Fractura de materiales

POLITEXT 123

Fractura de materiales

POLITEXT

EDICIONS UPC

MJ Anglada, ed. - J Alcalá LM Llanes - AM Mateo - MN Salán

Fractura de materiales

La presente obra fue galardonada en el séptimo concurso"Ajut a l'elaboració de material docent" convocado por la UPC.

Primera edición: febrero de 2002

Diseño de la cubierta: Manuel Andreu

© Los autores, 2002

© Edicions UPC, 2002Edicions de la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, SLJordi Girona Salgado 31, 08034 BarcelonaTel.: 934 016 883 Fax: 934 015 885Edicions Virtuals: www.edicionsupc.esE-mail: [email protected]

Producción: Barcelona Digital, SLRosselló 77, 08029 Barcelona

Depósito legal: B-7025-2002ISBN: 84-8301-592-7

Quedan rigurosamente prohibidas, sin la autorización escrita de los titulares del copyright, bajo las san-ciones establecidas en las leyes, la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o pro-cedimiento, comprendidos la reprografía y el tratamiento informático, y la distribución de ejemplares deella mediante alquiler o préstamo públicos.

Prólogo 7

Prólogo

La definición comúnmente aceptada de Mecánica de la fractura es la de aquella disciplina que cuantifica las condiciones bajo las cuales un elemento estructural puede romperse debido a la existencia y crecimiento de una grieta dominante en la estructura.

El área de la fractura de los materiales y, concretamente, la mecánica de la fractura, se ha desarrollado fundamentalmente en el siglo XX a partir de los trabajos pioneros de Griffith e Irwin, de manera que se puede afirmar que en la década de los años cincuenta la mecánica de la fractura elástica estaba ya sólidamente establecida. Su extensión a problemas no lineales se realizó fundamentalmente a finales de los años sesenta, a partir de los trabajos de Rice y Hutchinson.

Por consiguiente, sorprende que una disciplina con tanta aplicación práctica a problemas de integridad estructural no fuera incorporada a los programas de las asignaturas de ingeniería de las universidades españolas hasta los años ochenta. Fue justamente en esta década, a raíz del primer Encuentro del Grupo Español de Fractura en 1984, cuando se estimuló el intercambio de ideas y la investigación en este campo en España, y, en definitiva, el interés por el estudio de la fractura de los materiales y su incorporación en las asignaturas relacionadas con propiedades mecánicas de diversas titulaciones universitarias.

Una explicación de esta brecha, que probablemente sería incomprensible en la actual sociedad de la información, puede estar en la rigidez e inercia de los planes de estudios anteriores a esta fecha, aunque también existen otras razones ligadas al hecho de que la fractura de los materiales es un tema cuyo estudio requiere un enfoque multidisciplinar, en el que se incorporan aspectos mecánicos, físicos y de ciencia de materiales.

La motivación inicial que nos llevó a escribir este libro fue la constatación de la existencia de escaso material informativo acerca de la fractura de los materiales escrito en lengua castellana, junto a la necesidad de suministrar apuntes para las clases de la asignatura Fractura de Materialescorrespondiente a la Titulación Europea de Ingeniería de Materiales de la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC). Las dificultades lingüísticas de los estudiantes extranjeros de la mencionada titulación en el seguimiento de las clases, hacían completamente necesario tener una guía escrita que, con el tiempo, se ha convertido en este texto.

La finalidad de la obra es presentar solamente los aspectos más básicos de la fractura de materiales. El lector es remitido a diversos textos especializados y a artículos en revistas internacionales para estudios más extensos y profundos del tema. Aquí se ha pretendido dar una visión general tanto del aspecto mecánico, para lo cual a menudo es suficiente considerar a los materiales como sólidos

8 Fractura de materiales

continuos, como del aspecto de la microestructura del material, lo cual condiciona su resistencia a la fractura.

Los autores.

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Bibliografía 229

Bibliografía

General

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