Equip Presntn

8/6/2019 Equip Presntn

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Anesthesia meaningAnesthesia, or anaesthesia from Greek -, an-, "without";

and, aisthsis, "sensation"), meant the condition of havingsensation (including the feeling of pain) blocked or

temporarily taken away & allows patients to undergosurgery and other procedures without pain they wouldotherwise experience.

The word was coined by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. in1846. Another definition is a "reversible lack of awareness,"whether this is a total lack of awareness (e.g. a general

anesthetic) or a lack of awareness of a part of the bodysuch as a spinal anesthetic or another nerve block wouldcause.


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Hist ry Herbal derivatives

The first anesthesia (a herbal remedy) was administered

in prehistory. Opium poppy capsules were collected in

4200 BC

In the Americas coca was also an important anestheticused

Alcohol was also used,

narcotic-soaked sponges.

Non-pharmacological methodsHypnotism have a long historyof use as anesthetic

techniques.

Chilling tissue (e.g. with ice) can temporarilycause nerve

fibers (axons) to stop conducting sensation.


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TYPES OF ANESTHESIA local anesthesia: specific location of the body is

numbed, such as the handminor procedures. You may

stay awake during the procedure, regional anesthesia :numbs a larger area of the body

general anesthesia:describes unconsciousness and lack

of any awareness or sensation you are completely

unaware and do not feel pain during the surgery


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Anesthesia Providersy nurses specializing in the provision of anesthesia care are

known as Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists

y doctors who specialize in anesthesiology are calledanesthesiologists

y anesthesiologist assistants (AAs) are graduate-level

trained specialists


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Anaestesia

machine


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The anaesthetic machine (or anesthesia machine in America)

is used by anesthesiologists and Nurse anesthetists to support

the administration of anaesthesia.

The most common type of anaesthetic machine in use in the

developed world is the continuous-flow anaesthetic machine,

which is designed to provide an accurate and continuous supply

of medical gases (such as oxygen and nitrous oxide), mixed with

an accurate concentration of anaesthetic vapour (such as

isoflurane), and deliver this to the patient at a safe pressure andflow.

Modern machines incorporate a ventilator, suction unit, and

patient-monitoring devices.


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A modern machine typically includes the following

components:

reserve gas cylinders of oxygen, air, and nitrous oxide attached pressure gauges, regulators and 'pop-off' valves, to protect the

machine components and patient from high-pressure gases .

flow meters (rotameters) for oxygen, air, and nitrous oxide, whichare used by the anaesthesiologist to provide accurate mixtures ofmedical gases to the patient. Flow meters are typicallypneumatic,but increasinglyelectromagnetic digital flow meters are being used.

one or more anaesthetic vaporisers to accurately add volatileanaesthetics to the fresh gas flow

aventilator physiological monitors to monitor the patient's heart rate, ECG,non-invasive blood pressure and oxygen saturation (additionalmonitors are generally available to monitor end-tidal CO2,temperature, arterial blood pressure central venous pressure, etc.).

In addition, the composition of the gases delivered to the patient(and breathed out) is monitored continuously.


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y a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) with or withoutbacteria-viral filter (HMEF).

y scavenging system to remove expired anaesthetic gasesfrom the operating room.

y suction apparatus

y anaesthesia face mask


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Safety features of modern machines

y oxygen failure alarm

y nitrous cut-off: the flow of medical nitrous-oxide is

dependent on oxygen pressure. This is done at theregulator level

y batterybackup, hypoxic-mixture alarm, ventilatoralarms


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Global Products Corporationy Trollymade bytublar riged stainless steel *drawer for keeping

anaesthesia kit *y *Small roller bearings, antistatic castors,foreasymobilityand brakes

*Top trayprovided at eye level for keeping monitoring equipments*Hook for breathing circuit

y *Unitised rota meter block for oxygen & nitrous oxide with fineadjustment controls.& colour coated knob and luminous back plate.Oxygen flow meter calibrated from 100cc/min to 10 Ltrs/Min & nitrousoxide flow meter from 200cc/min to12 Ltrs/min down Stream receipt of

oxygeny *Non return cum emergencyoxygen unit with blow off valve in circuit

ensures that pressure does not build-up beyond 200cm. water column& minimize risk of back flow of gases.

y *Cylinderyokes: Pin indexedyokes one each of oxygen & nitrous oxidemore...


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Bharat Surgical Companyy

y Designed to provide an accurate and continuoussupplyof medical gases to patients .

y Moreover, our range is incorporated with a ventilator,suction unit and patient-monitoring devices


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Ajay Medicare

Rajas Enterprises,

ABC Sons Surgical House

Meditech Private Limited


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Brachytherapyy Brachytherapy( Greekword brachy, means "short-

distance"),

yinternal radiotherapy, sealed sourceradiotherapy, curietherapyor endocurietherapy,

y Is a form ofradiotherapywhere a radiationsource(Is0tope) is placed inside or next to the area

requiring treatment.


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Historyy Brachytherapydates back to 1901 when Pierre Curie

suggested to Henri-AlexandreDanlos that a

radioactive source could be inserted into a tumour.Itwas found that the radiation caused the tumour toshrink.


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Typesy Source placement; interstitial and contact

y Dose rate; Low-dose rate(LDR) , Medium-dose rate (MDR)

,High-dose rate (HDR,y Duration of dose delivery; Temporary &Permanent

brachytherapy,


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Procedurey This technique involves the deliveryof radiation by

implantation of solid radioactive isotopes, into tissues.

Examples include implantation of Iridium-192 wireinto tumours,and Iodine-125 seed implantation. Theseradioactive implants mainlyemit beta-particles(electrons). .


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Radiation sourcey Caesium-137 (137Cs)

y Cobalt-60 (60Co)

y Iridium-192 (192Ir)y Iodine-125 (125I)

y Palladium-103 (103Pd)

y Ruthenium-106 (106Ru)


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USEy Brachytherapyis commonlyused as an effective

treatment for cervical, prostate, breast,and skin cancer

and can also be used to treat tumours in manyotherbodysites.

y Brachytherapycan be used alone or in combinationwith other therapies such as surgery, External Beam

Radiotherapy(EB

RT) and chemotherapy.


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key featurey Brachytherapyis that the irradiation onlyaffects a very

localized area around the radiation sources.

y

In addition, if the patient moves or if there is anymovement of the tumour within the bodyduringtreatment, the radiation sources retain their correctposition in relation to the tumour.

y

A course of brachytherapycan be completed in lesstime than other radiotherapytechniques

y Is associated with a low risk of serious adverse sideeffects.


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Side effects ofradiotherapyy the side effects of radiotherapyare specific to the sites that

are being treated & increases with increasing duration oftreatment, appear 14 days after commencement oftreatment and depend on dose, site and volume oftreatment.

y

Some of these include:y Acute nausea and vomiting;y Myelosuppression;y Inflammatoryresponses in irradiated tissues (e.g.

mucositis, cystitis, proctitis);yDiarrhoea;

y Lethargy


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