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totundho`j dhdkcgohd ` hcrtofohdho`
uj rcquosotc ojkospcjsdinc pdrd nds
hcrtofohdho`jcs pr`fcso`adncs.
Cj nd dhtudookdk, nd h`jfoburdho`
kc nd hcrtofohdho`j HHJ] cstdinchc
uj
hdkd ujd kc nds rdgds quc
h`gp`jcj nd hdjcrd ]r`fcso`jdn 
kc Hosh`.. Y`utojb y Xwothaojb, OX]
y Rorcncss s`j nds jucvds
hcrtofohdho`jcs HHJ] quc Hosh` ad
 prcscjtdk` cj 9=4=.
h`rdp`jc.kc trcs cxdgcjcs h`j u
dnt` jovcn kc
ojbocs y edp`jcs y j` ogp`rtd cn
`rkcj cj quc sc prcscjtcj.
. Cstd buo'd kc cstuko` ad.t`gdk`
h`g` rcfcrcjkd cn.ooir` HHJ]   d
`jk`,
cj cspdj`n kckohdk` dn
 
rc`rocjtdjk` su h`jtcjok` d nd
hcrtofohdho`j HHJ] kc Y`utojb y
Xwothaojb.
hcrtofohdho`j HHJ] Y`utojb y
Xwothaojb s`j n`s sobuocjhcs5 •
6;9-?=9 Y@S[C, Ogpncgcjtoj
Hosh` O] Y`utojb.
• 6;9-148 XRO[HA, Ogpncgcjtoj
• - 6;9-189 .[XA@@[,
 
acha` cj cn ooir` HHJ]  d  F`jk`,
n`s
gdjcrd.kc h`gpondr t`k` cn
gdtcrodn cj uj s`n`
v`notgcj cj cspdoo`n gdjtcjocjk` nd
tcrgnj`n`bod tchjohd cj ojbncs h`g`
sc utonozd bcjcrdngcjtc cj n`X dgiocjtcs ndi`rdncs y cj n`s
 pr`po`s cxdgcjcs. Kc cstd
OJ[Y@KSHHO@J 93
vcrkdkcr` scjtok` kc nd
trdycht`rod cj cn dgiot` tchjoh` y
ckuhdtov` y, ujd nostd kc
hcrtooohdhopjcs h`g` HHDO, HHJ],
HHOC, cjtrc `trds. Xu
cxpcrocjhod cj puinohdho`jcs
hdookdk kcn gdtcrodn kc
 
Ycquosotcs pdrd nd hcrtofohdho`
hcrtofohdho`j. HHJ], kcicj sdicr 
quc pdrd
hcrtofohdho`j HHJD y
quc tdjt` ujd h`g` nd `trd hdkuhd
 
huyd fchad kc hdkuhokdk cstc
 pr`xogd, p`krdj gdjtcjcrod vobcjtc
so prcscjtdj dnbuj` kc n`s trcs
cxdgcjcs kcn HHJ] djtcs kc nd
 prcshropho`j kcn HHJD.
h`gcjzdr nd nchturd kc cstc Ooir`
h`j tocgp.` sufohocjtc, guha` djtcs
kc nd fchad kc cxpordhokj kcn
HHJD, cfchtudr nds prdhtohds y n`s
.tcst jchcsdro`s y, p`r quc j`,
rcdnozdr n`s hucsto`jdro`s c
 
kcidj rc-hcrtofohdrsc ` s`n`
rcvosdk` y dhtudnozdk` kc tdn
gdjcrd quc j` adird `istdhun`s kc
cjtcjkogocjt`s tchjoh`s `
soj kukds uj icjcfoho` djdkok` pdrd
nd rcs`nuho`j kc ojhokcjhods `
jucvds h`jfoburdho`jcs.
 
cxdgcjcs s`j n`s
sobuocjtcs5 6;9-?=9 Y@S[C< '
Ogpncgcjtdr ujd s`nuhokj idsdkd c
COBY], tcjocjk` cj hucjtd uj
koscj` kc rck y uj h`jeujt` kc
rcquosotcs5 • Kctcrgojdr n`s
ogpncgcjtdr COBY]
COBY].
COBY].
ad sok` ojopncgcjtdkd
• K`hugcjtdr n`s rcsuntdk`s kc. nd
ogpncgcjtdho`j y vcrofohdho`j kc
COBY].
CX[SKO@ ].D ND
drcd,  tcjocjk`  cj  hucjtd  uj
koscj`
kdk`s5.
jchcsdro`s pdrd nd ogpncgcjtdho`
kc
 pdrd @X]F,
@X]F.
• Vcrofohdr quc ujd s`nuho`j @X]F
ad sok` ogpncgcjtdkd
• K`hugcjtdr n`s rcsuntdk`s kc nd
ogpncgcjtdho`j y vcrofohdho`j kc
@X]F, Ogpncgcjtdr  ujd  s`nuho`j
idsdkd  cj  IB],  tcjocjk`  cj
 
rcquosot`s5
jchcsdro`s pdrd nd ogpncgcjtdho`
kc
IB].
IB].
 
soo`w y
dpnohdho`j y vcrofohdho`j kc IB].
Ogpncgcjtdr ujd  s`nuho`j idsdkd
cj O]v6, tcjocjk` cj hucjtd uj
koscoo`  kc rck  y  uj  h`jeujt`  kc
rcquosot`s5
jchcsdro`s pdrd nd ogpncgcjtdho`
kc
kc O]v6.
O]v6.
h`j O]v;.
ogpncgcjtdho`j utooozdjk`
• K`hugcjtdr n`s rcsuntdk`s kc nd
 
O]v6.
cj nd rckostroiuho`j cj O]v; `
O]v6,
rck y uj h`jeujt` kc rcquosot`s5
• Hrcdr uj pndj kc ogpncgcjtdho`
kc rckostroiuho`j idsdk` cj n`s
rcsuntdk`s kcn djdnosos kc nd
rckostroiuho`j.
 
nd rckostroiuho`j, • Vcrofohdr quc sc
otjpncgcjt` nd rckostroiuho`j kc
f`rgd dkchudkd, • K`hugcjtdr n`s
rcsuntdk`s kc nd ogpncgcjtdho`j y
vcrofohdho`j kc kc
ogpncgcjtdho`j kc nd
Ogpncgcjtdho`j  kc  s`nuho`jcs  kc
h`jtr`n kc trdfoh` cj hdpd 85
• Ogpncgcjtdr h`jtr`n kcn trdfoh` kc
hdpd 8 idsdjk`sc cj rcsuntdk`s kc
djdnosos kc rckostroiuho`j.
h`jtr`n kc trdfoh` kc hdpd 8.
• H`jfoburdr h`jtr`n kc trdfoh` kc
hdpd 8,
h`jtr`n kc trdfoh` kc hdpd 8.
 
 pndj kc vcrofohdho`j kc ujd
ogpncgcjtdho`j kc h`jtr`n kc
trdfoh` kc hdpd 8,
rcg`tds, • Kcshroior tchj`n`bods kc
 idjkd djhad.
tchj`n`bods kc idjkd djhAd, •
Kcshropho`j idsohd kc tchj`n`bods
V]J.
 
sckcs,
koscj`  kc  rck  y uj  h`jeujt`  kft
rcquosot`s5
jchcsdro`s pdrd nd ogpncgcjtdho`
kc
 
 idsdk` cj VNDJs, • Hrcdr uj pnd
kc vcrofohdho`j kc VNDJs.
• H`jfoburdr od h`jchtovokdk kc
swotha d swotha pdrd ujd s`nuho`
 idsdkd cj VNDJs.
cj VNDJs.
• Vcrofohdho`j kc od s`nuho`
ogpncgcjtdkd usdjk` h`gdjk`s
sa`w y
ogpncgcjtdho`j y vcrofohdho`j kc
VNDJ.
CX[SK!= ]DYD ND
cj
h`jeujt` kc rcquosotcs5
rck jchcsdro`s pdrd od
ogpEcgcjtdho`j kc
 
scburokdk, • Hrcdr uj podj.kc
scburokdk, • H`jfoburdr ods
 pucrt`s.
swothacs, , • H`jfoburdr VNDJs
• Vcrofohdr nd s`nuho`d kc scburokdk
utonozdjk` h`gdjk`s sno`w y
 
cechuho`j kc Xcburokdk y !d
vcrofohdho`j.
kc Hdpd 8, kdk` uj koscoo` kc rck
y
• .Kctcrgojdr n`s rchurs`s kc rck
jchcsdro`s pdrd nd dpnohdho`j kc
ujd
 
 idsdkd cj
Xwothacs kcHdpd8, '. • H`jfoburdr 
8 y scburokdk.
cj Xwothacs kc Hdpd 8 fooc
ogpncgcjtdkd h`rrchtdgcjtc
 
dpnohdho`j y vcrofohdho`j kc
Xwothacs Hdpd 8.
dvdjzdk`s5
s`p`rtc VO].
kc vokc`.
rck
jchcsdro`s pdrd od ogpncgcjtdho`
kc
• Hrcdr uj pndj kc ogpncgcjtdho`
kc dntd kosp`joionokdk.
dntd kosp`joionokdk, © YD-G.D
rckujkdjhod top` Forst A`p.
 * Ogpncgcjtdr rckujkdjhod cjtrc
kosp`joionokdk sc ad ogpncgcjtdk`
h`rrchtdgcjtc utonozdjk` h`gdjk`s
sa`w y kciub.
ogpncgcjtdho`j kc dntd
 
fujho`jdgocjt` kc nd rck5
• Kcsdrr`nndr uj pndj pdrd
g`jot`rozdr y dkgojostrdr ujd rck.
• Ycdnozdr nd g`jot`rozdho`j kc nd
rck ufonozdjk` acrrdgocjtds kc n@X,
* Ycdnozdr cn gdjtcjogocjt` kc
sui-`ptogds kc dhucrk` dn G`kcn`
@XO.
• [r`uincsa``t IB].
• [r`uiocsa``tYckostroiuho`j.
* [r`uincsa``t KAH].
* [r`uincsa``t JD[.
• [r`uincsa``t Yckujkdjhod.
 
 pucrt`s y cj bcjcrdn.
• [r`uincsa``t VDHN y ]DHN.
• [r`uincsa``t XVN
r [r`uincsa``t kc Xcrvoho`s
Dvdjzdk`s.
hdpd 8 y DHN.
• [r`uincsa``t kc scrvoho`s Hosh`
n@X.
CX[SK\= ]DYD ND
Ycspucstd ujohd d pdotor kc
`pho`jcs guntopncs.
`pho`jcs guntopncs.
• H`gpnctdr n`s cspdho`s cj iodjh`.
 
swothacs h`j sogundk`r.
]drd gdy`r ojf`rgdho`j s`irc
n`hdnozdho`j kc hcjtr`s kc
hcrtofohdho`j dut`rozdk`s,
rcquosotcs, a`rdro`s, prcho`s u `tr`
top` kc ojf`rgdho`j puckc'
h`jsuntdrsc. nd Rci kc ]cdrs`j-Vuc
cj attp<//www.vuc.h`g..
 prcscjtdrsc dn cxdgcj kc
 
Nds pcrs`jds kc cjtrc 48 y 42 dfo`s
 puckcj prcscjtdrsc dn cxdgcj
tut`rcs.
 puckcj prcscjtdsc soj Coojbuj top`
kc rcstrohho`j.
 puckcj prcscjtdrsc dn cxdgcj.
 
cxdgcj kc hcrtofohdho`j.
'at5//gvw,hosh`.h`g/wci/ncdgoj
kosp`joincs ` hudoquocr `tr` top` kc
kukd s`irc nd hcrtofohdho`j HHJ]
cs p`soinc h`jsuntdr nd Rci kc
Hosh` cj<
Crjcst` Drobdjcnn` cs ojbcjocr` kc
h`gujohdho`jcs, ojstruht`r 
hcrtofohdk` kc Hosh` Jctw`rloj
Dhdkcgy, ogpdrtc hurs`s
h`gujohdho`jcs. Cspchodnostd c
cnchtr`johd kc adrkwdrc kc dntd
h`gpnceokdk.
h`gujohdho`jcs kc kdtcs pdrd
vdrods cgprcsds kc nd Sjo`j
Cur`pcd. Xu trdide` cj ckuhdho`j y
f`rgdho`j cs sugdgcjtc vdn`rdk`
cj Cur`pd y
Ndtoj`dgcrohd, fngkdgcjtdk` c
 prdhtohds p`r 
f`rgdho`j y
hudncs su progcrd `ird Buod  kc
cstuko`  pdrd
rch`j`hokd h`g` ujd kc nds
 po`jcrds, h`j
cspdj`n kckohdk`s dn tdj vdn`rdk`
cxdgcj kc
 
dj` 9==8. Kcskc cjt`jhcs ad
h`gpdbojdk` su ndi`r cj nds
tcnch`gujohdho`jcs h`j
nd f`rgdho`j cj jucvds
tchj`n`bo'ds, ogpdrtocjk` hurs`s c
vdrods cspchodnokdkcs tdncs h`g`
Hosh` y Gohr`s`ft.
Ad trdidedk` cj pr`ycht`s kc
brdjkcs gdbjotukcs pdrd vdrods kc
ods gds
 
HHOC #98?28
Xwothaojb.
kcn brup` kc Ojbcjocrod O] kc ujd
ogphrtdjtc Guntojdho`jdn y cs,
dkcgds, h`ndi`rdk`r kc vdrods
h`jsunt`rds kc nd
H`gujokdk Cur`pcd. Xu pdso`j p`r 
nd f`rgdho`j ad sok`, soj kukds, u
 
cstc noir`.
CX[SKO@ ]DYD ND
nd
dkdptdk`s d jucstrd ncjbud y cston`
kc dprcjkozdec.
dnbujd gdjcrd h`jtroiuycr`j d kdr 
fucrzd d csc
nncbdsc d iucj pucrt`. D .pdrtor kc
 
ncht`rcs, p`r quocjcs hrc` quc cn
csfoocrz` socgprc vdnc nd pcjd.
[rdtdjk` kc gdjtcjcr ojtdht`s gos
 projhopo`s, cn kcsdfn` kc ujd
 puioohdho`j `rocjtdkd d nd.
hcrtofohdho`j. HHJ] cj. cspdon`n
 pdrchod hdso ogp`soioc. Cn noir`
HHJ]  d  F`jk` sobjofoh` uj ndrb` y
tcko`s` trdide` huyd huogojdho`j cs
 
HHJ],  pcr` h`j ujd k`inc
sdtosfdhho`j< cndi`rdr co
 progcr gdtcrodn HHJ] cj cspdj`n,
ndrbdgcjtc cspcrdk` y trdidedr h`
go dgob` y
 puioohdho`j acg`s trdtdk` kc scr n`
gds ogpdrhodncs p`soincs sobuocjk`
cn `rkcj kc n`s tcgds scbuj h`std
cj cn Inucprojt kc Hosh` dujquc cj
guha`s hds`s koha` `rkcj j` ad
 
sdtosfdhho`j, Jucstrd jcutrdnokdk
ncht`r, hdjkokdt` d nd
hcrtofohdho`j pdrd quc sc hatrcjc c
cn gchdjosg` kc hcrtofohdho`jcs
ojohodk` p`r 
dp`y` kc go fdgonod, dgob`s,
h`gpdjcr`s kc trdide`, ncht`rhs y
ckot`rcs, Nd cjscjdjzd y cn
 pr`brcs` kcicj cstdr dn dnhdjhc kc
t`k`s, soj.Oogotcs, Crjcst`
 
adhc kchdkds sc pcjsdid quc cn
.quc sc sup`jc cs cn gdy`r ndbdrt`
kco gujk`, cn Krdb`j kc L`g`k`
(Vdrdjus.l`g`k`cjsos), gdjtcjod
cj su i`hd uj
h`htco kc idhtcrods quc adhodj quc
dn .g`rkcr d sus vohtogds sc
ojfchtdrdj y gurocscj ncjtdgcjtc.
koha`s. ndbdrt`s hucjtdj h`j u
s`fostohdk` sostcgd kc. oj`hundho`j.
 
kc nd
 pdrchc jo h`g` j`s n` adj h`jtdk`.
Cstc noir` j` cs gds quc uj rcfnce`
kc.nd tcstdrukcz kc go dgob`
Crjcst` y
kc t`k`s n`s aospdj`-adindjtcs u
gdtcrodn kc
kcsdrr`nndjk`sc pr`fcso`jdn c
ojtcochtudngcjtc soj
oko`gdtohds, p`rquc socgprc j`s
adj h`jtdk` quc nd ujohd
gdjcrd kc pr`brcsdr cj cstd
cspchodookdk crd cstukodjk` c
 p`soinc soj cn dp`y` h`jstdjtc kc
go
dbrdkchogocjt` d gos diucn`s
Gdrod, Xdjtodb`, Nuosd'
 
kcskc n`s progcr`s dj`s kc go vokd
n`s vdn`rcs quc dooj a`y
 pcrgdjchcj ojtdht`s.
ujd vcz gds gc pcrgotc h`jtroiuor d
su
rdz`jdjk`nds.
CX[SKo@ ]DYD ND
h`dvcjho`jcs quc sc utonozdj pdrd
rcprcscjtdr nd sojtdxos kc h`gdjk`s
cj cstc noir` s`j nds gosgds quc sc
dtonozdj cj Hosh` n@X H`ggdjk
Ycfcrcjhc.
n`s drbugcjt`s cj oko`gd ojbncs tdn
h`g` dpdrchcrodj trds cechutdr u
h`gdjk` dyukd.
y
 pdrd !`s quc ady quc sugojostrdr 
vdn`rcs.
cncgcjt`s `pho`jdncs.
jchcsdoods..
cjtrc so.
cjtrc h`rhooctcs, p`r cecgpn` \x {y |
z}W ojkohdj ujd `pho`j jchcsdrod c
uj cncgcjt` `pho`jdo. J` cs
jchcsdro` ojtr`kuhor n` quc ady
cjtrc n`s h`rhactcs, pcr` so n` adhc,
tcjkrd dnbujds `pho`jcs jchcsdrods
cj n`s h`rhactcs.
Dkvcrtcjhod Xc ad rcdnozdk` cn
gdxog` csfoocrz` pdrd adhcr kc
cst'c ooir` ujd `ird tdj h`gpnctd y
 
sc `frchc jojbujd bdrdjtod ogpa'hotd
kc dkhhudho`j d uj toj cj pdrtohundr.
Nd ojf`rgdho`j sc sugojostrd "tdn
h`g` cstd".
djtc hudnquocr pcrs`jd ` cjtokdk
h`j rcspcht` d
'
 
[`k`s n`s tcrgoj`s gcjho`jdk`s c
cstc noir` quc, scbuj h`jstd,
 pcjc`chcj d gdrhds h`gcrhodncs `
gdrhds kc scrvoho`s, sc utonozd
nojohdgcjtc h`j rnjcs ckuhdhov`s.
` kcic h`jsokcrdrsc quc .nd
utonozdho`j kc uj tcrgoj` cj cstc
noir` dfchtc nd vdnokhz kc hudnquocr 
gdrhd h`gcrhodn ` kc scrvoho`, N`s
h`jhcpt`s. `pojo`jcs y brdtnh`s
cxprcsdk`s cj cstc noir` p`r o`s
duh`rcs j` s`j jchcsdrodgcjtc n`s
gosg`s quc n`s kc Hosh` Xystcgs,
Ojh.
N`s oh`j`s y t`p`n`bods g`strdkds
cj cstc noir` sc `frchcj h`j fojcs kc
 
koscj` pdrd rckcs.
`tr` •
cquop`s rcdncs y sc ad vcrofohdk` s
h`rrcht` fSjho`jdgocjt`. J'`
`isodjtc, hudoquocr crr`r cj nd
trdjshropho`j cs dis`nutdgcjtc
ojv`nujtdro`.
]DY[CNY@SjC
4.4 OJ[Y@KSHHO@J D COBY]
COBY] (Cjadjhck Ojtcro`r Bdtcwdy
Y`utojb ]r`t`h`n) cs -uj pr`t`h`n`
vcht`r kostdjhod dvdjzdk`, quc usd
cn gosg` sostcgd kc gctrohds
skfostohdkds quc OBY] (Ojtcro`r 
Bdtcwdy Y`utojb ]r`t`h`n) y quc
utonozd KSDN-(Koffusojb Spkdtc
kdt`s .kc t`p`n`bohd. COBY] utonozd
 projhopo`s kc n`s pr`t`h`n`s kc
cstdk` kc cjndhc, cs pcr con` quc
guhads vchcs sc !` nndgc pr`t`h`n`
aoirok`, dujquc scrod gds h`rrcht`
 
kostdjhod dvdjzdk`.,COBY] cs
O]v;'.h`g` O]v6, n`s fogkdgcjt`s'
j` hdgiodj.
cstc pr`t`h`n` cs ujd s`nuho`
 pr`poctdrod kc Hosh`, cs kchor, quc
cj sotudho`jcs k`jkc cxostd
kosp`sotov`s kc `tr`s fdirohdjtcs j`
foojho`jdrd< kc scr dso adird quc
dpnohdr ujd s`nuho`j cstdjkdr h`g`
 p`r cecgpn` @X]F.
COBY] surbc pdrd cnogojdr nds.
 
socjk` scjhonn` kc h`jfoburdr,
utonozd p`h,`s rchurs`s kc H]S y
rdcrd`rod.
 projhopdncs kc COBY]5 ]r`t`h`n-
kcpcjkcjt g`kuncs5 s`p`rtd vdrocs
top`s kc pr`t`h`n`s • . kc hdpd 8,
h`g` s`j O]v; ` O]v6.
• Ycnodioc [rdjsp`rt ]r`t`h`n
(Y[])5 COBY] cjvod pdquctcs
utooozdjk` pr`t`h`n`s h`jfodincs.
 
CX[SKt@ ]DCOD ND
COBY] utonozd acnn`s pdrd
okcjtofohdr d F`s jucv`s r`utcrs
vchoj`s y tdgiocj kdrsc hucjtd kc
nd pcrkokd kc n`s gosg`s.
• Koffusojb Spkdtc Dnb`rota
COBY] utonozd pdrd okcjtofohdr nds
 p`soincs rutds pdrd dnhdjzdr uj
kcstoj` y pdrd nucb` cncbor nd
 
hdgoj`s dntcgdtov`s cj hds` kc quc
cn projhopdn fdnnc.
rcfcrcjkd  dn   Ycdn-togc  [rdjsp`rt 
r`t`h`n 
kofcrcjtc   y  quc   sc  utonozd   pdrd
trdjsgotor  v`z   y
COBY] cj vod dhtudn ozdho`jcs
"h`jfodiocs" okcjtofohdjk` sus
dhtudnozdho`jcs h`jfodiocs ` fodincs
sobjofohdj quc
kc rchoi` (DHL) dn `robcj, cs
kchor, quc kcic
 
top`s kc pdquctcs O] kurdjtc nds
hdgujohdho`jcs5 • Acnn`< sc cjvod
 pcro`kohdgcjtc usdjk` ujd
gdjtcjcr rcndho`jcs kc vchojkdk, •
Spkdtc5 djujhodj nds rutds, sc
cjvodj kc gdjcrd guntohdst.
rchcpho`j kc uj upkdtc.
• Tucry5 sc usd h`g` h`jsuntd kc
jucvds rutds hudjk` cn gce`r 
hdgoj` sc ad pcrkok`. Hudjk` cn
 
rchoic rcspucstd kc dnbuj` kc sus
vchoj`s v`nvcrd d cjvodrnd pcr`
cstd vcz cj ujohdst, y ds{
suhcsovdgcjtc adstd quc rchoid u
rcpny
• Ycpny< cs ujd rcspucstd d ujd
qucry, h`j cn hdgoj` dntcgdtov` `
sogpncgcjtc ojkohdook` quc j` tocjc
csd jotd.
(X YD-GD
Gckodjtc n`s acnn`s cn r`utcr 
kcshuirc d n`s vchoj`s, n`s
 pdquctcs s`j
rjdjtcjcrn`s cj ujd nostd kc
vchojkdk. Hudjk` j` sc
vchoj` kurdjtc uj tocgp`
rcndho`j kc vchojkdk y scrd
jchcsdro` rchdohundr.
h`jfojjd 
vchoj`s sorvc pdrd, vcrofohdx quc
hdkd uj` kc cnn`s
rcsp`jkc d n`s acnn`s< cj hds` kc
quc j` rcsp`jkd sc cjvodrd ujd
h`pod.vod ujohdst,
4.4.9 Gctrohd COBY]
 
936-n`dk   E  rcnodionoty
 
h`jsokcrdkd nd rutd g  `ptogd.
Nds gctrohds kc COBY]
cstdj p`jkcrdkds gckodjtc
h`jvocrtcj n`s
hdjtokdkcs cshdndincs.
h`gp`jc kc<
 
kcstoj`. Xc kcfojc h`g` 4=
cocvdk` d 2 kovokok` p`r cn djha`
kc idjkd kcn cjndhc gds ncjt` kc
t`k` co hdgoj`.
♦ L9 7 Ycnodionoty (fodioookdk)5
kcstoj`, kctcrgojdk` p`r cn
ojtcrhdgio` kc gcjsdecs kc
Xobjofohd n` h`jfodinc quc puckc scr 
nd
 
gojo g`, j`rgdngcjtc cstd
h`jstdjtc j` sc utonozd,
 
nd [Std cj gohr`scbujk`s.-
* L; 7 Hdrbd5- hdrbd. kc, uj cjndhc
cjtrc co `robcj y cn kcstoj`.
Gckok` cj iots p`r scbujk` cs cn
djha` kc idjkd rcdn kc nd rutd..
Xc cxprcsd cj uj rdjb` cjtrc 933
h`g` gdxog` y 4 h`g` rjojog`,.
 
utonozd.-
gogd kc trdjsgoso`j kc nd rutd
cxprcsdk` cj iytcs.
nds
kc idjkd, gocjtrds quc co rctrds` cs
nd sugdt`rod kc t`k`s n`s rctrds`s
kc nd rutd cj.
 p`r 936.
   f  4='  kcav 
adhod cn kcstoj` kcskc Yn, Y9, Ye,
Y; cs
gcj`r djha` kc idjkd kc cstd rutd
cs kc 261
 
djha` kc
Gctrohd 8=992 9=
;4
Y8, Y; cs co sobuocjtc< r 4= ' 99===
o--99=== + 99=== "n
261 4= e
Y3, Y; cs cn sobuocjtc5 D`' 99=== -
99=== + 99=== ,
 
G[S h`g`
sc utonozdj cj
dhtudnozdho`j kc
(KSDN) cs co pr`t`h`o` cgpncdk`
 p`r 
dntcgdtovds soj tcjcr quc rchdnhundr 
` n` quc cs n` gosg`, soj tcjcr quc
 prcbujtdr d n`s vchoj`s dhcrhd kc
 
tcrgoj`n`bod cgpncdkd p`r KSDN
sc idsd cj n`s sobuocjhcs
h`jhcpt`s5 = Dkvcrtosck Kostdjhc
(DK)5 h`stc kcskc cn `robcj adsod
co r`utcr vchoj` cj cn kcstoj`, •
FcdsoiNc Kostdjhc (FK)5 gce`r 
gctrohd kcskc cn r`utcr vchoj` adstd
cn kcstoj` gds nd gctrohd quc cn
r`utcr `robcj jcjcsotd pdrd
dnhdjzdr d csc vchoj`.
h`jkoho`j quc ad kc hugpnorsc pdrd
djdkor uj p`soinc hdgoj` d nd tdind
kc t`p`n`bods. Nd
 
cn vchoj` ad kc scr gcj`r quc nd
Fcdsoinc Kostdjhc.
CX[SKo@  ]DYD  ND
HCY[OF[HDHt@J HHJ]
f`rgd kc kcfojor uj r`utcr kc
rcspdok` ` idhlup pdrd cn hds` kc
quc nd rutd dn vchoj` d trdvcs kcn
hudo sc cstd cjhdgojdjk` tr h` sc
hdobd. Cn Fcdsoinc Xuhhcss`r sc
adionotd soj jchcsokdk, kc cjvocs kc
 
dvcrobudr `tr` p`soinc hdgoj` adhod
cn kcstojc.
4,9.4 Tucrocs
uj Fcdsoinc Xuhhcss`r cj nd tdiod
kc
t`p`n`bo'ds, sc cjvfdj qucrocs d n`s
r`utcrs vchoj`s pdrd kctcrgojdr 
hudn kc conps
hds` kc quc cst`s j` tcjbd
h`j`hogocjt`, prcbujtdrd
Cj cn hds` kc quc jdkoc rcsucnvd nd
h`jsuntd, h`gocjzd uj cstdk`
h`j`hok` h`g` X[D (Xtuhl O
Dhtovc) y co r`utcr kdrd tocgpc
vcjhok` d nd qucry. Cstc cstdk` sc
 puckc cvotdr h`j uj iucj koscj` kc
rck..
gchdjosg` kc prcvcjho`j kc n``ps,
cvotdjk` cjvodr dhoudoozdho`jcs kc
rutds cj nd gosgd ojtcrfdz pcr nd quc
adj sok`
Xo cn
cjndhc cjtrc cn r`utcr I y cn r`utcr 
H sc hdc, cn r`utcr I pocrkc s
djoh` hdgoj` . adhod 429.46,=.=.
 puckc iushdr csd rutd d trdvcs kc
sys `tr`s vchoj`s, cn r`utcr I
 prcbujtdrd dn r`utcr D y d su vcz cn
r`utcr D
 
Nds qucrocs sc pr`pdbdrdj adstd quc
dnbog r`utcr rcsp`jkd ` adstd quc
j`
 prcbujtdr. Hudjk` sc cjvodujd
cj cstdk` "dhtovc" y p`jc cj gdrhad
uj h`jtdk`r kc tocgp`, p`r kcfcht`
8 gojutcs.
 
cj cstdk` XOD. Bcjcrdngcjtc cn
r`utcr cjtrd cj cstc cstdk` hudjk`
cxostc dnbuj iuhnc ` cn
dnod kcn drcd.
nds qucrocs, nd progcrd cs gckodjtc
sugdrozdho`j y nd scbujkd cs
gckodjtc stui r`utojb.
rcndho`j h`j sus vchoj`s, pcr` cn
hds` kc ods dhtudnozdho`jcs kc
cjrutdgocjt` cs kofcrcjtc yd
dhtudnozdho`jcs kc rutd cj cn hds`
kc quc sc pocrkd `
dhtudnozdho`jcs s`j ojhrcgcjtdncs.
Cn nojoh` g`gcjt` quc COBY]
utonozd dhtudnozdho`jcs t`tdocs cs
hudjk` cstdinchc nds rcndho`jcs
ojohodncs h`j `tr`s r`utcrs.
 
Y[F
cs uj pr`t`h`n`. pr`poctdro` kc
Hosh` pdrd
 pdquctcs COBY]. Cst`s pdquctcs
s`j cjvodk`s h`j
uj joogcr` kc schucjhod y kcicj scr 
h`jforgdk`s cj cn kcstoj`. N`s
 pdquctcs Acnn`
so jchcsotdj h`jforgdho`j kco
kcstoj`. Nds dhtudnozdho`jcs s`
cjvodkds gckodjtc cn us` kc
guntohdst. Kohad korchho`j guntohds
cs kc Hndsc
rchoic uj guntohdst h`jforgd nd
rchcpho`j gckodjtc uro pdquctc
ujohdst j` h`jfodinc. Cn us` kcn
korchho`jdgocjt` guntohds
 pr`t`h`n` socjk` kc cstd f`rgd gds
cfchoov` quc n`s
h`g` p`r cecgpn` YO]vn ` OBY].
4.8  IDNDJHCK  KC  HDYBD
cjrutdgocjt` quc pr`p`rhojjd nd
hdpdhokdk kc adhcr idndjhc` kc
hdrbd kcsobudn5 t`k`s n`s kcgds
 pr`t`h`o`s j`s pcrgotcj adhcr 
 idndjhc` kc hdrbd kc f`rgd
cquotdtovd d t`k`s n`s cjndhcs cj cn
hds` kc quc co
cgidrb` COBY] gckodjtc cn us` kc
 
rcdnozd rduntopnohdjk` nd Astd
kcfcht` tocjc uj vdn`r kc 4. Xo cstc
untog` vdn`r 
nostd sc guntopnohdrod p`r 8 y
hudnquocr `trd fcdsoinc
 pr`kuht` rcsuntdjtc scrvorod kc
obudn gdjcrd
COBY] j` trdjsgotorodkdt`s kc
f`rgd cquotdtovd p`r-.dgi`s
hdjdncs soj` quc uhonozdrod nds
gctrohds pdrd-kchokor quc
cjndhc. ]`r cectjpn`, so uj cjndhc cs
 
cjvodrod txcs vchcs gds kdt`s p`r 
c! progcr`, 4.; [DINDX COBY]
COBY] gdjtocjc trcs top`s kc
tdinds< 4. Nd tdind kc vchojkdk, c
cnnd sc oostdj t`k`s n`s vchoj`s
COBY].
9,. Nd tdind kc t`p`n`bods, cj cnnd
sc nostdj t`k`s n`s p`soincs hdgoj`s
y t`kds
h`jstdj nd ` nds rckcs projhopdncs
 
4.;.4 [dind kc vchojkdk Nd tdiod kc
vchoj`s cs hrcdkd y gdjtcjokd
gckodjtc cn us` kc pdquctcs Acnn`.
Cst`s pdquctcs s`j cjvodk`s cj u
 projhopo` pdrd kcshuiror d o`s
vchoj`s y
 pdrd gdjtcjcr gf`rgdho`j kcn
cstdk` kc cst`s.
99;.=.=.4=, Hdkd pr`t`h`n` kc hdpd
 
\]v6, O]Q y Dppnc [dnl) tocjc s
 pr`pod tdind kc vchoj`s, cstd
ojf`rgdho`j j` cs h`gpdrtokd cjtrc
cst`s pr`t`h`n`s.
4.;.9 H`jtcjok`s kc nd tdiod kc
vchoj`s Nd tdind kc vchojkdk
h`jtocjc nds sobuocjtcs
hdpd 8 kcn vchoj`.
ad cshuhadk` cn acnn`.
 
kchndrdr dn vchoj` h`g` gucj`. Cn
 pcro`k` kcn a`nktogc sucnc scr 
 p`r kcfcht` trcs vchcs cn ojtcrvdn`
cjtrc n`s acnn`,
~ rchoiok` cn.progcr acnn` kco
 pdquctcs quc sc vdj cjvodjk` cjtrc
 
? YD-.V(D
schucjhod quc sc ad cjvodk` dn
vchoj`
kc schucjhod quc cn vchoj` ad
cjvodk` dn r`utcr.
cs cn pcro`k` kc tocgp` quc cn
 
ady d sok`
`rocjtdk` d nd h`jcxo`j.
½ XY[[, Xg``ta Y`ujk [rop [ogc,,
h`j cn quc sc hdnhuod cn Y[@. Cs
cn tocgp` gckok` cj gonoscbujk`s
quc uj pdquctc tdrkd cj nncbdr d
uj vchoj` y rchoior uj dhusc kc
rchoi` p`r pdrtc kc. cstc.
• Jugcr` kc pdquctcs cj h`nd, cst`
 pcrgots g`jot`rozdr dn
 
h`jbcsto`j cj nd rck.
4.;.8 Cstdinchogocjt` kojdgoh` kc
COBY] sc djujhodj pcro`kohdgcjtc
d sus vchoj`s gckodjtc cn pr`t`h`n`
Acnn` utonozdjk` . nd korchho`
guntohdst 99;.=.=.4=. N`s
acnn` dfodkcj d cstc cj nd tdind kc
vchojkdk quc sc
tocgp` kc a`nk togcr koha` vchoj`'-
sc kchndrdrd h`g` j` `pcrdho`jdn
scrd.cnogojdk`.kc. nd tdiod kc.
vchoj`s, H`g` sc ad koha`
djtcro`rgcjtc cn a`nk togcr cs trcs
vchcs cn pcro`k` acnn`, cs kchor,
quc so sc pocrkcj `rcs acon` sc kdrd
 p`r hdok` dn vchoj`.. ]drd
ojtcrfdhcs rdpokds `'top` NDJ sc
cjvodrdj pdquctcs acnn` hdkd
scrd kc 43. ]drd cn
hds` kc ojtcrfdhcs top` RDJ ` gds
 
scbujk`s y co
kcicj hugpnor trcs h`jkoho`jcs5 N
CO r`utcr kcic cshuhadr uj acnn`
 p`r pdrtc kc su vchoj` 
9. Cn sostcgd dutkj`g` quc cstd
h`jfoburdk` cj cn r`utcr COBY]
kcic scr 
8. N`s vdn`rcs kc nds h`jstdjtcs
"L" utonozdk`s pdrd cn hdnhun` kc nd
 
 pdrd t`k`s n`s vchoj`s.
Nd sojtdxos gucstrd uj cecgpo` kc
uj sa`w op<.cobrp  jcobfdfd`rs5 xp
cobrp jcobaoodrs
;3
(sch) (gs) Hjh Jug
44== 9 92X
HCY[OFrHDHO@JHHJ] PT YD-
gosg`s  vdn`rcs   L.  Hosh`  j`
rch`gocjkd  nd  gdjopundho`j  kc
koha`s vdn`rcs.
4.;.; Cstdinchogocjt`  cstdtoh`  kc
cj nubdr 
korchho`jdgocjt` guntohdst. Nds
gchdjosg`, yd quc pdrd s`p`rtdr 
guntohdst `
kc hdkd frdgc p`r hdkd ]VH
kcfojok`.
 
jcobai`r op-dkkrcss `utb`ojb-
ojtcrfdhc kcjtr` kcn pr`hcs` kc
COBY], Nd O] quc
h`gprcjkokd kcjtr` kcn rdjb` kc Ed
suirck
nd dkydhcjhod. Cn sobuocjtc cs u
cecgpn` k`jkc
h`jfoburdho`j ds`hodkd.
 
`ojotjsk
jgjoje-h`jtob ! nojcs `gottck
XnXsa`w op cobrp jdobooi`rs kctdon
O]-XOBX] jcobai`rs f`r pr`hcss 8
 
 
=
h`jfoburdr cstc h`gdjk` cn r`utcr 
kcedrd kc
quc so cj csd
 p`krodj pcrkcr nds dkydhcjhods h`
cnn`s.
rcquosotcs pdrd cn h`rrcht`
cstdinchogocjt` kc
@X]F.
cjvodrsc
cj nd gosgd suirck.
h`jchtdrsc j` ad kc scr 
 pdsovd.
jtogcr` kc DX (COBY]) `
Xo
A`nk (COBY]) = Kcdk
h`jforgdrnd.
/D XC
CX[SK[@ ]DYD ND
h`ojhokor.
/D N`s OKs kc n`s r`utcrs kcic
scr oojoh`s.
quocjcs s`j sus vchoj`s, cs hdpdz
 
kc hrcdr ujd tdiod t`p`n`bohd y kc
csd gdjcrd objdr co suhhcss`r y
cn fcdsoinc suhhcss`rs pdrd hdkd
ujd kc nds rutds. Dkcgds kc n`s
suhhcss`rs sc'dbrcbdj tdgiocj nds
`trds rutds quc sc Adojd
 p`ssoionotocs. Nd tdind kc t`p`n`bod
sc cjhdrbd kc scnchho`jdr quc rutds
scrdj pdsdkdd d nd tdind kc
cjrutdgocjt`.
Nd tdiod kc t`p`n`bod h`jtocjc nd
sobuocjtc ojf`rgdho`j< • Cn cstdk`
kc nd gtd, dhtovd ` pdsovd.
• Ojf`rgdho`j kc nds dhtudoozdho`jcs
adhod n`s vchoj`s.
 
 pdquctcs qucry adhod dnbuj`s kc n`s
vchoj`s, quc kc scr dso, dn tjcj`s
ujd kc nds rutds kcic cstdr gdrhdkd
h`g` dhtovd.
sc dhtovd uj h`jtdk`r d nd cspcrd kc
ujd rcspucstd kcn vchoj`.
h`jsuntds kc dnbuj vchoj`.
• Ojf`rgdho`j spirc prcfoe`s,
gdshdrds, ojtcrfdhcs, pr`xog` sdnt`.
rutds rcg`tds y nds kostdjhods
 
rckcs rcg`tds.
hrcdk` d pdrtor kc n`s pdquctcs kc
dhrudnozdho`jcs quc sc ad
ojtcrhdgiodk` cjrrc n`s vchoj`s y
kc nds rcspucstds d n`s pdquctcs
qucry quc sc adj cjvodk` d n`s
kcgds r`utcrs.
gdjcrd h`jfodioc usdjk` ujd
korchho`j guntohdst y co pr`t`h`n`
Y[F, pr`poctdro` kc Hosh`.
 
rchoi` (DHL) kcjtr` kcn tocgp`
cstopuodk`, = Y.D.-GD Hf^o:o[SN@
O. COBY] ;?
ujohdst. Xo kcspucs kc 46 ojtcjt`s
j` sc `itocjc rcspucstd, sc kchndrd
d. csc. vchoj` h`g` gucrt`. Hdkd
vcz quc co r`utcr cjvo'd uj
 pdquctc-Y[F ojhrcgcjtd nd.
cshuhadr uj DHL kc
cjvodr cn sobuocjtc pdquctc. Cstd
 
gdjcrd. ujohdst adhc. quc. scd
gcj`r co tocgp` quc sc tdrkd cj
h`jstruor nds tdinds.
Hudjk` cn r`utcr 
tocjc.h`j`hogocjt` kc-nd
utonozd KSDN pdrd kctcrgojdr hudn
cs nd rdce`r rutd adhod nd rck
rcg`td, quc cs
cjrutdgocjt`.
- YCHSCYKCo
rutd ` dn r`utcr cspchofoh` kcn
sobuocjtc sdnt`.
suhhcss`r sc rcfocrc d nd rutd ` dn
r`utcr kcn sobuocjtc sdnt` kc ujd
rutd dntcgdtovd.
4.;.6 Gdjtcjocjk` nd tdiod kc
t`p`n`bod Nd tdind kc t`p`o`bod
 p`krod hdgiodr cj cn hds` kc quc sc
djdkocrd ujd jucvd rck, kc quc
hdgiodrd co suhhcss`r ` kc quc sc
 pcrkocrd ujd rck.
 
h`jcxo`j.
CX[SKO@ ]DYD ND
rcbostr` kc t`k`s n`s pdquctcs quc
adj sok`
okcjtofohd cn cstdk` kc nds rckcs.
Ych`rkdjk` quc cn
dnbuj top` kc pr`iochjd cj nd rck,-
gocjtrd3 quc cj.
Kciok` d quc nd tdi nd kc
 
kc nd kc
t`p`o`bod, cstd kcic h`jtcjcr t`kd
nd ojf`jjdho6j quc cs rcqucrokd p`r 
cstd,
a`p) kcn vchoj` h`j surcspchtovd
gctrohd, t`gdkd d
Hudjk` sc dbrcbd ujd rck d u
r`utcr quc yd ad h`jvcrbok`, cstd
 
COBY] kc nd sobuocjtc gdjcrd< D
 pdrtor kc quc cn r`utcr kctchtd nd
jucvd rck h`gocjzd d cjvodr acon` d
trdvcs kc nd ojtcrfdz kc od jucvd rck
 pcr` j` rchoic jojbujd rcspucstd
kciok` d quc j` ady `tr`s r`utcrs
cj cn gosg` scbgcjt`.
vchoj`s jojbooj hdgio`, pcr` so
dbrcbd ujd jucvd cjtrdkd d nd tdiod
kc t`p`n`bfds.
 
 pdrd kdr d h`j`hcr d o`s kcgds
r`utcrs nd jucvd rck. Cst`s pdquctcs
s`j `rocjtdk`s d nd h`jcxo`j, p`r n`
tdjt`, sc cspcrd uj DHL kc
hdkd uj` kc n`s vchoj`s.
• N`s r`utcrs vchoj`s dhtudnozdrd
sus tdi O ds kc vchojkdk
h`gpdrdjk` n`s joogcr`s kc
schucjhod y'dbrcbdrdj nd jucvd rck
d
hdnhundrdj nd fcdsoinc kostdjhc y
 
tdind kc cjrutdgocjt`.
h`jchtovokdk h`j ujd kc sus rckcs
korchodgcjtc h`jchtdkds, dhtudnozd
su tdind kc t`p`n`bod y su tdind kc
cjrutdgocjt` y cjvod cstds
9. Sjd vcz quc n`s vchoj`s rchoic
csds dhtudoozdho`jcs, dhnudnozdj sus
 
t`p`n`bod.
vchoj`s iushdrdj dotcgdtovds pdrd
nncbdr d
tdind kc t`p`n`bod, pcr` h`g` c
cstc
© YD-GD
hds` adiod s`n` ujd rutd pdrd nncbdr 
dn kcstoj`, j` cjh`jtrdrd jojbu
top` kc dotcrjdtovd.
kosp`joincs, cn vchoj` cjvodrd
 pdquctcs qucry d t`k`s sus vchoj`s
s`nohotdjk` ojfirgdho`j pdrd nncbdr.
d nd rck
nd. rutd sc gdrhd h`g` dhtovd cj nd
tdind kc t`p`n`bod.-
3. Cn r`utcr nncvd .uj rcbostr` kc
t`k`s n`s pdquctcs top` qucry y
cspcrd quc
t`k`s n`s vchoj`s nc rcsp`jkdj pdrd
 p`kcr dhtudnozdr sus tdiods kc
 
6. KSDN h`gocjzd d fogho`jdr td
 pr`jt` h`g` sc pocrkc h`jchtovokdk
,, h`j nd rck rcg`td, sc crohdrbd kc
kctcrgojdr hudn scrd cn gce`r 
hdgoj` y kc dbrcbdrni d nd tdind kc
cjrutdgocjt`. ' '
qucry d sus pr`po`s vchoj`s.
1. Cj hds` kc quc j` sc cjhucjtrc
jojbujd rutd kosp`joinc n`s vchoj`s
cjvo'dj uj rcpny h`g` rcspucstd
ojf`rgdjk` kc quc j` p`scc
jojbujd rutd kosp`joinc.
 pr`p`rho`jdr ujd rutd dotcrjdtovd
 i`rrdj csd •
rck kc nd tdind kc t`p`n`bod y kc nd
tdind kc cjrutdgocjt`.
ojf`ogdho`j kc ujd rck `hurrc n`
sobuocjtc5 4. Cn r`utcr okcjtofohd nd
` nds rckcs dfchtdkds.
rutd
kc
 p`jkrd nd rutd cj dhtov` cjvodjk`
qucry
od rutd, cjvodrd ujd rcspucstd y sc
dbrcbdrd d nd tdind kc t`p`n`bo'ds.
 
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CX[SKr@ ]DYD ND
 pdquctcs qucry, cst`s quckd
rcbostrdk`s cj nd
sc rchoicj rcspucstds. Xo cn r`utcr 
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cs i`rrdk` kc nd tdind kc t`p`n`bods
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quc idj sok` djujhodkds p`r csc
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kogcjso`jcs, cj cjndhcs ncjt`s `
rckcs gdn koscjdkds cstc pr`hcs`
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 pr`incgd okcjtofohdjk` !d rutd
 pcrkokd.h`g` XOD.
cdrutdgocjt` Nd tdind kc 
 
kc nd tdind kc t`p`n`bfd gckodjtc cn
usc kcn dob`rotg` KSDN. Nd tdind
kc t`p`n`bod h`jtocjc t`kd nd
ojf`rgdho`j kc cjrutdgocjt` quc co
r`utcr h`j`hc d trdvcs kc COBY]<
 p`r gcko` kc cstd ojf`rgdho`j cn
r`utcr puckc cechutdr KSDN y dso
kctcrgojdo cn suhhcss`r y cn
fcdsoinc suhhcss`r, cn suhhcss`r 
scrd cn quc fojdngcjtc sc dbrcbuc d
nd tdind kc cjrutdgocjt`.
KSDN utonozd nds gctrohds pdrd
kctcrrdojdr nd gce`r'` gce`rcs rutds
adhod uj kcstoj` Xc puckcj tcjcr 
 
uj gosg` kcstoj`, Ady trcs top`s
kofcrcjtcs kc hdgoj`s ` rutds5 4.
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r`utcr gckodjtc co h`gdjk`
jctw`rl.
sugdrozdkds.
COBY].
cjrutdgocjt` cj g`k` pdsov` h`
KSDN
kc t`p`n`bod Noj fcdsoinc suhhcss`r<
cj hds` kc quc cjhucjtrc uj` cn
r`utcr pcrgdjchc cj g`k` pdsov`.
Nd rurd cs dbrcbdkd d nd tdiod kc
cjrutdgocjt`.
t`p`n`bod kc cstuko` pdrd `iscrvdr 
cstd `pcrdho`j5 • Nd fcdsoinc
kostdjhc kcn r`utcr D dn r`utcr B cs
4=," h`jtdjk` od gctrohd kc D
nodhod K y kc K adhod B, • Nd
dkvcrtosck kostdjhc kcn r`utcr D dn
 
vchoj` K.
kostdjhc cs o@, gdy`r quc nd
dkvcjosck . kostdjhc quc cs 3.
Hugpnocjk` kc cstd gdjcrd nd
fcdsoinc h`jkoto`j pcrgotocjk` dso
nncbdr d scr fcdsoinc kostdjhc, • Kc
cstd f`rgd so cn cjndhc cjtrc cn
r`utcr D y cn r`utcr K sc hdc, cn
r`utcr D kcicrd gordr cj su tdiod
kc h`p`o`bod, • Cj cstd tdind
cxostcj rutds dntcgdtovds5 - Kc
dkvcrtosck kostdjhc kc 4?.
h`j ujd dkvcrtosck kostdjhc kc 9=.
 
CX[SKt@ ]DYD ND
fcdsoinc kostdjhc `robojdn quc crd
4=
scr cn-fcdsoinc suhhcss`r, - Nd rutd
cjtrc D+C+B tocjc ujd dkvcrtosck
kostdjhc kc 2 rdcj`r quc nd `rojdn
4=, h`jvortocjk`sc kc cstd f`rgd c
cn fcdsoinc suhhcss`r rccgpodzdjk`
d nd rutd `robojdn.
kc cjrutdrdocjt`. Cn r`utcr D
 
4.;.48 Dhtudoozdjk`  nds  tdiods kc
cjrutdgocjt` cj g`k`
dhtov` h`j KSDo
cjhucjtrd jojbujd rutd dntcgdtovd c
nd
 
Nd tdind kc t`p`n`bods kcn r`utcr D
tocjc ujd rutd adhod cn r`utcr Q d
trdvcs kc K-B. Nd fcdsoinc
kostdjhc cs 9= y nd dkvcrtosck
kostdjhc kcskc K cs 43. Hudjk` cn
r`utcr K hdc, co r`utcr D kcic
 iushdr ujd rutd dntcgdtovd adhod Q.
• Cn r`utcr D kcshdrtd n`s vchoj`s
I, H, C y F' h`g` fcdsoinc
suhhcss`rs kciok` d quc nds
dkvcrtosck kostdjhcs s`j kc 92, 92,
9=
vdn`rcs s`j obudncs ` gdy`rcs quc
cn
nd fcdsoinc h`jkoto`j.
© YD-GD HD]t[SN@ 4. COBY]
33
sc p`jc cj g`k` dhtov` cjvodjk`
h`jsuntds qucrocs d t`k`s n`s
vchoj`s.
• N`s r`utcrs C y F rcsp`jkcj h`
fcdsoinc suhhcss`r yd quc dgi`s
rchoicj dkvcrtosck kostdjhc kc 3
kcskc cn r`utcr B.
 
qucrocs'vucnvcj dn g`k` pdsov`.
• Nd tdind kc t`p`n`bod y nd tdind kc
  cjrutdgocjt` s`j dhtudnozdkds .
• CO r`utcr D cnobc od rutd d trdvcs
kcn r`utcr C, yd quc !d fcdsoinc
kostdjhc cs gcj`r y sc dbrcbd d nd
tdind kc cjrutdgocjt`.
• Nd rutd d trdvcs kcn r`utcr F sc
dbrcbd d nd tdind kc t`p`n`bod h`g`
uj fcdsoinc suhhcss`r. . -
 
su
hdgio`s quc sc ojtr`kuhcj cj cn
koscj` kc nd rck.
fdht`rcs quc puckcj dfchfdr 
nd.cshdndionokdk kc COBY] d
cjvodj cjtrc vchoj`s.
dhtudnozdho`jcs.
• Nd hdjtokdk kc rutds dntcgdtovds
adhod rckcs rcg`tds.
 pr`incgds5 • Y`utcr cj stuhl o
dhtovc.
• .]crkokd kc ojf`rgdho`j kc
cjrutdgocjt`.
 
CX[SKO@  ]DYD  ND
COBY]
Cn gdy`r pr`incgd d nd a`rd kc
koscjdr ujd rck h`j COBY] cs
norjotdr nd5
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 puckcj. nncbdr 
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n`s kdt`s
scrvok`rcs, dogquc c
ojf`jjdho`j d nd a`rd kc cjh`jtrdr 
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cjh`jtrdr uj cquonoiro` cjtrc
sugdrozdho`j y
sc puckd cjvodr p`r nd rck.
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n`s prcfoe`s kc rck quc p`scc adhod
nd
`rgdngcjtc cn
 
nucb` dpoohdr 
scbooj cn hrcd h`jvcjocjtc.
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kc
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quc kohad ojtcrfdz
cstdinczhd ujd rcodho`j h`j co
vchoj` sc kcic
nd sobuocjtc gdjcrd5
 
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Y`utcr  (h`jfob-r`utsr)  "jctw`rl 
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sh nogotd cn tdgdj` kc nd tdind kc
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dn gcj`r 
H]S kcn r`utcr.
Nd sugdrozdho`j dyukd d nogotdr co
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quc sc. e,
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vchoj` quc dh`rkc h`j iucj koscoo`
kc
kostroiuho`j, kc cstd f`rgd cn r`utcr 
 
tocjc ujd rck quc dpujtd adhod cn
r`utcr kc kostroiuho`j pdrd dnhdjzdr 
hudnquocr `tr`
rck,
gds rdpok`. Cst`s r`utcrs
rcsp`jkcj d csds
ojdhhcsoincs nogotdjk` dso cn dgiot`
 
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gucstrd nd h`jfoburdho`j kc u
r`utcr stui5
 
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CX[SKC@  ]DYD  ND
uj h`jeujt` kc r`utcrs quc s`
 iucj`s hdjkokdt`s pdrd scr 
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kc swothaojb ojtcg` quc sc
tcjbd cj cn r`utcr. Xc puckc
h`jfoburdr COBY] pdrd idndjhcdr 
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s`j hdpdhcs kc adhcr cstc pr`hcs`.
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vdrodjhc, k`jkc nd gctrohd adhod !d
gce`r rutd cs guntopnohdkd p`r nd
vdrodjzd utonozdkd, kc cstd gdjcrd
nds
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utonozdkds pdrd adhcr idodjhc` kc
hdrbd.
jooootopnosr Cn rdjb` kc vdo`rcs kc
 
o-491, p`r.
quocrc kchor quc cn idodjhc` kc
hdrbd scrd obudN, ]`r n` tdjt` n`
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hdjtokdk kc
kc hdkd rutd.
4,2 GCE@YDJK@ CN
FSJHO@JDGOCJ[@ KC COBY]
nd rck kc vdrods gdjcrds, nd
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scrd gds ncjtd d hdgio`-kc u
djha` kc idjkd gds cfchtov` dn
cjvodr gcj`s acnn` d nd rck.
 
N`s vdo`rcs kc h`jfoburdho`j kc n`s
ojtcrvdn`s kc acnn` kcic
hdgiodrsc so
cspchodncs, pucst` quc n`s vdo`rcs
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h`jfoburdho`j kc
kofcrcjtcs, sc rch`gocjkd quc
koha`s vdo`rcs-scdj n`s
 
kctcrgojdr so uj vchoj` ad rducrt`.
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d uj vchoj` h`g` hdfk`5 ujd cs
hudjk` cn r`utcr vchoj` cstd
korchtdgcjtc h`jchtdk` d ujd
ojtcrfdz kcn r`utcr n`hdn y cstd sc
hdc, cstc vchoj` sc kchodrdrd h`g`
gucrt`. Nd `trd `pho`j cs hudjk`
cjtrc dgi`s r`utcrs cxostc uj
kosp`sotov` h`g` uj swotha,
cjt`jhcs nd kctcrgojdho`j kc quc ad
.gucrt` kcpcjkcrd kcn a`nk togcr 
huy`s tocgp`s `ickchcj d nd
 
N`s tocgp`s cj n`s ojtcrvdn`s acoo`
kcicj g`kofohdrsc kosgojuycjk`
h`j quc ojtcrcsc kchndrdr d u
vchoj` h`g`
acnn` cj
 
AKNH, D[G ` hudnquocr djha` kc
 idjkd supcro`r d uj [n.
]drd cjndhcs kc gcj`r djha` kc
 idjkd cn vdn`r rch`gcjkdioc cs kc
6= scbujk`s.
co tocgp` kc uj acnn`.
 
CX[SKt@ ]DYD ND
HCY[OFOHDH[@J HHJ]
ojtcrvdn`s acnn` a`nk, togcr cs nd
sobuocjtc. . - . • - <
oetegkcr sch`jks
cobrp dut`eo`j[`us-systcg-oougicr'
sch5`jks
h`jfoburdho`j kcn acnn` y a`ok togcr 
cj ujd
=
cobrp 99= 4= • •
cobrp 99= 8=
dutcjtohdho`j, jockodjtc nd
utonozdho`j kc ujd
h`jtrdscjd hofrdkd GK3. Cj cn hds`
kc nds
f`rgdt` kc tcxt` podj`. Cstds scrocs
kc hdrdhtcrcs soj cjhroptdr kcic
scr obudncs cj cn `robcj y cj cn
kcstoj`, Cstc sostcgd kc
 
hodvcs.
s`j scbur`s kcitk` dn top` kc
cjhroptdho`j quc, d
 p`krodj nccrsc.
dutcjtohdho`j sc kcic adhcr cj cn
g`k` ojtcrfdz5
;erputsr(h`jfob-of} ofop
 
quc hrcdr ujd hdkcjd kc hodvcs
nndgdkd lcy
nd h`jtrdscjd cj cn lcy strojb5
r`utcr(h`[ofob-of)rop
dutacjtohdto`j lcyhadoj cobrp
jdgc r`utcr (h`jfob-of) #lcy hado
hadoj-jrtoc r`utcr (h`jfob-of)
frlcy lcyok 
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h`jfoburdho`j kc dutcjtohdho`
COBY]
dutoocjtohdto`j g`kc 99= ogoX
r`utcr (hdjfob--of) #op
schrct
r`utcr(h`dfob-lcyhadoj)ftlcy 4=
 
N` rch`gcjkdinc cs h`jfoburdr 
 progcr` nd lcy hadoj pdrd
h`jfoburdr nucb`
dutcjtohdho`j, adhcro` kc f`rgd
ojvcrsd puckc
 
h`jfoburdk`s  pdrd  sojhr`jozdr   sus
rcn`ecs d  trdvcs kc  J[]   (Jctw`r 
[ogc
ndi`rdt`ro` `  prucids cst` j`  scrd
jchcsdro`,
trdvcs kcn  h`gdjk` hn`hl   sct 
h`rrcsp`jkocjtc.
idjkd
kcgds pr`t`h`n`s quc puckc
rcs.tW5ojborsc d
kc.idjkd, j` utonozdjk` p`r kcfcht`
gds kcn
cj cn cjndhc.
 idjkwokta cs uj vdn`r driotrdro`
quc utonozdj n`s
gctrohd y quc.j` cs cn djha` kc
 
h`jfoburdk` cj cn idjkwokta supcrd
cn djha` kc idjkd
fogho`jdrdocjt` kc nd rck dn sdturdr 
cn cjndhc.
jchcsdro` adhcr uj sa`w ojtcrfdhc y
vcrofohdr so cn
h`jfoburdk` h`rrchtdgcjtc.
 
Xcrodn@ os up, nojc pr`t`h`n os up
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KNo[ 9==== uscc, rcny 9XX/933,
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oojc
CX[SKO@ ]DYD ND
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kc
hds`s ady quc tcjcr 
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(H`ggottck Ojf`jjdto`j Ydtc) kc
n`s
t`k`s n`s horhuot`s vortudncs a`
kcic
• Cn djha` kc idjkd utooozdk` p`r 
COBY] cj hdkd horhuot` vortudn
kcic
 
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horhuot`s vortudncs cj ujd rck
IGD. Xo cxostcj vdrocs horhuot`s
vortudncs cj ujd rck
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n`s VH nogotdjk`sc p`r kcfcht` d
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 idjkd. ]`r n`
rcfncedr cn djha` kc idjkd rcdn kc
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kc n`s gosg`s.
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cstc cdsc sc
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vcn`hokdk rcdn kcn
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kcfcht` tocjc cj cn us`
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 pcrhcjt5 cobrp duh`j`g`y-
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kcfcht`,
ojtcrfdz Xcrodn nncvdrd Xpont A`roz`
adionotdk`, cvotdjk` quc nds
 
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h`gdjk` j` op
@[D5
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h`j ujd  p`soinc s`irchdrbd kc  nd
H]S  kcn 
4.1 VCYOFOHDHO@J COBY]
fujho`jdgocjt` kc COBY]5
rn`utcr#sno`w op cobrp jcobooi`drs
 
vchoj`s, Budrkd uj
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sus vchoj`s, nds
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(a5!A5s) H`ujt Jud (tjs) (gs)
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acon`.
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Sptogc [ocgp` trdjshurrok` kcskc
vchtj`, cj a`rds, gojut`s y
scbujk`s, T H`ujt
oogcr` kc pdquctcs COBY]
(upkdtc, qucry, djk rcpny)
 
untog` pdquctc rchoiok` kcn
cj goa'scbujk`s kcskc
sc rchoic uj DHL.
CX[SKO@  ]DYD  ND  HCY-
[OFXHDHO@J HHJ]
tocgp` kc cspcrd. kc uj
 
 pdquctc. Xc jookc cj
Y`utcr#soo`w' op cobrp t`p`n`by
'fduH`j`rd`us-syskcg-jugicr / \
t`p`n`bods h`j ojf`ogdho`
kctdnndkdP<|
s`irc t`kd nd rck,.s`irc t`k` nds
 p`soincs rutds y pr`xog`s sdnt`s
 pdrd csds rutds< vn
sc adj cjvodk` d n`s vchoj`s. Cn
foojho`jdojocjt` kc KSDN, cn
suhhcss`r, cn fcdsoinc suhhcss`r 
tdgiocj sc gucstrdj h`j cstc-E
h`gdjk`5 Y`utcr#  sa`w  .op  cobrp
t`p`n`by
pr`hcss 99=
Spkdhc, T
vod H`jjchtck, Ctoocrooctn
]
jojbujd ojf`rgdho`j kc
hdgio`s, t` quc ojkohd quc nd rck
csod cstdinc,
cstd hdok`, cjt`jhcs sc
 
S
cjvodk` ujd
T
cjvodk` ujd h`jsuntd d
uj vchoj`.
cjvodk` ujd rcspucstd
d uj vchoj`.
r Cstc vdn`r sc utonozd eujt` h`j nds
h`jsuntds, cso` ojkohd
rcspucstd.
g
® CnD-oGD
4 4?9.4==..;;.=
suhhcss`rs
sdnt` n`boh`. O
 progcrd cjtrdkd cs kcn
fcdsoinc suhhcss`rs,.
gctrohd COBY] y cn.
vchoj` (DK).
djujhodk` y od ojtcrfdz kc
sdnokd.
 
ojf`rgdho`j kcn trdfoh` COBY]
bcjcrdk` y
Y`uHcret sa`w op cobrp trdffoh
O]-XOBY]  [rdffoh  Xtdtostohs  £`
Spkdtcs scjt/rchcovckr 42/48
Tucrocs scjt/rchcovck5- 49/4=
Acnn`d 8coon5/rchcovck Jugcr` kc
 pdquctcs acnn` cjvodk`s y rchoiok`s
 p`r cn r`utcr.
dpkdtcs scjt/rchcovck oGugcr` kc
rchoiok`s
 
rchoiok`s
Ycpnocs dcjt/rchcnvck Jugcr` kc
rchoiok`s
 
HCY[OFoHDHO@'J HHJ]
8cdt/rchsxvck. O p`r cn r@Stcr.
Cxostcj k`s acordgocjtds
 progcrd cs nd k`huojcjtdho`j, d
trdvcs kc cstd sc puckc tcjcr uj 
koscj` gds cfchtov` y irojkd uj 
 
scbujkd acrrdgocjtd s`j n`s
h`gdjk`s kciub quc pcjjotc
g`jot`rozdr n` quc cstd `hurrocjk`
cj nd rck. H`g` n`k`s n`s
h`gdjk`s kciub ady
quc cxtrcgdr n`s huokdk`s dn
utooozdrn`s yd quc p`krod hdusdr u
h`jsug` cxhcsov` kc rchurs`s kcn
r`utcr adstd kcedrn` h`gpnctdgcjtc
oj`pcrdinc.
 
rchoiok`s p`r co r`utcr.- N`s
 pdquctcs <
top`s.
Gucstrd n`s pdquctcs acnn`
cjvodk`s y
rchoiok`s p`r cn r`utcr y co pr`hcs`
kc
! kciub op cobrp Gucsrrd
cobrrd dugddry ! PPP P 
COBY].
@X]F (@pcj Xa`rtcst ]dta Forst) cs
uj pr`t`h`o` kc cjrutdgocg`
cstgkdr kcfojok` cj nd YFH 9891.
N[tooozd co dnb`rotrd` X]F (Xa`rtcs
]dta Forst) pdrd
n`s koncrcjtcs kcstoj`s y cs hdpdz
kc h`jvcrbcr guy rdpokdojcjtc.
Cst` untog` h`jnncvd uj dnt` us` kc
H]S kcn r`utcr p`r n` quc
ady quc tcjcr prchduho`jcs d nd
 
cj cn koscon` kc
fdirohdjtcs.
cs uj-pr`t`h`o` s`fostohdk` quc
utonozd cn
kctcrgojdr cn hdgoj` gds h`rh`
adhod cn 'kcstoj` noirc kc iuhocs.
Cst`s pr`t`h`n`s utonozd
n`hdngcjtc' gdy`rcs rchurs`s quc
n`s
 pr`t`h`n`s vcht`r kostdjhod yd quc
kcicj hdnhuodr gds kdt`s h`j cn
`iectov` kc
 pr`t`h`n`s kc csodk` kc cjndhc
nocvdj uj rcbostr` kc
gdjcrd j` utooozdr nds tchjohds kc
n`s vcht`rcs kostdjhod pdrd cvotdr 
 iuhocs.
Csods s`j dnbujds vcjtdeds kc @X]F
s`irc `tr`s pr`t`h`n`s kc cstdk` kc
cjndhc5 * Cs uj pr`t`h`o` hndssncss
 
h`jfoburdro` cj uj cshcjdro` h`
kofcrcjtcs top`s kc fdirohdjtcs.
 
CX[SKt@  ]DYD  ND
kosp`joinc..
 ir`dkhdst.
gctrohd..
- -E05
N`s pr`t`h`n`s vcht`r kostdjhod
djujhodj rutds adhod n`s vchoj`s,
 pcr` n`st
djujhodj ujd nostd kc t`kds sus
h`jcxo`jcs. Hudjk` ujE
cjndhc sc hdc sc cjvo'doo NXD
(Nojl-Xtdtc Dkvcrtoscgcjt), quc s`
h`gpdrtokds p`rE
 idsc t`p`n`bohd NXKI (Nojl-Xtdtc
 
joogcr` kc schucjhod pdrd
rchocjtcs, cj uj rdjb` kc =x1===
===4 d! @xFFFF FFFF. Hudjk` n`s
r`utcrs-h`jvcrbcj tocjcj nd rdosgd
NKX1, d pdrtor kc csc g`gcjt` X]F
cs hdpdz kcr 
. kcrcrgojdr nd gce`r rutd adhod cn
kcstojc. Nd tdi nd kc t`p`o`bod cs nd
voso`j quc
 
ojhnuycjk` dkcg 
. . ."n`utcr Nojl Xtdtcs (Drsd 4=)
(]r`hcss OK 82)
kc t`p`n`bods sc dhtudnozd p`r hdkd
ujd kc nds NXD
kcjtr` kc nd gosgd drcd y quc t`k`s
cst`s
kdt`s. Xo cxostcj ojh`jsostcjhods c
cstd idsc
 
dvosdr quc ad
kcn gosg`. Dnbujds kc cstds puckc
scr<
• ]crkokd kc h`jcxo`j fosohd ` noj
cj dnbujds kc sus ojtcrfdhcs.
•- J` sc rchoicj n`s acoo` cj cn
tocgp` cstdinchok` p`r sus vchoj`s.
. - • Xc rchoic uj NXD h`
 
t`p`n`bo'd.
djtcro`rcs cn r`utcr' bcjcrdrd ujd
NXD
ojf`rgdho`j5-
djdkc d nd idsc kc kdt`s... Xc
rccjvfdj d t`k`s n`s vchoj`s pdrd
quc dhtudnohcj sus tdi nds y X]F
h`gocjzd ! dfogho`jdr, ♦ Xo' cn
joogcr` kc. schucjhod cs cn gosg`
quc cn r`utcr yd tocjc
 
Obj`rdrd cstd dhtudnozdho`j.
• Xo cn jugcr` kc schucjhod cs
djtcro`r dn quc cstd rcbostrdk`, cn
r`utcr cjvodrd nd vcrso`j jucvd dn
r`utcr quc cjvo` nd djtcro`r. Kc
cstd f`rgd sc dscburd quc t`k`s n`s
r`utcrs p`sccj nd untogd
vcrso`j, 9.4,9 Gctrohd @X]F
Cn h`stc cs nd gctrohd utonozdkd p`r 
@X]F. Sj fdht`r ogp`rtdjtc cj cn
ojtcrhdgio` kc nds NXD cs nd
 
ogpncgcjtdho`j kc, Hosh`
sobuocjtc f`rgund< P 
n@@.T@T.TTTV P g' ips
Vcn`hokdkCjndhc Vcn`hokdkCjndhc
nncbdr dn kcstojc h`j co gosg`
h`stc, @X]F
hdrbd adstd ; rutds kofcrcjtcs. Cstc
vdn`r dkgotc
 
dhugundtovd t`gdjk` cj
sdnokd kc hdkd r`utcr.
9.4.8 [dinds @X]F
 idsdj cj trhs tdinds, quc kcic
gdjtcjcrsc dhtudnozdkds5 • [dind kc
[dind kc cjrutdgocjt`
CX[SK\= ]DYD ND
ojtcrhdgio` kc..
gcjsdecs n`s r`utcrs 0
cndi`rdj sus tdinds kc vchoj`s, quc
nostd t`k`s o`s r`utcrs quc cstd
cechutdjk`-@X]F y cstd
 
gcjsdecs acnn` s`j cjvodk`s h`j nd
v
scbujk`s. gocjtrds quc cj nds rckcs
j`jir`dkhdst hdkd e@ scbujk`s.
Cn h`jtcjok` kc n`s acnn` kc
kcshroic cj nd sobuocjtc tdiod< "
]drdgcXr` Y`utcr OK
okcjtofohd y {
Acnn` djk kcdk ojtcrvdn ]cro`k` kc
cjvo` kc O`s acnn` y su
h`rrcsp`jkocjtc rogc`uh. •
cobai`r nost Nostd kc t`k`s n`s OK
kc n`s r`utcrs.
Drcd OK
KY y cn O
Dutacjtohdto`j H`jtrdscjd, so cstd
adionotdkd.
Sjd vcz quc o`s r`uhcrs adyd
ojtcrhdgiodk` n`s pdquctcs acon`,
h`gocjzdj d ojtcrhdgiodr 
vcz quc csd
r`utcrs f`rgdj dkydhcjhods.
Sjd vcz n`brdk` cn csodk` no'dnN nds
tdinds kcicj gdjtcjcrsc
hudjk` cxostd dnbooj hdgio` ` hdkd
8= rdojut`s h`g` uj
tocgp` kc rcfrcsh`.
28
Nd sobuocjtc oostd kcshroic o`s
cstdk`s kc ujd rcndho`j kc
 
cstdk` kc @X]F y sobjofohd quc j`
sc ad
vchoj`. "
 pdquctcs acno` kc top` ujohdst adhod
cn
acnn` kc csc vchoj`.
 
r`utcr j` cstd oostdk` cj. csc
 pdquctc acnn`.
h`gujohdho`j iokorchho`jdn cjtrc
k`s r`utcrs.
cn IKY cn vcrkdkcr` pr`hcs` kc
ojtcrhdgiodr ojf`rgdho`j kcn
cstdk` kcn cjndhc sc adhc cjtrc o`s
r`utcrs y sus KY y IKY.
• Cxhadjbc, cj csoc cstdk` n`s
 
kc nd idsc kc kdt`s KXK.
* N`dkojb, cs cj cstc cstdk` hudjk`
sc pr`kuhc cn vcrkdkcr`
ojtcrhdgio` kc nd ojf`rgdho`j kc
csodk` kc cjndhc.
t`hdngcjtc dkydhcjtcs, sc
kc kdt`s kc n`s r`utcrs cstd
sojhr`jozdkds.
cjvodjk` pcro`kohdgcjtc pdrd
@X]F kctchtd uj pr`incgd
g`kofohd nds NXD h`rrcsp`jkocjtcs
y
vchoj`s. Cstc pr`hcs` gce`rd cn
tocgp` kc
cjvod d nd rck.
kcsobjdk` kc rcscrvd Hudjk`
uj-scbgcjt` kc rck kcn top`
 ir`dkhdst, uj` kc cst`s r`utcrs kcn
scbgcjr` t`gdrd cn h`jtr`n y
gdjtcjkrd \ds
j`girc kc
cncbok` d trdvcs kc nd ojf`rgdho`
quc h`jtocjcj o`s
gcjsdecs acnn` quc sc ojtcrhdgiod
 
rckujkdjhod tdgiocj sc cnobc u
r`utcr kcsobjdk` kc rcscrvd `
IKY. N`s KY s`j hrcdk`s cj
 
 
CX[SKF@ ]DYD ND
dkydhcjhods ojhrcgcjtdrod kc
rck, kc cstd f`rgd cn KY. y co IK
cstdinchcj dkydhcjhods rckuhocjk`
 
^ ^ / 4
kc
kc n`s r`utcrs. Cn pr`p`sot` fojdn
kcn KY. cs
rchurs`s adhocjk` quc't`k`s n`s
kcgds r`utcrs cstdinczhd
cstdinchokd cj nd f`rgund j~n.
KY 
23
kostroidyc d t`k`s n`s kcgds r`utcrs
kcn
kc rchoi` kc quc cst`s adj rchoiok`
h`rrchtdgcjtc. kohads
h`pod sojhr`jozdkd kc nd
 
hdgio`s d trdvcs kc nd korchho`
guntohdst 99;.=.=.6 d su vcz cn K
cjvod nds NXD d n`s r`utcrs pcr nd
korchho`j guntohdst 99;.=.=.3. Cn
IKY cshuhad pdsovdgcjtc y
gdjtocjc ujd tdind kc rcndho`j h`
t`k`s n`s kcgds r`utcrs,, cj cn hds`
kc quc cn KY kcec kc cjvodr acnn`
cn IKY t`gdrd cn
 pdpcn kcn KY. Cstc. h`jhcpt` kc
KY y IKY cj cjndhcs pujt` d pujt`
j` tcjkrod scjtok` pucst` quc s`n`
sc cstdinchc ujd ujohd dkydhcjhod,
 p`r n` tdjt` j` ady
 
kcn top` ctacgct cxostc cnchho`j kc
KY y IKY, pdrd cvotdr cst` sc
rch`gocjkd uj koscod` kcn top`
 pujt` d pujt` y dso cvotdr nd
cnchho`j kc cst`s.
Nd cnchho`j kc KY y IK
kcpcjkcrd kc nd ojtcrfdz kc
n``pidhl gds dntd
tdgiocj cj co hds` kc quc cstc
h`jfoburdk` cn
kcfcht` nd pro`rokdk cs 4, cj u
rdjb` = d 933, d
h`g` KY Nd
adhc quc co r`utcr j` pdrtohopc cj nd
cnchho`j.
Cj hds` kc cgpdtc cj nd
kcsobjdho`j p`rquc j` cstc
 
obudncs, cjt`jhcs sc rcgotc d nd
ojtcrfdz n``pidhl gds dntd< pcr` so
duj dso ady obudokdkcs ` j` ady
ojtcrfdz kc n``pidhl, scrd
fojdngcjtc ujd ojtcrfdz fosohd gds
dntd nd quc pdrtohopc cj nd cnchho`
kcn KY. Nd
 pr`hcs` kc cnchho`j so sc dbrcbdrd
 
d nd rck uj r`utcr h`j gce`r 
 pro`rokdk j` t`gdrod cn r`n kc KY `
IKY, cst` `hurrorod so sc hdcj nds
dkydhcjhods ` sc rcojohodrd cn
ojohodr n`s
vcz achad nd cnchho`j j` adird
hdgio`s dujquc sc dfodkdj gds
r`utcrs. Cn dkgojostrdk`r kcic tcjcr 
cj hucjtd cstc pr`hcs`
h`jsokcrdjk` h`g` guy ogp`rtdjtc
co `rkcj kc ojoho` kc nd rck. C
guha`s koscj`s sc dh`jsced
 
quc nd cnchho`j scd nd
h`rrchtd.
 pdrd rcojohodr cn pr`hcs` y f`rzdx nd
cnchho`j kc KY y IKY sc puckc
utonozdr cn h`gdjk` hncdr op `sp
 pr`hcss *.
bX[Nf]r@ ]DY.D ND
HCY[rFfHDHO@J HHJ]
[`k` c\ trdfoh` cj @X]F sc
cjhdpsund cj pdquctcs O] socjk`
rch`j`hok`e h`j cn pucrt` 1?. @X]F
utonozd hojh` top`s kc pdquctcs
kofcrcjtcs5.
h`j vchoj`s h`jchtdk`s
korchtdgcjtc< • Kdtdidsc-
kc n`s OK kc n`s [`utcrseo-nds NXD
 
ojf`rgdho`j sc utonozd pdrdo tcstcdr 
nd rck.
 prcbujtdjkq<-
adnnd pcrkok`.
rcspucstds d nds NXY h`j n`s kdtcs-
quc sc adj pckok`.
• Nojl Xtdtc Dhlj`wockbcgcjts
 
nds NXD quc tocjc cn r`utcr, n`s NX
s`nohotdj nds NXD h`gpnctds y n`s
NXS s`j nds" rcspucstds
h`jtcjocjk` nds NXD
[`k`s n`s pdquctcs @X]F tocjcj u
f`rgdt` h`guj quc sc kcshroic c
nd
scbooj scd O]v; ` O]v6.
[ypc Ady 3 top`s kc pdquctcs
jugcrdk`s kcn 4 dn 3. o
]dhlct Ncjbta Ndjbotuk gskokd c
 iytcs.
.D,rcd r@
 
 iots.
Dutacjtohfnto`j [ypc =X]Fv9
s`p`rtd trcs top`s kc dutcjtohdho`j5
<
 
cjhroptdho`j GK3.
cjvodjk`, 9.4.1 Drcds cj @X]F
Sj drcd cj @X]F cs ujd dbrupdho`
kc r`utcrs quc cstdj cechutdjk` cn
gosg` pr`hcs` y quc tocjcj ujd
 idsc kc kdtcs okcjtohd. [dgiocj sc
 puckc kchor quc uj drcd cs ujd
suikovoso`j kcn kcgojo` kc
cjrutdgocjt` kc @X]F. Hdkd drcd
cechutd su pr`po` X]F y nds
 
 pdsdkds cjtrc nds
 puckcj cxostor h`j cn hrchogocjt`
kc
ujd rck cj @X]F h`j ujd s`nd drcd,
ady vdrods hucsto`jhs quc sc kcc
tcjcr cj
cechutdk` h`j gdy`r frchucjhod.
Hudjt` gdy`r scdj ods kogcjso`jcs
kc nd rck gdy`r p`soionokdk kc
 
t`p`n`boh`s kciocjk` rchdnhundr 
t`kd nd tdind kc t`p`n`bods h`j'cn
dnb`rotg` X]F. Cn tocgpc kc
h`jvcrbcjhod cs gdy`r hudjt`
gdy`r scd cn drcd.
9. Hudjt` gdy`r scd co drcd gdy`r 
scrd nd tdind kc cjrutdgocjt`. D
 pcsdr kc
cjvfd p`r h`gpnct` h`g` cj n`s
 pr`t`h`n`s vcht`r kostdjhod, hudjt`
gds brdjkc gds tocgp` sc tdrkdrd
cj
kogcjso`jcs nd tdind kc t`p`n`bod
 puckc scr 
Fojdngcjtc, nd idsc kc kdtcs sc
ojhrcgcjtd cj tdgdoo` y n`s
hdnhun`s dugcjtdj cj frchucjhod<
hrchc kc gdjcrd h`jsokcrdinc cn
us` kc H]S y gcg`rod dfchtdjk`
korchtdgcjtc d nd ltcjhod kc od rck,
[`k` cst` sc trdkuhc c
 
h`jvcrbcjhod, cth.
CX[SKt@ ]DYD ND
jovcncs kc ecrdrquo'ds, cn drcd = `
kc5:0
H`j cstc koscj` ecrdrquoh` sc
 puckcj ogpocgcjtdro\
hdjtokdk kc cjtrdkds cj nds tdinds.
N`s r`utcrs kcn e
 
cjtrc cn drcd =
(Drcd I`rkcr Y`utcrs) y n`s r`utcrs
quc<7
dnbuj `tr` pr`t`h`n` kc
cjrutdgocrot` sc nndgddn DXI
Y`utcrs).
drcd cs kcj`gojdk` r`utcr ojtcg`,
 
s`j n`s sobuocjtcs5 • ]r`hcs` @X]F,
cstdinchc cj quc jugcr` kc pr`hcs`
sc ds`hod cn U
r`utcr.
 pcrtcjchcj d
nd gosgd.
nojoh` kc 89 iots.
ujd s`nd drcd
h`jfoburdho`j @X]F sc kcic
okcjtofohdr cn
cxostor vdro`se, pr`hcs`s @X]F c
uj gosg` r`utcr, dujquc ady quc
tcjcr cj hucjtd quc hudjt`s-5'5 gds
 pr`hcs`s gds, h`jsug` kc
rchurs`s.
=. YD-GD
 
adionotdk` sc kcic okcjtofohdr nds'
ojtcrfdhcs quc pdrtohopdrdj cj cn
gosg`, kciocjk` tcjcr cspchodn
huokdk` h`j nd
wonkhdrk.
jctv`rl-jugicr   wnQkhdx-k-gdsl 
nds ojtcrfdhcs quc cjtrcj cj
co rdjb` kc nd gdshdrd
 
ds`hod nds ojtcrfdhcs cj uj drcd.cj5
 pdrtohundr. Cn f`rrddt` kcn
 pdrdgctr` drcd cs uj
` j`tdho`j kchogdn kc pujt`.
D pdrtor kc !d okcjtofohdho`j kcn
drcd h`gocjzdj d ojtcrhdgiodrsc
n`s acnn`, sc cjvfdj nds NXD y co
h`jeujt` kc o`s r`utcrs h`gocjzdj d
 pdrtohopdr cj nd rck,
 
Cxostcj vdrods f`rgds kc utonozdr cn
h`gdjk` jctw`rl dpr`vchadjk` nd
fncxoionokdk kc W£os wonkhdrk5 . 4.
H`jfoburdjk` kc gdjcrd bn`idn
t`kds nds ojtcrfdhcs.
 pcrtcjchcj nds ojtcrfdhcs.
ujd. ' .
dpnohdincs h`j gdy`r cfohdhod
scbooj scd cn hds`..
h`jfoburdho`j pcr` h`j co
h`jsobuocjtc rocsb` kc'
fontrc cj cn pr`hcs` @X]F. Cn tcrhcr 
hds` cs gds
 pcr` gds scnchtov` y scbur`.
@iscrvc cn sobuocjtc cecgpn`5
 
CX[SKt@ ]DY.-  ND
bn`idn t`kds nds ojtcrfdhcs5 Y`utde5
(r`ufhch-B`jfob) rf jctw`rl =.=.=,=
933-933.933-933 drcd =
 pcrtcjchcj nds ojtcrfdhcs<
429".Ofo.@.@ =.=.933.933 drcd =
489.461.4==.= =. =.=,933 drcd = "e
ujd5
439 .431 -4.4'. = . = . = . = drcd. =
4X9.4X1.9.,4 =.=,=.= drcd =
4?9.438.8,4 =,=.=.= -drcd =
429.43,=.4 =,=.=.= drcd =
429.46,4.8 =.=.=,= drcd =
r`utcr ojtcrrs`, co dkgojostrdk`r 
 puckc
scr cn KY h`jfoburdjk`
gdjudogcjtc cn OK kcn
@X]F. Kc cstd f`rgd sc tocjc u
gce`r h`jtr`n
kc n`s cvcjt`s quc `hurrcj cj nd
rck. Xo cstc~h`gdjk` j` ad sok`
h`jfoburdk`, cn
 
cstd td,fjp`h` cstd h`jfoburdkd,
hjt`jhcs scrd nd O] gds dntd kc
dnbujd ojtcrfdz fosohd dhtovd.
op-dkkrcss Hosh`, j` rch`gocjkd nd
utonozdhokj kcn h`rddjk` r`utcr ok,
kciok` d quc
cst` puckc bcjcrdr hocrt`s
 pr`incgds cjtrc nds
 pr`t`h`n`s. ]drd cvotdr cst` sc
rch`gocjkd h`jfob`rdr ujd
 
gdshdrd kc suirck /89 pdrd
gojogozdr nd hdjtokdk kc
n``pidhl ojHcrrdhs-Eougicr 
opdkkrcs-sf -gdsoh
cncbok` sc gdjtocjc cstdioc dujquc
nds
ojtcrfdhcs kc n``pidhl dn scr 
 
y. nds kcec
djdkor dn
 pojb do r`utcr OK y kc cstd gdjcrd
adhcr gds
 
@[D5 -
@X]F   j`  sc  ojohodrk   soj  uj  YOK
(Y`utcr   OK).
kcn    YOK  d  uj  vdn`r   cstdioc   y
rckchoinc.
h`stc
 
h`g` hdnhun`
cj idsc d nd f`rgund5 n@ ips
Vcn`hokdkCjndhc
h`jvcjocjtc cfchtudr hdgio`s cj cn
hdnhun` kcn h`stc pdrd tcjcr 
uj.gdy`r h`jtr`n s`irc h`g` @X]F
hdnhund nd gchrohd
adhod n`s kcstoj`s. Hudjt` gcj`r 
scd co vdn`r kcn h`stc gce`r scrd cn
hdnhun` kc nd.
gchrohd. Cn vdn`r kcn h`stc cs kc 46
 iots, cn dkgojostrdk`r puckc
h`jfobtordrn` cj uj
sobuocjtc sojtdxos< A`utsr(h`jfob-
of)X op `spf h`dt hdst  '  . " 
Cn vdn`r pcr kcfcht` kcn h`stc sc
gucstrd cj nd sobuocjtc tdind5
Hpstc's'o 36-lips scrodn Xojl 
 
CX[SKO@  ]DYD  ND
HCY[OFtHDH[@J HHJ]
kcn h`stc cs okcjtoh` pdrd Fds
Ctacrjct<<'5
hds` cs h`jvcjocjtc rjdjopuodr n`s
vdn`rcs kcn h`stc'
 
cocbok` h`g` rutd dn kcstojc.
-
co h`stc cs g`kofohd[ok` cn
jugcrdk`j
dut`gdfohd nd gctrohd. Cn vdn`r p`r 
kcfcht`'cs0
;9?;?62.
dut`rh`dt  orcf   crcjhc-idjkwokta.
 
h`gdjk` d. t`kds nds ojtcrfdhcs quc
 pdrtohopdjE<
`spf h`sfhe
cn r`utcr adyd acha` kc gdjcrd
dut`gdtohd.
rck`jkcd cn' 
h`jfoburdho`j  cs  n`hdn   pdrd  hdkd
r`utcr, Hosh`  f 
rch`gocjkd  quc  t`k`s  n`s  r`utcrs
utonohcj  nd  gosgd  rcfcrcjkd  kc
djha` kc  E 
Nd sobuocjtc sojtdxos gucstrd nd
 
dkgojostrdk`r ad kctcrgojdk` ujd
 pro`rtkdk 4= pdrd quc scd cocbok`
h`g` KCO cj
Ctacrjct =.
99=
jctw`rl  4?9.43.=.=  =  .=  .933.933
 
4?9,431.43.49? 933.933-933-9;=
FdbiCtnocgct 4
4?9-nX.=.488 933.9X3.933.9;=
4=
SJD X@ND DfnCD
vcrofohdho`j y h`jtr`n kc @X]F c
uj drcd sogpnc5 ' , . •
okW   
 
h`jfoburdho`j kc @X]F cj uj r`utcr 
cj pdrtohundr,
cechutdk` cn
kc nd cstdionokdk kc od rck.
Y`utcr#.sa`w op `spf  99 =
Y`utojb ]r`hcss "`sp£ 99=" wota.
OK 4?9.461.=.4=
r`utcs
X]F  shackunc  kcndy.3  sccs.  A`nk
togc ictwccj tw` X]Fs 4= sccs
Gojogug NXD ojtcrvdn 3 sccs.
Gojogug NXD drrovdn 4 sccs
Jugicr,  `f   cxtcrjdn  NXD  =.'
NXD =
 
Drcd 8  P 
os 8
X]F dnb`rotag cxchutck 4= togcs
Drcd rdjbcs drc
Nojl   Xtdtc  Dbc  Ojtcrvdn  os
==59=5== djk kuc oj ==5==538
 
Jugicr `f  K`J`tDbc NXD =
 Y`utojb ]r`hcss "`spf  99="
wota OK 4?9.431.=.4=
@X]F y
[op` kc r`utcr (ojtcrjdn, DIY,
 
cechutdrsc
]rcvocjc
A`nk togc ictwcdj tv` X]Fs
[ocgp` gojog` cjtrc hdnhun`s kc
X]F.
kcgdjk".
CX[SKO@  ]DY.^  ND
 
kcgdjk", p`r cecgpn` OXKJ-
Drcd 8
togcs
h`g`
 pcrtcjchc d e
drcd. 4
vchcs sc
ady
==54153;
dhtudnozdho`j kc |
 pdrd o
 idsc kc kdt`s
t`p`n`bohd-
==o9=5== djk kuc oj o
 
hudjk` .
\typc  jugtosLe  \jcnbai`r-oke
@X]F. ]uckc unonozdrsc nostdjk`
t`k`s
kctdnncs gds prchos`s kc n`s
 
cobao!`r OK ]ro Xhdts Kcdk
[oojc Dkkrcss Ojtcrfdhc
4;=.4==.42.489 4
==5==582 4;=.4==.42.484
==5==.58c 4;=.4==-42.48 =
4;=.4==.89.44 4 FSNOo/K
4;=-4==-42.4?; 4 FnEo5.N/K
==5==584 4;=.4==.42-4?;
scrod.oT/=
.dkkrcss Ojhcrfdhs 4;=,4==.89.49 4
r@NN/KY@[AIY ==5==586
Y`utcr# sa`w oK =8pf jcobai`r 
ks[sdoQ
ojtcrfdhc dkkrcss 429.4==-42-489
]dstCtacrdctn/@
FSNN, X shdhc hadjbcs
429.4==.42-48=
cobai`r 4;=.4==.42,484,
oooo5srfdBd dkkrsss 4;=.4==.42.484
FdshCtacrjctn/@
FSNN, 3 "Xtdtc hadjbcs
4;=.4==-42-48=
T YD-GD
on
on
dkkrcss 4;=-4==.42.48=
"dststacgctn/@
FSNN, X stdtc hadjbcs
4;=.4==.42.48=
cobai`r 4;=.4==-89-49/ ojtcrfdhc
dkkrcss 4;=.4==-89.49
Xcobai`r pro`roty os 4, Xtdtc os
FSNN, X stdtc hadjbcs
4;=.4==.89.4=
dkkrcss 4;=.4==.89<44
cobai`r pro`roty os 4, Xtdtc os
FSNN, X stdtc hadjbcs
4;=.4==.89 .4=
@pto`js 9
 
ojtcrfdhc dkkrcss 4;=-4==-42.4?;
FdstXtacrjct8/=
FSNN, ? stdtc hadjbcs
4;=.4==.42,4 '
gcrosdec acnoi.
cjhucjtrd co vchoj`< -
cspcrdrd soj cshuhadr acnn`
gucrt`.
Dkkrcss
tcjcr cj hucjtd quc j`
tocjc p`r qu6 scr nd gosgd quc nd
kcn Y`uhcr OK-
Ojtcrfdz p`r od hudn sc ad h`j`hok`
dn vchoj`.
Tpto`us
CX[S]r@  ]DYD  ND
HCY[OFrHDHf@J  HHJ]P   b)
YD-GD "
H`j cn sa`w op pr`t`h`ns sc puckc
vcr !d h`jfobtordho`j kc W`s
 pr`t`h`n`s kc
-cogotdgocjt` quc cstcj adionotdk`s
cj cn r`utcr y h`g` gtcrdhtud
cjtrc cnn`s.
sobuocjtc dhtudoozdho`j5 Y`utcr 
 
sa`w op pr`t`h`nd Y`utojb ]r`t`h`n
os "`sp£ 99T"
Ojvdnok dftcr = sch`jks,' a`nk k`w
=,. fnusack.dftcr =
ojtcrfdhcs os j`t sct
Ojh`gojb upkdtc fontcr nost f`o" dnn
ojtcrfdhcs os j`t sct
Yckostroiutojb5 `spf 99= - ,
429.9=9.=.=
Bdtcwdy Kostdjhc Ndst Spkdtc
Kostdjhc5 (kcfdunt os 44=)
]r`t`h`n` kc cjrutdgocjt`
h`jfoburdk`.
Frchucjhod kc ods dhgdnozdho`jcs.
Ojvdnok dftcr = dc``jkd
ojkohd
h`jsokcrdkd vdnokd.
A`ok k`wj cs uj rocgp` -usdk` cj
 pr`oo`h`o`s vcht`r-kostdjhod.
 
vcht`r-kostdjhod cnogojdrd ujd rutd
kc nd tdind
fontcr nost f`r 
Ojkohd so ady dnbuj footr` kc sdnokd.
[jh`gojb upk&tc £8.4tcr nost f`r&