ENCICLOPEDIA DE IUDAISM

7/27/2019 ENCICLOPEDIA DE IUDAISM

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FCoperta: VALERIU GIODACRedactor: PAULA L. RABINSONTehnoredactor: GHEORGHE CHIRUThe !er"#a$e% P"h$h&n' Ho"#e( Ltd. )*+*The Enc,c$oped&a o- !"da%

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ITALIA( de A$e##andro G"etta .................................... *+/I. Epoca ro%an65p6'n6 ................................... *+II. R6#nd&rea cret&n%"$"& ................................ *+70 III. Ant"$ Ita$&e& de S"d ................................... *+7H IV. Parado8"r&$e E"$"& >ed&" t&%p"r&" ........................ *+4V. ncep"t"r&$e act&&t6&& -&nanc&are ........................... *+;

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IV. Per&oada po#t53e$&c6 .................................... );1 V. D&n an&& 14( pn6 n &$e$e noa#tre ......................... )7CANADA( de >&hae$ E$3a ..................................... )7;Y Y I. I%&'ra&a ere&a#c6 n Canada ............................. )7;Y II. For%area "ne& po$&t&c& ere&et& n Canada .................... )7*Y III. >oa&c"$ ert&ca$: de#p6r&re & con#en# n cadr"$ co%"n&t6&$ord&n Ontar&o & "e3ec ................................. )49CUPRINS ;ASIA DE SUD EST( de E$a3eth Cha$&er V"a$&n'a% )47I. Ind&a ................................ )47II. S&n'apore ............................ );9CHINA( de Fran*oe re#$er .................. );/I. Co%"n&tatea d&n a&-en' ............... );

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4/1052

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8/1052

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ne#trat c" p"ter& d&&ne. >a& tr&"( Aaron & H"r &5a" dat "n a2"tor hot6rtor $"& >oe n t&%p"$ 36t6$&e& de $aRe-&d&% contra a%a$ec&&$or E8. );()5)/j. D"p6 con#tr"&rea Ta3ernaco$"$"&( Aaron & -&&& $"& a" &n#ta"rat "n?#acerdo&" ered&tar( e$ n#"& pre$"nd #$"23a de %are ?preot a$ $"& I#rae$ E8. 9+59* Le. +j. V&aa &5a -o#t"%3r&t6 de tre& cr&e %a2ore: ro$"$ controer#at( 2"cat de e$ n a3#ena $"& >oe( at"nc& cnd( $a cerereapopor"$"&( a con#&%&t #6 -6"rea#c6 ?V&e$"$ de a"r E8. /9j p&erderea $"& Nada3 & A3&h"( do& d&n ce& patr" -&& a&( d"p6 ce acet&a a" atra# a#"pra $or %n&a d&&n6( ad"cnd n a$tar "n `-oc #tr6&n= Le. )()59j n -&ne(reo$ta aat6 de Core( "n 6r $e&t a$ $"& Aaron( care rnea $a #$"23a de %are preot a ace#t"&a N"%. )4j. Toracon#e%nea6 denod6%nt"$ dea#tr"o# a$ ace#te& r6#coa$e & %od"$ %&rac"$o# n care Aaron a -o#t recon-&r%atn #$"236( pr&n n-$or&rea to&a'"$"& #6" N"%. )4/95/7 );9/597j. C" toate ace#tea( n "r%a ne#"p"ner&& d&nepod"$ ape$or >er&3a( Aaron e#te pedep#&t ca & >oe #6 n" poat6 p6tr"nde n ara F6'6d"&ne& N"%. 9(;5)/j. S5a #t&n# d&n &a6 pe %"nte$e Hor N"%. 9(9+j( -6r6 e%&nte$e #a$e preoet&( care &5a" reen&t -&"$"& "cce#or"$"& #6"( E$eaar. n trad&&a ra3&n&c6( Aaron e#te 6"t ca "n per#ona2 #p&r&t"a$ &dea$&at i %a& p"&ndtant & a"#ter dect >oe( %a& aprop&at de popor( "n o% care5& reo$6 con-$&cte$e & re&n#ta"rea6

pacea c6%&n"$"&. Trad&&a $ de#cr&e ca pe ntr"ch&parea 3&3$&c6 a #acerdo&"$"&( de "nde & nde%n"$ $"& ?H&$e$:`F&& "n dc&po$ a$ $"& Aaron( &"3&nd & c6"tnd pacea( &"3&nd creat"r&$e( #e%en&& t6&( & cond"cnd"5& c6tre Tora=Aot )9j. Pe 3aa "ne& trad&&& %t&ce &ndependente( Aaron -&'"rea6 pr&ntre ce& apte `#-&n& oa#pe& ne6"&=?"#p&&nj( pe care ere&& pract&can& & nt%p&n6 n co$&3e$e $or n t&%p"$ #6r36tor&& de ?S"cot.ABAHU ntaT..1((..`5.Y (1..1 (55...( 115`( cea. /j?A%ora pa$e#t&n&an d&n 'enera&a a tre&a( cond"c6tor a$ acade%&e& d&n Ceareea. Dator&t6 po&&e& & 3o'6&e& $"&(prec"% & c"not&ne$or $"& de 'reac6( a deen&t p"rt6tor"$ de c"nt rec"no#c"t a$ co%"n&t6&& ere&et& d&n EreI#rae$ n -aa a"tor&t6&$or ro%ane. Dc&po$ a$ $"& R. ?Iohanan 3en Napaha( pe care5) c&tea6 -recent ca & pe&%on 3en La&j( A3ah" era -oarte enerat de co$e'&. Pr&%e$e tre& tratate d&n ord&n"$ ?Ne&&n( &nc$"#e "$ter&orn Ta$%"d"$ de $a Ier"#a$&%( a" -o#t co%p&$ate n acade%&a $"&. Cret&n%"$( decretat re$&'&e de #tat n I%per&"$Ro%an( c"cerea n acea re%e n"%ero& adep& pe care A3ah" &5a proocat de#eor& n cadr"$ "nor po$e%&c&apr&n#e. >"$te a#pecte &%portante d&n n66t"ra $"& #"nt ndreptate %potr&a doctr&ne& cret&ne. Pe de a$t6 parte("ne$e po$e%&c& a$e #a$e( d"p6 c"% re&e#e $&%pede d&n con&n"t"$ $or( n" #"nt ndreptate %potr&a cret&n&$or( c&

%potr&a #ecte$or ere&et& e& >&n&%j. Ta$%"d"$ d&n Ier"#a$&% c"pr&nde o parte d&n decrete$e $"& A3ah"(an"%e ce$e acceptate n Ere I#rae$( n ca$&tate de repreentant a$ co%"n&t6&& ere&et&( a c6$6tor&t %"$t n ar6 &n #tr6&n6tate. E#te ade#eor& c&tat n Ta$%"d"$ d&n Ier"#a$&% &( "neor&( & n ce$ 3a3&$on&an. I #e atr&3"&e cteaa-or%e ce$e3re( de e8e%p$": `>a& 3&ne #6 te n"%er& pr&ntre pr&'on&& dect pr&ntre pr&'on&tor&= B. */aj &`Aco$o "nde #ta" p6c6to&& poc6&&( drep&& -6r6 c"#"r n" pot a2"n'e= Ber. /3j. =5W=! ? ?) ABAIE$ABAIE .>..( cea 9+5//+j?A%ora 3a3&$on&an d&n 'enera&a a patra( conte%poran c" ?Raa( "n"$ d&n ce& %a& ce$e3r& n6a& a& epoc&&.Or-an de %&c( a -o#t cre#c"t de "n "nch& a$ #6"( ?Ra3a 3ar Nah%an&. n #cr&er&$e $"&( po%enete ade#eor& de do&cadeotat6 care )5a n'r&2&t( c&tnd"5& $eac"r&$e & ne$epc&"nea pop"$ar6. Ra3a & R. $o#&- &5a" -o#t da#c6$&. De $apr&%"$ a %oten&t cond"cerea acade%&e& d&n P"%3ed&ta( dar c"noaterea trad&&&$or a pr&%&t5o de $a R. $o#&-(ren"%&t pentr" %od"$ n care #t6pnea t&&na ta5na&%&$or & a%ora&%&$or. De a$t-e$( A3a&e n#"& a p"ne accent"$

pe trad&&& %a& %"$t dect pe arta ca"t&c6( n care #tr6$"cea co$e'"$ $"&( Raa. De $a ?neh"te Ra&na & de $a RaD&%&( a pre$"at n66t"ra a%ora&%&$or d&n Ere I#rae$( n #pec&a$ cea a $"& ?Iohanan 3ar Napaha. Dp"te$eha$ah&ce d&ntre A3a&e & Raa #"nt a%&nt&te n Ta$%"d. A3a&e era ren"%&t pentr" ca$&t6&$e $"& %ora$e & pentr"po&&&$e $"& %oderate( &$"#trate de n"%eroa#e e8e%p$e. Or& de cte or& #"renea o ndo&a$6 ha$ah&c6( o3&n"&a #6#p"n6: `Ie& d&n ca#6 & e& ce -ac oa%en&& n a#t-e$ de #&t"a&&= Ber. 7aj. C&ta ade#eor& proer3e pop"$are( ceeace de%on#trea6 c6 n" era "n #&ha#tr" #a" "n adept a$ t"rn"$"& de -&$de. .:.ABLU


9/1052

-rande E8. /()+59)j. De $o% &p"r( &"a cea %a& #-nt6 a ca$endar"$"& ere&e#c( ?%are$e preot e-ect"a c&nc& 36&r&t"a$e care -6cea" parte &nte'rant6 d&n #er&c&"$ d&&n pre#cr pentr" acea#t6 #6r36toare( n "ne$e ca"r&( #&%p$a#p6$are a %&n&$or & a p&c&oare$or #a" doar a %&n&$or era de a2"n#.D"p6 #"#pendarea r&t"a$"$"& ?ac&& ro&&( a c6re& cen"6 era -o$o#&t6 n apa de p"r&-&care $a Te%p$"( a3$"&"n&$er6%a#e n &'oare #"nt: c"-"ndarea r&t"a$6 pentr" -e%e& d"p6 c&c$"$ %en#tr"a$ #a" a$t6 p&erdere a'&na$6 de #n'e& d"p6 natere p"r&-&carea "#ten#&$e$or c"$&nare -a3r&cate de neere& c"-"ndarea r&t"a$6 a proe$&&$or c" oca&a

conert&r&& $or $a &"da% #p6$area %&n&$or na&nte de a -rn'e p&nea %a&% r&on&% e& ?B&nec"n5t6r&$ed&na&nte de %e#ej( d"p6 tre&rea d&n #o%n #a" d"p6 "t&$&area toa$ete&( n toate ace#te ca"r&( c"-"ndarea #a"#p6$area e#te n#o&t6 de 3&nec"ntarea c"en&t6( -or%"$at6 de n6a&. Net&$at &ada&%( a3$"&"nea care preced6con#"%area p&n&&( #o$&c&t6 "n e-ort d&n partea per#oane& care o e-ect"ea6: acea#ta tre3"&e #65& er#e ap6 pe%na dreapt6( apo& pe #tn'a( -o$o#&nd "n rec&p&ent c" de#ch&dere %are( %ar'&ne neted6 & o capac&tate deapro8&%at& "n #-ert de $o' cea. 9+ c&j.N" #e pre#cr&e n&c& o 3&nec"ntare #pec&a$6 pentr" a$te a3$"&"n& a-$ate de a#e%enea n &'oare ca #p6$area==%ort"$"& na&nte de n%or%ntare taharaj & #p6$area %&n&$or n "r%6toare$e #&t"a&&: $a &e&rea d&ntr5"nc&%&t&r( d"p6 at&n'erea "nor p6r& a$e corp"$"& de o3&ce& acoper&te( d"p6 ce5& ta& "n'h&&$e #a" d"p6 ce5& #co&panto-&&( na&nte de r"'6c&"ne & na&nte de =13&nec"nt6r&$e de d"p6 %e#e %a&% ahron&%j( prec"% & na&nte decon#"%area $e'"%e$or carpa#j n t&%p"$ ?#e5der"$"& de Pe#ah e#t&'&" a$ p"r&-&c6r&& d&n re%ea =Te%p$"$"&j.De a#e%enea( $e&&& n" #p"n n&c& o 3&nec"ntare cnd #pa$6 %&n&$e preo&$or( %a& na&nte ca acet&a #6 ro#tea#c63&nec"ntarea =Ypreo&$or $a #&na'o'6. Un&& ere&(n #pec&a$ ha#&5d&%&&( o3&n"&e#c #6 -ac6 o 3a&e r&t"a$6 n %&e

na&nte de $o% &p"r & na&nte de Sa3at #a" de #6r36tor&. S&na'o'&$e trad&&ona$e a" o ch&"et6 n e#t&3"$ pentr"a#t-e$ de #cop"r& r&t"a$e.R&t"r&$e de ace#t t&p #e nte%e&a6 pe con#&derente deopotr&6 &'&en&ce & re$&'&oa#e. N&c& o a3$"5&"ne n" e#tea$a3&$6 dac6 o%"$ #a" o3&ect"$ n ca"6 n" e#te per-ect c"rat( n aa -e$ nct n&c& "n o3#taco$ ha&aj %ater&a$ #6n" #e &nterp"n6 ntre o%"$ #a" o3&ect"$ re#pect& & ape$e p"r&-&catoare. Cnd n" e8t6 ap6 dpon&3&$6 pentr"#p6$area %&n&$or na&nte de a %nca p&ne( #e poate -o$o#& "n n$oc"&tor &ar36 #a" n&pj. For%"$a a$ net&$a$&ada&% `#p6$area %&n&$or=j #e n$oc"&ete n ace#t ca c" a$ ne&"t &ada&% `c"r6area %&n&$or=j.n re%ea ce$"& de5a$ Do&$ea Te%p$"( %"$te #ecte ere&et& a" p"# "n accent deo#e3&t pe a3$"&"nea r&t"a$6.Pr&ntre ace#tea #e n"%6ra" he%e5ro3apt&t&& `ce& care #e #pa$6 de d&%&nea6=j(ABRAHA> )7?e#en&en&& & co%"n&tatea de $a "%ran e&?>an"#cre$e de $a >area >oart6 & ?Sectej. $oan Bote6tor"$ era pro3a3&$ aprop&at de ace#te 'r"p6r& a#cet&ce &pract&ca a3$"&"n&& #t6 pro3a3&$ $a or&'&nea 3ote"$"& cret&n. -e(&%.((.$$-( (.TOI$

ABOAB( ISAAC 11= WW5 1W?=kW W #-r&t"$ #ec. a$ $V5$eaj 1 # 515 1??1 Qn6at ta$%"dt & pred&cator( A3oa3 a tr6&t n Span&a & e#te e#t&t pentr" a$ #6" >enorat ha5%aor `Cande$a3r"$$"%&n&&=j( oper6 c$a#&c6 a $&terat"r&& ere&et& de -act"r6 re$&'&oa#6 & %ora$6. De $a data pr&%e& apar&&&( n )7)( #5a" t&p6r&t pe#te 47 de ed&&&( $"crarea -&&nd trad"#6 n #pan&o$6( &"5deo#pan&o$6( &d&( 'er%an6 &( par&a$( n en'$e6.>enorat ha5%aor e#te #&n'"ra parte care #5a p6#trat d&ntr5o tr&$o'&e a $"& A3oa3( care %a& c"pr&ndea Aron ha5ed"t`Arca %6rt"r&e&=j & "$han ha5pa5n&% `>a#a pentr" p&n&$e p"ner&& na&nte=j i a#t6& p&erd"te. A"tor"$ aconcep"t >enorat ha5%aor ca o #te%at&are a ?Ha'ade& pentr" neo&$e propr&&$or $"& pred&c&. Cartea a deen&t o$"crare de re-er&n6 pentr" pred&cator& & #e c&tea o3$&'ator&" n p"3$&c( $a #&na'o'6.L"nd ca p"nct de p$ecare ?%enora( cande$a3r"$ c" apte 3rae d&n Ta3ernaco$ N"%. (*j( A3oa3 & %parte$"crarea n apte nerot $6%p&j( %p6r&te $a rnd"$ $or n #"3cap&to$e. P$an"$ 'enera$ are $a 3a6 tre& nde%n"r&d&n P#a$%"$ /()7( "t&$&ate ca t&t$"r&: $. `ntoarce5& -aa de $a r6"= 9. `F6 3&ne$e= /. `Ca"t6 & "r%6rete pacea=.>enorat ha5%aor tratea6 #"3&ecte ca: $"pta %potr&a 'e$o&e&( p$6cer&& & a%3&&e& ade&"nea $a precepte$et6&er&& %pre2"r( r"'6c&"n&&( re#pect"$"& -a6 de p6r&n&( car&t6&& & drept6&& #t"d&"$ Tore&( poc6&na & #%eren&a.

Dat -&&nd c6 a"tor"$ "r%6rete #6 con&n'6 %a#e$e( et&ca re$&'&oa#6 &"da&c6 e#te preentat6 ntr5o -or%6 pop"$ar6(pr&n nde%n"r& -r"%oa#e & %a8&%e ra3&n&ce( nc$&nat deopotr&6 #pre -&$oo-&e ca & #pre %t&c%( A3oa3%3&n6 n66t"r&$e $"& ?>a&%on&de c" "ne$e &de& e8tra#e d&n Ca3a$a. E$ rec"noate n#6 & a$oarea "nor -&$oo-&neere& ca P$aton & Artote$(pe care5& c&tea6.>enorat ha5%aor e#te & t&t$"$ "ne& opere et&ce de I#rae$ 3en $o#&- a$5Naaa( conte%poran c" A3oa3. Un&&de#cenden& a& $"& A3oa3 #5a" dt&n# "$ter&or ca #aan& & pred&cator&. Pr&ntre e&( #e n"%6r6 I#aac A3oa3 daFon#eca )475)4*/j( care( n ca$&tate de haha% $a Perna%3"co( n Bra&$&a o$ande6( a deen&t pr&%"$ ra3&n d&nL"%ea No"6.ABRAHA>P6r&nte$e popor"$"& ere"( pr&%"$ d&ntre ce& tre&?patr&arh&. D"p6 c"% arat6 cartea Genee&( a" -o#tece 'enera&& de $a Ada% $a Noe & nc6 ece( de $a Noe $a A3raha%. Potr&&t trad&&e& ere&et&( A3raha% #5an6#c"t n an"$ )*+ de $a -acerea $"%&& )+)9 .e.n.j. N"%e$e $"& era $a or&'&ne A3ra% `Tat6$ e#te n6$at=j( -&&ndapo& pre#ch&%3at n A3raha%( pe care B&3$&a $ &nterpretea6 ca n#e%nnd `tat6$ "ne& %"$&%& de nea%"r&= Gen.);j. Terah( tat6$ $"& A3raha%( $oc"&a &n&&a$ n Ur"$ Ca$de&&( "n ora d&n #"d"$ >e#opota%&e&( de "nde a e%&'rat


10/1052

apo& n nord5e#t"$ 6r&&( n Haran Gen. ))/)j. D"p6 %oartea $"&( D"%nee" &5a por"nc&t $"& A3raha%( care aeape at"nc& ;7 de an&( #6 e%&'ree %pre"n6 c" nea#ta $"& ?Sara & c" -a%&$&a $"& `n ara pe care &5o o& ar6ta e"=(ad&c6 n ?Canaan. D"%nee" & -6'6d"&ete $"& A3raha%: `Vo& -ace d&n t&ne "n nea% %are= Gen. )9()59j(c"&nte care #"nt &nterpretate ca o 3&nec"ntare pentr" toate -a%&$&&$e de pe p6%nt.V&aa $"& A3raha%( 3o'at6 n een&%ente( c"pr&nde n" p"&ne %&'ra&&. D"p6 o per&oad6 petrec"t6 n Canaan(-oa%etea $ o3$&'6 #6 #e re-"'&ee n E'&pt. >a& tr&"( c$an"$ #e ntoarce n Canaan( dar "n con-$&ct ntre c&o3an&&

$"& A3raha% & ce& a& nepot"$"& #6"( Lot( deter%&n6 o r"pt"r6 n -a%&$&e( n "r%a ace#te&a( A3raha% #e &n#ta$ea6n aprop&ere de He3ron( &ar Lot( n ona >6r&& >oarte. Cnd Lot cade n %na n66$&tor&$or( A3raha% #are na2"tor"$ $"&. n c&"da ace#t"& epod r63o&n&c( A3raha% e#te n 'enera$ de#cr ca "n pan&c p6#tor. F6'6d"&a$ad&&n6 c" pr&&re $a ara d6r"&t6 $"& A3raha% e#te renno&t6 c" pr&$e2"$ cere%on&e& Y=$e'6%nt"$"& Gen. )7(;59)j.E$ pr&%ete totodat6 por"nca de a #e t6&a %pre2"r ca #e%n a$ ace#t"& $e'6%nt c" D"%nee"( pe care5) atran#%&te t"t"ror de#cenden&$or #6& pe $&n&e %a#c"$&n6.Cnd A3raha% aea optec& de an&( Sara( care era #tearp6( &5o o-er6 pe roa3a e&( A'ar( drept conc"3&n6. D&nacea#t6 $e'6t"r6 #e nate I#%ae$( care n#6 n" e#te rec"no#c"t ca %oten&tor. D"%nee" $ e#tete at"nc& peA3raha% c6 Sara & a d6r"& "n -&". ntr5ade6r( Sara $ nate pe ?I#aac( care a deen& %oten&tor"$ %ater&a$ p&r&t"a$ a$ $"& A3raha%. Ace#ta aea pe at"nc& o #"t6 de an& &ar Sara no"6ec&. D"p6 ce 36&at"$ crete( D"%nee"$ p"ne pe A3raha% $a 'rea ncercare( por"nc&nd #65) d"c6 pe I#aac pe >"nte$e >or&a & #6 &5) 2ert-ea#c6 Gen.99()59j. A3raha% era 'ata #6 #e #"p"n6 cnd( n "$t&%"$ %o%ent( "n n'er & #e arat6( %p&ed&cnd #acr&-&c&"$e& ?Aeddj. A3raha% a %"r&t $a );7 de an&. Ce& do& -&& a& $"& )5a" n'ropat $a He3ron( n 'rota >acpe$a( pe

care e$ n#"& o c"%p6ra#e ca $oc de n%or%ntare pentr" Sara.)4 ABRAHA> BEN DAVID DIN POSUIERES?Ha'ada c"pr&nde %"$te re$at6r& c" pr&&re $a A3raha%. E$ e#te con#&derat p6r&nte$e =%onote%"$"& i pr&%"$o% care rec"noate e8tena D"%nee"$"& "n&c pr&n propr&a $"& 2"decat6. Ha5'ada poe#tete c6( o dat6 con&n#de ade6r"$ cred&ne&( A3raha% ar -& #-6r%at &do$&& tat6$"& #6"( care era p6'n. Pentr" a #tr&& acea#t6 reo$t6-6&6 %potr&a ord&n&& #ta3&$&te( re'e$e %e#opota%&an N&%rod ar -& ordonat ca A3raha% #6 -&e ar"ncat ntr5"nc"ptor nc&n#( dar patr&arh"$ a &e&t ne6t6%at d&n acea#t6 ncercare( n trad&&a ere&a#c6( A3raha% ntr"ch&pea6==o#p&ta$&tatea & &"3&rea aproape$"& he#edj. Trad&&a & atr&3"&e( de a#e%enea( &n#t&t"&rea ?#$"23e& de d&%&nea6.ABRAHA> BEN DAVID DIN POSUIEREScea. ))975cca. ))*+jTa$%"dt -rance( n6#c"t n Proena( c"no#c"t & #"3 acron&%"$ de Raad de $a Ra3& A3raha% 3en Da&dj.Dc&po$ a$ $"& >oe 3en $o#&- d&n Nar3onne & a$ $"& >e"$a% 3en $aco3 d&n L"ne$( a -o#t "n"$ d&n ce& %a&&%portan& ta$%"d&t& a& epoc&&. O% c" #tare( poate ne'"#tor de pnet"r&( Raad &5a #pr&2&n&t -&nanc&ar pe to&

#t"den&& #6rac& d&n ?&e&a pe care o n-&&na#e $a Po#0"&ere#( $n'6 N%e#. Co%entar&&$e #a$e cr&t&ce ha#a'otj c"pr&&re $a cod"$ de $e'& a$ $"& ?A$-a#&( $a Se-er ha5%aor de Gerond& &( %a& a$e#( $a >ne Tora a $"& ?>a&5%on&de&5a" ad"# -a&%a de 3aa$ ha#a'ot i cr&t&c pr&n e8ce$en6. Raad )5a cr&t&cat #eer pe >a&%o5n&de pentr" c6( ncod"$ #6" de $e'&( ace#ta o%e#e or&ce e8p$&ca&& #a" re-er&ne $a #"r#e. Totodat6( aer#&"nea $"& pentr" cod&-&carea contr&3"&t n %are %6#"r6 $a contracararea tend&ne$or de tran#-or%are a Tore& ntr5"n #&%p$" repertoar.Pr&cep"t n" doar n pro3$e%e$e Ta$%"d"$"&( c& & n -&$oo-&e( Raad #5a op"# ncerc6r&& $"& >a&%on&de de ae$a3ora "n #te% de do'%e n #n"$ &"da%"$"&.n a%p$"$ #6" co%entar&" a#"pra >&ne&( d&n care #5a" p6#trat doar do"6 tratate( Raad e8p$&c6 o #er&e de pa#a2eo3#c"re( ne'$&2ate de Ta$%"d. P"&ne$e re#pon#a care ne5a" paren&t de $a e$ #"nt re"n&te ntr5"n o$"% &nt&t"$atTe%&% de&% `Per-ec& n c"noatere=j. S5a p6#trat de a#e%enea "n co%entar&" a$ $"& de#pre ?S&-ra $a Le&t&c.?Nah5%an&de $ ad%&ra n %od deo#e3&t pe Ra3& A3raha% pentr" t&&na & cred&na $"& &ar >enahe% ?>e&r& $aprec&a ca pe "n"$ d&n ce& %a& %ar& co%entator&. Pr&ntre dc&po$&& $"& de $a Po#0"&ere#( #5a" n"%6rat I#aac ha5Cohen d&n Nar3onne( pr&%"$ co%entator a$ Ta$%"d"$"& de $a Ier"#a$&%( & A3raha% 3en Natan d&n L"ne$( a"tor"$

$"& Ha5>&nha'.ABRAVANEL ABRABANELj( ISAAC BEN IUDA)/;5)7+jO% de #tat( e8pert n -&nane & d&p$o%at( co%entator a$ B&3$&e& & -&$oo-( A3raane$ a -o#t treor&er"$ re'e$"&A$-on# a$ V5$ea a$ Port"'a$&e&. Ac"at pe nedrept de con#p&ra&e d"p6 %oartea ace#t"&a( -"'e d&n ar6 n )+/. Sere-"'&a6 $a To$edo( "nde &ntr6 n #$"23a re'e$"& Ferd&nand & a re'&ne& I#a3e$a. D"p6 ce ncearc6 n adar #6o3&n6 reocarea ed&ct"$"& de e8p"$are a ere&$or d&n Span&a( &a cond"cerea ere&$or #pan&o$& e8&$a& )*9j. Se#ta3&$ete apo& $a Napo$&( $a c"rtea re'e$"& $oca$( dar n" pentr" %"$t t&%p( c6c& no& neca"r& & poart6 pa&& pr&nS&c&$&a( Cor-"( >onopo$& &( n #-r&t( $a Vene&a "nde #e a-&r%6 d&n no" ca d&p$o%at( ne'oc&&nd "n tratatco%erc&a$ c" Port"'a$&a.Dc&po$ a$ $"& $o#&- Ha&"n( ra3&n"$ La3one&( A3raane$ era deopotr&6 er"d&t n ne$epc&"nea ta$%"d&c6 & nt&&ne$e pro-ane( n $"n'"$ #6" co%entar&" a#"pra Pentate"h"$"& & a Pro-e&$or( -ace ape$ $a a"tor&& c$a#&c& & $ae8e'e&& cret&n&( 6d&nd totodat6 o adnc6 nencredere -a6 de %onarh&e. A -o#t pr&%"$ d&ntre n6a&& ere& carea a$c6t"&t &ntrod"cer& $a c6r&$e 3&3$&ce( pre-and -&ecare parte pr&ntr5o en"%erare de ntre36r& #a" `d"3&&= pe carencearc6 %a& apo& #6 $e $6%"rea#c6


11/1052

i %etod6 %pr"%"tat6 de $a er"d&t"$ cret&n A$-on#o To#tado. S"3 &n-$"ena preoc"p6r&& rena#centte pentr"c$ar&tatea e8pr&%6r&&( atra'e aten&a a#"pra 'ree$&$or de #t&$ & de $&%36 $a Iere%&a & Eech&e$. Co%entar&&$e $"&3&3$&ce #"nt oarec"% a'&( #t"-oa#e & p$&ne de repet&&&. Spre deo#e3&re de a$& co%entator& care ana$&a" te8t"$er#et c" er#et( A3raane$ pre-er6 #6 #e $an#ee n $"n'& dc"&&. >od"$ #6" de a3ordare e#te preponderentra&ona$ & -&$oo-&c( e$ -&&nd pr&%"$ co%entator ere" care rec"r'e $a e$e%ente #oc&a$e & po$&t&ce n e8p$&careate8t"$"& 3&3$&c.

A3&a %p$&ne do"6ec& de an& cnd d6 $a &ea$6 pr&%a $"& $"crare -&$oo-&c6( Ateret een&% `Coroana#tr63"n&$or=j( care tratea6 de#pre Pro&dena d&&n6( n Ro e%"na `Pr&nc&p&&$e cred&ne&=j &a ap6rarea ce$or )/art&co$e de ?cre a$e $"& >a&%on&de %potr&a cr&t&c&$or -or%"$ate de Ha#da&?Cre#ca# & $o#&- ?A$3o( #"3$&n&&nd tot"& c6 n" e8t6 n&c& o do'%6 n &"da% & c6 o%"$ tre3"&e #6 cread6 ntota$&tatea Tore& c" toate nor%e$e & por"nc&$e e&. Spre a5& %36r36ta core$&'&onar&& ere&( care #"-erer6 ca$ar"$e8p"$6r&&( & a $e nt6r& cred&na n en&rea $"& >e#&a( A3raane$ co%p"ne o tr&$o'&e( a$c6t"&t6 d&n >a&ane ha5&e"a `Fntna e$&3er6r&&=j( $e"ot %e&ho Ì36&rea&./ WaACADE>II );Un#"$"& #6"=j & >a%&a &e"a `Ve#t&tor"$ e$&3er6r&&=j. Cr&t&c ndr6ne a$ %e#&an%"$"& $"& I#"# & ader#ar a$ere&$or rene'a&( care co%enta" a$e'or&c en&rea $"& >e#&a( A3raane$ #"#&ne c6 t&%p"r&$e &%p"n &&rea "n"&%nt"&tor &"( care( d"p6 ca$c"$e$e $"&( ar -& "r%at #6 &n6 n an"$ )7/. Opere$e $"& %a& c"pr&nd co%entar&&

a#"pra tratat"$"& Aot( a#"pra Na'ode& de Pe#ah & a#"pra C6$6"e& r6t6c&&$or de >a&%on&de.F&"$ #6" %a& %are( I"da A3raane$ cea. )45cca. )7/7j( c"no#c"t n Ita$&a #"3 p#e"don&%"$ de Leone E3reo(e#te a"tor"$ "ne& opere -&$oo-&ce d"p6 %ode$"$ d&a$o'"r&$or p$aton&c&ene i D&a5$o'h& d& A%ore )7/7j i ncare D"%nee" e#te &dent&-&cat c" I"3&rea.T5T5 (Y(.(5.i5(. (.(((..55(. X(( ..ABULAFIA( ABRAHA> BEN SA>UEL)95cca. )9*)jCa3a$t #pan&o$. La do"6ec& de an&( a p6r6#&t Span&a( porn&nd n c6"tarea -$"&"$"& $e'endar ?Sa%3at,on(d&nco$o de care $oc"&e#c( potr&&t trad&&e&( ce$e ece ?tr&3"r& p&erd"te a$e $"& I#rae$( n t&%p"$ eder&& n Ita$&a( #5aaprop&at trec6tor de -&$oo-&e( pentr" a #e con#acra apo& Ca3a$e&. Deen&t %eter n arta &nterpret6r&& %t&ce a$&tere$or & a c"&nte$or ?'he%atr&aj( A3"$a-&a credea c6 p"terea crea&e& re&d6 n d&-er&te co%3&na&& a$eace#tora. D"cea o &a6 a#cet&c6 & era con&n# c6 & #5a ar6tat D"%nee". >a& tr&"( a pre c6 era %e#&an&c6"r%a #6 nceap6 n )9*( drept care #5a hot6rt #65) conertea#c6 pe Papa N&co$ae a$ III5$ea $a &"da%. Papa ap"# #6 -&e are#tat & d"# $a Ro%a & n"%a& %oartea #"3&t6 a pont&-"$"& )5a #a$at pe A3"$a-&a de pedeap#a a#pr6

care5) atepta. De#pre "$t&%&& $"& an&( #e t&e doar c6 & &5a petrec"t ho&n6r&nd n per%anen6. Loc"$ &%pre2"r6r&$e %or&& $"& n" #e c"no#c. A3"$a-&a edea n propr&a $"& doctr&n6( care %3&n6 ra&ona$&tatea &eoter%"$( o cont&n"are $o'&c6 a -&$oo-&e& $"& >a&%on&de( c6r"&a & atr&3"&a tend&ne %t&ce. V&&"nea $"&a#"pra Ca3a$e& a #tat $a 3aa %t&c&& deo$tate n #ec. a$ VI5$ea de coa$a d&n Sa-ed e& ?>t&ca ere&a#c6j.ACADE>IA LU>II CERETI : & E3r.: $e&a e& >aa$a (5. &&&> K:_ 5$.1n5VU!12& Concept ra3&n&c( potr&&tc6r"&a #"-$ete$e t"t"ror ce$or care a" #t"d&at #a" a" predat Tora pe p6%nt #"nt re"n&te ntr5o ad"nare cerea#c6"nde $& #e a$6t"r6 #"-$ete$e a$tor oa%en& er"d&& & &rt"o& care a" do3nd&t %er&te deo#e3&te n e8tena $or tere#5tr6( $e&a e& >aa$a e#te %en&onat6 n %a& %"$te rnd"r& n Ta$%"d & n >&dra de e8. Pe#. 7/3j("nde n6a&& apar aea& d"p6 ran'"$ $or & "nde n'er&& part&c&p6 & e& $a ad"nare pe care o pre&dea6 n#"&D"%nee". Acade%&a cerea#c6 #e a#ea%6n6 n %"$te pr&&ne tr&3"na$e$or p6%ntet& ca ?Sanhedr&n"$ #a" ?BetD&n( de& erd&cte$e ace#tora d&n "r%6 prea$ea6 a#"pra ce$or e%e de #"#( c6c& Tora `n" e#te n cer"r&= B >.7*3j. O e8pre#&e "t&$&at6 c" pr&&re $a ?Ra3a 3ar Nah%an&( de#pre care #5a #p"# c6 à -o#t reche%at $a acade%&a$"%&& ceret&= B. >. +4aj( a deen&t "$ter&or "n e"-e%% trad&&ona$ pentr" %oartea ce$or drep&. O re%&ncen6

3&nec"no#c"t6 a concept"$"& #e re'6#ete n -or%"$a ce preced6 ?o$ N&dre( n a2"n de ?Io% &p"r( "nde #e%en&onea6 nc"&&narea ce$or do"6 `tr&3"na$e= i tere#tr" & cere#c i ca r"'6c&"n&$e #6 poat6 -& ro#t&te npreena `p6c6to&$or=.ACADE>IIn-&&nate n Ere I#rae$ & n Ba3&$on&a( a" -o#t pr&%e$e co$& #"per&oare( de#t&nate #t"d&"$"& trad&&e& ere&et&( ncare Tora #cr & ?$e'ea ora$6 era" predate de ra3&n& n6a&. Cea %a& eche %en&"ne de#pre "n n66%nt#te%at&c #a" `ca#6 de #t"d&"= apare n apocr&-e Ec$e#. 7) ()4(9/9*j( "nde ter%en"$ de &e&a àd"nare(ed&n6=j e#te ech&a$ent c" ?3et %&dra `ca#6 de #t"d&"= e& Aot 9(;j. D&n ca"a aran2a%ent"$"& #6" &nter&orco%p"# d&n #ca"ne( ?&e&a a a2"n# #6 n#e%ne àcade%&e ra3&n&c6= e& %a& 2o#j ech&a$ent"$ ara%a&c( c"rentn Ba3&$on&a( era %et&ta $e. )73j.Ra3&n&& #"#&nea" c6 a#t-e$ de acade%&& e8ta#er6 nc6 d&n "$t&%e$e do"6 #eco$e d&na&ntea ere& c"rente( d&nre%ea `perech&$or= ?"'otj de er"d&&( d&ntre care "n"$ #$"2ea ca ?na#& patr&arh #a" preed&nte a$ acade%&e&j(&ar ce$6$a$t ca a ?Bet D&n preed&nte a$ tr&3"na$"$"&j. ?Sanhedr&n"$( a$c6t"&t d&n ;) %e%3r&( care5& &nea" &n&&a$ed&ne$e pe >"nte$e Te%p$"$"&( #erea n" n"%a& drept C"rte S"pre%6( c& & drept centr" de #t"d&& & de de3ater&ra3&n&ce( ad&c6 drept acade%&e #a" 3et %&dra T=.I.Beta9(>&d.7(j.


12/1052

I. Acade%&&$e pa$e#t&n&ene Ere I#rae$jPn6 $a dtr"'erea Te%p$"$"& ; e.n.j( e8t6 p"&ne %6rt"r&& de#pre "n n66%nt ra3&n&c ta5na&t&cj or'an&atn a-ara Ier"#a$&%"$"&. C" toate ace#tea( o %&c6 acade%&e tre3"&e #6 -& -"nc&onat $a $a%n&a $anej( $oca$&tate#&t"at6 $a c&rca % e#t de Ier"#a$&%. Con-or% ?Ha'ade&( at"nc& cnd ro%an&& a" a#ed&at Ier"#a$&%"$( R.?Iohanan 3en âa& a re"&t #6 -"'6 d&n ora( a#c"n# ntr5o $ad6. A2"n# n -aa co%andant"$"& ro%an( &&tor"$ %5p6rat Ve#pa#&an( & #5a per% #6 #o$&c&te o -aoare.

)+ ACADE>II`D65%& $ane c" ne$ep&& #6&(= a cer"t ra3&n"$ Ch&t. 743j.S"3 cond"cerea $"& $ohanan( $ane de&ne pr&nc&pa$"$ centr" a$ "ne& ree$e de acade%&& care #e nt&ndea d&n EreI#rae$ pn6 $a N&3e n Ba3&$on&a & ch&ar pn6 $a Ro%a. Acade%&a de $a $ane #e or'an&ea6 ca #tr"ct"r6 &-"nc&& d"p6 %ode$"$ %are$"& Sanhedr&n de $a Ier"#a$&%. No& acade%&& n-$ore#c n re%ea dc&po$&$or d&rec& a&$"& $ohanan 3en âa& i n #pec&a$ ?E$&eer 3en H&rano# $a L&daj & ?Io#"a 3en Hanan&a $a Pe&&nj i & %a&tr&" n epoca $"& ? A&a Bne& Braj( Hanan&a 3en Terad&on S&hn&nj( ?Io#e 3en Ha$a-ta Se-orj & a$&&( pn6$a patr&arh"$ I"da ha5Na#& Bet5ear&%j. E$eaar 3en Arah a n-&&nat o acade%&e $a E%a"#( care n#6 a tre3"&t #65& nch&d6 por&$e d&n $&p#6 de #t"den&. De#pre R. A&a( per#ona$&tate proe%&nent6 & $e'endar6( #e #p"ne c6 ar -&atra# %&& de dc&po$& $a acade%&a #a de $a Bne& Bra.Dea#tarea Pa$e#t&ne& centra$e & de %&a6& n "r%a n-rn'er&& r6#coa$e& $"& Bar oh3a %potr&a ro%an&$or)/95)/7 e.n.j deter%&n6 dper#area n"%ero&$or er"d&&( d&ntre care "n&& #e ndreapt6 c6tre Ba3&$on&a. Oper&oad6 de re-acere a acade%&&$or ncepe n 2"r"$ an"$"& )( o dat6 c" %"tarea ce$e& de $a $ane $a Ua( n

Ga$&$eea( re'&"ne d&n nord"$ 6r&&( care #$"2ete drept re-"'&" & pentr" a$te co$& & n6a&. S"3 cond"cerea $"&I"da ha5Na#&( echea acade%&e de $a $ane #e %"t6 de Ia Ua $a Se-or cea. 9j( "nde a -& redactat6 >&na.Aceea& &e&a #e re&n#ta$ea6 n ce$e d&n "r%6 $a T&3er&ada n 2"r"$ an"$"& 9/7.Per&oada "r%6toare e#te do%&nat6 de acade%&&$e a%ora&t&ce & ta$%"d&ce. T&3er&ada de&ne pr&nc&pa$"$ àte$&er=n care #e redactea6 Ta$%"d"$ de $a Ier"#a$&% #a" pa$e#t&n&anj( n c&"da "ne& $"n'& per&oade de &nact&&tate cea.579 e.n.j( acade%&a $oca$6 ncearc6 #6 #"pra&e"&a#c6 nc6 o #"t6 de an& d"p6 c"cer&rea ara36 d&n #ec. a$VH5$ea. Toate ce$e$a$te acade%&& d&n Ere I#rae$( i L&da Lodj( Ceareea & Se-or 5( dpar c6tre #-r&t"$ #ec. a$IV5$ea.F"nc&&$e & a"tor&tatea acade%&e& #"-er6 "ne$e %od&-&c6r& n epoca ta$%"d&c6. Pre&d&"$ acade%&e&( conocnd &-ot& co$e'& ntr5a$e er"d&&e&( -or%ea6 o c"rte #"pre%6 de 2"#t&&e( care 2"dec6 proce#e concrete & adopt6hot6rr&( n p$"#( cond"c6tor&& acade%&e& #e oc"p6 de ?ne#t&rea #%&haj #t"den&$or ca$&-&ca& ca ra3&n&. De a#e5%enea( pn6 n /7* cnd are $oc -&8area de-&n&t&6 a ==ca$endar"$"& ere&e#c( pre&d&"$ #ta3&$ete &ncep"t"$ ?$"n&& no& ro hodej & &nterca$area an"$"& 3ect.

n ca$&tate de #"pre%6 a"tor&tate re$&'&oa#6 a &"da%"$"& pa$e#t&n&an & d&n d&a#pora( patr&arh"$ tr&%&tea d&n cndn cnd #o$& care r6#pndea" n66t"ra re$&'&oa#6 n co%"n&t6&$e d&n Ere I#rae$ & d&n Ba3&$on&a & totodat6#trn'ea" -ond"r& pentr" ntre&nerea acade%&&$or & a #t"den&$or. S"%e$e ad"nate n" re"ea" #6 acopere neo&$e#"te$or de er"d&&. Ce& %a& %"$& d&ntre e& era" o3$&'a& #65& ct&'e e8tena pract&cnd a'r&c"$t"ra #a" d&-er&te%ete"'"r&( de aceea ed&ne$e acade%&e& #e &nea" ade#eor& #eara.Patr&arh"$ de&nea drept"$ e8c$"& ( e8erc&tat "$ter&or de cond"c6tor&& acade%&&$or( de a pro%"$'a decrete e&?Taanaj( %en&te #6 r6#p"nd6 "nor %pre2"r6r& pe care $e'ea trad&&ona$6 e8tent6 n" $e pre6"#e( n6a&& d&nacade%&& aea" de a#e%enea drept"$ de a pron"na &nterd&c&& #pre a r&d&ca "n `&d protector %pre2"r"$ $e'&&=e& ?Gheerdj.ncepnd d&n #ec. a$ III5$ea e.n.( ne$ep&& o3&n"&e#c #6 `co3oare= n Ba3&$on&a( #pre a %p6rt6& con-ra&$or deaco$o & #t"den&$or d&n d&a#pora n66t"r&$e ra3&n&$or d&n Ere I#rae$ e& ?Neh"tej. Acea#t6 act&&tate #e adoed& e#en&a$6( deoarece &aa & c"$t"ra ere&$or d&n


13/1052

Ere I#rae$. Acea#t6 &n-$"ent6 pa$e#t&n&an6 #e con#o$&dea6 o dat6 c" ntoarcerea $"&?Ra A3a Ar&haj care -"#e#e ne#t&t ra3&n de c6tre n#"& I"da ha5Na#&. No"a acade%&e n-&&nat6 de Ra $aS"ra cea. 99j o a ec$&p#a c"rnd pe cea d&n Nehardea & #e a %en&ne n act&&tate apro8&%at& + de an&.Ren"%e$e de er"d&t a$ $"& Ra atra'e $a S"ra pe#te o %&e de #t"den& per%anen& & re&'orea6 #t"d&&$e &"da&ce ntoat6 Ba3&$on&a( n aceea& per&oad6( >ar 1=Sa%"e$ cond"cea acade%&a d&n Nehardea. E$ & Ra a" -o#t pr&nc&5pa$e$e per#ona$&t6& d&n pr&%a 'enera&e de a%o5ra&%& 3a3&$on&en&. Sa%"e$ #e con#"$ta ade#eor& c" Ra( #"3

a"tor&tatea c6r"&a a" -o#t redactate $a S"ra ce$e %a& %"$te d&n tratate$e Ta$%"d"$"& 3a3&$on&an. A#e%eneaacade%&&$or d&n Ere I#rae$ care $e5a" #er&t drept %ode$( acade%&&$e 3a3&$on&ene ndep$&nea" o d"3$6 -"nc&e:-&ecare era n ace$a& t&%p "n 3et %&dra( ad&c6 "n centr" de #t"d&" pentr" &nterpretarea $e'&& ere&et&( & "n 3etd&n( "n tr&3"na$ care 2"deca proce#e$e re$&'&oa#e & c&&$e. C"% n&c& pro-e#or&& n&c& #t"den&& n" era" re%"nera& nre"n -e$( c& era" neo&& #65& ct&'e #&n'"r& e8tena( cond"c6tor&& acade%&e& pro'ra%a" c"r#"r&$e n pr&%e$eore a$e d&%&ne&& & #eara tr&"( pentr" a da t&%p #t"den&$or #65& -ac6 te%e$e & #6 #e pre'6tea#c6 pentr" ed&na"r%6toare ah. )/43j. St"den&& era" ad%&& $a or&ce r#t6( dar( pentr" a -& acceptat ca pro-e#or( era neo&e deca$&-&c6r& deo#e3&t de na$te. Ca & n Ere I#rae$( preed&nte$e acade%&e&( ro# ho5j &e&a Ber. 7;aj( era a$e# deer"d&&( dar -&ecare n"%&re tre3"&a con-&r%at6 de?e8&$arh"$ 3a3&$on&an. N" e8ta" c$a#e #eparate: toate c"r#"r&$e #e &nea" n aceea& #a$6( n care cond"c6tor"$acade%&e& & aea $oc"$ #6" pe "n pod&"% &ar #t"den&& $"a" $oc n -aa $"& pe %a& %"$te rnd"r& de #ca"ne(a2"n'nd "neor& pn6 $a 9 de rnd"r& B.. ));a >e'. 9+3j. De do"6 or& pe an( n $"n&$e E$"$ & Adar( %&& deper#oane #e ad"na" $a "na d&ntre acade%&& pentr" a #t"d&a "n tratat ta$%"d&c #"3 #"prae'herea $"& ro &e&a

e& ?a$a( L"na dej.Acade%&a d&n Nehardea a -o#t dtr"#6 de a$&a&& pa$%&r&en& a& Ro%e& n 97*. I"da 3ar Eech&e$( dc&po$ "cce#or a$ $"& Sa%"e$ a %"tat5o $a P"%53ed&ta( "nde a retat pn6 n #ec. a$ I5$ea. Ea a cont&n"at #6-"nc&onee pn6 n #ec. a$ $II5$ea $a Ba'dad. Acade%&a d&n S"ra a at&n# o n-$or&reACOPERIREA CAPULUI )*deo#e3&t6 #"3 cond"cerea $"& Ra ?A& /;459;j( care a %"tat5o $a >ata >eha#&a.Loc"$ -r"nta oc"pat de acade%&&$e 3a3&$on&ene n epoca po#tta$%"d&c6 #5a datorat %a& %"$tor -actor&( ncepndd&n 7+*( pro-e#or"$ care pre$"a preed&n&a acade%&e& pr&%ea n ace$a& t&%p t&t$"$ de ?'aon `e%&nen6= #a"`e8ce$en6=j. Co%"n&t6&$e ere&et& de pe tot c"pr&n#"$ d&a#pore& p"nea" ntre36r& 'heon&%&$or d&n S"ra &("neor&( ce$or d&n P"%3ed&ta i ntre36r& care n" #e %6r'&nea" $a #&%p$e a#pecte a$e pract&c&& r&t"a$e( c& acoperea"o a#t6 ar&e de pro3$e%e $e'ate de teo$o'&e( B&3$&e( $&t"r'h&e( prec"% & de &nterpretarea "nor pa#a2e d&n Ta$%"d.Ace#t o3&ce& a dat "n p"tern&c &%3o$d $&terat"r&& de ?re#pon#a. n p$"#( 'heon&%&& a" creat o #er&e de cod"r& de$e'&( ""rnd ?Ha$aha de h6&"$ de3ater&$or ta$%"d&ce & red"cnd5o $a "n "t&$ 'h&d pract&c. Pr&ntre ace#te cod"r&

#5a" n"%6rat Ha$ahot pe#"ot( atr&3"&te $"& $eh"da& Gaon cea. ;4j( & ?Ha$ahot 'hedo$ot cea. +97j.Intre e8&$a% & 'aon aea" $oc ade#eor& con-$&cte de a"tor&tate. Pe de a$t6 parte( %p6r&rea a2"toare$or d&n#tr6&n6tate prooca ten#&"n& ntre acade%&&$e d&n S"ra & d&n P"%3ed&ta. O ntre3are d&n d&a#pora c6tre "n 'aonera ndeo3te n#o&t6 de o #"%6 de 3an& de#t&nat6 #t"den&$or acade%&e& & ch&ar 'aon"$"& n#"&( n -&na$(pro3$e%a #5a reo$at pr&n %p6r&rea d&a#pore& & dec& a -ond"r&$or n do"6 re'&"n&( core#p"nnd -&ecare "ne&ad&n ce$e do"6 acade%&& i S"ra & P"%3ed&ta.n E"$ >ed&"( deo$tarea co%"n&t6&$or ere&et& d&n Occ&dent Span&a( Ita$&a( Frana & Ger%an&aj( cond"#e depro-e#or& a"tohton&( %"$& d&ntre e& -or%a& ch&ar n acade%&&$e 3a3&$on&ene( a d&%&n"at treptat pre#t&'&"$ &&n-$"ena ace#tora d&n "r%6. C" t&%p"$( co%"n&t6&$e occ&denta$e a" ncetat #6 %a& #o$&c&te #-at"r& & e8p$&ca&& de$a 'heo5n&%&. na&ntea dec$&n"$"& de-&n&t&( acade%&a d&n P"%3ed&ta a c"no#c"t o "$t&%6 per&oad6 de '$or&e #"3cond"cerea $"& ?er&ra Gaon & a -&"$"& #6" ?Ha& Gaon **+5)/+j. Pentr" acade%&&$e epoc&$or "$ter&oare( e&?Ie&a. ...:_.ACOPERIREA CAPULU! ,%,&. =(((" E3r.: "& ro

Le'ea 3&3$&c6 n" &%p"ne( n 'enera$( p"rtarea de acoper6%&nte pentr" cap( tot"& %are$e ?preot p"rta o %&tr6 #a""n t"r3an de pn6 E8. 9+( 9*(4 Le. +(* etc.j( &ar preo&& o3&n"&& p"rta" & e& o #c"-&e cere%on&a$6 E8.9+( 9*(* Le. +()/j. Se pare c6( n re%ea Te%p$"$"&( n"%a& per#oane$e de ran' na$t p"rta" cap"$ acoper&td"p6 %oda %e#opota%&an6. Ta$%"d"$ c"pr&nde p6rer&9 ACOPERIREA CAPULUIcontrad&ctor&& n acea#t6 pr&&n6. D"p6 "n&& a"tor&( acoper&rea cap"$"& $a 36r3a&& ere& era "n #&%p$" ?o3&ce& &aea dec& "n caracter -ac"$tat& Ne$. /3j. Pe de a$t6 parte( %"$& ne$ep& #ocotea" c6 n" #e cade ca oa%en&&n6a& #6 "%3$e c" cap"$ de#coper&t & "n&& n" %er'ea" %a& %"$t de patr" co& #"3 do& %etr&j -6r6 #6 poartecea pe cap d&n ca"a preene& d&&ne eh&naj care #e nt&ndea dea#"pra $or &d. /)a ah. ))+3j. A$&&con#&dera" c6 #e c"&ne #65& acoper& -aa n t&%p"$ #$"23e& R.H. );3 Taan. 9aj. A$&&( n -&ne( n5ar -& cond"#n&c&odat6 o r"'6c&"ne p"3$&c6 -6r6 #65& acopere cap"$ So-. )()7j. ntre3area dac6 36r3a&& ere& p"tea" #6 #eroa'e c" cap"$ de#coper&t a #"#c&tat apr&n#e controer#e #eco$e de5a rnd"$( n #ch&%3( to& ne$ep&& era" deacord c6 o -e%e&e %6r&tat6 n" tre3"&a n n&c& "n ca #65& e8p"n6 eder&& p$ete$e i `coroana -r"%"#e&&= e&.Le'&"&tor&& & ne$ep&& ra3&n&c& a& E"$"& >ed&" a" cont&n"at #6 #e contra&c6 a#"pra ace#te& che#t&"n&( n Frana& Span&a( acoper&rea cap"$"& n t&%p"$ r"'6c&"n&& #a" a$ #t"d&"$"& Tore& n" era o3$&'ator&e( de& I#aac ?A$-a#& &


14/1052

?>a&%on&de opta" pentr" trad&&a 3a3&$on&an6( %a& #eer6. Pn6 tr&"( "ne$e a"tor&t6& a" con#&derat p"rtareacap"$"& acoper&t drept "n o3&ce& `de%n=( dar -ac"$tat&( p6rere %p6rt6&t6 ch&ar & n #ec. a$ VIII5$ea de per#o5na$&t6& ca ?E$&a('aon"$ d&n V&$n&"# Be"r ha5Gra $a . Ar.( O.H. +(9j. Tot"&( nc6 d&n E"$ >ed&"( %a2or&tateara3&n&$or achena& & #e-ar& a" ncep"t #6 a#oc&ee cap"$ acoper&t c" e$a&a( n t&%p ce a "%3$a c" cap"$ 'o$ $e p6rea "n #e%n de -r&o$&tate( n p$"#( ere&& d&n E"ropa cret&n6 conda%na" d&n ce n ce %a& a#pr" port"$cap"$"& de#coper&t ca pe "n o3&ce& a$ nea%"r&$or &( ca atare( repro3a3&$( n #cene$e #&na'o'a$e & de ?#eder( re5

preentate n %&n&at"r&$e %an"#cre$or ere&et& %ed&ea$e( ere&& era" &nar&a3&$ "'r6&& c" cap"$ acoper&t:#e-ar&&( c" '$"'&( &ar achena&&( c" !"5denh"t( p6$6r&a a#c"&t6( #pec&-&c6 ere&$or 'er%an&. C"rnd d"p6 aceea(a"tor&t6&$e neere&et& &5a" o3$&'at pe ere& #6 poarte an"%&te p6$6r&& ca #e%ne dt&nct&e: t"r3ane & 3onete nOr&ent !"denh"t( apo& `3arete$e= ro" c" ne'r" n E"ropa centra$6. n Po$on&a & R"#&a( #e p"rta" p6$6r&& c" 3or"r&$ar'& n &$e$e $"cr6toare( prec"% & tra&%e$"$ & #po5d&c"$ ha#&d&c( c" 3or"r& de 3$an6( n &$e$e de Sa3at & de#6r36tor&. B6r3a&& ere& p"rta" de ac"% c" to&& cap"$ acoper&t n t&%p"$ r"'6c&"n&&( $a #$"23e$e #&na'o'a$e( cnd#t"d&a" Tora & cnd ro#tea" 3&nec"nt6r&$e na&nte & d"p6 %e#e. O3&ce&"$ a -o#t ad% & de a"tor&t6&$e c&&$ecare $e5a" per%ere&$or #65& p6#tree p6$6r&a pe cap at"nc& cnd dep"nea" %6rt"r&e $a tr&3"na$.La ncep"t"$ #ec. a$ VIII5$ea( t&ch&a rot"nd6 e3r.( &pa1( &d&( ape$ #a" &ar%"$aj de&ne port"$ c"rent $aachena&. n ca#6( &pa n$oc"&ete or&ce a$t -e$ de p6$6r&e & e#te con#&derat6 "n #e%n de e$a&e. A#t-e$(acoper&rea cap"$"&( &n&&a$ "n #&%p$" o3&ce&( do3ndea n ce$e d&n "r%6 a"tor&tate ha$ah&c6. Eo$"nd n #en#contrar( ?&"da%"$ re-or%at a t&nde #6 a3o$ea#c6 o3&ce&"$ ch&ar & n t&%p"$ r"'6c&"n&&( n #ec. a$ I5$ea( neo5

ortodo58%"$ 'er%an hot6ra c6 36r3a&& ere& n" tre3"&e neap6rat #6 poarte cap"$ acoper&t n or&ce %pre2"rare.?I"da%"$ con#erator a pre$"at acea#t6 nor%6( $&%&tnd o3$&'a&a acoper&r&& cap"$"& $a %an&-e#t6r&$e de c"$taca#6 #a" $a #&na'o'6( $a #t"d&"$ Tore& & $a oca&&$e r&t"a$e. Tot"& %"$& ere& con#erator& a" cont&n"at #6 poarte&pa & $a %a#6. N&c& n #n"$ %&c6r&& re-or%ate n" a e8tat "n con#en# n acea#t6 pr&&n6: rad&ca$&&(n #pec&a$ nState$e Un&te( a" e$&%&nat p6$6r&&$e & &pe$e d&n #&na'o'6 #a" $e5a" to$erat c" caracter -ac"$tat& n E"ropa( n#ch&%3( ere&& $&3era$& & r&t"$ ?neo$o' "n'"re#c a" t&n# #6 $e p6#tree %6car n t&%p"$ r"'6c&"n&&. D"p6 ce$ de5a$do&$ea r63o& %ond&a$( o3&ce&"$ a c"no#c"t o no"6 n-$or&re & port"$ $pe&. croetate a ren6#c"t( ade#ea %a&c"rnd ca #e%n a$ &dent&t6&& ere&et& dect d&n %ot&e #tr&ct re$&'&oa#e.Dac6 pentr" 36r3a&( acoper&rea cap"$"& a -o#t %"$t t&%p con#&derat6 "n #&%p$" 'e#t de e$a&e( pentr" -e%e&$e%6r&tate( o3&ce&"$ a con#t&t"&t( nc6 d&n epoca 3&3$&c6( n#6& e8pre#&a c&n#te& $or te%"tj. A ap6rea c" cap"$de#coper&t n p"3$&c era. c"$%ea r"&n&& I#a. /();j & p"tea -& ce$ %"$t ad% n ca"$ "ne& ?#ota n t&%p"$proce#"$"& de ad"$ter N"%. 7()+j. Acea#t6 nor%6( p6#trat6 c" #tr&ctee n epoca ta$%"d&c6 B.. +(4 Ned. /3j(#5a tran#% & $a pr&%&& cret&n& e& $ Cor. ))j5 Interd&c&a era att de #eer6 nct( dac6 nea#ta #e ar6ta c"

cap"$ de#coper&t n p"3$&c( 36r3at"$ e& p"tea #5o rep"d&ee -6r6 #6 p&ard6 partea care5& reenea d&n e#trea e& et.;(4j. D"p6 "ne$e a"tor&t6&( n&c& o 3&nec"ntare n" p"tea -& ro#t&t6 ntr5o ca#6 n care #e a-$a o -e%e&e c" cap"$de#coper&t Ber. 9aj. T&nere$e ne%6r&tate era" n#6 #c"t&te de acea#t6 o3$&'a&e &ar $e'ea ra3&n&c6 $e n'6d"&ach&ar & -e%e&$or %6r&tate #65& poarte p6r"$ neacoper&t aca#6( de& n" nc"&&na o a#t-e$ de p"rtare( ncepnd d&nE"$ >ed&"( -e%e&$e( n #pec&a$ ce$e d&n E"ropa de E#t & d&n 6r&$e %"#"$%ane( ncep #6 adopte "n acoper6%ntde cap %a& co%p$&cat. E#te ca"$ aa5n"%&t"$"& tern5t&he$ po$one( c" d&ade%a #a

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de p&etre pre&oa#e #a" de per$e( e8tent n %a& %"$te %ode$e d&-er&te pentr" Sa3at & pentr" &$e$e $"cr6toare.So&&$e ha#&d&%&$or o3&n"&e#c pn6 n &$e$e noa#tre #6 #e rad6 n cap na&ntea n"n&&( p"rtnd de at"nc& nco$o "n3at&c t&hetj care $e acoper6 tot p6r"$.Per"c&$e( c"no#c"te nc6 d&n epoca ta$%"d&c6 a3. 4(7 Na. 9+3j( a" deen&t o %od6 pr&ntre -e%e&$e achenaen #ec. a$ VIII5$ea. Con-ec&onat6 d&n p6r nat"ra$ #a" art&-&c&a$(per"ca e3t.(pea noh5r&t &d&( a&tetj a -o#t a#pr"conda%nat6 de %"$& ra3&n& ca Ionatan ?E,3e#ch&&t & >oe ?So-er( n#6 cr&t&c&$e $or ner"nate n" a" '6#&taproape n&c& "n eco" n #oc&etatea ere&a#c6 occ&denta$6( n preent( -e%e&$e ortodo8e n" & acoper6 cap"$ aca#6(dar poart6 "neor& -"$are #a" per"c& n #oc&etate( n #ch&%3( &"da%"$ re-or%at & ce$ con#erator a" %en&n"to3&ce&"$ n"%a& $a #&na'o'6.ACROSTIHL"crare de re'"$6 poet&c6( n care an"%&te 'r"p"r& de $&tere a$c6t"&e#c c"&nte #a" n"%e propr&& #a" apar ntr5oan"%&t6 ord&ne( n poe&a $&t"r'&c6 e3ra&c6( pr&%e$e $&tere a$e er#"r&$or #e #"cced6 ade#eor& n ord&ne a$-a3et&c6#a" a$c6t"&nd n"%e$e a"tor"$"&. Ace#t ech& procede" $&terar apare n B&3$&e P#. )))5))9 P$n'( $59j( ch&ar dac6

"neor& $&p#ete cte o $&ter6 P#. /; )7j. For%a #a cea %a& e$a3orat6 o con#t&t"&e P#a$%"$ ))*( n care ce$e 99 de#tro-e #"nt co%p"#e d&n er#ete a$e c6ror $&tere &n&&a$e #"nt aeate n ord&ne a$-a3et&c6. Scop"$ ace#t"& procede"notar&or&j era de a o-er& o %etod6 de %e%orare "t&$6( n #pec&a$ na&nte de &nentarea t&par"$"&( cnd c6r&$e de


15/1052

r"'6c&"ne #e proc"ra" c" 're"tate. O &nten&e %ne%otehn&c6 #&%&$ar6 apare n r"'6c&"nea T&anta Sa3at d&n#$"23a #"p$&%entar6 de ?a3at( care c"pr&nde n acro#t&h $&tere$e a$-a3et"$"& n ord&ne &ner#6.Acro#t&h"r&$e era" -oarte r6#pnd&te n poe&a $&t"r'&c6 ?p&,"-j %ed&ea$6 e& ?An&% %&ro-j & n Ca3a$a. >a&%"$te cntece pop"$are & &%n"r& care nche&e ?#eder"$ de Pate de e8.( ?Ad&r H"j #"nt con#tr"&te pe 3aaace#t"& procede" a$-a3et&c. A$teor&( acro#t&h"$ are %en&rea de a con#e%na n"%e$e a"tor"$"&( c"% e#te ca"$ $"&>ordeha& n >ao t"r( &%n"$ de Han"ca( #a" a$ $"& So$o%on $o%o ha5Le&j ?A$ca3e n &%n"$ a2"n"$"& de

Sa3at( ?Leha dod&.O tehn&c6 nr"d&t6( -oarte "t&$&at6 ncepnd d&n E"$ >ed&"( con#t6 n -o$o#&rea acron&%e$or ra#e teotj pentr" aco%3&na &n&&a$e$e n"%e$or a" t&t$"r&$or "ne& per#ona$&t6& #"3 -or%a "ne& pre#c"rt6r& de re-er&n6. Cteae8e%p$e ce$e3re #"nt:?Ra& de $a Ra3& $o%o Iha&j( Ra%3a% Ra3& >oe 3en >a&%on #a" ?>a&%on&dej( Ra%3an Ra3& >oe3en Nah%an #a" ?Nah%an&dej( Ha5Ar& Aena& Ra3& Iha #a" I#aac ?L"r&aj etc. n a$te ca"r&( acron&%"$ areca o3&ect t&t$"r&$e c6r&$or pr&n care #5a &$"#trat "n a"tor. De e8e%p$"( Ra3& I#a&a ?HoroX&t e#te #"pran"%&tè$ah=( d"p6 cartea $"&( Sene L"hotha53er&t. . (ADA> CAD>ONÒ%"$pr&%ord&a$= ??#?1 ==1 ?1Ter%en ca3a$t&c proen&nd d&n #&%3o$t&ca?ônar"$"& & e8pr&%nd concep&a antropo%or-&c6 a %t&c%"$"& ere&e#c de#pre %p6r6&a d&&n6. Ipo#tae$ee%anate d&n d&&n&tate( ?#e-&rot( #"nt de#cre #&%3o$&c ca a$c6t"&nd o &%en#6 -or%6 c" n-6&are "%an6: ce$e tre&

#e-$rot #"per&oare i. eter Coroanaj( Hoh%a ne$epc&"neaj & B&na Inte$&'enaj i core#p"nd cap"$"& He#edI"3&reaj a$c6t"&ete %na dreapt6( D&n !"decataj e#te %na #tn'6 care e#te totodat6 & #"r#a r6"$"& tere#tr"j(T&-eret Fr"%"#eeaj e#te corp"$ #a" &n&%a( Neta Ven&c&aj e#te p&c&or"$ drept( Hod >6re&aj e#te #tn'"$( &ar$e#od Te%e$&aj e#te or'an"$ 36r36te#c. E$e%ent"$ -e%&n&n d&n %p6r6&a d&&n6( >a$h"t #a" ?eh&na Preenad&&n6j( e#te de#cr ca "n corp -e%&n&n a$6t"rat ce$"& d&nt&.Concept"$ de Ada% cad%on core#p"nde %od"$"& n care Ca3a$a &nterpretea6 %t&c &%a'o de&? -acerea o%"$"& d"p6 a#e%6narea $"& D"%nee" Gen. 94j. F&'"ra n #&ne a ap6r"t pentr" pr&%a dat6 ntr5oer#&"ne a tratat"$"& &"r o%a( care apar&ne ech&& =%t&c& Heha$ot & >eraa. S"nt de#cre a&c& %e%3re$eCreator"$"&( -&ecare c" n"%e$e #6" & toate de propor&& '&'ant&ce. Ace#t #&%3o$% %t&c are $a 3a6&nterpretarea antropo%or-&c6 a "no-er#ete d&n Cntarea Cnt6r&$or 7()5)4j n care `&"3&t"$= e#te con#&derat a -&n#"& D"%nee". Ca3a$a %ed&ea$6 a -6c"t ape$ d&n p$&n $a #&%3o$t&ca d&n &"r o%a( care5& aea pro3a3&$or&'&nea n #pec"$a&&$e %t&ce ere&et& d&n re%ea ce$"& de5a$ Do&$ea Te%p$".Ca3a$&t&& d&n E"$ >ed&" & d&n epoca pre%odern6 a" -o$o#&t #&%3o$"$ n %oda$&t6& d&-er&te: "n&& a" p"# accent"$

pe #en#"$ %&t&c5antropo%or-&c(n t&%p ce a$&& &5a" aten"at &%pact"$ %&t&c( ap$&cnd #&%3o$"$ %p6r6&&$or a#c"n#en #n"$ .d&&n&t6&&.ADA>IEVA Q%h0"t.`( (( .` &>?a&.aa0T$(-W!TO#U51-c&((( E3r.: Ada% & Haa J_J .?(JKK. (12.) 11:YY 1=5rr1Perechea pr&%ord&a$6( p6r&n&& o%en&r&&( a c6ror 6%$&re e#te de#cr n Gen. )945/. Ipotea doc"%entar6e& ?B&3$&ej &dent&-&c6 n Scr&pt"r699ADA> I EVAdo"6 nara&"n& contrad&ctor&& c" pr&&re $a -acerea o%"$"&. Con-or% pr&%e& er#&"n&( atr&3"&t6 #"r#e$or #acerdota$ePj( D"%nee" ar -& creat o -&&n6 d"p6 ch&p"$ #6"( -ert&$6 & #t6pn6 pe#te toate ce$e$a$te -6pt"r& $ 9;5/j. Cea de5a do"a er#&"ne( atr&3"&t6 #"r#e$or &ahte !j( #e '6#ete n cap&to$e$e 9 & /( care pre&nt6 o re$atare %a&a%6n"n&t6 a -acer&& o%"$"&. F6"r&rea o%"$"& ha5ada%j #"r&ne d"p6 -acerea cer"$"& & a p6%nt"$"&. D"%nee"$ %ode$ea6 pe o% d&n 6rn6 ha5ada%aj &5& #"-$6 n n6r& #"-$are de &a6. Creat"ra e#te apo& aeat6 n 'r6d&na?Eden"$"&( care5& e#te dat6 n 'r&26. D"%nee" & n'6d"&e #6 %6nnce d&n to& po%&& 'r6d&n&&( n a-ar6 de po%"$

c"noater&& 3&ne$"& & ?r6"$"&j & $ aert&ea6 c6 nc6$carea ace#te& "n&ce &nterd&c&& &5ar ad"ce o#nda de adeen& %"r&tor. Pentr" ca o%"$ #6 #e #&%t6 %aTp"&n #&n'"r( D"%nee" & ad"ce toate an&%a$e$e & p6#6r&$e &Ada% $e d6 $a toate n"%e( -6r6 #65& '6#ea#c6 n#6 n&c& "n toar6 pe %6#"r6. Dnd"5& #ea%a c6 `n" e#te 3&ne cao%"$ #6 -&e #&n'"r= Gen. 9()+j( D"%nee" $ c"-"nd6 ntr5"n #o%n adnc &5& e8tra'e o coa#t6 d&n care%ode$ea6 o -e%e&e ca #65& #$"2ea#c6 drept à2"tor pe potr&a $"&=. Ada% e#te %"$"%&t de -6pt"r6( pe care on"%ete `carne d&n carnea %ea= 9j &( #p"ne B&3$&a( a%ndo& era" 'o& & n" #e r"&na" de acea#ta pn6 cndapare arpe$e care o p&tete pe Ea #6 '"#te d&n -r"ct"$ po%"$"& opr&t. D"p6 ce Ea %6nnc6 d&n -r"ct &5& d6 &$"& Ada% d&n e$( perechea & de#coper6 'o$&c&"nea &( rnd #6 #e a#c"nd6 de pr&&rea d&&n6( & con-ec&onea6or"r& d&n -r"ne de #%och&n. L"at $a ntre36r& de D"%nee" & p"# n -aa propr&e& $"& 'ree$&( Ada% d6 &na pe-e%e&e care( $a rnd"$ e&( d6 &na pe arpe. O#nda d&&n6 & $oete pe to& tre&: arpe$e e#te 3$e#te%at #6 #etra#c6 pe pntece & #6 %6nnce 6rn6( 36r3at"$( #6 tr"dea#c6 ca #65& ct&'e p&nea `n #"doarea -ee&=( &ar-e%e&a( `#6 na#c6 n d"rer&= /()5)*j( pn6 #e or ntoarce n 6rna d&n care o%"$ a -o#t $"at. A3&a n er#et"$9( re$atarea 3&3$&c6 arat6 c6 36r3at"$ &5a p"# -e%e&& n"%e$e de Haa Eaj( %a%a t"t"ror ce$or &&. Totodat6(art&co$"$ haj care preced6 #"3#tant&"$ co%"n ada% dpare( n #pec&a$ n (7 & 7()57( deen&nd n"%e propr&".?>a#ora dep$a#ea6 oca$&area pentr" a -ace d&n Ada% "n n"%e( &ar ?Sept"a'&nta & V"$'ata #"pr&%6 art&co$"$


16/1052

ncepnd d&n er#et"$ )*. Deen&nd -6pt"r& ca toate -6pt"r&$e( `c"no#cnd 3&ne$e & r6"$= / 99j & p&ernd"5&ne%"r&rea( ce& do& #"nt &'on&& d&n 'r6d&na Eden"$"&. La poarta e&( D"%nee" aa6 n&te her"&%& nar%a& c"#63&& n6p6&ate( ca #6 %p&ed&ce pe or&c&ne #6 #eaprop&e de po%"$ ?&e&&. Ea & nate pe ?Ca&n & A3e$( apo& pe Set( ca #6 co%pen#ee p&erderea $"& A3e$( "c depropr&"5& -rate.Pentr" a e8p$&ca d&-erene$e d&ntre ce$e do"6 er#&"n& 3&3$&ce c" pr&&re $a -acerea o%"$"&( #5a" aan#at d&er#e

&potee. S"#&n6tor&& &potee& doc"%entare e8p$&c6 deo#e3&r&$e pr&n 2"8tap"nerea a do"6 re$at6r& d&n #"r#e d&-er&teP & !j. Ader#ar&& ace#te& &potee con#&der6 a do"a nara&"ne Gen. 9j drept o deo$tare %a& e$a3orat6 a ce$e&d&nt&. Et&%o$o'&a c"nt"$"& ada% e#te a%3&'"6: ter%en"$ -e%&n&n ada%a n#ea%n6 `p6%nt= &ar r6d6c&na #atr&%&te $a c"$oarea ro&e. C"nt"$ acad&an ada%" n#ea%n6 `#n'e=( n t&%p ce ada%at" e#te `#n'e$e ne'r"= a$3o$&& &ar p$"ra$"$ ada%at" de#e%nea6 nt"ner&c"$( p6%nt"$ ro"5nch. ntr5o $t6 de #&non&%e accad&ene(ter%en"$ ada%" tr&%&te $a o per#oan6 &%portant6 #a" no3&$6. N"%e$e de A5da5%" #a" A5da%5" apar de a#e%enean pa5$eoaccad&an6 & n 3a3&$on&ana eche.Ada% & Ea #"nt de#eor& po%en&& n $&terat"ra p#e"doep&'ra-&c6 & n co%entar&&( "nde ch&ar $& #e ded&c6 opoe#te aparte( &nt&t"$at6 Carte de#pre &aa $"& Ada% & a Ee&. Potr&&t Genee& Ra33a +(7j( na&nte de a pr6&-acerea o%"$"&( D"%nee" #5ar -& con#"$tat c" n'er&&. Un&& d&ntre acet&a )5ar -& nc"ra2at #65& cont&n"e $"crarea(and n edere poten&a$e$e &rt"& a$e creat"r&&( n t&%p ce a$&& )5a" #-6t"&t #6 ren"ne( dat6 -&&nd ap$ecareao%"$"& #pre r6" >&dr.P#. $a )99j. To& n'er&& a" -o#t o3$&'a& #6 & #e nch&ne o%"$"&( dar ?Satana a re-"at( -&&ndar$&t pentr" acea#ta n h6"r& "nde #5a ac"%"$at n e$ o "r6 &re%ed&a3&$6 -a6 de Ada% P>.E. )/j. L&terat"ra

eche a Or&ent"$"& >&2$oc&" a3"nd6 n $e'ende de#pre -acerea o%"$"&( dar de& %"$te d&ntre e$e pre&nt6n"%eroa#e a#e%6n6r& c" nara&"nea 3&3$&c6( e$e%ent"$ et&c $&p#ete( e& ?Crea&ej.n &&"nea ?Ha'ade&( ha5ada% a -o#t %ode$at d&ntr5"n a%e#tec de ap6 & p6%nt Gen. 9(;j( ceea ce concord6 c"nara&"n&$e co%para3&$e d&n %&to$o'&a 'reac6 & e'&ptean6( ne$ep&& a" &nterpretat er#et"$ 9; `d"p6 ch&p"$ #6"=jca o re-er&re $a o -&&n6 her%a-rod&t6( deopotr&6 36r3at & -e%e&e Er. )+a Gen>. +() !"3. 9() /(+j( creat6 npr&%a & a $"n&& T&r&. Dar( n cadr"$ 'enee& "n&er#"$"&( -&ecare no"6 crea&e aea nt&etate a#"pra ce$oranter&oare Gen.R. )*(j( aa nct Ada% & Ea a" -o#t -6c"& $a "r%6( pentr" a #t6pn& $"%ea & toate creat"r&$e&&te na&ntea $or N"%.R. )9(j. A" -o#t crea& ad"$&( n r#t6 de 9 de an& Gen.R. )(;j( d"p6 c"% toatee$e%ente$e "n&er#"$"& $"na( #oare$e( #te$e$ej a" -o#t create n #tareADAR9/de de#6r&re N"%!$. )9(+j. Ura Satane& #5a %an&-e#tat n p6cat"$ ada%&c. Satana a a$e# ca &n#tr"%ent arpe$e(deoarece era an&%a$"$ ce$ %a& &nte$&'ent & ce$ %a& aprop&at de o% ca n-6&are( -&&nd ne#trat c" %&n& & c"p&c&oare Gen!$. )*() 9(7j. Trad&&a de3ate pro3$e%a $oc"$"& n care Ada% & Ea a" -o#t a$"n'a& d"p6 p6cat"$

$or( ntre3nd"5#e dac6 era or3a de $"%ea acea#ta or& de cea$a$t6 Gen.R. 9)(;j. D"p6 p6cat( ?eh&na Preenad&&n6j #5a ndep6rtat de $"%ea acea#ta( concentrnd"5#e a#"pra con#tr"&r&& Ta3ernaco$"$"& PR.. )j. Ucen&c&a?c6&ne& & #e datorea6 $"& Ca&n Gen.R. 99()/j( tot"& Cartea $"& Ada% & a Ee& de#cr&e pe $ar' re%"c6r&$eperech&& pr&%ord&a$e d"p6 &'on&rea d&n ra& Ada% )5))j. Con-or% Sanh. 743( Ada% a pr&%&t ?$e'&$e noah&de &por"nca de a re#pecta ?a3at"$ c-. >&drP#. $a *9(4j & ar -& p"t"t pr&%& n ntre'&%e Tora dac6 n5ar -& p6c6t"&tGen.R. 9(7 9)(;j. Ea e#te %a& pro#t 6"t6 de trad&&e: #e #p"ne de#pre ea c6( na&nte de a5) 6%$& pe Set( ar-& ad"# pe $"%e de%on& Er. )+3 Gen.R. 9())j. Potr&&t ?^ohar"$"&( ea ar -& -o#t precedat6 de ?L&$&t ^ohar ;//()*j.>"$& -&$oo-& ere& a" ncercat #6 &nterpretee poe#tea $"& Ada% & a Ee& drept o a$e'or&e a "%an&t6&&(acceptnd tot"&(n 'enera$(re$atarea 3&3$&c6 drept ade6r tor&c. A#t-e$( d"p6 ?F&$on( -&de$ trad&&e& p$aton&c&ene(ce$e do"6 er#&"n& 3&3$&ce a$e -acer&& o%"$"& ar repreenta conceperea a do"6 -&&ne d&-er&te: "na ne%"r&toare(nentr"pat6( o%"$ cere#c( creat de D"%nee" d"p6 ch&p"$ #6"( & a$ta( rep$&ca p6%ntean6 a pr&%e&( c"$%e aper-ec&"n&& o%enet&( a$c6t"&t6 d&n %ater&e & #p&r&t $ao$a$t6 & p"rt6toare a propr&e& #a$e %or&.

D"p6 ?I"da Ha$e&( Ada% era de#6r&t( -&&nd ne#trat c" toate ca$&t6&$e o%enet& $a "n n&e$ ne5%a&at&n# deat"nc& &( totodat6( c" oah ha5e$oh& p"terea d&&n6j care5& n'6d"&a #6 co%"n&ce c" D"%nee". Dac6 ere&& #edeo#e3e#c de a$te nea%"r&( e#te toc%a& pr&n acea#t6 p"tere( tran#% "nora d&n de#cenden&& $"& Ada% "ar&)(*7j. Co%entnd #&nta'%a 3&3$&c6 `d"p6 ch&p"$ $"& D"%nee"=( ?>a&%on&de ede n ea crearea "n"& &nte$ectp"r & p"ne accent"$ a#"pra de#6r&r&& ada%&ce( anter&oare p6cat"$"&. P6cat"$ n#"& a con#tat n dtra'erea $"&Ada% de $a conte%p$area ade6r"$"& & antrenarea $"& n de#coper&rea p$6cer&$or -&&ce( drept pentr" care e$ a -o#to#nd&t #65& n-rnee po-te$e. D"p6 ?Io#&- A$3o( Ada% e#te "n protot&p "%an( #cop "$t&% a$ crea&e&. A$3o d6nara&"n&& 3&3$&ce & o &nterpretare a$e'or&c6 n care 'r6d&na Eden"$"& #&%3o$&ea6 $"%ea( ar3ore$e c"noater&&e#te Tora( &ar arpe$e( ap$ecarea #pre r6".A#t-e$( o%"$ ar -& -o#t aeat n ra& pentr" a re#pecta por"nc&$e( pedeap#a $"& -&&nd aceea& ca a or&c6r"& o% care $enca$c6.n concep&a &"da&c6( poe#tea $"& Ada% & a Ee& e8p$&c6 p6tr"nderea r6"$"& ntr5o $"%e pe care Creator"$ n#"&o aprec&a#e drept `-oarte 3"n6= Gen. )/5 Dar( pentr" &"da%( `c6derea= o%"$"& n p6cat & &%p"ne ace#t"&a #6#e rea3&$&tee n -aa $"& D"%nee"( #pre deo#e3&re de doctr&na cret&n6 a `p6cat"$"& or&'&nar=( care #"#&ne c6de#6r&rea p&erd"t6 a o%"$"& n" poate -& r6#c"%p6rat6 dect pr&n &&rea & 2ert-a de #&ne a$e `ce$"& de5a$ do&$ea


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Ada%= ; Cor. )7(99j. O trad&&e cret&n6 prec&ea6( de a#e%enea( c6 Ada% ar -& n%or%ntat #"3 repreentarear6#t&'n&r&&( a-$at6 n #-nt"$ %or%nt de $a Ier"#a$&%. Ber&ca Ortodo86 & co%e%orea6 pe p6r&n&& o%en&r&& nd"%&n&ca d&na&ntea Cr6c&"n"$"&.Re-$ec&& ra3&n&ce de#pre Ada% & Eaarea p"tere a $"& D"%nee" #t6 n -apt"$ "r%6tor: dac6 "n o%-o$o#ete o %atr&6 ca #6 3at6 %one&( toate &e# $a -e$ "na c" a$ta dar dac6 D"%nee" n#ea%n6 oa%en&& c"#e%n"$ fde care #5a #$"2&t pentr" Ada%( -&ecare &e#e p"&n a$t-e$. A#t-e$( or&c&ne e#te ndrept6&t #6 #p"n6: `L"%eaa -o#t creat6 pentr" %&ne=Ada% a -o#t -6c"t d&n 6rn6 & Ea d&n Ada%( dar tot"$ n"%a& d"p6 ch&p"$ $"& D"%nee": n&c& "n 36r3at &ar6-e%e&e( n&c& o -e%e&e -6r6 36r3at #& n&%&c -6r6 preena d&&n6.Un eret&c a #p"# c6tre Ra3an G6%6$&e&: `D"%nee"$ t6" e#te "n ho. N" #t6 oare #cr c6 E$ )5a ador%&t pe Ada%& &5a -"rat o coa#t6K= F&&ca $"& G6%6$&e& r6#p"n#e pro%pt c6 a che%a po$&&a( -&&ndc6 n&te ho& $e -"ra#er6 d&nca#6 o oa$6 de ar'&nt & $e $6#a#er6 n $oc "na de a"r. È" n" %5a #"p6ra de$oc #65%& &n6 n ca#6 aa ho&= a#p"# eret&c"$. La care( -&&ca $"& G6%6$&e& r6#p"n#e: Àt"nc& de ce5L or3et& de r6" pe D"%nee"$ no#tr"K I5a $"ato coa#t6 $"& Ada%( dar n"%a& #pre a5) %3o'6& c" o #oa6.=ADAR ...YY.Y . Y( ... 5.( Accad.: Addar"

A do"6#preecea $"n6 a =ca$endar"$"& re$&'&o# ere&e#c a a#ea $"n6 a an"$"& c&&$ e3ra&c care ncepe c" T&r&. nan&& 3ec&( #e &ntrod"ce n ca$endar & "n a$ do&$ea Adar e& %a& 2o#j. L"na9 ADEV@RAdar are( n %od o3&n"&t( 9* de &$e & co&nc&de c" per&oada -e3r"ar&e i %art&e. Se%n"$ od&aca$ care5&core#p"nde( Pet&&( era con#&derat de ra3&n& ca deo#e3&t de prop&ce. N"%e$e ace#te& $"n& e#te %en&onat de %a&%"$te or& n B&3$&e E#t. /(;.)/ +()9 *() etc. Era 4()7j & n apocr&-e %a& a$e#( 9 >ac. )7(/4j dator&t6n"%eroa#e$or een&%ente tor&ce c" care e#te a#oc&at6.n cea de5a tre&a & a $"n&&( c" acord"$ re'e$"& Per#&e&( a -o#t &na"'"rat $a Ier"#a$&% Te%p$"$ recon#tr"&t Era4()5)4j. Con-or% trad&&e&( ; Adar e#te &"a nater&& & %or&& $"& >oe >e'. )/3j. n acea#t6 &( %e%3r&oc&et6&$or de n%or%ntare ere&et& ?hera ad&6j &n "n %&c po#t de p6&re pentr" o-en#e$e ad"#e -6r6 o&e%or&$or. Cea %a& %are #6r36toare a $"n&& e#te ?P"r&%"$( pe ) Adar. La Ier"#a$&% & n orae$e ech&( ncon2"ratede &d"r&( #6r36toarea #e ce$e3rea6 n &"a "r%6toare & #e n"%ete S"#an P"r&% #a" P"r&%"$ d&n S"a.n an&& 3ec&( pr&%"$ Adar e3r. Adar r&or&j are / de &$e( &ar a$ do&$ea Adar e3r. Adar #en& #a" Ve5adarj are

9*. n ace#t ca( toate een&%ente$e co%e%orate de o3&ce& n acea#t6 $"n6( &nc$"#& P"r&%"$( #e tran#-er6 n a$do&$ea Adar. Tot"&( & n pr&%"$ Adar( $a data o3&n"&t6 a P"r&%"$"&( #e &ne "n P"r&% atan `>&c"$ P"r&%=j ca"n -e$ de aanpre%&er6 a #6r36tor&&. Pentr" a reo$a co%p$&ca&&$e $e'ate de an&& 3ec&( e8t6 re'"$a ha$a5h&c6('enera$ acceptat6( d"p6 care o ?3ar %&a #a"?3at %&a #e #er3ea6 n a$ do&$ea Adar( n t&%p ce o3$&'a&&$e de ?&ara&t & de ?ad& #e -&8ea6 n pr&%"$ Adar.Dator&t6 P"r&%"$"& n #pec&a$( Adar e#te o $"n6 deo#e3&t de e#e$6( de "nde & &ca$a ra3&n&$or: `Cnd &ne Adar(3"c"r&&$e #e n%"$e#c= Taan. 9*aj. Pe )/ Adar( e8ta $a or&'&ne o #6r36toare %&nor6( co%e%ornd &ctor&a $"&I"da >aca3e"$ a#"pra 'enera$"$"& #&r&an N&canor ; >ac. ;(*j. Apocr&-e$e %en&onea6 acea#t6 `& a $"&N&canor=( prec&nd c6 ea #e ce$e3rea6 ch&ar n a2"n de P"r&% care( $a rnd"$ $"&( e#te `&"a $"& >ordeha&= 9>ac. )7/4j. C" t&%p"$( echea #6r36toare a -o#t ec$&p#at6 de po#t"$ E#tere& e& ?Po#t"$ & &$e$e de po#tj care #e&ne n preent pe )/ Adar.#n#n . . 5 YADEV@R

n &"da%( ade6r"$ repre&nt6 o a$oare et&c6 #"pre%6( att pentr" &nd&&d( ct & pentr" co$ect&&tate. Ra3&n&& nena6 c6 è8tena $"%&& #e 3aea6 pe tre& $"cr"r&: ade6r"$( ? dreptatea &?pacea= Ao )()+j c6c&( at"nc& cnd do%nete ade6r"$( dreptatea dec"r'e n ch&p nece#ar( apo& &ne pacea(3&ne-acerea cea %a& %are pentr" o #o5c&etate. Un co%entar&" a#"pra c"nt"$"& e3ra&c e%et eh&c"$ea6 o &dee a#e%6n6toare: c"nt"$ e#te co%p"# d&npr&%a $&ter6 a a$-a3et"$"& e3ra&c( d&n cea de $a %&2$oc"$ #6" & d&n cea care nche&e a$-a3et"$( n ace#t -e$( de $ancep"t pn6 $a #-r&t( toate a$or&$e per#ona$e & #oc&a$e #e 3aea6 pe ade6r( n et&ca ere&a#c6 ade6r"$ e#te#trn# $e'at c" a$te a$or& o%enet& #"per&oare.?Et&ca ere&a#c6 &n#t6 hot6rt a#"pra a$or&& & &%portane& ade6r"$"& pentr" 'nd&re( or3&re & ac&"ne.Totodat6( ea #"3$&n&a6 n#6 #$63&c&"nea 2"dec6&& &nd&&d"a$e & reco%and6 a#p&ra&a $a ade6r pr&n &nter%ed&"$p6rer&& %a2or&t6&&( n %6#"ra n care n&%en& n" poate -& #&'"r de ade6r"$ op&n&e& #a$e per#ona$e( ar tre3"& #6 #e&n6 #ea%a de p6rerea op"#6( na&nte de a a2"n'e $a o 2"decat6 -&na$6. Acea#ta pare #6 -& -o#t a3ordarea co$&& $"&H&$e$ n de3ater&$e #a$e c" coa$a $"& a%a& e& ?Bet a%a& & Bet H&$e$j. Toc%a& pentr" c6 dc&po$&& $"& H&$e$#t"d&a" & op&n&a adeer#ar&$or $or( conc$"&&$e $or #e aprop&a" %a& %"$t de ade6r Jr. )/3j.De& ade6r"$ e#te o a$oare e#en&a$6( et&ca ere&a#c6 rec"noate c6( n an"%&te %pre2"r6r&( a$te a$or& pot trece


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na&ntea $"&( de p&$d6( p6#trarea &e&&( n ca"$ cnd ade6r"$ & &aa #"nt n con-$&ct( &aa prec"%p6nete.Ra3&n&& era" cont&en& c6 ade6r"$ n" e#te n ntre'&%e acce#&3&$ pentr" #p&r&t"$ o%ene#c %6r'&n&t( aa nct#"#&nea" c6 `pecetea $"& D"%nee" e#te ade6r= a3. 7aj. n ace$a& #en#( Fran Ro#enXe&' a-&r%a c6ade6r"$ n" poate -& a#oc&at dect c" ord&nea d&&n6.Et&ca ere&a#c6 #e caracter&ea6 pr&ntr5o or&entare hot6rt pract&c6. Ca "r%are( de& t&e c6 ade6r"$ e#te n"%a&de do%en&"$ $"& D"%nee"(et&ca & o-er6 tot"& o%"$"& dr"%"$ #pre &%&tarea $"& D"%nee" e& ?D"%nee"(

I%&tarea $"&j &dea$"$ pentr" o% -&&nd at"nc& #6 "r%ee `c6&$e d&&ne= & #6 tr6&a#c6 i att ct e#te o%enetepo#&3&$ i d"p6 cr&ter&&$e ade6r"$"&. ( ( .ADIR BI5>ELUHA - ( `St6pn a$ %p6r6&e& ceret&=I%n acro#t&h a$-a3et&c( c"no#c"t d&n #ec. a$ $II5$ea( pe care achena&& $ cnt6 #pre #-r&t"$ r&t"a$"$"& de ?#eder.F&ecare d&n ce$e opt #tro-e %en&onea6 do"6 atr&3"te d&&ne & o $a"d6 an'e$&c6. C"no#c"t( d"p6 re-ren"$ $"&( "3 n"%e$e de & Io nae `A$e L"& #"nt $a"de$e A$e L"& #"nt &%n"r&$e...=j( &%n"$ e#te &n#p&rat d&ntr5"n >&draGen!t. 49j. n r&t"$ %ed&ea$ -ranco5'er%an( Ad&r 3&5%e$"ha era pro3a3&$ rec&tat n pr&%a noapte de#eder( &ar Ad&r H" % cea de5a do"a. C" toate ace#tea( a%3e$e #5a" cntat %"$t6 re%e n a%3e$e nop&. A"tor"$e#te nec"no#c"t( dar tre3"&e #6 -& tr6&t n Frana #a" Ger%an&a. .ADIRHU .. (..(5:=. `Doa%ne atotp"tern&c=I%n acro#t&h a$-a3et&c( de a"tor nec"no#c"t( co%p"# pro3a3&$ n Ger%an&a n #ec. a$ $V5$ea "n"$ d&n cntece$epop"$are pe care achena&& $e cnt6 n cor n #eara de Pe#ah( d"p6 nche&erea cere%on&e& de ?#eder. n E"ropaCentra$6( era cnda -oarte r6#pnd&t6 o er#&"ne &"deo'er%an6 &d& occ&denta$j a ace#t"& &%n. F&ecare #tro-6

e#te o en"%erare a$-a3et&c6 a ca$&t6&$or & atr&3"te$or d&&ne( n re%e ce re-ren"$ e#te o r"'6 adre#at6 $"& D"%5nee" #6 recon#tr"&a#c6 -6r6 ntr&ere Sanct"ar"$. >e$od&a achena6( eche de eac"r&( a -o#t &nc$"#6 & n$&t"r'h&a #&na'o'a$6 a ?Ha$e$"$"& de ?Pe#ah( contr&3"&nd &nd&rect $a r6#pnd&rea &%n"$"& pr&ntre ere&& de a$ter&t"r&( n #pec&a$ n I#rae$. ,(( AD>OR Z((((..(((. 5..((.( ...Acron&% de $a Adone" >oren" e5Ra3en" i `Do%n"$( c6$6"&tor"$ & #t6pn"$ no#tr"=. T&t$" onor&-&c pe careha#&d&%&&( n #pec&a$ ce& d&n I#rae$( $ atr&3"&e ade#eor& cond"c6tor&$or $or d&na#t&c& e& & ?ad&j. n co%"n&t6&$ed&n d&a#pora( #e ntre3"&nea6 %a& -recent t&t$"$ &d& de `re3e=.ADONAI( e& DU>NE^EU( NU>ELE LUI.ADON OLA> %V1rS$V `St6pn a$ Un&er#"$"&= .5(. 1.1=.=1. Y1 (Pop"$ar &%n $&t"r'&c( &nt&t"$at a#t-e$ d"p6 c"&nte$e c" care ncepe. N" #e c"noate a"tor"$ $"&( dar #e con#&der6( n'enera$( c6 ar -& -o#t co%p"# de So$o%on ?&3n Ga3&ro$ n #ec. a$ $5$ea. Baat pe procede"$ %onor&%e&( e#te "n"$d&n ce$e %a& r6#pnd&te &%n"r& ere&et&. E8pr&%6 cred&na n D"%nee"( Creator"$ "n&c & en&c( Ap6r6tor"$ &

>nt"&tor"$ o%"$"&( n #ec. a$ $V5$ea( achena&& de r&t 'er%an a" &ntrod"# Adon O$a% n #$"23a $or &$n&c6( dardator&t6 caracter"$"& #6" "n&er#a$( &%n"$ a -o#t &nc$"# n r"'6c&"n&$e co%"n&t6&$or ere&et&am

ENCICLOPEDIA DE IUDAISM

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