Els peixos de les conques internes - CEC Banyoles · 2015-07-01 · els rius de les comarques...
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Transcript of Els peixos de les conques internes - CEC Banyoles · 2015-07-01 · els rius de les comarques...
Els peixos de les conques internesdel nord-est de Catalunya
Centre d’Estudis Comarcals de Banyoles
QUADERNSNúmero 32Els peixos de les conques internes del nord-est de CatalunyaBanyoles, 2013
Editors: ramon Moreno, Miquel CaMpos, Carles Feo
Autors: rosa M. araguas, Miquel CaMpos, Joaquim Carol, Carles Feo, Marc ordeix, Quim
pou, Núria sanz, Lluís zaMora
CorrECCió LiNgüístiCA: Laura saloMó
EditA: Centre d’Estudis Comarcals de Banyoles
Plaça de la Font, 11 - 17820 Banyoles - tel. 972 57 23 61
www.cecbanyoles.cat
suPort: Patronat Francesc Eiximenis de la diputació de girona
CoL.LABorA: Ajuntament de Banyoles
dirECCió dELs QuAdErNs: Julià Maroto (CECB)
CoMitÈ EditoriAL: Joan Anton abellan (president del CECB), Miquel CuenCa, Jordi
galoFré, M. Àngels JuanMiquel, Mariona JunCà, david Masgrau, Jeroni Moner, Pere noguer,
Carles PunCernau (vocals del CECB)
MAQuEtACió i dissENy dE LA CoBErtA:�-[\]LQ�7TQ^MZ�/ZoÅK���!���� ������
iMPrEssió digitAL: impremta Can Mateu
C. santa Maria, 22 -17820 Banyoles - tel. 972 57 01 06
iMPrEssió:�/ZIÅKWTWZ�*IVaWTM[Ctra. Vilavenut, 212 - Nau 4 -17820 Banyoles - tel. i Fax 972 57 27 53
OZIÅKWTWZJIVa(\MTMNWVQKI�VM\
isBN: 978-84-616-7859-4
dipòsit legal: gi.157-2014
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Presentació
Amb la publicació que teniu a les mans, ja són trenta-dos els Quaderns que el Centre
d’Estudis Comarcals de Banyoles ha editat.
En aquesta ocasió, porta el títol Els peixos de les conques internes del nord-est de Catalunya, i pretén
ser un resum del que va ser el XViii Col·loqui de tardor que, sota aquest mateix nom, es
va dur a terme a Banyoles a començaments del mes de desembre de l’any 2011. Volem que
aquest Quadern��I�Uu[�LM�[MZ�]V�ZMÆM`�LMT�+WT·loqui, ajudi a contribuir, en la mesura que
sigui possible, a la conservació de les espècies de peixos autòctons i dels seus ecosistemes
aquàtics.
us preguntareu: com? doncs senzillament, donant a conèixer l’estat en què actualment
M[�\ZWJMV�MT[�XMQ`W[�KWV\QVMV\IT[�LM�TM[�VW[\ZM[�KWUIZY]M[#�]V�U~V�UWT\�LM[KWVMO]\�ÅV[�NI�poc, però que ha estat objecte d’un estudi intensiu en els darrers quinze anys, de tal manera
Y]M��I�PWZM[�L¼IZI��PQ�PI�LQNMZMV\[�XZWRMK\M[�LMLQKI\[�I�XZM[MZ^IZ�TW��
Però el que hem de tenir present és que, a més de problemes tan coneguts per nosaltres com
TI�KWV\IUQVIKQ~�LMT[�ZQ][��TM[�JIZZMZM[�Ny[QY]M[�Y]M�[]XW[MV�TM[�QVNZIM[\Z]K\]ZM[�PQLZo]TQY]M[�Q� TI� UIVKI� L¼IQO]I�� KIT� INMOQZ�PQ� I^]Q� LQI� ]VI� IUMVItI� UWT\� QUXWZ\IV\"� TI� XZM[vVKQI�d’espècies exòtiques invasores. unes espècies que la majoria de les vegades, per no dir
totes, causen un greu desequilibri en els nostres ecosistemes, cosa que els pot portar a la
seva desaparició.
)�*IVaWTM[�� TI� QV\ZWL]KKQ~� L¼M[XvKQM[� NWZIVM[� u[� ]V� NM\� LWK]UMV\I\� LM[� LM� NI�Uu[� L¼]V�segle; gràcies a aquest coneixement, avui dia s’han endegat projectes que intenten pal·liar
aquestes, podríem dir, destrosses.
Per això, a més de llegir aquesta publicació, on trobareu capítols que parlen dels rius
OQZWVQV[�MV�OMVMZIT�Q�L¼IT\ZM[�Y]M�PW�NIV�L¼M[XIQ[�Uu[�KWVKZM\[��][�MVKWZI\RW�XMZY]v�MV\ZM�tots vetllem pels nostres rius –i en el nostre cas, pel nostre estany–, els nostres peixos i el
nostre entorn.
Joan Anton abellan i Manonellas
President del Centre d’Estudis Comarcals de Banyoles
Introducció
El nostre interès pels peixos normalment no va més enllà de preguntar si són bons per
menjar, si tenen molta espina o com els podem cuinar. Fa una mica més de cent anys que
els rius de les comarques gironines gaudien de poblacions saludables de barbs, bagres, an-
guiles, truites, espinosos i altres espècies que actualment estan en situació crítica. durant
dècades les poblacions de peixos autòctons han patit una davallada silenciosa i invisible sota
les aigües dels nostres rius i estanys.
L’estat de les poblacions de peixos continentals de les comarques gironines, molt descone-
O]\�ÅV[�NI�XWK[�LQM[��PI�M[\I\�UW\Q]�L¼M[\]LQ�QV\MV[Q]�MV�MT[�LIZZMZ[����IVa[�Q�XIZ\QK]TIZUMV\�ara hi ha diversos projectes engegats al respecte. A les problemàtiques ja existents de la
KWV\IUQVIKQ~�LMT[�ZQ][��TI�JIZZMZI�Ny[QKI�Y]M�[]XW[MV�TM[�QVNZIM[\Z]K\]ZM[�PQLZo]TQY]M[�XMZ�I�ITO]VM[�M[XvKQM[�Q�TI�UIVKI�L¼IQO]I��KIT�INMOQZ�PQ�I^]Q�LQI�]VI�IUMVItI�UWT\�QUXWZ\IV\"�la presència d’espècies exòtiques invasores. Aquestes suposen un perill per a les espècies
i els ecosistemes locals, que ja es trobaven abans en una situació delicada. La presència
conscient i documentada de peixos al·T�K\WV[��[W^QV\�QV\ZWL]|\[�XMT[�P]UIV[�IUJ�ÅVITQ\I\[�XQ[KyKWTM[��u[�]V�NM\�RI�KMV\MVIZQ�I�TM[�VW[\ZM[�IQO�M[�KWV\QVMV\IT[��KWU�PW�XZW^I�MT�UI\MQ`�M[-tany de Banyoles. un altre exemple d’introducció, en aquest cas recent, de conseqüències
imprevisibles és la del silur a la conca de l’Ebre.
El Centre d’Estudis Comarcals de Banyoles (CECB), la universitat de girona (udg) i
el Consorci de l’Estany de Banyoles (CE) van destinar la divuitena edició dels Col·loquis
de tardor als Peixos de les conques internes del nord-est de Catalunya, amb la intenció
de debatre especialment aspectes relacionats amb la gestió i la conservació d’aquest grup
L¼IVQUIT[��-T[�WZOIVQ\bILWZ[� ^IV�^WTMZ�IQ`y� NMZ�[M� ZM[[��LMT[�VWUJZW[W[�XZWRMK\M[� Q� XTIV[�dedicats en l’actualitat a la conservació de les espècies de peixos autòctons i a la gestió dels
ecosistemes aquàtics de les comarques gironines. El Col·loqui, coordinat per ramon More-
no Amich (udg), Miquel Campos (Consorci de l’Estany) i Carles Feo (CECB) va tenir lloc
MT�LQI���LM�LM[MUJZM�LM������I�TI�[ITI�LM�KWVNMZMVKQM[�LMT�+T]J�6I\IKQ~�*IVaWTM[�
El Col·loqui es va realitzar el dia 2 amb la inauguració a la mateixa sala del Club Natació
Banyoles, amb l’assistència de l’alcalde de Banyoles, Miquel Noguer; el president del Cen-
tre d’Estudis Comarcals de Banyoles, Jeroni Moner; el representant de la universitat de
/QZWVI��Q�MT�XZM[QLMV\�LMT�+WV[WZKQ�LM�T¼-[\IVa��;IT^ILWZ�:W[��-[�^I�IXZWÅ\IZ�TI�KMTMJZIKQ~�del Col·loqui per convidar els assistents a l’exposició «Aliens! La invasió de les espècies
exòtiques» que es va poder veure al Museu darder – Espai d’interpretació de l’Estany del
25 de novembre de 2011 a l’11 de març de 2012. En aquesta exposició hi havia una part on
[M�KQ\I^MV�LQ^MZ[W[�KI[W[�LM�XMQ`W[�M`�\QK[�QV^I[WZ[�QV\ZWL]|\[�I�TI�VI\]ZI�Q�MT[�MNMK\M[�VWKQ][�Y]M�IY]M[\[�KI][MV�I�T¼MV\WZV��IQ`y�KWU�]V�IXIZ\I\�M[XMKyÅK�XMZ�IT�®8ZWRMK\M�-[\IVa¯�XWZ\I\�a terme pel Consorci de l’Estany, en el qual els peixos hi tenen un pes important, i que va
ser motiu d’una de les ponències de la jornada.
La programació prevista va incloure 8 ponències organitzades en dos blocs, un centrat més
en la gestió i descripció de l’estat de les poblacions de peixos a casa nostra, i una altre més
dedicat a casos o aspectes relacionats amb la conservació. de les 8 ponències, 5 es van rea-
litzar al matí començant per ramon Moreno Amich i continuant amb Marc ordeix, Anna
Vila gispert, Quim Carol i Núria sanz. després de dinar va participar-hi Emili garcía
Berthou, Lluís Zamora i Miquel Campos i Quim Pou, i es va clausurar l’acte amb un debat
sobre la temàtica amb la participació de tots els ponents i els assistents.
En la seva ponència «invasions biològiques i introduccions d’espècies exòtiques», ramon
Moreno Amich (universitat de girona) ens va endinsar en el coneixement dels rius que
NWZUMV� TM[�KWVY]M[� QV\MZVM[�LM�+I\IT]VaI�·M[\MU�XIZTIV\�LM� TI�5]OI��MT�<MZ��MT�,IZ~� Q�MT�.T]^Qo·�� Q�MV�MT� [QOVQÅKI\�LMT� Tv`QK�KQMV\yÅK�]\QTQ\bI\��LMÅVQV\�XIZI]TM[�KWU�M[XvKQM�I]-
tòctona, naturalitzada, introduïda o invasora. Ens va aclarir que parlem d’invasions bio-
lògiques quan espècies d’origen remot arriben a un nou territori i es propaguen per ell a
OZIV�^MTWKQ\I\��IT\MZMV�T¼M[\Z]K\]ZI�Q�N]VKQWVIUMV\�LM�T¼MKW[Q[\MUI�ZMKMX\WZ�Q�[W^QV\�KI][MV�danys ecològics i socioeconòmics. El ponent va destacar la important presència d’espècies
de peixos exòtics invasors a la península ibèrica, i és que el 37 % de les espècies de peixos
d’aigua dolça són espècies exòtiques naturalitzades. A Catalunya, la proporció augmenta
ÅV[�IT���� ��L¼]V�\W\IT�LM����M[XvKQM[���[MV\�\IUJu�UWT\�MTM^ILI�MV�ITO]V[�\ZIU[�LMT[�ZQ][�gironins, com les parts baixes del ter i del Fluvià, on els peixos exòtics invasors causen
QUXWZ\IV\[�MNMK\M[�VMOI\Q][�[WJZM�TM[�M[XvKQM[�I]\�K\WVM[�I�\ZI^u[�LM�Y]I\ZM�UMKIVQ[UM["�T¼IT\MZIKQ~�LMT�[Q[\MUI�L¼QV\MZIKKQWV[�\Z�ÅY]M[�MV\ZM�TM[�M[XvKQM[�LM�TI�KWU]VQ\I\�MV^I|LI��TI�hibridació amb espècies taxonòmicament properes, la introducció de paràsits i malalties i
MT[�KIV^Q[�OTWJIT[�XZW^WKI\[�MV�MT�N]VKQWVIUMV\�LM�T¼MKW[Q[\MUI�Y]M��I�Uu[�L¼]VI�XvZL]I�LM�biodiversitat, es tradueixen en pèrdua del valor econòmic i de serveis dels ecosistemes. Fins
a 14 espècies exòtiques presents en aquests rius van ser citades: peix sol, perca americana o
black bass, carpa, carpí, carpí vermell, alburn, pseudorasbora, gardí, madrilleta vera, lluci,
perca, sandra, gambúsia, truita arc-iris i silur.
El ponent va insistir en la importància de la globalització de les activitats humanes per
MV\MVLZM�TI�XZWTQNMZIKQ~�Q�IUXTQÅKIKQ~�L¼IY]M[\I�XZWJTMUo\QKI�I�VQ^MTT�OTWJIT��ÅV[�IT�X]V\�que l’impacte de les espècies invasores ha estat considerat la segona causa de pèrdua de
biodiversitat mundial. Es va dedicar una especial atenció a explicar amb detall el procés
L¼QV^I[Q~�XMT�Y]IT�]VI�M[XvKQM� QV\ZWL]|LI�MV�]V�X]V\� NWZI�LM� TI�[M^I�oZMI�LM�LQ[\ZQJ]KQ~�VI\]ZIT� XW\� IKIJIZ� M[LM^MVQV\� ÅVITUMV\� ]VI� M[XvKQM� M`�\QKI� QV^I[WZI�� 0Q� PI� M[XvKQM[�introduïdes que simplement sobreviuen en el nou lloc on han estat plantades o alliberades,
n’hi ha que s’hi adapten millor i a més a més, es poden reproduir amb certa naturalitat i
M[LM^MVMV�M[XvKQM[�VI\]ZITQ\bILM[�� Q� u[�VWUu[�Y]IV�]VI�L¼IY]M[\M[� M[XvKQM[�XZWTQNMZI�MV�M`Ku[�Q�INMK\I�VMOI\Q^IUMV\�MT[�MKW[Q[\MUM[�Y]M�M[�XW\�XIZTIZ�L¼M[XvKQM�XZ�XQIUMV\�QV^I[WZI�W�LM�XTIOI�Y]IV�INMK\I�TM[�IK\Q^Q\I\[�MKWV�UQY]M[��.QVITUMV\��M[�^I�M`XW[IZ�TI�LQNMZvVKQI�MV\ZM�\ZIK\IZ�]VI�M[XvKQM�QV^I[WZI�MV�TI�[M^I�NI[M�QVQKQIT�L¼IKTQUI\IKQ~�W�Y]IV�IY]M[\I�RI�està instal·lada. En aquest punt de la ponència es va dedicar certa estona a insistir en la
importància de les actuacions de prevenció de l’entrada i establiment d’espècies invasores,
XMT� [M]�UMVWZ�KW[\� Q�UIRWZ�MÅKQvVKQI��MV� NZWV\�IT�Y]M� [MZQMV� TM[�IK\]IKQWV[�LM�KWV\ZWT�W�d’eliminació quan aquesta espècie invasora ja està instal·TILI�Q�Y]M�[]XW[MV�NWZ\M[�KoZZMO]M[�LM�KW[\W[�MKWV�UQK[�Q�LQÅK]T\I\[�\vKVQY]M[�LM�OM[\Q~�
Marc ordeix (Centre d’Estudis dels rius Mediterranis) va realitzar la segona ponència de-
dicada a parlar de «Els peixos i la connectivitat dels rius gironins». Es va tractar dels patrons
LM�UQOZIKQ~�LMT[�XMQ`W[�MV�MT[�ZQ][�Q�LMT�KWVKMX\M�LM�KWVVMK\Q^Q\I\�Æ]^QIT��u[�I�LQZ��TI�XW[[QJQ-TQ\I\�Y]M�WNMZMQ`MV�IY]M[\[�ZQ][�XMZ�IT�\ZIV[XWZ\�Q�UW^QUMV\�TTQ]ZM�LM�TM[�LQNMZMV\[�M[XvKQM[�IT�llarg del seu recorregut. L’existència d’una mala connectivitat en els rius es considera una
de les principals causes de la regressió de moltes espècies de peixos. El més rellevant va ser
Y]M�MV�TI�`MZZILI�M[�^IV�M`XW[IZ�IT\MZVI\Q^M[�Q�[WT]KQWV[�IT[�WJ[\IKTM[�Q�JIZZMZM[�Y]M�LQÅK]T-\MV�TI�KWVVMK\Q^Q\I\�Æ]^QIT��Q�M[�^I�XIZTIZ�LM�LQ[XW[Q\Q][�XMZ�IT�XI[�LM�XMQ`W[��4I�[MOWVI�XIZ\�LM�TI�XWVvVKQI�M[�^I�KMV\ZIZ�I�XIZTIZ�LM�T¼yVLM`�LM�KWVVMK\Q^Q\I\�Æ]^QIT��1+.���LM�TI�UM\W-
LWTWOQI�XMZ�KITK]TIZ�TW��LM�T¼IVoTQ[Q�Y]M�[¼PI�NM\�LMT�N]VKQWVIUMV\�LMT[�LQ[XW[Q\Q][�LM�XI[�XMZ�a peixos construïts a Catalunya i a explicar alguns casos concrets. Fins al moment actual,
PIV�M[\I\�QLMV\QÅKI\[�]V�\W\IT�LM� ��WJ[\IKTM[�IT�KWVR]V\�LMT[�ZQ][�LM�+I\IT]VaI��<IUJu�s’hi han localitzat i avaluat 94 dispositius de pas per a peixos a diverses preses, rescloses i
M[\IKQWV[�L¼INWZIUMV\��W�[QO]Q��MV�]V������ �LMT[�WJ[\IKTM[�XZQVKQXIT[��,M�\W\M[�UIVMZM[��MT[�LQ[XW[Q\Q][�LM�XI[�XMZ�I�XMQ`W[�^MZQ\IJTMUMV\��\QT[��KTI[[QÅKI\[�IUJ�]VI�KWVVMK\Q^Q\I\�JWVI�W�molt bona, no arriben a la meitat (el 38,3 % del total; ordeix et alii, 2010). A les comarques
gironines hi ha un total de 23 dispositius de pas per a peixos; la meitat (10) corresponen
al ripollès. Les conclusions es van centrar a destacar que actualment les solucions per mi-
TTWZIZ�TI�UQOZIKQ~�LMT[�XMQ`W[�IT[�ZQ][�KI\ITIV[�[~V�QV[]ÅKQMV\[�Q�Y]M�TM[�\I`M[�LM�XI[�MV�MT[�LQ[XW[Q\Q][�LM�XI[�XMZ�I�XMQ`W[�[~V�UI[[I�JIQ`M[�Q��XMZ�\IV\��XWK�MÅKQMV\[�
Anna Vila gispert (universitat de girona), amb la ponència sobre «La plasticitat adaptati-
va dels peixos introduïts: cas comparat del peix sol a l’estany de Banyoles i a l’embassament
LM�;][Y]MLI¯��MV[�^I�XIZTIZ�LM�TI�^IZQIJQTQ\I\�UWZNWT�OQKI�MV�MT�XMQ`�[WT��Lepomis gibbosus)
introduït en llacs i embassaments catalans; i ens va argumentar sobre si les adaptacions
MZMV�IT�\QX][�L¼PoJQ\I\�Q�W�I�TI�LQM\I��-V�MT�[M]�M[\]LQ�M[�^I�M[\]LQIZ�TI�UWZNWTWOQI�LM�KQVK�XWJTIKQWV[� LM� XMQ`� [WT� KWZZM[XWVMV\[� I� �� MKW[Q[\MUM[� LQNMZMV\[� XMZ� QV\MV\IZ� M`XTQKIZ� TM[�[M^M[�^IZQIKQWV[�MV�PQLZWUWZNWUM\ZQI��-[�LMÅVMQ`MV�LW[�\QX][�LM�^IZQIV\["�]VI�ILIX\ILI�I�PoJQ\I\[�Uu[�TQ\WZIT[�Q�]VI�IT\ZI�LM�Uu[�JMV\�VQKI��Q�\IUJu�M[�^M]MV�LQNMZvVKQM[�MV�TI�XW[QKQ~�Q�NWZUI�LM�TM[�ITM\M[�Q�MT�KW[�[MOWV[�TM[�VMKM[[Q\I\[�LM�VI\IKQ~��IQ`y�KWU�MV�T¼ITQUMV\IKQ~��4M[�poblacions de peix sol que s’alimenten de zooplàncton presenten poca separació entre les
branquiespines, i les poblacions en què els mol·T][K[�NWZUMV�XIZ\�LM�TI�[M^I�LQM\I�XZM[MV\MV�
MT[�W[[W[�NIZQVOQ[�Uu[�TTIZO[�Q�IUXTM[��4¼IVoTQ[Q�LQ[KZQUQVIV\�[MXIZI�LM�NWZUI�[QOVQÅKI\Q^I�TM[�XWJTIKQWV[�JI[IV\�[M�MV�TI�UWZNWTWOQI�M`\MZVI�Q�QV\MZVI#�MT�XZQUMZ�MQ`�LQNMZMVKQI�XWJTIKQWV[�[MOWV[�TI�OMWOZIÅI�Q�VW�[MOWV[�TM[�KIZIK\MZy[\QY]M[�IUJQMV\IT[��-T�[MOWV�MQ`��MV�KIV^Q��[MXI-
ra les poblacions que s’alimenten majoritàriament de zooplàncton de les que s’alimenten
d’invertebrats bentívors. Així, una població que habita en un embassament sense zona
TQ\WZIT�XZM[MV\I�]VI�UWZNWTWOQI�Uu[�[QUQTIZ�I�TI�^IZQIV\�TQUVv\QKI�LM�TM[�XWJTIKQWV[�VI\Q^M[�LM�ZMNMZvVKQI��)Y]M[\[�ZM[]T\I\[�[]OOMZMQ`MV�Y]M�MT�XMQ`�[WT�u[�KIXIt�L¼ILIX\IZ�[M��UWZNWT�-
gicament, al tipus d’hàbitats i preses presents als ecosistemes catalans d’aigua dolça, i això
explica en part l’èxit d’aquesta espècie en els llocs on ha estat introduïda.
Es va continuar amb l’exposició d’un cas concret: «El silur als embassaments del ter», po-
nència realitzada per Joaquim Carol Bruguera. L’autor ens va explicar les característiques
JQWT�OQY]M[�LMT�[QT]Z�IT[�LQNMZMV\[�MUJI[[IUMV\[�KI\ITIV[��^I�KWV\QV]IZ�IUJ�TI�PQ[\�ZQI�LM�TI�QV\ZWL]KKQ~�L¼IY]M[\I�M[XvKQM�I�KI[I�VW[\ZI�Q�MT[�QV\MZM[[W[�IT[�Y]IT[�ZM[XWV�Q��ÅVITUMV\��ens va detallar la situació actual de l’espècie als rius gironins. El ponent va concloure que
l’arribada del silur i de moltes altres espècies de peixos exòtics en altres conques o masses
d’aigua, com podria ser l’estany de Banyoles, s’hauria d’evitar aplicant totes les mesures
divulgatives, preventives, de control i també legislatives que calguin.
L’última ponència del matí va ser a càrrec de Núria sanz (universitat de girona)
sobre «La genètica de la conservació dels peixos dels rius gironins: el cas de la truita i l’es-
pinós». Els estudis teòrics i experimentals han donat clares evidències que indiquen que els
canvis genètics que es produeixen en les poblacions estan íntimament relacionats amb la
seva història i el seu destí, i és per això que els gestors dels recursos naturals són cada vegada
més conscients de la importància dels estudis genètics en la gestió de poblacions i espècies.
La ponent presentà el debat sobre la necessitat dels estudis genètics en la gestió de les espè-
cies en perill, i exposà els casos de la truita comuna (Salmo trutta), que habita a les parts altes
dels rius, i l’espinós (Gasterosteus aculeatus), que trobem distribuït en la part mitjana-baixa
L¼ITO]V[�K]Z[W[�Æ]^QIT[��-T[�M[\]LQ[�OMVv\QK[�ZMITQ\bI\[�XMT�4IJWZI\WZQ�L¼1K\QWTWOQI�/MVv\QKI�amb aquestes espècies posen en evidència com una mala gestió basada en repoblacions,
en el cas de la truita, i l’alteració de l’hàbitat, en el cas de l’espinós, deixen una empremta
important en la diversitat i l’estructura genètica de les poblacions. Això pot comprometre
TI�KWV[MZ^IKQ~�N]\]ZI�L¼IY]M[\M[�M[XvKQM[�
La primera ponència de la tarda la va realitzar Emili garcía Berthou (universitat de giro-
na) sobre «La conservació dels peixos continentals gironins: alteració hidrològica i espècies
invasores». Aquesta ponència va donar una visió global sobre l’estat de conservació dels
peixos continentals gironins i va introduir la problemàtica de les invasores. El ponent va
començar plantejant que el 37 % de les espècies de peixos estan amenaçades mundialment,
NM\�Y]M�R][\QÅKI�TI�QUXWZ\oVKQI�LMT[�XMQ`W[�MV�TI�^ITWZIKQ~�LM�T¼M[\I\�LMT[�MKW[Q[\MUM[��)�TI�conca mediterrània, més del 50 % de les espècies són en perill, i a la península ibèrica hi
ha nombrosos endemismes. s’insisteix en la importància dels peixos en la conservació dels
rius, sobretot perquè son visibles per la gent dins l’ecosistema i perquè tenen cicles de vida
TTIZO[�Y]M�ZMÆMK\MQ`MV�MT[�KIV^Q[�MV�MT[�MKW[Q[\MUM[�I�TTIZO�\MZUQVQ��4M[�XZQVKQXIT[�KI][M[�LM�disminució de les poblacions de peixos són la contaminació, l’extracció d’aigua, la sequera,
les espècies exòtiques, les preses i embassaments i la pesca. El segon punt a destacar de la
xerrada va ser l’alteració hidrològica, que explica gran part de l’alteració dels ecosistemes
Æ]^QIT[�Q�XMZ�\IV\��LM�TM[�KWU]VQ\I\[�LM�XMQ`W[�
El mateix ponent va centrar la tercera part de la xerrada en la importància de les espècies
M`�\QY]M[��-[�KWV[QLMZI�Y]M�MT�KW[\�LM�TI�TT]Q\I�KWV\ZI�MT[�MNMK\M[�LMT�U][KTW�bMJZI\�MV�T¼MKW-
nomia mundial és del 5 %; a Estats units es destinen milions de dòlars per controlar aquest
bivalve invasor. també s’han realitzat despeses milionàries per combatre el jacint d’aigua
Q�IT\ZM[�M[XvKQM[�QV^I[WZM[��-[�^I�XZM[MV\IZ�]V�IZ\QKTM�KQMV\yÅK�Y]M�LMUW[\ZI�Y]M�MT���� �LM�les extincions d’animals inclouen les espècies invasores com a una de les causes, i que són
l’única causa d’un 20 % de les extincions. En el cas dels peixos, cal dir que les invasores són
causa en un 48 % de les extincions. Es va debatre un llistat amb les 22 espècies de peixos
naturalitzats a Espanya, i es van detallar casos com el de l’impacte de la gambúsia sobre el
NIZ\M\�MV�PoJQ\I\[�TQ\WZIT[��4¼I]\WZ�^I�M`XW[IZ�Y]M�[¼M[\o�XMZLMV\�TI�TT]Q\I�KWV\ZI�TM[�QV^I[QWV[�IUJ�T¼MV\ZILI�L¼M[XvKQM[�KWU�MT�TT]KQ��MT�JTIKS�JI[[��TI�[IVLZI�W�MT�[QT]Z��4I�XIZ\�ÅVIT�LM�TI�xerrada es va centrar en la interacció de l’alteració hidrològica i les espècies invasores, i és
Y]M�TI�UIRWZQI�L¼IY]M[\M[�M[XvKQM[�XZMNMZMQ`MV�MT[�IUJQMV\[�TQUVv\QK[��L¼IQO�M[�TMV\M[��XMZ�TI�Y]IT�KW[I�]V[�ZQ][�KWV\ZWTI\[�Q�IUJ�XWK�KIJIT�MT[�INI^WZMQ`MV��.QVITUMV\��M[�XZM[MV\o�TI�JI[M�LM�LILM[�L¼1V^I[QJMZ��WV�M[�XW\�\ZWJIZ�UWT\I�Uu[�QVNWZUIKQ~�[WJZM�TM[�M[XvKQM[�M`�\QY]M[�(<http://invasiber.org>).
A continuació, Lluís Zamora (universitat de girona) va presentar el «Pla de gestió de
l’anguila a Catalunya: mesures per a la seva conservació». durant la presentació, es va
M`XW[IZ�T¼M[\I\�IK\]IT�LM�TI�XWJTIKQ~�L¼IVO]QTI�I�+I\IT]VaI��NMV\�]V�ZMXo[�LM�TM[�XZQVKQXIT[�accions recollides als plans de gestió de l’anguila, amb especial atenció als repoblaments.
durant l’any 2006 i 2011 es van poder realitzar dues proves pilot de seguiment de l’èxit de
l’alliberament d’exemplars adults engreixats en captivitat. Els primers resultats van apuntar
IT�NM\�Y]M�MT[�ZMXWJTIUMV\[�VW�IKWV[MO]MQ`MV�ZMK]XMZIZ�TM[�LMV[Q\I\[�L¼IVO]QTI�IT[�\ZIU[�WV�són alliberades, com a mínim a curt termini. tot i així, aquestes proves van representar una
de les poques experiències de seguiment de repoblaments en l’àmbit europeu i van aportar
UWT\I�QVNWZUIKQ~�[WJZM�KWU�LQ[[MVaIZ�IY]M[\�\QX][�L¼IKKQWV[��-[�^IV�XZM[MV\IZ�\IUJu�MT[�primers resultats sobre el potencial reproductor de l’espècie a les conques de la Muga, Flu-
vià i ter, així com el percentatge de parasitació per part del nematode Anguillicoloides crassus,
una espècie exòtica que pot arribar a ser una de les principals causes de disminució de les
poblacions d’anguila europea.
Miquel Campos i Llach, i Quim Pou i rovira (Consorci de l’Estany) van concloure la jorna-
da amb la presentació del «Projecte Estany. una oportunitat per a la recuperació dels pei-
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La connectivitat per als peixosals rius de Catalunya 8"=B*"#/$01:0:#0,":<'#L='*MN/(L;M9(*M'&(*49;(*8'M9L'=="#9()*8;(';*M'&*2'=)*\d@*M'&*2'=)*+)*,TVW,*8"#&&';
Introducció
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Per què migren els peixos?
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($/$#)$%��5��1����!!��#�®:MKIX\]ZM�ZI\M��OZW_\P�IVL�[M`�WN �[\WKSML�K]T\]ZML�MMT[�<'8"-**#+#'8"-**#*̀ F@aw)*?"**%2-'+O&#'0#-(+$%+*#+D_0G%+%2+$%+*#+D-(0-0"*2"&%)*\@*-V.R-W+@*
(6#$2)*F@)*5'##$#')*4@)*')4-#0'%")*A@Q@*�*7"B$#)*8@*`+,,har*uO=%M;BB9]#*M'*"#d;9&"(6*\"("M%)*\='R[MV\M�a�N]\]ZW¯��I%B-(2#+<1"#WH4)*+,)*\@*V-RST@*
pine, W.E., pollok��3�0���hightower, J.E., kwak, t.J. & riCe��2�)��������#�®)�ZM^QM_�WN �\IOOQVO�UM\PWL[�NWZ�M[\QUI\QVO�Å[P�XWX]TI\QWV�[QbM�IVL�KWUXWVMV\[�WN �UWZ\ITQ\a¯��Fisheries, 28, p. 10-23.
rosell, r., eVans, d. & allen��5��������#�®<PM�MMT�Å[PMZa�QV�4W]OP�6MIOP��6WZ\PMZV�1ZMTIVL���IV�M`IUXTM�WN �[][\IQVIJTM�UIVIOMUMV\'¯��Fisheries Management and Ecology, 12, p. 377-385.
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siMon, J. & dorner��0��������#�®5IZSQVO�\PM�-]ZWXMIV�MMT�_Q\P�W`a\M\ZIKaKTQVM��ITQbIZQV�ZML�IVL�KWLML�_QZM�\IO["�IV�M^IT]I\QWV�WN �UM\PWL[¯��Journal of Fish Biology, 67, p. 1.486-1.491.
siMonson, t.d. & lyons�� 2�� ��!!��#�®+WUXIZQ[WV�WN �KI\KP�XMZ�MNNWZ\�IVL�ZMUW^IT�XZWKML]ZM[� NWZ�[IUXTQVO�[\ZMIU�Å[P�I[[MUJTIOM[¯��North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 15, p. 419-427.
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