z yp` `k à kesà l` `lpmimek

xzebizei `k Btemf! u `k Mfaebi! dim` cia|i g`k`ziz! ia ek|`zefz l` af} gzpxf}!

`}|zi|`gei} yp` xf|`kme`k u à`s`k à kesà l` mfbxz`k}ek a`m|fzi `k af} iapbkf}!

mfk ai cekiaelil l` iamikiz af} kesà`} l` l`}`bx`f l` ai a`m|pzi `}|ija`melf} xfz

ai `siapimefk`} ek|`zkimefkia`}! mfbf af `} à mi}f l` XE]I> il`b} xfz }`z `}|i

im|eselil pkf l` af} b`lef} b} `c`m|esf} xizi à afgzf l` ixz`kleio`}+

Jiof `}|i x`z}x`m|esi! XE]I `kci|ei ai miximelil là `}|pleik|` xizi

}`zsez}` l` ai a`m|pzi mfbf b`lef xizi ixz`kl`z! mfbx`|`kmei yp` }px`zi ai

à`b`k|ia dijeaelil l` a``z f l` ixz`kl`z xizi a``z+

@k }pbi! }` xp`l`k g`k`ziz `k af} `lpmiklf} lecempa|il`} z`c`z`k|`} i ai

i}egki|pzi l` de}|fzei mfbf le}mexaeki! af mpia mfkaa`si ai ekcap`kmei l` ai} elì}

xz`sei} yp` àaf} u àai} |e`k`k mfk z`}x`m|f ia mfk|`kelf i ixz`kl`z> il`b} l`

}`z k`m`}izef à xzfxfzmefkiza`} mfk|`kelf} `}x`mcemf} }fjz` af} mpia`} dik l`

ò`zme|iz `}i miximelil lec`z`kmeia `k|z` af `k}ìlf u af ixz`klelf+

:+ @k|fzkf u mfkses`kmei `}mfaiz

@a `k|fzkf u ai mfkses`kmei `}mfaiz }` ji}izfk `k ai }`ze` l` zàimefk`}

`}|ija`meli} ia ek|`zefz là xaik|à `}mfaiz `k à mpia }` l`}izzfaa `}|i eks`}|egimek+

@k xzeb`z |zbekf }` mfk}el`zizfk ai} ek|`zimmefk`} lfm`k|`}! }`z

l`|`zbekik|`} `k à afgzf l` ai} b`|i} mfbpk`}+ Xf}|`zefzb`k|` }` z`|fbizfk ai}im|eselil`} l` af} iapbkf} lpzik|` à z`mz`f u yp` `}|ija`m`k `k me`z|f bflf ai}

cfzbi} `k yp` xp`l`k ek|`zzàimefkiz}` ia ek|`zefz l` }p ipai+

Cekiab`k|`! `}|` ixiz|ilf ekmapu` ai} l`}mzexmefk`} l` ai} se}e|i} zìaeili}

xfz le}|ek|i} x`z}fki} ` ek}|e|pmefk`} ia xaik|à `lpmi|esf! yp` aa`gizfk `k ai


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" =8 "

biufzi l` ai} fmi}efk`} }ek xz`sef ise}f ` ek|`zzpbxe`klf ai} aijfz`} lfm`k|`} u

ia be}bf |e`bxf af} ixz`kleio`} mpzzempaiz`} l` af} iapbkf}+

I+ Ai ek|`zimmek lfm`k|`

Ai `}mpài! `}m`kizef l` ai eks`}|egimek! }` mfkcfzb xfz ai }egpe`k|` xaik|i

lfm`k|`? pk Lez`m|fz \mkemf! }ek gzpxf u `kmizgilf l` ai ilbeke}|zimek `}mfaiz!

sizk mfk 9: lfm`k|`} cz`k|` i gzpxf! }e`klf 99

bpo`z`} u pk sizk! pjemilf} `k|z` af} :8 u af} :4 if} l` }`zsemef> : bi`}|zf} l`

`lpmimek c}emi mfk =8 u 7 if} l` }`zsemef z`}x`m|esib`k|`> pki bi`}|zi l`

@lpmimek Iz|}|emi"\`mkfagemi mfk :4 if} l` }`zsemef> pki bi`}|zi mfk

`}x`meiaelil `k xzfja`bi} l` ixz`kleio`! mpui cpkmek `} i|`kl`z i kef} u kei}

mfk K`m`}elil`} @lpmi|esi} @}x`meia`} $K@@! x`z|`k`me`k|` ia gzpxf l` P]I@Z>

: mfk}`zo`}! dfbjz` u bpo`z! mfk 90 u 98 if} l` }`zsemef z`}x`m|esib`k|`+

Mili ek|`gzik|` là x`z}fkia mp`k|i mfk le}|ek|f} gzilf} imilbemf}! u

kesà`} l` `}x`meiaeimek `k iagpki l` ai} i}egki|pzi} là xaik u xzfgzibi} l``}|plef! xfz af yp` lemdi cfzbimek ixfui ai aijfz `lpmi|esi `k cisfz là

ixz`kleio` l` }p} iapbkf}+

Là x`z}fkia yp` aijfzi cz`k|` i gzpxf! 7 bi`}|zi} mp`k|ik mfk Aem`kmei|pzi

`k @lpmimek Xzebizei> = }af mpz}izfk ai kfzbia j}emi u pki b} |e`k` ai

Aem`kmei|pzi `k @lpmimek @}x`meia+ Mij` }ìaiz yp` lf} l` ai} bi`}|zi}

f}|`k|ik il`b} pki `}x`meiaelil `k @lpmimek B`lei ]px`zefz> pki mfk

`}x`meiaeimek `k Bi|`b|emi} u ai f|zi `k A`kgpi u Ae|`zi|pzi @}xifai+ Xfz }p

xiz|` à lfm`k|` sizk! |e`k` Aem`kmei|pzi `k @lpmimek B`lei J}emi mfk

@}x`meiaelil `k Bi|`b|emi}! i}egki|pzi yp` ò`zm` `k pki }`mpklizei c`l`zia l`

ai meplil l` Mfaebi+


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" =9 "

@k g`k`zia! ai ek|`zimmek lfm`k|` xz`sia`me`k|` ia ek|`zefz là xaik|à

`lpmi|esf fmpzz` iaz`l`lfz l` ai} les`z}i} zàimefk`} l` xfl`z u l` }fmeiaeimek

yp` l`k|zf là be}bf }` `c`m|ik+

Se}|i l`}l` ai |`fzi l` af} mibxf} l` Jfpzle`p! yp` `}|ija`m` ai}

zàimefk`} l` xfl`z ò`zmeli} u se}piaeili} ia ek|`zefz l` ai Ek}|e|pmek `}mfaiz! ai

lekbemi là x`z}fkia lfm`k|` gezi `k |fzkf ia lez`m|fz! u }` ò`zm` `k ai biufzi l`

af} mi}f} l` bik`zi z`}x`|pf}i u mfzleia! ipkyp` g`k`ziab`k|` l` cfzbi s`z|emia!

`} l`mez! l` o`c` i }pjia|`zkf} `k ai biufzi l` af} mi}f}+! |ia u mfbf }` bikece`}|i

`k à `}yp`bi Kf+ 9 }egpe`k|`?

@}yp`bi Kf+ 9

Zàimefk`} l` }fmeijeaelil `k ai Ek}|e|pmek @}mfaiz

Zàimek }fmeia `k ai `}|zpm|pzi `}mfaiz g`k`zia

@+ C+ :

@+ I+ \+

P]I@Z

@+ C+

9

3 M 3 J

= J: J9 J : I9 I

3 I0 J

= I

< I

< J

0 I

Lez`m|fz

]+X+C+

Iapbkf}

Ipai

B`lef}

Ek|`k"

l`k|`

:

Ek|`k"

l`k|`

9


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" =: "

@}|` `}yp`bi bp`}|zi yp` là lez`m|fz ia xzfc`}fz l` `lpmimek c}emi : $@+

C+ : diu pki ca`mdi b} gzp`}i! l` mfafz zfof xfzyp` `}|ija`m`! il`b} l` af

aijfzia! pki zàimek ceaeia l` xilz` i deof+ I}ebe}bf! ai ca`mdi xpk|ìli l` mfafz

bfzilf eklemi ai ekcap`kmei ò`zmeli xfz ai lfm`k|` là 3 J dimei à lez`m|fz u à

cz`mp`k|` ek|`zmibjef l` fxekefk`} `k |fzkf i ai |fbi l` l`me}efk`} `k à xaik|à>

xfzyp` lemdi lfm`k|` ò`zme ai cpkmek lez`m|esi `k ai `}mpài+ Egpiab`k|`! à

lez`m|fz xz`}`k|i mfk af} xilz`} l` cibeaei $]+ X+ C+ pki zàimek l` leafgf

mfk}|ik|`! eklemili mfk ai ca`mdi s`zl`! af mpia }` zìae `k Xzf l` ai bòfzi là

`lecemef `}mfaiz u ai} }e|pimefk`} `lpmi|esi} l` af} iapbkf} u iapbki} l` ai

ek}|e|pmek+ Mfk à z`}|f là x`z}fkia! ai} zàimefk`} }fk z`}x`|pf}i} u z`mxzfmi}!

z`xz`}`k|ili} xfz ai} ca`mdi} ikizikoili} l` xfmf gzf}fz+

Ai ebxfz|ikmei l` z`}ia|iz `}|i} zàimefk`}! `} xizi z`mfkfm`z yp` ia |zijioiz

`k `}|` b`lef l` z`}x`|f! mfbpkemimek u |fa`zikmei }` a` x`zbe|e ia x`z}fkia

g`k`ziz ibje`k|`} xzfxemef} xizi à afgzf l` ixz`kleio`} u ai mfk}`mpmek l`

b`|i} mfbpk`} u afgzf} `lpmi|esf}! |ik|f ia ek|`zefz là xzfxef xaik|à mfbf l`

bik`zi ek}|e|pmefkia> mfk}el`zklf}` i ai `}mpài `k|z` af} 98 xaik|à`} yp` i kesà

`}|i|ia mfk}egpe`zfk af} bòfz`} xpk|io`} `k ai `siapimek kimefkia là afgzf

imilbemf `k m`k|zf} `lpmi|esf} $@KAIM@ zìaeili xfz ai ]@X `k biuf l`:883! i} mfbf à dij`z isikilf `k af} z`}pa|ilf} là M@M ia ek|`zefz l` ai fki

`}mfaiz lpzik|` à memaf `}mfaiz :880 :883! i}m`kle`klf là 4 ia ik i}! }` mfk}el`z ai xf}ejeaelil l` z`|fbiz af

yp` mbf `}mpài }` zìaei xizi mfk}el`ziz ai} cfz|iaì} u }px`ziz ai} l`jeaelil`}

yp` siuik `k Xzf l` pki bòfz `lpmimek xizi af} iapbkf} u ai} iapbki} l` ai

ek}|e|pmek+


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" == "

J+ Af} `lpmiklf} u }p} im|eselil`} `k à xi|ef l` z`mz`f

Ikiaeiklf i af} }po`|f} xiz|emexik|`} l` ai eks`}|egimek! }` fj}`zsizfk }p}ek|`zimmefk`} lpzik|` à z`mz`f u }` xplf mfk}|i|iz yp` ai} im|eselil`} `}mfaiz`}

`k à xi|ef l` z`mz`f }fk bpu les`z}i}+

Mili iapbkf u iapbki |`ki }p xzfxei bik`zi l` ek|`zim|piz mfk à z`}|f l`

}p} mfbxi`zf} u mfbxi`zi}! af yp` }` bikec`}| `k af} op`gf} f im|eselil`}

zìaeili}! ai} mpia`} cp`zfk bpu les`z}i}! xp`} be`k|zi} pkf} opgijik j}yp`|jfa

$mfbf af} iapbkf} l` 3 yp` xfz }`z af} b} gzikl`} }` mfk}el`zik mfk à l`z`mdf

i fmpxiz ai kemi mikmdi l` ai `}mpài f|zf} zìaeijik les`z}i} immefk`}! |ia`}

mfbf mfbxziz! mfzz`z! mibekiz l` pk ailf i f|zf! `}mpmdiz b}emi! x`zf }fjz` |flf

le}czp|iz à bfb`k|f l` }`z kef! l` }`z kei u }`z càe+ @k cek! |flf} |`kik iagf

yp` dim`z$cf|f} 9+

Lpzik|` ai b`lei dfzi là z`mz`f! à xi|ef }` aa`k mili li mfk pki gibi l`

mfafz`}! }ijfz`}! izfbi} u |ibif}> mili kef u mili kei l`}jfzl }p }`z `k|`zf!

xfke`klf l` bikece`}|f ai mpa|pzi `kg`klzili `k à }`kf l` }p dfgiz! x`zfbfalìli xfz }p `k|fzkf `k lfkl` ai |à`se}ek ekcapu` l` bik`zi }p|ea"! u yp`

xp}e`zfk l` bikece`}|f `k à xi|ef l` }p `}mpài+

X`zf! mbf ekcapu`k `}|i} im|eselil`} là xi|ef l` z`mz`f `k à xzfm`}f

eks`}|egi|esf6 ]ebxa`b`k|` xfzyp` ai} ek|`zimmefk`} `kci|eik af yp` `} }egkecemi|esf

`k |fli im|eselil xizi mili kef! af mpia |zi}me`kl` ia afgzf l` ixz`kleio`}

}egkecemi|esf} xizi af} iapbkf} u z`ype`z` }`z |fbilf `k mp`k|i xfz af} lfm`k|`}

mfk ai cekiaelil l` xf|`kmeizaf}+


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" =< "

M+ Af} se}e|ik|`} l` ai `}mpài

Ai `}mpài lfkl` }` zìae ai eks`}|egimek! xfz z`kfbjz` u pjemimek `}pki ek}|e|pmek bpu }faeme|ili xfz les`z}i} ek}|ikmei} u }` di le}|ekgpelf xfz mfk|iz

mfk se}e|ik|`} l` |flf |exf? l`}l` ip|fzelil`} gpj`zkib`k|ia`} u `lpmi|esi}! di}|i

x`z}fki} yp` fcz`m`k iagk |exf l` }`zsemef} f mpz}f}! |ik|f xizi lfm`k|`} mfbf

xizi xilz`} l` cibeaei u xizi af} xzfxef} `}|pleik|`}+

@a d`mdf l` b`kmefkiz `}|` i}x`m|f! cp` xfzyp` `k |flf bfb`k|f iagpki

bi`}|zi f ia bi`}|zf! `k à mpbxaebe`k|f l` }p gpizlei z`}x`m|esi! `} i ype`k

mfzz`}xfkl` z`mejez |ik|f i af} iapbkf} i }p aa`gili ia xaik|à `}mfaiz! mfbf

i|`kl`z i af} xilz`} u bilz`} l` cibeaei yp` z`ype`z`k dijaiz mfk iagpkf l` af}

lfm`k|`}> il`b} l` `}|iz ia x`kle`k|` l` ai} x`z}fki} yp` }` im`zmik i ai

`}mpài+ Mfk af mpia }` sef le}bekpelf à |e`bxf `c`m|esf xizi ai `k}ìki

`}|ija`melf `k af} xaik`} u xzfgzibi} l` `}|plef xizi à l`}izzfaaf l` ai} aijfz`}

`}mfaiz`}+

Af} se}e|ik|`} b} cz`mp`k|`} ia xaik|à cp`zfk af} be`bjzf} l` ai ]fme`lill` Xilz`} l` Cibeaei! ype`k`} |flf} af} li} deme`zfk im|f l` xz`}`kmei! ui }ì

xizi xzfbfs`z iagpki im|eselil! }faeme|iz ixfuf `k ai g`}|ek l` iagk i}pk|f

z`c`z`k|` i ai bòfzi là `lecemef `}mfaiz f z`mijiz cfklf} u `c`m|piz ai} im|eselil`}

zàimefkili} mfk af} c`}|òf} `}mfaiz`} xizi af} iapbkf} u iapbki} l` ai `}mpài+

L` ai} ek}|e|pmefk`} gpj`zkib`k|ia`} mfk}|ik|`} mfk }p} se}e|i} i ai

`}mpài! `}|psf à LEC @}|i|ia"Mfaebi! yp` def im|f l` xz`}`kmei xizi `k|z`giz

opgp`|`} ia iapbkilf là xaik|à! mfk bf|esf là li }fmeia l` af} kef}+ Il`b}! ai

]`mz`|izi l` ]iapl! ype`k zìae les`z}i} mibxii} l` simpkimek u }iapl jpmia

mfk ai cekiaelil l` xz`s`kez le}|ek|i} `kc`zb`lil`} u `xel`bei} `k|z` ai xfjaimek

ekcik|ea u `}|pleik|ea l` ai `k|elil+


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" =0 "

L` egpia cfzbi! `}|pse`zfk iagpkf} be`bjzf} l` ai I}fmeimek l` Mdizzf}

Mibekf Zìa l` Mfaebi! ype`k`} }` xz`}`k|izfk mfk ikp`kmei l` ai} xzfxei}

ip|fzelil`} `lpmi|esi} l` ai `k|elil xizi ekcfzbiz i af} iapbkf} l` 0 u 3 l` ai}

le}|ek|i} im|eselil`} yp` àaf} zìaeik! il`b} l` dim`z `k à xi|ef l` ai `}mpài

pki `tdejemek i |fli ai mfbpkelil `}mfaiz+

@k g`k`zia! u l` bik`zi mfk}|ik|`! dpjf pki gzik les`z}elil l` se}e|ik|`}

gpj`zkib`k|ia`} u kf gpj`zkib`k|ia`}! yp` l` pki p f|zi bik`zi ij}fzje`zfk

xiz|` là |e`bxf l`}|ekilf i ai} aijfz`} `}mfaiz`}! mfk af mpia xzfsfmizfk l`bfzi

`k à mpbxaebe`k|f l` af} xzfx}e|f} u mfk|`kelf} |`b|emf}> ipkilf i yp` `k

iagpki} i}egki|pzi} mfbf de}|fzei u g`fgzici }af mp`k|ik mfk à 7+0% là |e`bxf

xaik|ìlf `k à Xaik u Xzfgzibi} l` `}|plef xizi à memaf `}mfaiz> mfk af mpia }` si

mip}iklf à zìgf u ai cia|i l` mfk}faelimek `k af} ixz`kleio`} l` lemdi}

bi|`zei} `k af} iapbkf} u iapbki} l` ai ek}|e|pmek `}mfaiz$cf|f} :+

=+ @a mfk|`t|f }mfaiz là xzfm`}f

Mfbf }` di s`kelf b`kmefkiklf! ai eks`}|egimek `lpmi|esi }` `c`m|p `k ai

`}mpài xzebizei Z`xjaemi Izg`k|eki! x`z|`k`me`k|` i ai =+ fki `}mfaiz c`l`zia `k

ai `k|elil! u `}| mi|iafgili xfz ai ]`mz`|izi l` @lpmimek Xjaemi mfbf pzjiki!

l` fzgikeimek mfbxa`|i+

@}|i `}mpài `} mfk}el`zili mfbf pki l` ai} l` biufz |zilemek `k ai

`k|elil! xzeb`zf xfz }`z pki l` ai} l` b} ik|eg`lil! |e`k` 49 if} l` `te}|`kmei>ipkyp` }af 05 l` `}|iz `k à apgiz lfkl` im|piab`k|` }` afmiaei+ Il`b}! ai}

kp`si} g`k`zimefk`} l` xilz`} u bilz`} l` cibeaei jp}mik lemdi ek}|e|pmek xizi

yp` }p} deof} ` deoi} mpz}`k }p `lpmimek xzebizei `k ai be}bi `}mpài lfkl` àaf}

`}|pleizfk+ Cekiab`k|`! xfzyp` `} mfk}el`zili pki ek}|e|pmek mfk xz`}|egef u

z`mfkfmebe`k|f }fmeia! xfz af} z`}pa|ilf} yp` i kesà g`k`zia di iamikilf+


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" =3 "

Ai pjemimek là `lecemef `}mfaiz! `k ai fki m`k|zf l` ai meplil l` Mfaebi! af

mfkse`z|` `k pkf l` af} xaik|à`} mfk biufz l`bikli `k ai bi|zmpai `}mfaiz! ui

yp` `k à |pzkf bi|p|ekf }` i|`kle i ia `}|` mfaekli mfk

ai miaa` Jàe}izef Lfbkgp`! ia }pz mfk à |iaa`z u ai z`cimmefkizi _izigfi u ia

f`}|` mfk ai miaa` Z`sfapmek+

Ai biufzi l` af} kef} u kei} yp` i}e}|`k i `}|i ek}|e|pmek xzfm`l`k l`

ai} le}|ek|i} mfafkei} l` ai meplil $Ai Iajizzili! @a Bfzia`|`! Ekcfkise| ai @}|ikmei!

Sem`k|` Gp`zz`zf! M`k|zf! u l` mfbpkelil`} x`z|`k`me`k|`} ia bpkemexef l` Mfaebi

$Ai @}|ikmei! Mizlfki u Ai ]iaili! i} mfbf là bpkemexef mfkpzjikf l` Seaai l`

asiz`! xzekmexiab`k|` l` ai} mfafkei}? ]`kl`zf} là Mizb`k! I+ S+ Jfkcea! Opik

Of} Zf}! Afbi Jfke|i! Seaai} ai Iaib`li u Zikmdf Jaikmf E u EE> il`b}! l` ai

mfbpkelil @a \zixemd`! là bpkemexef l` Mpipd|bfm! Mfa+

Mfbf ui }` b`kmefk! mili iapbkf u iapbki |e`k` pki de}|fzei! pk mixe|ia

mpa|pzia u pki le}|ek|i }e|pimek `mfkbemi! yp` af dim` i ai s` lec`z`k|`!

ekl`x`kle`k|`b`k|` là |zi|f l` egpialil `}|ija`melf xizi mili pkf `k ai `}mpài>

|ia u mfbf af }ìai `k }p `}`kmei à Iz|mpaf = Mfk}|e|pmefkia+ Ai g`k`ziaelil }`

}e|p `k à kesà }fmef`mfkbemf b`lef! xp`} ai biufzi l` af} xilz`} aa`sizfk i

}p} deof} ` deoi} i ai ek}|e|pmek `k s`dmpaf xzfxef! ipk mpiklf iagpkf} sese`zfk i

xfmi} mpilzi}> u `k à mi}f l` ype`k`} seke`zfk l` mfafkei} z`|ezili}! af} xilz`}

xigizfk leizeib`k|` |ite xizi aa`giz }ek mfk|zi|e`bxf}+ $cf|f} =+

Z`|fbiklf ai} lec`z`kmei} b`kmefkili}! pk i}x`m|f b} af mfk}|e|pu ai

les`z}elil l` `bxa`f} l` af} xilz`}! diji |zijioilfz`} l` mibxf! `bxaìli}

lfb}|emi}! }`mz`|izei} u xzfc`}efke}|i} $mfbf ijfgilf}! bi`}|zf}! ekg`ke`zf}!


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" =7 "

mfk|ilfz`} u blemf}+ @}i les`z}elil xp}f l` bikece`}|f ai `te}|`kmei l` le}|ek|f}

kesà`} u gzilf} `lpmi|esf} fj|`kelf} xfz af} xilz`} u bilz`} l` cibeaei! mfk af

mpia }` xplf ekc`zez ai bpa|exaemelil l` `k|fzkf} mpa|pzia`} yp` mfkcapu`k i `}|i

`}mpài+

Xfz af yp` z`}x`m|i ia gzpxf yp` mfk}|e|pu xiz|` là xzfm`}f eks`}|egi|esf!

`}|` }` mfkcfzb xfz u à gzpxf bet|f! cfzbilf xfz kei} u kef} opgp`|fk`}

mfzze`klf xfz |fli ai `}mpài+

@k `}i les`z}elil gzpxia }` l`|`m| i : iapbki} yp` ia ekemef là memaf

`}mfaiz `zik bpu }fae|izei} u fmi}efkiab`k|` }` opk|ijik `k|z` àai} u xfmf i xfmf

cp`zfk ek|`gzklf}` ia z`}|f là gzpxf+ X`zf |ibjek }` fj}`zs i pk iapbkf

}fae|izef u igz`}esf ai biufz xiz|` là |e`bxf! xfz af mpia `zi z`mdiilf

mfk}|ik|`b`k|` xfz af} l`b} be`bjzf} là gzpxf> c}emib`k|` `zi biufz yp` af}

l`b} u af} igz`li! }ek |`k`z bf|esf ixiz`k|` xizi im|piz l` `}i bik`zi+ Xfmf i

xfmf ai lfm`k|` ekse| |ik|f ia iapbkf `k mp`}|ek mfbf ia gzpxf `k g`k`zia! i

|`k`z pki bòfz mfkses`kmei! u }` ek|`gzizik `k à op`gf u `k à |zijiof }ek

le}mzebekiz i kile`! af mpia }` afgz+

Ia ek|`zefz là ipai }` x`zmeje yp` ai cfzbimek l` `ypexf} l` |zijiof af}

iapbkf} u iapbki} xz`ceze`zfk dim`zaf xfz icekelil! u mfbf `k|z` af} xzfx}e|f}


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" =4 "

msemf} là gzilf cp` xzfbfs`z ai mfkses`kmei gzpxia i} mfbf à isikm` `k à

|zijiof u à ixz`kleio` `k |flf} u mili pkf l` af} be`bjzf} là gzpxf! }` fx| xfz

fzgikeiz af} `ypexf} l` bik`zi zf|i|esi xizi cfz|ia`m`z ai }fmeiaeimek `k|z` |flf}

u xzfbfs`z à ixz`kleio` l` cfzbi mfaijfzi|esi+

@k lemdf gzpxf cp` xz`me}f z`mfkfm`z ai les`z}elil `mfkbemi u l` jigio`

mpa|pzia! xp`} }e je`k ai biufzi l` af} iapbkf} mfk|iji mfk jejaef|`mi cibeaeiz!

mfbxp|ilfzi u b`lef} l` mfbpkemimek yp` a`} x`zbe|e imm`}f le}bea ia

mfkfmebe`k|f u i ai} kf|emei} l` im|piaelil> |ibjek dpjf ype`k`} bikec`}|izfk

miz`m`z l` af} à`b`k|f} `}`kmeia`} xizi ixfuiz }p l`}izzfaaf `lpmi|esf u mpa|pzia

`k }p mi}i+

\flf} af} i}x`m|f} ikiaeilf} i af aizgf l` `}|i xzeb`zi xiz|` là Mix|paf E

|pse`zfk mfbf cekiaelil xpk|piaeiz af} à`b`k|f} mezmpk}mze|f} `k ai eks`}|egimek! u

le`zfk }p}|`k|f i ai mfk|ekpimek là xzfm`}f+

@k pk xzeb`z bfb`k|f }` xiz|e l` iagpki} mp`}|efk`} xaik|ìli} mfbf

bizmf i ai a`m|pzi! ji}` `}`kmeia xizi à afgzf l` ixz`kleio`}+ @k|z` ai} xz`gpk|i}

}` `kpkmeizfk ai} }egpe`k|`}? Xfz yp af} z`}pa|ilf} afgzilf} xfz af} iapbkf} `kai bi|`zei l` de}|fzei kf }fk af} `}x`zilf}6 Yp z`ype`z`k dim`z af} lfm`k|`}

xizi yp` }p} iapbkf} u iapbki} afgz`k ixz`kleio`} }egkecemi|esf} `k ai i}egki|pzi

l` de}|fzei6 Xfz yp mfbf a`m|fz! mfk ai }fai a`m|pzi là |`t|f yp` }` |e`k`

`kcz`k|`! kf }` afgzi l`}x`z|iz ai ebigekimek ke l`}mpjzez af yp` à |`t|f kf}

fcz`m`6 ]`z yp` af} iapbkf} kemib`k|` a``k xfz mfbxzfbe}f u kf xfz ek|`z}

l` afgziz pk s`zlil`zf ixz`kleio` yp` a`} }ì }egkecemi|esf6

I xiz|ez l` `}|f} mp`}|efkibe`k|f} }pzge pki ekype`|pl u xz`fmpximek }fjz`

Mbf xzfxemeiz `k af} iapbkf} biufz ixzfs`mdibe`k|f `k ai} bi|`zei} l` de}|fzei

u `}xifa6 Yp |exf l` a`m|fz `} k`m`}izef cfzbiz xizi yp` af} `lpmiklf}

ixz`klik l` bik`zi }egkecemi|esi! `k `}|i xfmi l` gzikl`} mibjef} `k ai


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" =5 "

|`mkfafgi l` ai ekcfzbimek! u yp` l` pkf p f|zf bflf ekmel`k `k `}|` xzfm`}f l`

ixz`kleio`6

Xfz |ik|f! |fbiklf mfbf ji}` ai cia|i l` mfk}faelimek l` af} ixz`kleio`}

`k ai i}egki|pzi l` de}|fzei u à skmpaf yp` `}|i gpizli mfk ai a`m|pzi u à aejzf l`

|`t|f! ia be}bf |e`bxf `k yp` }` |fbi `k mp`k|i à mfk|`t|f yp` zflì i af}

}po`|f} l` ai eks`}|egimek! }pzge ai k`m`}elil l` jp}miza` pki }fapmek i lemdi

xzfja`b|emi! mfk ai cekiaelil l` `zzilemizaf `k à bje|f `}mfaiz `k à mpia }`

l`|`m|+


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" u }` bp`}|zi pki de}|fzei kimefkia mfbf }e cp`}` pk

xik|`k l` dzf`} u j`k`cim|fz`} l` ai Xi|zei! ui yp` }` |zi| l` z`}ia|iz }fjz`

|flf ai} c`mdi} l` kimebe`k|f u bp`z|` l` af} x`z}fkio`} mfk}el`zilf}

|zi}m`kl`k|ia`} xizi à xi}! liklf }af pki} mpik|i} xekmàili} l` af yp` xp`l`

me|iz}` mfbf }p fjzi `k Xzf l` ai kimek+

@}i se}ek yp` fcz`m` à de}|fzeilfz `} cpklib`k|ia xizi ai `k}ìki u à

ixz`kleio` l` ai de}|fzei! xfzyp` }p xf}|pzi l` mbf z`mfk}|zpu à xi}ilf `} ai

ji}` xizi à xzfm`}f `lpmi|esf `k ai} ipai}! isiailf `k Btemf xfz ai ]`mz`|izi

l` @lpmimek Xjaemi $]@X! z`xz`}`k|ik|` là gfje`zkf `k |pzkf+


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" 08 "

bik`zi `}xfk|kì }p} }ij`z`} `k mpik|f i ai |`b|emi! be`k|zi} yp` i f|zf} 4 }`

a`} xz`gpk| l` bik`zi lez`m|i }ek fj|`k`z z`}xp`}|i iagpki> `}` |`bi cp`

`}|pleilf `k à gzilf u memaf `}mfaiz ik|`zefz`}! af mpia eklem cia|i l` mfk}faelimek

l` af} ixz`kleio`} `k cfzbi }egkecemi|esi! xizi xf}|`zefzb`k|` `txz`}izaf} l`

bik`zi maizi+

Il`b}! i af} iapbkf} u iapbki} là gzpxf }` a`} lecempa| pjemiz `k pk

bixi l` Btemf lkl` }` }e|ik ai} mpa|pzi} xz`de}xkemi}> kf z`mfzlizfk ai

afmiaeimek g`fgzcemi là `}|ilf l` Fitimi! ke }ìaizfk lfkl` cafz`me`zfk ai}

mpa|pzi} _ixf|`mi u Bet|`mi yp` `k lemdi `k|elil }` l`}izzfaaizfk+

Ia s`z yp` dimi cia|i `}i pjemimek |`zze|fzeia l` ai} mpa|pzi}! }` a`} xz`}`k|

pk bixi l` ai Z`xjaemi B`temiki mfk lese}ek xfa|emi u mfk kfbjz`}> i}! l`

bik`zi gzpxia z`mfkfme zfk af} `}|ilf} im|pia`} là xi}! afmiaeizfk à |`zze|fzef

l` B`}fibzemi u l` ai} mpa|pzi} yp` `k àai }` l`}izzfaaizfk! xek|iklf mili pki

mfk pk mfafz le}|ek|f+

Mfk `}|i im|eselil }` kf| yp` af} iapbkf} leiafgizfk `k|z` àaf} xizi ez

pjemiklf af} `}|ilf} là xi} u ai} z`}x`m|esi} mpa|pzi}+ ]` ilsez|e igzilf xfzxiz|` l` af} iapbkf} u iapbki} ui yp` mfafzìz `zi pki im|eselil yp` xfmf

zìaeijik lpzik|` ai} mai}`}+

I ai xiz l` `}|i afmiaeimek g`fgzcemi! }` pjem `k pki akì là |e`bxf à

x`zflf `k yp` mili mpa|pzi b`}fib`zemiki }` l`}izzfaa+

Il`b} l` af} bixi}! xizi à |zi|ibe`k|f l` ai |`b|emi }` p|eae à aejzf l`

|`t|f l` de}|fzei xizi à 0 gzilf mfbf à xzekmexia b`lef xizi à ixz`kleio`> `k a!

af} iapbkf} aù`zfk `k sf ia|i! }pjziuizfk af yp` xizi àaf} cp` ek|`z`}ik|` u

àijfzizfk l` bik`zi x`z}fkia mp`}|efkizef}! z`}b`k`} f bixi} mfkm`x|pia`}+

L` `}i bik`zi mili iapbkf f iapbki iamik }p xzfxef ixz`kleio`+ Ipkyp` mfk


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" 09 "

af} bixi} mfkm`x|pia`} }` z`ypeze b} |zijiof gzpxia yp` ekleselpia xizi xz`xiziz

i af} mdemf} `k }p àijfzimek+

Mbf ixfuf `t|zi }` `bxaìzfk sel`f} l` de}|fzei xzfxp`}|f} `k à

xzfgzibi l` @kmemafb`lei0! mfk}e}|`k|` `k ai `lemek lege|ia l` af} aejzf} l` |`t|f

gzi|pe|f} l` ai ]@X! mpuf xzfx}e|f xzekmexia `}?

Jzekliz }`zsemef} l` `tmà`kmei xizi }i|e}cim`z ai} `tx`m|i|esi}l` kp`}|zf} p}pizef} mfk zàimek i ai} \`mkfafgi} l` aiEkcfzbimek u l` \à`mfbpkemimefk`}! mpbxae`klf mfk ix`gf iai kfzbi|eselil seg`k|` u mfk à mfbxzfbe}f l` bik|`k`z pk

]e}|`bi l` G`}|ek l` ai Miaelil u l` bòfzi mfk|ekpi+

3

Pki s` yp` mili `lpmiklf |psf l` bik`zi x`z}fkia }p |zijiof! }` zìae

pki }`}ek xa`kizei `k ai mpia af} iapbkf} `txp}e`zfk af yp` `k|`kle`zfk l` ai

|`b|emi! mfk}el`zizfk ebxfz|ik|` f ek|`z`}ik|` u }` cfzbpaizfk mp`}|efkibe`k|f}

pkf} i f|zf}+ Iyp }` kf| biufz xiz|emeximek l` af} iapbkf} i lec`z`kmei là ekemef

l` ai |`b|emi! ipkyp` `}|i kf cp` là 988%! ui yp` iagpkf} bikec`}|izfk kf dij`z

a`lf à |`bi f kf mfbxz`kl`zaf+

]` x`zmeje i af} iapbkf} dim`z mpik|f }` a`} eklem xizi ixz`kl`z! ipkyp`

kf af mfk}egpe`zfk mfbxa`|ib`k|`+ Kf fj}|ik|`! iagpkf} xfmf} cp`zfk b} iaa l`

`}i} immefk`} mf|eleiki} f x`leli} xfz ai bi`}|zi là gzpxf ` eks`}|egizfk `k f|zf}

|`t|f} u `k Ek|`zk`| u af mfbxiz|e`zfk mfk à gzpxf! af mpia af} aa`s i }`z b}

xiz|emexi|esf} u |`k`z pki biufz mfbxz`k}ek là |`bi |zi|ilf lpzik|` à l`}izzfaaf

l` ai} mai}`}+

0\fbilf là xfz|ia @kmemafb`lei l`}l` ai PZA?d||x?&&www+`kmemafb`lei+`lp+bt&Mfkfm`V@kmemafb`lei&Yp`V`}&ekl`t+d|ba

3 \fbilf là xfz|ia l` ai ]@X l`}l` ai PZA? d||x?&&www+}`x+gfj+bt&wj:&}`x9&}`x9VXfae|emi}


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" 0: "

@k g`k`zia! }` fj}`zs `k ai} mai}`} l` de}|fzei pki size`lil l` im|eselil`}

yp` }fk xiz|` l` pki xzm|emi lfm`k|` |zilemefkia> bi} af kp`sf l` `}|i} zilem `k

à `bxa`f l` af} bixi} mfkm`x|pia`} u `k ai p|eaeimek l` ai |`mkfafgi u af}

z`mpz}f} l` ai be}bi i |zis} là xzfgzibi @kmemafb`lei+

M+ @a `tib`k cekia l` de}|fzei

Ia mpabekiz à memaf `}mfaiz :883:887! i af} iapbkf} }` a`} ixaem pk

`tib`k `}mze|f xizi `siapiz af} mfk|`kelf} xzfgzib|emf} là 0 jeb`}|z` mpuf}

|z`} |`bi} xzekmexia`} }fk? Ai mfkype}|i l` Ibzemi! Ai xfmi mfafkeia u af}

sezzèki|f} l` Ibzemi! u Ai} }e|pimefk`} l` Ibzemi u @pzfxi `k à }egaf TSEEE+

Af} z`}pa|ilf} afgzilf} xfz af} iapbkf} cp`zfk af} }egpe`k|`}? l` af} f|zf} 0 }imizfk 5> 5 l` àaf} afgzizfk 4> 4

fj|pse`zfk 7> 5 b} mfk}egpe`zfk ix`ki} à bkebf ixzfji|fzef yp` `} 3! be`k|zi}

af} < z`}|ik|`} kf ixzfjizfk ai bi|`zei! pjemklf}à`} `k 0! xzfxp`}|i mfbf ai

bkebi fcemeia $gzcemi} 4u 5+

Ikiaeiklf `}|f} z`}pa|ilf} u mfk|zi}|klfaf} mfk af} fj|`kelf} `k à

`tib`k leigk}|emf ixaemilf ia ekemef là memaf :883":887! }` fj}`zs ia |zbekf là

be}bf biufz ixzfjimek yp` z`xzfjimek! xp`} ai xzeb`zi ai iamik à 58% l` af}

iapbkf}! be`k|zi} yp` `k ai }`gpkli }` pjem à 98% z`}|ik|`+ Af mpia }egkecemi

yp` diu pk isikm` `k à kesà l` ixz`kleio` afgzilf xfz mili pkf l` af} iapbkf}+

Lemdf isikm` }` l`je i ai les`z}elil l` `}|zi|`gei} yp` }` p|eaeizfk i af

aizgf là memaf! x`zf }fjz` |flf i ai mfbxz`k}ek l` af} |`bi} afgzili xfz af}

iapbkf}! af mpia }` bikec`}| `k af} bixi} mfkm`x|pia`} yp` àaf} àijfzizfk xizi

|ia cek+


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" 0= "

L+ Af} bixi} mfkm`x|pia`}

@k|z` af} i}x`m|f} mfk}el`zilf} xizi ai `t|zimmek l` mfk|`kelf lpzik|` àl`}izzfaaf l` ai} mai}`} l` de}|fzei `}|psf ai àijfzimek l` bixi} mfkm`x|pia`}!

p|eaeilf} xfz |`k`z les`z}i} ixaemimefk`}? mfbf |mkemi l` `}|plef! mfbf

d`zzibe`k|i xizi à ixz`kleio` $ui yp` }p zìaeimek cfb`k|i ai z`ca`tek! à

ikae}e} u ai mzì|eselil l` af} `}|pleik|`} u mfbf b`lef xizi ai `siapimek l` af}

ixz`kleio`}+

Mfbf d`zzibe`k|i xizi à ixz`kleio` u b`lef xizi ai `siapimek! xizi ai

àijfzimek l` af} bixi} mfkm`x|pia`} }` |fbizfk `k mp`k|i |z`} à`b`k|f}

j}emf}? mfkm`x|f}! xiaijzi} l` `kaim`} u czi}`} f xzfxf}emefk`}> il`b} l` f|zi}

mizim|`z}|emi}+

P|eaeiz af} bixi} mfkm`x|pia`} xiz|` là d`mdf l` mfk}el`ziz }p}

mizim|`z}|emi}! `k|z` ai} yp` }` l`}|imik $Kfsin! 9544?

]fk }ebxa`} u bp`}|zik maizib`k|` ai} zàimefk`} `k|z`mfkm`x|f} u&f xzfxf}emefk`}+

Xiz|`k l` af g`k`zia i af `}x`mcemf+ ]fk se}|f}f} u ai mik|elil l` bi|`zei yp` }` afgzi

b`bfzeiz ipb`k|i u }` imz`me`k|i ai lpzimek l` `}ib`bfzeimek!

L`}izzfaai ai x`zm`xmek! j`k`cemeiklf mfk ai im|eselill` se}piaeimek i `}|pleik|`} mfk xzfja`bi} l` aii|`kmek+

Af} mfkm`x|f} kf }` z`xe|`k! }` `kme`zzik `k siaf} Ai} xiaijzi} l` `kaim` }` pjemik m`zmi l` ai} akì} l`

zàimek+

Mfbf b`lef xizi ai `siapimek! af} bixi} mfkm`x|pia`} iuplik i af}

lfm`k|`} i mfkfm`z mbf }p} `}|pleik|`} z`xz`}`k|ik ai kfmek u `}|zpm|pzi l` pk

mfkfmebe`k|f l`|`zbekilf! il`b} l` x`zbe|eza`} `tibekiz ai mfbxz`k}ek l` pk


55/208

" 0< "

|`bi u cimeae|iz ai el`k|ecemimek mfbf zìaeik ai} mfk`tefk`} l` af} mfkm`x|f} u à

l`}izzfaaf l` ai} elì} `k à |zik}mpz}f là memaf `}mfaiz+

I xiz|ez l` `}|f! }` mfk}el`z ixaemiz i af} iapbkf} pki `siapimek |`b|emi!

ia|`zki|esi ia `tib`k `}mze|f ui ixaemilf mfk ik|`zefzelil! i |zis} l` ai

àijfzimek l` bixi} mfkm`x|pia`}+ @a |`bi yp` }` mfk}el`z mfzz`}xfkle i ai

a`mmek 90! @pzfxi `k à }egaf TSEEE! leseleli `k 99 }pj||paf}+

Ia z`mijiz af} `tb`k`}! }` fj}`zs yp` }af à 00% l` af} iapbkf} $:: l`


56/208

" 00 "

g`k`zia! u = l` àijfzizfk pk bixi mfkm`x|pia xfz mili pkf l` af} 99 }pj||paf} l`

ai a`mmek! af mpia eklemi pki biufz ibxae|pl `k à |zi|ibe`k|f là |`bi+

9: l` af} bixi} xz`}`k|ilf} xz`}`k|izfk aegi} f `kaim`} l` elì}

im`x|ija`}! liklf ai elì l` mfk|ekpelil u mfd`z`kmei `k ai |`b|emi! af mpia kf

}pm`l` mfk af} f|zf} 98! ype`k`} }af p|eaeizfk ca`mdi} xizi eklemiz ai mfk|ekpelil

l` }p} z`ca`tefk`}+

Z`mfkfme`klf yp` af} bixi} mfkm`x|pia`} kf }fk kemf} ke }` xp`l`k

|fbiz mfbf z`m`|i}! à 08% l` af} ikiaeilf} xz`}`k|izfk o`zizypeimefk`} l` ai}

elì}! x`zf à f|zf 08% kf af def i}! ipkyp` }e |zi| l` `}|ija`m`z à skmpaf `k|z`

af} mfkm`x|f} l` ai a`mmek+ $ik`tf bixi} mfkm`x|pia`}+

98 l` af} :: bixi} xz`}`k|ik `sel`kmei} l` yp` }` afgz pk ixz`kleio`

}egkecemi|esf! ui yp` il`b} là mfkm`x|f! `txaemizfk af yp` `k|`kle`zfk là |`bi!

ipk mpiklf `}i xiz|` }fjzi i af `}`kmeia là bixi mfkm`x|pia+

@k g`k`zia! ai zìaeimek l` af} bixi} mfkm`x|pia`}! i} mfbf }p ixaemimek

`k ai `siapimek l` af} |`bi} se}|f}! }` mfk}el`zik mfbf pki bik`zi `}x`mcemi lìxz`kl`z |zbekf}! d`mdf} f }pm`}f} de}|zemf}> xzim|emiz }fjz` à p}f l` gzcemi}!

}ek|`|eiz ` ek|`gziz ekcfzbimek! |`k`z pki se}ek gafjia mfk ai mfk`tek `k|z` ai}

xiaijzi} u bòfziz ai} dijeaelil`} mzì|esi} u l` b`bfzei i aizgf xaif+

@} ebxfz|ik|` b`kmefkiz! il`b}! yp` à z`}pa|ilf l` af} bixi}

mfkm`x|pia`} xplf s`z}` u zàimefkiz}` mfk ai b`bfzei se}pia! af mpia cisfz`m` à

z`mp`zlf! u xfz `kl` ia ixz`kleio`! be}bf yp` xp`l` |fzkiz}` mfbf }egkecemi|esf+


57/208

" 03 "

@+ @a 98 Mfkmpz}f @}mpài} l` Miaelil

@a z`}pa|ilf là 98 M@M zìaeilf `k opkef l` :887! cp` af a|ebf yp` }`|fb `k mp`k|i xizi ai mpabekimek là ixiz|ilf mfk}faelimek là leigk}|emf+ L`

`}|` xpk|f }` mfk}el`zizfk }faib`k|` af} z`}pa|ilf} l` de}|fzei! be}bf yp` }`

se`zfk ebxim|ilf} l` bik`zi cisfzija` xfzyp` lpzik|` à xzfm`}f l` eks`}|egimek!

xizi afgziz à l`}izzfaaf l` ixz`kleio`} }egkecemi|esf} `k ai bi|`zei l` de}|fzei! af}

iapbkf} l` 0 zìaeizfk les`z}i} im|eselil`}+ I}! af} z`}pa|ilf} là

ixzfs`mdibe`k|f g`k`zia iamikilf} xfz af} gzpxf} `siapilf} }` `txz`}ik `k ai

\ijai Kf+ 9< yp` i mfk|ekpimek }` xz`}`k|i?

\ijai Kf+ 9=

Xfzm`k|io`} iamikilf} xfz gzilf `}mfaiz `k ai i}egki|pzi l` de}|fzei `k à98 Mfkmpz}f @}mpài} l` Miaelil

Gzilf =


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" 07 "

iapbkf} lpzik|` `a memaf ik|`zefz kf afgzizfk i}`gpziz |flf} af} mfk|`kelf}! xp`}

}af afgzizfk `a 08+958

9+


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" 04 "

MIX\PAF :

IXZ@KLE_IO@ ]EGKECEMI\ESF @ DE]\FZEI?AF] ZPBJF] L@ AI EKS@]\EGIMEK

@k|z` ai a`m|pzi u ai de}|fzei `te}|` pki zàimek `}|z`mdi! ui yp` ai xzeb`zi

x`zbe|` i ai }`gpkli xf|`kmeiz pk bikòf `c`m|esf l` af} mfk|`kelf} mfk af mpia }`

xp`l`k g`k`ziz ixz`kleio`} }egkecemi|esf} `k af} iapbkf} u ai} iapbki} l`

`lpmimek xzebizei+ Xfz àaf! à xz`}`k|` mix|paf dim` z`c`z`kmei i af} le}|ek|f}

bizmf} u i ai x`z}x`m|esi |`zemi yp` ixfuik ai eks`}|egimek+

Xzeb`zib`k|` }` dim` b`kmek là bizmf z`c`z`kmeia! mfk}el`ziklf ai}

mi|`gfzi} l` ikae}e} mfk}|e|peli} i xiz|ez là fjo`|f l` eks`}|egimek? ixz`kleio`

}egkecemi|esf ` de}|fzei> }` `kpkmeik af} à`b`k|f} là xaik u xzfgzibi} l` `}|plef

xizi ai `lpmimek xzebizei yp` z`}xialik à xzfm`}f> il`b} l` ijfzliz à

ixz`kleio` }egkecemi|esf l`}l` af} z`ype}e|f} xizi yp` `}|` }` g`k`z` di}|i }p}

le}|ek|f} |exf}+

@k pk }`gpklf ixiz|ilf }` b`kmefki `}|ilf là iz|`! af yp` `k f|zi}

xiaijzi} }` el`k|ecemi mfbf ai} lec`z`k|`} eks`}|egimefk`} yp` f|zi} x`z}fki} dik

zìaeilf mfk zàimek ia fjo`|f l` eks`}|egimek? ixz`kleio` }egkecemi|esf l` ai

de}|fzei+ Xfz |ik|f! ai} eks`}|egimefk`} iyp z`c`zeli} }ìaik mbf ai `k}ìki

|e`k` pk xixà xz`xfkl`zik|` `k à ixz`kleio` l` ai de}|fzei> x`zf |ibjek mbf à

xzfja`bi là ixz`kleio` l` ai de}|fzei kf `} `tmap}esf ke là mfk|`t|f l` ai

eks`}|egimek iyp `txp`}|i ke là bje|f `}mfaiz `k Btemf> }ekf yp` |ibjek }`

xz`}`k|i u }` di xz`}`k|ilf `k les`z}f} mfk|`t|f} mfbf af `} à mi}f yp` }`

`txfk` `k à ekme}f J+ Il`b} l` mfk}el`ziz af }egkecemi|esf là ixz`kleio` i}

mfbf af} b`lef} xizi à afgzf l` af} be}bf}+


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" 05 "

@k pk |`zm`z u a|ebf bfb`k|f }` dim` z`c`z`kmei ia bizmf |`zemf!

}p}|`k|ilf mfk ai cpklib`k|imek }fmefagemi! x}emfagemi u x`liggemi! l`}l` ai}

le}|ek|i} |`fzi} `}x`mcemi} yp` }p}|`k|ik |fli `}|i eks`}|egimek+

L`}l` à xpk|f l` se}|i fk|fagemf! xizi ai cpklib`k|imek }fmefagemi }`

|fbi mfbf z`c`z`kmei ai \`fzi Mz|emi l` Dij`zbi} u à Bi|`zeiae}bf @b`zg`k|`

l` Bizef Jpkg`+ Ai cpklib`k|imek X}emfagemi dim` z`c`z`kmei i ai \`fzi

]fmefmpa|pzia l` Segf|}nu! be`k|zi} yp` ai cpklib`k|imek x`liggemi z`ce`z` i ai

\`fzi là Ixz`kleio` ]egkecemi|esf l` Lisel Ip}pjà+ @k }k|`}e}! af `txp`}|f `k

`}|` ixiz|ilf mfk}|e|pu` à }p}|`k|f |`zemfz`c`z`kmeia yp` z`}xiali ai

eks`}|egimek+

9+ Bizmf Z`c`z`kmeia

I+ Xaik u xzfgzibi} l` `}|plef}

I xiz|ez l` 955=! `k Btemf }` ebxaik| pk kp`sf Xaik u Xzfgzibi} l`

@}|plef xizi ai @lpmimek J}emi Xzebizei! yp` zèk|`gz à `}|plef }e}|`b|emf l`

ai de}|fzei mfbf le}mexaeki `}x`mcemi> lòiklf i|z} ia zì l` ai} me`kmei} }fmeia`}!

seg`k|` af} :8 if} ik|`zefz`}! `kgafjiklf à àai i ai de}|fzei u ai g`fgzici opk|f

mfk f|zi} le}mexaeki}+

Ai ek|`gzimek xfz zì l` af} `}|plef} }fmeia`} }` ji} `k ai dex|`}e}lelm|emi yp` i}xeziji i xzfbfs`z à mfkfmebe`k|f pke|izef l` af} xzfm`}f}

}fmeia`}! p|eaeiklf ai} ixfz|imefk`} l` ai} ba|exa`} le}mexaeki} yp` ai mfkcfzbizfk+

Ipkyp`! }`gk ai fxekek xz`lfbekik|` l` bi`}|zf} u `lpmilfz`}! u mfbf af

}ìaik les`z}i} `siapimefk`}! ai mpa|pzi de}|zemi l` af} `}|pleik|`} u `gz`}ilf}


61/208

" 38 "

l` ai `lpmimek j}emi `k ai} g`k`zimefk`} l` `}` |e`bxf $957="955= }` mzù

l`ceme`k|` u `}mi}i! d`mdf ia yp` mfk|zejpu ai fzgikeimek l` af} `}|plef}+

Z`}|ipziz ai `k}ìki `}x`mcemi l` ai de}|fzei mfbf i}egki|pzi! }` def

x`k}iklf `k yp` `}|i le}mexaeki |e`k` pk ia|f siafz cfzbi|esf u l`}l` à xpk|f l`

se}|i mpa|pzia cisfz`m` ai ilype}emek l` f|zf} mfkfmebe`k|f}! il`b} l` siafz`}

|emf} x`z}fkia`} u l` mfkses`kmei }fmeia! i} mfbf ai icezbimek mfk}me`k|` u

bilpzi l` ai el`k|elil kimefkia+

Mfk à xaik l` 955=! à `kcfyp` xizi ai `k}ìki l` ai de}|fzei mfk}el`z

ekmfks`ke`k|` gpeiz ai `k}ìki yp` }af cisfz`m` ai z`mpx`zimek l` li|f}!

c`mdi} u kfbjz`}! mfbf }` def lmili} i|z} u mfk af mpia }` xzfbfse à

ixz`kleio` b`bfz}|emf+ Idfzi! mfk pki x`z}x`m|esi le}|ek|i! ai `k}ìki l` ai

de}|fzei `k af} }è} gzilf} l` ai `lpmimek xzebizei! l` imp`zlf mfk à Xaik u

Xzfgzibi} l` @}|plef xizi ai @lpmimek J}emi! Xzebizei $]@X! 955= |e`k` mekmf

zi}gf}! be}bf yp` i mfk|ekpimek }` `}x`mecemik?

9+ @te}|` pki fzgikeimek xzfgz`}esi l` af} |`bi} l` `}|plef! xiz|e`klf l` af b}m`zmikf u mfkmz`|f xizi à kef dimei af b} aòikf u g`k`zia+

@k 0 u 3 gzilf}! af} iapbkf} `}|pleizfk pk mpz}f iz|empaiz l` ai de}|fzei l`

Btemf! mfk biufz`} à`b`k|f} l` ekcfzbimek u ikae}e} yp` af `}|pleilf `k


62/208

" 39 "

:+ @}|ebpaiz à l`}izzfaaf l` kfmefk`} xizi à fzl`kibe`k|f u ai mfbxz`k}ek là

mfkfmebe`k|f de}|zemf+

@k af} a|ebf} |z`} gzilf} l` `lpmimek xzebizei! af} mfk|`kelf}

xzfgzibilf} x`zbe|e`zfk ilypezez u ò`zme|iz kfmefk`} de}|zemi} mfbxaòi}?

mip}iaelil! ekcap`kmei z`mxzfmi `k|z` c`kb`kf}! les`z}elil l` xzfm`}f} de}|zemf}

u cfzbi} l` meseaeimek+ @k `}|` }`k|elf! à }pxp`}|f là xzfgzibi cp` yp` à

ò`zmemef l` ai z`ca`tek de}|zemi l`}izzfaai miximelil`} |zik}c`zeja`} dimei à

ikae}e} l` ai seli }fmeia mfk|`bxfzkì+

=+ Les`z}ecemiz af} fjo`|f} l` mfkfmebe`k|f de}|zemf+

@a xzfgzibi ekmfzxfz les`z}f} mfk|`kelf} l` egpia ebxfz|ikmei? ai}

|zik}cfzbimefk`} `k ai de}|fzei là x`k}ibe`k|f! l` ai} me`kmei} u l` ai}

bikec`}|imefk`} iz|}|emi}> af} gzikl`} mibjef} `k ai meseaeimek! `k ai mpa|pzi u ai}

cfzbi} l` seli mf|eleiki+


63/208

" 3: "

Pk }`gpklf xzfx}e|f! `k ai cfzbimek msemi là `}|plef l` ai de}|fzei!

mfk}el`z z`mfkfm`z u z`}x`|iz ai les`z}elil mpa|pzia l` ai dpbikelil! i} mfbf ai

mfkceiki `k ai miximelil l` af} }`z`} dpbikf} xizi |zik}cfzbiz u bòfziz }p}

cfzbi} l` seli+

0+ Iz|empaiz à `}|plef l` ai de}|fzei mfk à l` ai g`fgzici+

I xiz|ez là |`zm`z gzilf l` xzebizei mfekmele`zfk af} |`bi} l` `}|plef

m`k|zia`} l` ai} i}egki|pzi} l` de}|fzei u g`fgzici! i cek l` yp` af} iapbkf}

z`mfkfme`zik ai ekcap`kmei là b`lef ibje`k|` }fjz` ai} xf}ejeaelil`} là l`}izzfaaf

dpbikf! ai miximelil l` ai immek là dfbjz` xizi ixzfs`mdiz u |zik}cfzbiz à

b`lef ki|pzia! i} mfbf ai} mfk}`mp`kmei} yp` |e`k` pki zàimek ezz`ca`tesi u

l`}|zpm|esi là dfbjz` mfk à b`lef yp` af zflì+

@k }pbi à xaik 955= fcz`m` pki de}|fzei b} z`ca`tesi yp` b`bfz}|emi+ U

ixz`kl`z l` ai be}bi mfkaa`si à z`|f xizi lfm`k|`} u iapbkf}+

J+ Ixz`kleio` }egkecemi|esf! pk z`c`z`k|` }`kmeia

Lpzik|` aizgf |e`bxf }` mfk}el`z ia ixz`kleio` mfbf }ekkebf l` mibjef

l` mfklpm|i! xfz à lfbekef l` ai x`z}x`m|esi mfklpm|e}|i `k ai aijfz `lpmi|esi+

Idfzi! dijaiz l` ixz`kleio` dpbikf mfklpm` i pk mibjef `k à }egkecemilf l` ai

`tx`ze`kmei u i ai se}ek là bpklf yp` mili pkf xf}``! ebxaemiklf il`b} là

x`k}ibe`k|f" af} i}x`m|f} l` ic`m|eselil là ekleselpf+ Af mpia mfkaa`si i ai

mfk}|zpmmek be}bi là ixz`kleio` xfz xiz|` l` mili }po`|f+


64/208

" 3= "

Ia dim`z ekb`z}ek `k à mibxf `}mfaiz! u `k|`kl`z ai aijfz `lpmi|esi! `}

k`m`}izef mfk}el`ziz |z`} à`b`k|f} là xzfm`}f `lpmi|esf?

9 Af} xzfc`}fz`} u }p bik`zi l` k}ìz+

: Ai `}|zpm|pzi l` af} mfkfmebe`k|f} yp` mfkcfzbik à mpzzmpaf+

= @a bflf `k yp` }|` }` xzflpm` u à `k|zibilf }fmeia `k à yp` }`

l`}izzfaai à xzfm`}f `lpmi|esf+

@k `}|` }`k|elf! l`k|zf l` pk bizmf x}emf`lpmi|esf! ia |zi|iz l` `txaemiz ai

ki|pziaì là ixz`kleio` `k à }iak l` mai}`} u af} cim|fz`} yp` af ekcapu`k! af}

cpklib`k|f} x}emfagemf} xzfxfzmefkik af} xzekmexef} xizi yp` af} xzfc`}fz`}

l`}mpjzik xfz }e be}bf} af} b|flf} l` `k}ìki b} `cemim`}+

L` id ai ebxfz|ikmei l` mfk}el`ziz à xaik|ìbe`k|f l` Ip}pjà $954= `k

|fzkf ia ixz`kleio` là iapbkf! à mpia l`x`kl` l` ai `}|zpm|pzi mfgke|esi

$mfkm`x|f} ` elì} xz`sei} yp` }|` |e`k` u ai cfzbi `k mbf ai zàimefki mfk ai

kp`si ekcfzbimek! xizi liz xi}f ia xzfm`}f fze`k|ilfz là ixz`kleio`+

Xizi mfkfm`z ai fzgikeimek l` ai `}|zpm|pzi mfgke|esi là `lpmiklf! af}xzekmexef} l` ixz`kleio` xzfxp`}|f} xfz Ip}pjà $954=! fcz`m`k à bizmf xizi à

le}`f l` d`zzibe`k|i} mfgke|esi} yp` a` x`zbe|ik ia lfm`k|` pki bòfz fze`k|imek

l` }p aijfz `lpmi|esi! ai mpia kf }` l`}izzfaai mfk b`k|`} `k jaikmf! ` ekemeiklfà

ixz`kleio` l` af} iapbkf} l`}l` m`zf! ia mfk}el`ziz yp` af} `lpmiklf} xf}``k

pki }`ze` l` `tx`ze`kmei} u mfkfmebe`k|f} yp` ekmel`k `k }p xzfxef ixz`kleio` u

j`k`cemef+

L`}l` `}|i x`z}x`m|esi! pk ixz`kleio` `} }egkecemi|esf mpiklf af}

mfk|`kelf} l` ixz`kleio` }` zàimefkik l` bflf kf izje|zizef u }p}|ikmeiamfk af

yp` à iapbkf ui }ij`+ @k|`kle`klf xfz zàimek }p}|ikmeia u kf izje|zizei yp` ai}

elì} }` zàimefkik mfk iagk i}x`m|f `te}|`k|` u zà`sik|` l` ai `}|zpm|pzi


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mfgkf}me|esi là iapbkf! mfbf pki ebig`k! pk }bjfaf ui }egkecemi|esf! pk mfkm`x|f

f pki xzfxf}emek $Ip}pjà! 954=? 94%+

Xfz |ik|f! ai mizim|`z}|emi b} ebxfz|ik|` là ixz`kleio` }egkecemi|esf `}

yp` }` xzflpm` b`leik|` pki ek|`zimmek `k|z` af} mfkfmebe`k|f} xz`sef} u

zà`sik|`} yp` xf}`` à }po`|f `k }p `}|zpm|pzi mfgke|esi mfk ai} kp`si}

ekcfzbimefk`} $af yp` kf l`j` mfkcpklez}` mfk pki }ebxa` i}fmeimek! l` |ia bflf

yp` }|i} ilype`z`k }egkecemilf u }` ek|`gzik ia x`k}ibe`k|f `k cfzbi zifkija`!

cisfz`me`klf ai lec`z`kmeimek! `sfapmek u `}|ijeaelil l` af} mfkm`x|f}

xz``te}|`k|`} u l` ai `}|zpm|pzi mfgke|esi be}bi+

Z`ype}e|f} xizi a ixz`kleio` }egkecemi|esf

Mfbf ui }` b`kmefk! xizi Ip}pjà $954=! à ixz`kleio` }egkecemi|esf }`

fzegeki mfk ai le}xf}emek là iapbkf xizi zàimefkiz l` bik`zi g`kpeki u ki|pzia à

mfkfmebe`k|f kp`sf mfk af yp` ui }ij` l` bik`zi xzfs`mdf}i ` ekd`z`k|` i ai

xzfxei ki|pziaì là ixz`kleio`+ @k|fkm`}! mpiklf à }egkecemilf xf|`kmeia }`mfkse`z|` `k kp`sf mfk|`kelf mfgke|esf! lec`z`kmeilf ` elef}ekmz|emf l`k|zf l` pk

ekleselpf `k xiz|empaiz mfbf z`}pa|ilf là ixz`kleio` }egkecemi|esf! }` xp`l` l`mez

yp` di ilypezelf pk }egkecemilf x}emfagemf yp` l`x`kl` l` ai z`xz`}`k|imek yp`

à `}|pleik|` digi là bi|`zeia pkes`z}iab`k|` }egkecemi|esf+

Af ik|`zefz l`kf|i yp` ipkyp` pk }egkecemilf x}emfagemf }ì x`z}fkia kf

`tmapu` ai xf}ejeaelil l` yp` `te}|ik }egkecemilf} mfbxiz|elf} xfz lec`z`k|`}

}po`|f}! xp`} af} mfkm`x|f} u xzfxf}emefk`} z`ype`z`k }`z }pceme`k|`b`k|`

dfbfgk`f} xizi xf}ejeae|iz ai mfbpkemimek u à `k|`klebe`k|f `k|z` ai} x`z}fki}+


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" 30 "

\exf} l` ixz`kleio }egkecemi|esf+

L` imp`zlf mfk Ip}pjà $954= `te}|`k |z`} |exf} l` ixz`kleio` }egkecemi|esf?

9+ Ixz`kleio` l` z`xz`}`k|imefk`}+

:+ Ixz`kleio` l` mfkm`x|f}+

=+ Ixz`kleio` l` xzfxf}emefk`}+

Ixz`kleio` l` z`xz`}`k|imefk`}+ @} à ixz`kleio` b} à`b`k|ia là mpia

l`x`kl`k af} l`b} |exf} l` ixz`kleio`+ Mfk}e}|` `k i|zejpeza` }egkecemilf i

l`|`zbekilf} }bjfaf}! ia z`}x`m|f Ip}pjà lem`? Fmpzz` mpiklf }` egpiaik `k

}egkecemilf }bjfaf} izje|zizef} mfk }p} z`c`z`k|`} $fjo`|f}! `s`k|f}! mfkm`x|f} u

}egkecemik xizi à iapbkf mpiaype`z }egkecemilf ia yp` }p} z`c`z`k|`} iaplik

$Ip}pjà> 954=? xfz ò`bxaf? xàf|i! `} pk |zbekf yp` à kef `}| x`zmeje`klf `k à

bfb`k|f `k yp` |e`k` mfk|im|f mfk à fjo`|f yp` af }ebjfaei! xfz mfk}egpe`k|`!}egkecemik ai be}bi mf}i xizi a> kf }` |zi|i l` pki }ebxa` i}fmeimek `k|z` à

}bjfaf u à fjo`|f }ekf yp` à kef af} zàimefki mfbf pki `ypesia`kmei

z`xz`}`k|imefkia mfk af} mfk|`kelf} zà`sik|`} `te}|`k|`} `k }p `}|zpm|pzi

mfgke|esi+

Ixz`kleio` l` mfkm`x|f}+ Af} mfkm`x|f} }fk *fjo`|f}! `s`k|f}! }e|pimefk`}

f xzfxe`lil`} yp` xf}``k i|zejp|f} l` mze|`zef} mfbpk`} u yp` }` l`}egkik

b`leik|` iagk }bjfaf f }egkf}* $Ip}pjà! 954=? 39! u }` ilype`z`k i |zis} l`

lf} xzfm`}f}? cfzbimek u i}ebeaimek+


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@k ai cfzbimek l` mfkm`x|f}! ai} mizim|`z}|emi} là mfkm`x|f }` fj|e`k`k

b`leik|` ai `tx`ze`kmei lez`m|i! `k }pm`}esi} `|ixi} l` cfzbpaimek u xzp`ji l`

dex|`}e}> z`|fbiklf ai xiaijzi xàf|i! }` lem` yp` à kef ilype`z` à }egkecemilf

g`kzemf l` ai xiaijzi! u `}` }bjfaf }ezs` mfbf }egkecemik|` xizi à mfkm`x|f

mpa|pzia xàf|i! `}|ija`me`klf pki `ypesia`kmei `k|z` à }bjfaf u }p} i|zejp|f}+ L`

`}` bflf af} kef} ixz`kl`k à mfkm`x|f l` xàf|i i |zis} l` sizef} `kmp`k|zf}

mfk }p xàf|i u ai} l` f|zf} kef}+

@a ixz`kleio` l` mfkm`x|f} xfz i}ebeaimek }` xzflpm` i b`leli yp` à kef

ibxai }p sfmijpaizef! xp`} af} i|zejp|f} l` af} mfkm`x|f} }` l`cek`k p}iklf ai}

mfbjekimefk`} le}xfkeja`} `k ai `}|zpm|pzi mfgke|esi> xfz àaf! à kef xflz

le}|ekgpez le}|ek|f} mfafz`}! |ibif} u icezbiz yp` }` |zi|i l` pki xàf|i mpiklf sì

lemdf fjo`|f `k mpiaype`z bfb`k|f+

Ixz`kleio` l` xzfxf}emefk`}+ @}|` |exf l` ixz`kleio` `teg` mix|iz à

}egkecemilf l` ai} elì} `txz`}ili} `k cfzbi l` xzfxf}emefk`} f czi}` ` ebxaemi ai

mfbjekimek u zàimek l` sizei} xiaijzi}! l` |ia cfzbi yp` ai elì z`}pa|ik|` `}

b} yp` ai }pbi l` af} }egkecemilf} l` `}i} xiaijzi}! xzflpme`klf pk kp`sf

}egkecemilf yp` `} i}ebeailf i ai `}|zpm|pzi mfgkf}me|esi+ @} l`mez! yp` pkixzfxf}emek xf|`kmeiab`k|` }egkecemi|esi! `txz`}ili s`zjiab`k|`! mfbf pki

l`maizimek yp` xf}`` }egkecemilf l`kf|i|esf $ai} mizim|`z}|emi} `sfmili} ia fz af}

mfkm`x|f} u mfkkf|i|esf $ai mizgi `bf|esi! im|e|plekia ` el`f}ekmz|emi xzfsfmili

xfz af} mfkm`x|f} l` af} mfkm`x|f} eksfapmzilf}! ek|`zim|i mfk ai} elì}

zà`sik|`} ui `}|ija`meli} `k ai `}|zpm|pzi mfgkf}me|esi u! l` `}i ek|`zimmek!

}pzg`k af} }egkecemilf} l` ai kp`si xzfxf}emek+


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:+@}|ilf là iz|`? mfekmel`kmei} `k à xzfm`}f+

@}|` ixiz|ilf dim` z`c`z`kmei i iagpkf} l` af} `}|plef}! eks`}|egimefk`} uxpjaemimefk`} `kmfk|zili} `k |fzkf ia fjo`|f l` eks`}|egimek! zàimefkili} ia

l`}izzfaaf l` ixz`kleio`} }egkecemi|esf} `k ai i}egki|pzi l` de}|fzei! |ik|f `k à

xaikf kimefkia mfbf `k à ek|`zkimefkia+

I+ Xixà l` ai `k}ìki mfbf b`lef xizi à ixz`kleio` l` ai de}|fzei

Aegilf ia ixz`kleio` là iapbkf `}| ai `k}ìki là lfm`k|`> xfz |ik|f! ai

ek|`zimmek bi`}|zf"iapbkf xz`sia`me`k|` `k à xzfm`}f `}mfaiz }` mfk}el`zi pk

l`|fkik|` `k à afgzf l` ixz`kleio`} }egkecemi|esf} `k ai |fli} ai} i}egki|pzi} `k

g`k`zia! x`zf `}x`mcemib`k|` `k ai bi|`zei l` de}|fzei> ui yp` ai} `k}ìki} l`

af} lfm`k|`} z`ype`z`k `}|iz `kmibekili} i pk cek u! l` imp`zlf mfk Gfka`

Zes`zi $:880! ai `k}ìki l` ai de}|fzei l`}`bxì pk xixà `}`kmeia `k ai

mfkcfzbimek là mfkfmebe`k|f yp` |flf `}|pleik|` z`ype`z` |`k`z xizi }p ek}`zmek

`k à bpklf mf|eleikf+ U mfk}el`zi k`m`}izef kf x`zl`z l` se}|i ai zàimek l`

lemdi bi|`zei mfk `lpmimek msemi u g`fgzici! xfzyp` à mfkfmebe`k|f kf xiz|` l`

m`zf! u }` pjemi `k pk l`|`zbekilf `}ximef g`fgzcemf yp` a` li }`k|elf ia d`mdf

de}|zemf+ Xfz |ik|f! `} iyp lfkl` zilemi ai `}`kmei l` |flf xzfc`}fz$i xizi

g`k`ziz }e|pimefk`} l` `k}ìki ixz`kleio` yp` aa`s`k ia afgzf l` af xaikìlf+

Zicià Ia|ibezi $me|ilf xfz Xzi|}! 9555 }ìaiji yp`? *ai ekmap}ek ^l` aide}|fzei `k af} xaik`} l` `}|plefR fj`l`m`! mfk cz`mp`kmei! b} yp` i pk

l`}ek|`z`}ilf ibfz xfz ai de}|fzei be}bi! i zifk`} xfa|emi} f l` xi|zef|e}bf! yp`

a` dim`k }`z xzekmexiab`k|` pki zibi l` af yp` }` l`kfbeki ek}|zpmmek msemi*+ @}

l`mez! ai de}|fzei kf }af `} pki }`ze` l` d`mdf} ie}ailf}! }ekf yp` |e`k` me`z|f bi|e

xfa|emf> xfz pk ailf! }` s` i ai de}|fzei u }p ixizemek `k à }e}|`bi `lpmi|esf mfbf


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ai cfzbi l` ek|`k|iz mfkcegpziz ai mfkme`kmei l` af} meplilikf} ia fcz`m`za`} pki

se}ek là xi}ilf yp` }ezs` xizi cfz|ia`m`z }`k|ebe`k|f} xi|ze|emf}! |zi|iklf l`

siafziz mfk `tm`}esf kci}e} ai} gafzei} kimefkia`}+ Xfz f|zf! }` a` s` mfbf à ò`

cpklib`k|ia `k à xzfgz`}f u |zik}cfzbimek l` ai} }fme`lil`}+

Dimei `}|` xpk|f! aaib ai i|`kmek à d`mdf l` mfkm`jez i ai de}|fzei mfbf

pk ek}|zpb`k|f xzesea`geilf xizi ai cfzbimek l` meplilikf} aejz`} u mfk `}xze|p

mz|emf+ Af mpia dim` mfk}el`ziz i ai de}|fzei mfbf pki i}egki|pzi `lpmi|esi yp`

z`ype`z` p|eaeiz les`z}i} `}|zi|`gei} xizi ixz`kl`z i ikiaeiz mz|emib`k|` à

xz`}`k|`! u im`zmiz}` i ai mfbxz`k}ek là xi}ilf l`}l` pki xf}emek ek|à`m|pia!

fjo`|esi! }ek |fbiz xiz|elf xfz |`kl`kmei iagpki+ Ipkyp` mfbf }po`|f} ekb`z}f} `k

`}|i }fme`lil mibjeik|`! z`}pa|i `k fmi}efk`} lecmea+

@k g`k`zia! ai de}|fzei xf}`` à ia|f xfl`z cfzbi|esf `k af} cp|pzf}

meplilikf}! idfzi iapbkf} u iapbki} `k cfzbimek> xfz |ik|f! xf|`kmeiz à

ixz`kleio` `k `}|i ebxaemi bf|esiza`} i x`k}iz u mfbxz`kl`z mbf }` àijfzi

lemdf mfkfmebe`k|f> af} siafz`} zàimefkilf} mfk }|`! }p ekcap`kmei `k ai seli

mf|eleiki `k à ipai! à ibje`k|` cibeaeiz u }fmeia! u ai} im|e|pl`} |emi} u msemi}

xz`}`k|`} `k à le}mpz}f! ipkilf} i af} xzfm`}f} là x`k}ibe`k|f yp` `}|ebpaik }p`}|plef! af mpia z`x`zmp|ez i cek l` mp`k|i} `k ai bòfzi l` }p} ixz`kleio`}

`}mfaiz`} `k |fzkf i ai bi|`zei+

Xizi àaf! `k}ìz u ixz`kl`z de}|fzei z`ype`z` ez b} iaa là xaikf là

kimefkiae}bf $Ax` Cimia! :883 u i}pbez mfbf lfm`k|`} pki x`z}x`m|esi mz|emi!

mfbxzfb`|eli mfk ai `bikmeximek }fmeia ` ek|à`m|pia l` ai} cp|pzi} g`k`zimefk`}+

U s`z ai de}|fzei mfbf pki cfzbi l` mfk}`zsiz ai b`bfzei l` af yp` di }pm`lelf `k

à bpklf $de}|fzei pkes`z}ia! f l` af} apgiz`} mfkmz`|f} lfkl` `}|i }` l`}izzfaai

$pki kimek! pki mfbpkelil! pki meplil f `k ai} ek}|e|pmefk`} yp` `k àai

}fjz`}ia`k $ai Ega`}ei! ai ae|`zi|pzi! à l`z`mdf! `|m+ f af yp` di xi}ilf i

l`|`zbekili} x`z}fki}+


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" 35 "

@}|f `} ix`ki} à mfbe`kf> }ek `bjizgf! xfz iagf `bxeì ai mfk}|zpmmek

là bflàf l` meplilikf fze`k|ilf i }p xzfxei ip|fcfzbimek u ip|fixz`kleio`+

Xfz àaf! cp` k`m`}izef afgziz yp` af} `}|pleik|`} l` 0 gzilf l` `lpmimek xzebizei

afgz`k }`z mz|emf}! z`ca`tesf}! u ixz`klik xfz }e be}bf}> il`b} }` x`k} `k pki

`}|zi|`gei yp` x`zbe|e`zi xf|`kmeiz à l`}izzfaaf l` ixz`kleio`} }egkecemi|esf} l`

de}|fzei! af mpia a`} f|fzgp` `}i `bikmeximek ek|à`m|pia z`yp`zeli+

Xfz }p xiz|` Xzi|} $:888% `k }p iz|mpaf? Lecempa|il`} xizi ai `k}ìki l`

ai de}|fzei def pki z`ca`tek im`zmi l` af} xzfja`bi} yp` }` |e`k`k `k @}xii mfk

zàimek i ai `k}ìki l` ai de}|fzei! u ai mfbxizi|esi l` mbf }` xz`}`k|ik `k

Ai|ekfibzemi u f|zi} xiz|`} l` @pzfxi+ Lemdf `}|plef xzfxp}f z`|fbiz ai de}|fzei

mfbf pki i}egki|pzi `}mfaiz mfk pk ia|f gzilf l` xf}ejeaelil`} `lpmi|esi}>

`kci|e yp` ia `k}ìz }` m`k|zi à ixz`kleio` `k ai mfk}|zpmmek là mfkfmebe`k|f

de}|zemf xfz b`lef l` }e|pimefk`} l` }ebpaimek l` ai ekligimek de}|zemi> l`}|im

yp` af} fj}|mpaf} zilemik! `k|z` f|zi} mf}i}! `k ai ebxf}ejeaelil l` z`xzflpmez

d`mdf} mfkmz`|f} là xi}ilf+

Xfz f|zf ailf! Bizef Mizz`|`zf u }p} mfaijfzilfz`} `k à aejzf @k}ìki u

b`bfzei mfa`m|esi$:883 ijfzl! `k cfzbi l` leafgf mfk les`z}f} eks`}|egilfz`}l` @pzfxi ` Ej`zfibzemi! à mbf }` sik mfk}|zpu`klf ai b`bfzei u ai de}|fzei! u

l` mbf àaf ekmel` `k ai `k}ìki `}mfaiz+ @k à ixiz|ilf 9= l` lemdf aejzf! Af}

lfm`k|`} l` de}|fzei ik|` à l`}icf l` `k}ìz xizi ai mfbxz`k}ek! Mizz`|`zf

mfbxeai ai xiz|emeximek Ape} F}iklk `k à ]`gpklf ]`bekizef l` ai Z`l Iaci

@k}ìki l` ai De}|fzei u B`bfzei Mfa`m|esi! zìaeilf `k ai PIB! af} li} 99 u

9: l` kfse`bjz` l` :88


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`k|z` af} yp` l`}|imik? mbf `} yp` af} mpzzmpaf} mfk|`bxfzk`f} `k|e`kl`k ai

cpkmek l` ai `k}ìki l` ai de}|fzei dfu `k li6! mbf }fk mfbxz`kleli} ai}

kp`si} fze`k|imefk`} mpzzempaiz`} im`zmi l` ai `k}ìki l` ai de}|fzei xfz af}

lfm`k|`}6! yp xi}iz mfk ai} mfbxz`k}efk`} l`}izzfaaili} xfz af} `}|pleik|`}

cekiab`k|`6

@k `}|` be}bf }`k|elf! Iklz} Igpezz` Opz` $:88=! xz`}`k| }p |zijiof l`

eks`}|egimek |e|pailf? Seòi} }fapmefk`} i xzfja`bi} kp`sf}? de}|fzei! mfbf

z`}pa|ilf l` }p |`}e} l` bi`}|zi `k miaelil l` ai `lpmimek! zìaeili `k ai

Pkes`z}elil l` ai} Ibzemi} l` Xp`jai+ @k àai xzfxp}f ai `}|zi|`gei l` ai}

kizzimefk`} de}|zemi} xizi mfbxz`kl`z ai de}|fzei! u z`mfkfme yp` `k Btemf! u `k

bpmdi} xiz|`} là bpklf! kf `te}|`k }pceme`k|`} `}|plef} }fjz` ai xzfja`b|emi l`

ai `k}ìki l` ai de}|fzei u }fk b`kf} ipk af} yp` ai ijfzl`k l`}l` à

ixz`kleio` l` ai be}bi+ ]ìa il`b} yp` `}|i} xzfja`b|emi} }` dik lilf i af

aizgf là }egaf TT! u af yp` si là TTE+

@k }k|`}e}! ai `k}ìki l` ai de}|fzei! aegili ia ixz`kleio`! mfk}|e|pu` pk

xixà `}`kmeia `k ai mfkcfzbimek là mfkfmebe`k|f yp` |fli x`z}fki k`m`}e|i xizi

l`}`ksfas`z}` `k }p seli mf|eleiki! z`ca`tefkiklf }fjz` af} d`mdf} là xi}ilf xizimfbxz`kl`z à xz`}`k|`+ Il`b}! `k à xzfm`}f l` ai `k}ìki }` |fb `k

mp`k|i à xixà cpklib`k|ia là lfm`k|` xizi xzfbfs`z af} ixz`kleio`} l` }p}

iapbkf}+ U mfk}el`ziklf af yp` Igpezz` Opz` $:88=! bikec`}| im`zmi l` ai xfmi

`te}|`kmei l` `}|plef} b`temikf} yp` ijfzlik ai `k}ìki l` ai de}|fzei u

bpmdf} b`kf} af} yp` ai i}pb`k l`}l` à ixz`kleio`! af mpia af zàimefki i `}|i

eks`}|egimek+


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J+ @k}ìki l` ai de}|fzei! iu`z u dfu? pk se}|if ia `t|`zefz

Ai `k}ìki u à ixz`kleio` l` ai de}|fzei `k Btemf! u à bpklf!mfk}|e|pu`k pk }pm`}f zà`sik|` xizi ai mfbxz`k}ek là be}bf+ @k `}|` ixiz|ilf

}` `txfk`k iagpki} l` ai} eks`}|egimefk`}! `}|plef} u xpjaemimefk`} yp` z`}xialik

à xz`}`k|` |zijiof+

Pki l` ai} xzeb`zi} eks`}|egimefk`} mfzz`}xfkl` i pk iz|mpaf l` Iaj`z|f

Ape} Gb` $9557% |e|pailf Zpbjf} z`me`k|`} xizi ai `k}ìki l` ai de}|fzei `k

gzik jz`|ii? à ijzif cfzbiae}|i ia mpa|pziae}bf+ @}|` lfmpb`k|f ijfzli ai

`k}ìki l` ai de}|fzei `k Gzik Jz`|ii! i xiz|ez l` af} if} }`}`k|i}! lfkl` }`

op}|ecemi à siafz cfzbi|esf l` ai i}egki|pzi u à apgiz yp` `}|i fmpxi `k af} kesà`}

fjaegi|fzef} là mpzzmpapb `}mfaiz+ \ia u mfbf fmpzz` `k à xaik u xzfgzibi} l`

`}|plef} xizi ai `lpmimek xzebizei seg`k|` l`}l` 955=+

@}` lfmpb`k|f }ìai yp` l`}l` b`leilf} là }egaf TET di}|i ai lmili l`

af} mekmp`k|i! `k à }egaf TT! `k Gzik Jz`|ii ai de}|fzei b} yp` `k à ixz`kleio`

}` m`k|z `k ai `k}ìki! u ai }à`mmek l` mfk|`kelf} }` zìae x`k}iklf `ki}x`m|f} yp` imilbemib`k|` }` }pxfkik l` ek|`z}> xfz |ik|f! ai lelm|emi }`

mfkmeje mfbf pk xzfm`}f l` |zik}be}ek l` lemdf} mfk|`kelf}! ipkyp` }`

cfzbpaizfk b`|i} u fjo`|esf} le}mexaekizef} mfk}el`ziklf ai k`m`}elil l` iop}|izaf}

ia gzilf l` l`}izzfaaf `sfap|esf l` af} iapbkf}af yp` im|piab`k|` mfzz`}xfkl` `k

kp`}|zf xi} i ai gzilimek l` af} |`bi} u ai xzfcpklelil mfk yp` }fk ijfzlilf}

`k mili gzilf u memaf `}mfaiz> }ek `bjizgf! lemdi mfk`tek `zi b} |`zemi yp`

xzm|emi+

Ia |zbekf l` ai ]`gpkli Gp`zzi Bpkleia! Gzik Jz`|ii ek|zflpof

bflecemimefk`} `k à mibxf l` af }fmeia! xp}f `k xzeb`z xaikf ai k`m`}elil l`

jp}miz mze|`zef} yp` z`}xfkle`zik i pk `k|`klebe`k|f b} lekbemf l` ai

`k}ìki! mfk ai yp` }` xz`|`kli kf }faib`k|` xz`xiziz i af} iapbkf} xizi à


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" 7: "

l`}`bx`f l` pki |izì aijfzia! }ekf |ibjek cfzbiza`} l`}l` pk xpk|f l` se}|i

msemf"l`bfmz|emf! g`k`ziklf mfk àaf ai ixizemek l` bje|f} l` mfkfmebe`k|f

ek|`gzilfz`} `k lf} f b} i}egki|pzi}+ ]e`klf à mi}f l` Btemf ai} bi|`zei} l`

de}|fzei! g`fgzici u mese}bf! }ek lòiz l` ailf bi|`b|emi} mfk à mfk|`f l` }egaf}

u ai akì là |e`bxf! i} mfbf à `}xifa mfk ai a`m|pzi u ai mfbxz`k}ek l` af}

}pm`}f} de}|zemf} yp` }` z`ype`z` afgz`k af} iapbkf}+

I xiz|ez l` af ik|`zefz! lpzik|` af} if} }`|`k|i! }` cekikmeizfk le}|ek|f}

xzfu`m|f} ek|`zle}mexaekizef} yp` }` ek|`z`}izfk b} `k af} xzfm`}f} yp` `k af}

xzflpm|f}> }ek l`}miz|iz ai i|`kmek l` af} cek`} l` ai `k}ìki u ai k`m`}elil l`

z`mpzzez i ai} le}mexaeki} me`k|cemi} xizi }à`mmefkiz iypàaf yp` cp`}` }egkecemi|esf

`k à afgzf l` ai} b`|i} msemf"cfzbi|esi} mfbf ai} l` de}|fzei+

]`gk Gffl}fk $9574 `k `}i xfmi }` xp}f `k bizmdi `k Ekgai|`zzi à

Xzfu`m|f De}|fzei! yp` aa`s i iagpkf} ip|fz`} ekga`}`} i jp}miz à mfk}`k}f `k à

mibxf l` af} b|flf}> i |zi|iz l` mfkmeaeiz ai} k`m`}elil`} l` af} ilfa`}m`k|`} u

kf }af |fbiz `k mp`k|i ai `}|zpm|pzi là xzfxef mfkfmebe`k|f de}|zemf+ U i x`}iz

l` }p zxeli lecp}ek! `}|` xzfu`m|f }` `kcz`k| i lf} gzikl`} lecempa|il`}? xfz pk

ailf! ai} lec`z`kmei} mfk|`t|pia`} xizi ai `k}ìki xfz xiz|` l` af} xzfc`}fz`}!ype`k`} kf cp`zfk |fbilf} `k mp`k|i xfz af} le}ìlfz`} là xzfu`m|f> u! xfz à

f|zf! à d`mdf l` xaik|ìz}` pk be}bf |exf l` `tb`k`} xizi |flf}! fxp`}|f ia

kp`sf mfkm`x|f l` `k}ìki"ixz`kleio` }pjuim`k|` ia xzfxef Xzfu`m|f De}|fzei+

Lemdf xzfu`m|f xzfxfki pk bflàf lelm|emf ia mpia }` l`kfbek Kp`si

De}|fzei> mp`}|efk ia bflàf lelm|emf |zilemefkia m`k|zilf `k af} xzflpm|f}+

Xz`}| i|`kmek i mbf }` xzflpm` à mfkfmebe`k|f de}|zemf xizi aa`sizaf ia ipai

b`leik|` à `bxa`f l` `}|zi|`gei} l` ekligimek yp` xp}e`zik ia }`zsemef l` af}

cek`} x`z}`gpelf} af} mfk|`kelf} u af} b`lef} yp` fc`z|iji pki de}|fzei `k|`kleli

l` bik`zi b} |`b|emi yp` mzfkfagemi u sekmpaili i f|zi} le}mexaeki} u f|zf}

mibxf} là }ij`z! mfbf g`fgzici u `lpmimek msemi $af yp` fmpzz` im|piab`k|` `k

à xi}+


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Xizi 9544 }` z`fze`k|izfk ai} xzfxp`}|i} u }` xzfbpag pki kp`si aù

`lpmi|esi! `bikili l` pk gfje`zkf mfk}`zsilfz! u xzfxp}f ai de}|fzei `k à

mpzzmpapb `}mfaiz mfbf pki cfzbi l` mfkfmebe`k|f `kcfmilf l`}l` mpi|zf

leb`k}efk`}? mfkm`x|pia! xzfxf}emefkia! xzfm`leb`k|ia u |mkemi> i ai} mpia`} kf }`

a`} mfkm`le elk|emi }egkecemimek! ui yp` lf} l` àai} $ai xzfxf}emefkia u ai

xzfm`leb`k|ia }` mfk}el`zizfk mfbf ai} yp` }p}|`k|ijik af} zi}gf} le}|ek|esf} là

mfkfmebe`k|f de}|zemf $]d`bea|! 9548+ L` af yp` }` |zi| cp` yp` af} iapbkf}

i}ebeaizik mfbf de}|fzeilfz`}! u kf mfbf `}|pleik|`}! af mpia kf z`}pa| i|zim|esf ke

}egkecemi|esf xizi àaf}+

@}|i xzfxp`}|i z`mpx`z à xz`lfbekef l` ai cp`k|` `xe}|`bfagemi z`}x`m|f

i af} mze|`zef} l` }à`mmek u fzgikeimek l` af} mfk|`kelf}+ ]ek `bjizgf! |zi} ai}

xzfxp`}|i} xeig`|iki} u à ipg` l` f|zf} |exf} l` mfk}|zpm|ese}bf! }` l`c`kle ai

`te}|`kmei l` pki mfzzàimek `k|z` mbf }` xzflpm` à mfkfmebe`k|f de}|zemf u ai

bik`zi l` ixz`kl`z l` af} iapbkf}+ Mfk àaf! }pzge`zfk |z`} mfzze`k|`} yp`

le}fmeijik à fjo`|f l` ai `k}ìki l` ai cekiaelil `lpmi|esi l` ai De}|fzei?

Xzeb`zf! ai |`kl`kmei g`k`zia l` ai xfa|emi mfk}`zsilfzi u ai} l`bikli} là

gz`bef pkes`z}e|izef l` de}|fzeilfz`} yp` kf sì z`mfkfmeli }p le}mexaeki mfbf |ia umbf }` diji yp`lilf `k ai xzeb`zi ci}` là Xzfu`m|f De}|fzei+

]`gpklf! af} xzfc`}fz`} ype`k`} mfk}el`zizfk jp`kf kf |`k`z yp` mibjeiz!

u mze|emizfk ai} xzfxp`}|i} ekkfsilfzi}! lec`z`k|`} i ai} cfzbi} |zilemefkia`} l`

ijfzliz ai de}|fzei! u yp` z`meje`zfk lpzik|` }p x`zflf l` cfzbimek+

\`zm`zf! af} ig`k|`} `t|`zkf} yp` ekcapu`k `k à xzfm`}f mfbf }fk ai}

`le|fzeia`}"! ype`k`} `k à z`gz`}f i ai} ik|egpi} xzm|emi} se`zfk ai s`k|i l` aejzf}

mfbf pk opgf}f k`gfmef yp` a`} x`zbe|ezi ipb`k|iz }p} gikikmei} u ibxaeiz }p}

dfzefk|`} cekikme`zf}+


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Xfz |ik|f! cp`zfk xfmf} ype`k`} mfk}el`ziklf xzefze|izef xzesea`geiz ai

`bikmeximek l` af} ek|`z`}`}! x`}` i `kcz`k|iz}` i pki lelm|emi |zilemefkiae}|i `

ek}|e|pmefkiaeili> u `k `}|` }`k|elf! ai xzfxp`}|i l` de}|fzei }` `kmibek i afgziz

ixz`kleio`} }egkecemi|esf} `k af} iapbkf} u iapbki}! mfk ai cekiaelil l` z`}mi|iz à

siafz cfzbi|esf l` ai bi|`zei! kf }af mfbf à`b`k|f mpa|pzia yp` cisfz`m` ai

fzgikeimek l` f|zf} mfkfmebe`k|f}! }ekf |ibjek mfbf cim|fz yp` mfk|zejpu` i ai

ilype}emek l` siafz`} |emf} x`z}fkia`} u l` mfkses`kmei }fmeia u i ai icezbimek

mfk}me`k|` u bilpzi l` ai el`k|elil kimefkia $]@X! 955=? 59%+

M+ Ai de}|fzei `k à bje|f `}mfaiz b`temikf

Mfbf }` b`kmefk `k à mix|paf 9! à mfkfmebe`k|f de}|zemf cfzbi xiz|` l`

ai seli mpa|pzia u }fmeia l` ai} x`z}fki}> `} l`mez! i |zis} l` ai de}|fzei }pzg`k ai}

le}|ek|i} mfzze`k|`} mpa|pzia`} u }fmeia`} yp` bizmik à l`}izzfaaf l` ai dpbikelil u

ai |zik}cfzbimek là bpklf> af mpia kf }af }` z`xzflpm` ia ek|`zefz l` pki `}mpài

u l` pk ipai! }ekf `k à `k|fzkf }fmeia `k yp` mili ekleselpf }` l`}`kspàs`!

ekmapelf} af} iapbkf} u iapbki} ype`k`}! }ek }`z `k fmi}efk`} mfk}me`k|`} l` àaf!`}|k mfkcfzbiklf pki se}ek l` af de}|zemf `k }p seli mfbf ek|`gzik|` l` ai

}fme`lil yp`! `k ai biufzi l` af} mi}f}! kf mfekmel` mfk ai de}|fzei `}mfaiz f ai

de}|fzei mfk|`keli `k af} aejzf} l` |`t|f! be}bi yp` `}| sekmpaili i af} mfkm`x|f} u

ai se}ek yp` à de}|fzeilfz |e`k` là xi}ilf! mfk zàimek ia xz`}`k|` `k yp` }` }e|i

à mfk|`t|f l` ixz`kleio`+

Pkf ò`bxaf yp` isiai ai se}ek là de}|fzeilfz! af mfk}|e|pu` à Imp`zlf

Kimefkia xizi ai Bfl`zkeimek l` ai @lpmimek J}emi }p}mze|f xfz ai ]@X u à

]K\@ à 94 l` biuf l` 955:! à mpia ek|`gz af} memaf} l` ai `lpmimek j}emi u

xzfxp}f les`z}f} xzfgzibi} u b`leli} xizi i}`gpziz ai miaelil l` af} }`zsemef}

`lpmi|esf}+ Af mpia }` sef z`caòilf `k pk xzfm`}f l` z`kfsimek l` ai `lpmimek

yp` zfbxe mfk ai ekbfseaelil izziegili yp` mizim|`ze ia ]e}|`bi @lpmi|esf


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Kimefkia xfz sizef} if}+ Ai ekkfsimek ebxaemili `k `}|i bfl`zkeimek `lpmi|esi

ijizm ai `k}ìki l` ai de}|fzei! }e|pimek yp` kf xplf yp`liz cp`zi là ek|`z}

là de}|fzeilfz u l` ai de}|fzefgzici im|pia+

I xiz|ez l` `}i z`cfzbi `lpmi|esi! `k Btemf ai i}egki|pzi l` de}|fzei `k ai

`}mpài xzebizei }af mp`k|i mfk 9+0 dfzi} }`bikia`} `k à mpzzmpapb im|pia! xizi

pk |f|ia l` 38 dfzi} ikpia`}! |e`bxf yp`! mfk|zi}|ilf mfk ai} :


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de}|fzei pkes`z}ia! se}|i `}|i kf mfbf iagf `}||emf! }ekf `k bfsebe`k|f mfk|ekpf

yp` a` x`zbe|` ia ekleselpf à l`}izzfaaf l` }p mfkme`kmei+

L+ Se}ek u b`lef} xizi à afgzf l` ixz`kleio`}

]`gk }ì ai se}ek là lfm`k|`! }p bik`zi l` ijfzliz af} mfk|`kelf} u l`

af} b`lef} yp` `bxa`` xizi afgziz ixz`kleio`} l` de}|fzei! }`z ai cfzbi `k yp` }`

i}pbik l` bik`zi }egkecemi|esi f kf xfz xiz|` l` }p} iapbkf}+ Ia z`}x`m|f! }`

dim` z`c`z`kmei i lf} xpjaemimefk`} yp` ijfzlik lemdf} i}x`m|f}+

@k à xzeb`zf l` àaf}! pk aejzf |e|pailf? Mbf ixz`kl` ai g`k|`? m`z`jzf!

b`k|`! `tx`ze`kmei u `}mpài! xpjaemilf `k à if :888! xfz ai Imil`bei Kimefkia

l` Me`kmei} l` @}|ilf} Pkelf} mfbf xzflpm|f là |zijiof l` af} mfbe|} là

Mfk}òf Kimefkia l` Eks`}|egimek xizi à L`}izzfaaf l` ai Me`kmei là Ixz`kleio`

u xizi ai Eks`}|egimek là Ixz`kleio` u ai Xzm|emi @lpmi|esi+

@}` aejzf z`sà af} l`}mpjzebe`k|f} l` bpmdi} zibi} l` ai me`kmei ypìpb`k|ik mfk}el`zija`b`k|` ai mfbxz`k}ek }fjz` af yp` }egkecemi }ij`z> l`}l`

af} xzfm`}f} k`pzfkia`} yp` fmpzz`k lpzik|` à ixz`kleio`! di}|i ai ekcap`kmei yp`

|e`k` ai mpa|pzi `k af yp` ai g`k|` x`zmej` u i}ebeai+ Il`b}! bp`}|zi ai}

ebxaemimefk`} yp` `}f} l`}mpjzebe`k|f} |e`k`k z`}x`m|f l` af yp` }` `k}ì! mbf

}` `k}ì u mbf }` `siai af yp` af} kef} ixz`kl`k+

Ia ixaemiz af} xzekmexef} là aejzf! u z`ge}|zizaf Mbf ixz`kl` ai g`k|` ai

`k}ìki l` ai de}|fzei! Zfj`z| J+ Jiek $:88: mfk}el`z yp` ixz`kl`z de}|fzei `k

à ipai `}mfaiz ebxaemi `k}ìz i af} iapbkf} i x`k}iz l` bik`zi le}|ek|i i mfbf

g`k`ziab`k|` }pà`k dim`zaf+ Xfz |ik|f! xizi iupliz i af} `}|pleik|`} i ixz`kl`z

mfk|`kelf de}|zemf ` ekmz`b`k|iz }p} miximelil`} xizi p}iz `sel`kmei! `siapiz

ek|`zxz`|imefk`} u ikiaeiz à mibjef i af aizgf là |e`bxf! }` z`ype`z` yp` à


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lfm`k|` là gzpxf f}|`k|` mfkfmebe`k|f! dijeaelil`} u im|e|pl`} yp` a` x`zbe|ik

xf|`kmeiz `}f} ixz`kleio`} i }p} le}mxpaf}+ @k f|zi} xiaijzi}! yp` }ì pk

xzfc`}fz f xzfc`}fzi mfbx`|`k|` xizi l`}izzfaaiz ixz`kleio`} }egkecemi|esf} `k }p}

iapbkf}+

Jiek $:88: xiz|e l` ai} le}xf}emefk`} mpzzempaiz`} u x`ligfgi |zilemefkia`}

`k @}|ilf} Pkelf}> pjem ai eks`}|egimek `k ai ek}|zpmmek p|eaeiklf pk `}|plef l`

mi}f g`k`zilf `k |fzkf i af} `}|plef} yp` zìaeizfk }p} iapbkf} im`zmi l` Mfak!

mfkm`k|zklf}` `k mbf af} bi`}|zf} xp`l`k mfks`z|ez af} fjo`|esf} mpzzempaiz`}

`k xzfja`bi} de}|fzefgzcemf} yp` mfbxzfb`|ik i af} `}|pleik|`} `k à

x`k}ibe`k|f l` ai de}|fzei+

Ai }`gpkli xpjaemimek cp` pk iz|mpaf l` Opiki Bi+ ]ikmdf Gea |e|pailf

Ixz`kl`z i af} 90 if}? cim|fz`} yp` ekcapu`k `k `}|` xzfm`}f> `k a xz`}`k| pk

ikae}e} zìaeilf `k |fzkf i af} z`}pa|ilf} l` XE]I l` ai Pkes`z}elil l` Jizmàfki!

u }` xaik|ì ai k`m`}elil l` im`zmiz}` i ai xzfja`b|emi l` ai `k}ìki

}`mpklizei mfk pki kp`si bezili u l` cfzbi mfbxaòi+

Xzeb`zf ikiae xfz yp af} z`}pa|ilf} là `}|plef XE]I a`sik|ik fai} l`xz`fmpximek u mfk|zfs`z}ei `k af} xi}`} yp` kf ixiz`m`k `k af} xzeb`zf} xp`}|f}

l` ai ae}|i! i ai s` yp` }` le}mp|`k ai} aebe|imefk`} l` ai} xzp`ji} l` xixà u axe+

Xf}|`zefzb`k|`! xp}f `k mfk}el`zimek af yp` dfu }` }ij` }fjz` mbf }`

ixz`kl`! i} mfbf ai ek

EL MAPA CONCEPTUAL COMO TECNICA COGNITIVA PARA PROMOVER APRENDIZAJES SIGNIFICATIVOS EN ALUMNOS DE 5o...

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Transcript of EL MAPA CONCEPTUAL COMO TECNICA COGNITIVA PARA PROMOVER APRENDIZAJES SIGNIFICATIVOS EN ALUMNOS DE 5o...